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Access to drinking water and

sanitation in Bulgaria

Assoc. Prof. Galia Bardarska, Ph.D.

Bulgarian Academy of [email protected]

[email protected]

Equitable accessto water, Paris,

5-6 July 2007
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

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Bulgaria is part of the 5th EU enlargement

- January 1, 2007

Area 110993.6 km2

Population7 718 750 (2005)

70% of totalpopulation in the

towns

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Total number of settlements in the country 5332

(31.12.2005)

Number of settlements with inhabitants number

less then 2000 - 4941 (31.12.2005) of which: 19 towns;

2 monasteries;

4922 villages

Total number of inhabitants living in thesettlements with less then 2000 inhabitants

1 881 387 inhabitants or 24.4% of total population

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NATALITY, MORTALITY AND NATURAL INCREASEPer 1 000 population

The decline is entirely due to the negative natural increase of the population, i.e.the significantly greater number of deaths compared to that of live births.

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After reaching the high level in 1997 -17.5, the rate decrease in the next yearsand reaches 11.6 in 2004. In 2005, 739children up to the age of 1 year died in

Bulgaria, with the infant mortality ratedecreasing to 10.4.

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Educational Status of the Population between 25 and

64 Years of Age in Rural and Urban Areas (2001,NSI)

16.9

35.9

51.9

43.4

20.6

5.5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Urban

RuralIlliterate

Primary education

Low er secondary

Secondary education

College

University

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An EU directive pits environmentalists against developers in BulgariaEU directive starts battle in Bulgaria over sites that will be protected

By Matthew Brunwasser

Published: February 23, 2007

International Herald Tribune

Bulgaria is the poorest and one of the leasteconomically developed countries in theEU, with monthly wages of 182, or $238.

Gross domestic product, measured indollars, was $3,328 per capita in 2005,compared to the $29,207 average for the

then EU- 25.
http://www.iht.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?query=By%20Matthew%20Brunwasser&sort=publicationdate&submit=Searchhttp://www.iht.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?query=By%20Matthew%20Brunwasser&sort=publicationdate&submit=Search

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GDP (2005): 25=100France=109; Bulgaria = 32

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Low Income Middle Income High Income

Development level

Typical shift in national priorities according to development levels

Environmental Sustainability

Economic Development

Water Supply & Sanitation

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0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

Wate

r,thousand

m3/year

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year

Public water supply system in Bulgaria

Water supply Water lossess

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Structure of water-supply network by

type of pipes

75.3% Asbestos cement

14.6% Steel pipes

2.9% Zinc-coated

3.6% PE

0.4% PVC

3.2% Others

2005

Water-supply network69043 km

Water-supply network built in

20.2% By the end of 1960

37.0% From 1961 to 1970

22.5% From 1971 to 1980

13.4% From 1981 to 2000

5.0% From 1991 to 2000

1.9% From 2001 to 2005

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Public water supply -98.9% of totalpopulation:

- 100% urban areas

- 84% in rural areas

4% of total population

dont have tappedwater in villages

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There are some villages with 40 l/cap/day

(WHO limit is 50 l/cap/day)Households consumption in Bulgaria

132 1

37

99

95

90 9

594

92

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1

991

1

995

2

000

2

001

2

002

2

003

2

004

2

005

Year

Consum

ption,l

/cap/d

Households consumption

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Prices of drinking water (households)

Source: Gographie romande des prix de leau -HES

PRICE OF DRINKING WATER SWITZERLAND

City /m3

Sion 0.18

Martigny 0.19

Neuchtel 0.78

Genve 0.79

La Chaux de Fonds 1.24

Lausanne 1.31

PRICE OF DRINKING WATER

BULGARIA 2005

Water supply & seweragecompany /m3

Rakitovo 0.16

Plovdiv 0.30

Sofia 0.31

Veliko Tarnovo 0.55

Dobrich 0.74

Razgrad 0.92

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Costs of water supply in (2005) Bulgaria

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.02

0.42 0.440.51

0.28

0.92 0.92 0.92

0.57

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

Household Public Industry Not drinking

water

Minimum

Average

Maximum

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Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water

intended for human consumptionRegulation No. 9of 16 March 2001 on the

Quality of Water Intended for HumanConsumption(State Gazette No. 30 of 28May 2001)

Mi i t f H lth
http://../recent_doc/legislation/water/en/regulations/Nar.9_vodi.dochttp://../recent_doc/legislation/water/en/regulations/Nar.9_vodi.doc

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Ministry of Health,

28 Regional Inspectorate for Protection and

Control of Public Health

5892 sources of central drinking water supply were

monitored, 315 of which being surface water sources. Only 109 surface water sources have treatment

installations

24890 samples have been tested in check monitoringand 3332 samples have been tested in audit

monitoring by the State Health Control

97.7% of drinking water in the country meets the

standards in 2006

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Regions 6, Districts - 28Municipalities - 264

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84.00%

86.00%

88.00%

90.00%

92.00%

94.00%

96.00%

98.00%

100.00%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Year

Percentage of the value of quality indices according to

drinking standards, %

Full (complete) analysis

Shortened analysis

Chemical, organoleptic and radiological indices

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Drinking water treatment plants (43 DWTP) -

43.2% of total population

Treatment of drinking water

in Bulgaria

55%

2%

43%

Desinfection

Precipitation and desinfection

Drinking water treatment plant

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

03.10.06

12:00

04.10.06

00:00

04.10.06

12:00

05.10.06

00:00

05.10.06

12:00

06.10.06

00:00

06.10.06

12:00

,

FAU

Turbidity of

drinking

water after

drinking

water

treatmentplant in

Kardjaly

town

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Main drinking water quality problems Deviations from the microbiological indicators

Nitrates

Organoleptic indicators (colour, odour, taste,

turbidity) Manganese

Heavy metals indicators (mainly chromium)

Main reasons: shortages of drinking water(drought), floods, bad water supply systems

condition and lack of treatment facilities

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Impacts of drought on drinking water quality

Gopina G. et al. Chapter 17. Health and Hygienic Aspects of Drought. In: Drought inBulgaria: A Contemporary Analog for Climate Change. Ashgate, UK, 2007, pp. 336

The study for the drought

period 1982-1993

confirmed that rates ofHepatitis A virus and

Shigelloses morbidity had

been consistently higheramong large population

who live in regions with

insufficient amounts ofdrinking water.

Area 1993

Lovech 83.8%

Dobrich 82.7%

Montana 77.1%

Vratsa 57.7%

Targovishte 50.7%

Percentage of the population withregular water supply regimes

during the drought

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Percentage of samples with nitrates concentrates

above 50 mg/l

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88%

87.1

8%

85.9

0%

91.22

%

91.63

%

90.7

9%

82%

84%86%

88%

90%92%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year

Number of control sample for microbiological indices accordingto drinking water standards, %

P t f l ith i bi l i l i di b li it

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Percentage of sample with microbiological indices above limits

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Percentage of samples with concentrations of E. coli and Enterococi

above limits (Vidin and Burgas above WHO limits)

- .

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EU Urban Waste Water Directive

concerns the collection, treatment and

discharge of wastewater from urbanagglomerations of more than 2000 p. e.

Recent review carried out by the Country Water Partnershipsof GWP CEE indicates that small and dispersed communities(less then 2 000 p. e.) are inhabited to 40 percent of the totalpopulation of the CEE countries, which represents to 40millions of inhabitants.

They constitute large but usually economically less successful

segment of our societies.

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In Bulgaria all national

programs and strategiesrefer to construction ofcollecting system and

WWTPs for agglomerationswith above 2 000 p.e.

4765 rural settlements are out of the range of theprogram. They include around 1.8 mln. inhabitants,

which is around 24 % of the population of thecountry and represent around 2.2 mln. p.e. (around18 % of the total p.e.).

At present, there is no working sustainable sanitationsystem in the country.

Visit of ENGREF-Montpellier students

to WWTP Gorna Oryahovitza, March 2007

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BULGARIA

70.5% of total number of towns and2.1% of total number of villages with sewerage systems

(167 towns and 100 villages with sewerage systems)

68.9% inhabitants connected to sewerage systems (2005)

40.7% inhabitants

connected to wastewater

treatment plants71 population areas with

3 342 075 inhabitants with

WWTPs

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66.5

35.6

66.7

35.9

66.7

36.2

66.5

36.7

67.4

38.1

68

38.6

68.4

39.9

68.5

40.3

68.9

40.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Populationconnected,

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year

Population connected to public sewerage and to wastewater

treatment plant in Bulgaria

Part of population connected to public sewerage

Part of population connected to WWTP

2005

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Sewage network8244 km

Very old collectors

13.4% By the end of 1960

19.8% From 1961 to 1970

30.3% From 1971 to 1980

26.9% From 1981 to 2000

8.4% From 1991 to 2000

1.2% From 2001 to 2005

sewage network in

70.5% of the townscovering 48.5% of thestreets length

sewage network in2.1% of the villagescovering 0.6% of thestreets length

2005

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Actual working WWTP capacity 54% of design capacity

56 - total number of

WWTP of which:14 Mechanical treatment

42 Biological treatment

1999

thousands m3/day

Design capacity

of which:162 Mechanical treatment

1837 Biological treatment

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Credit: T.

Trenkova

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Costs of wastewater collection in (2005)

Bulgaria

0.01 0.01 0.020.06 0.07 0.10

0.66 0.66

0.71

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

Household Public Industry

Minimum

Average

Maximum

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Costs of wastewater treatment in (2005)

Bulgaria

0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

0.12

0.20.26

0.38

0.28

0.43

0.55

0.83

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

LP 1 LP 2 LP 3

Household Industry (Level Pollution)

Minimum

Average

Maximum

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SECTOR FINANCINGSECTOR FINANCING

Medium term: increased tariffs and investment surchargesMedium term: increased tariffs and investment surcharges

affordable (affordable (Source: S. Sarkar-World Bank, 2004)

Affordability

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.503.00

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Year

E

UR/m

3

Social ly Affordable Tariff

Tariff: 175 mln. Budget

SWOTSWOT ANALYSISANALYSIS

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OpportunitiesOpportunities

There is a potential for the absorption of aThere is a potential for the absorption of a

great amount of financial resources forgreat amount of financial resources for

infrastructure improvement.infrastructure improvement.

Financial interest is shown by internationalFinancial interest is shown by international

financial institutionsfinancial institutions..

Some internationally recognized operatorsSome internationally recognized operators

have expressed interest to participate in serviceshave expressed interest to participate in services

managementmanagement,, and they are ready to makeand they are ready to makesignificant investments for improvement of thesignificant investments for improvement of the

quality of water supply and sewerage services visquality of water supply and sewerage services vis

concession or other forms of publicconcession or other forms of public--privateprivate

partnershippartnership..

Developm

entleverages

Developm

entleverages

Strong sidesStrong sides

The provided services are of primaryThe provided services are of primary

importance to all consumersimportance to all consumers..

Activities in water supply and sewerageActivities in water supply and seweragebelong tobelong to thethe natural monopoliesnatural monopolies

there are established managementthere are established management

structures and the related facilities.structures and the related facilities.

OverOver 98,5%98,5% of the population uses waterof the population uses water

from water supply systemsfrom water supply systems..The sector is considered a priority one andThe sector is considered a priority one and

it will receive significant funds from theit will receive significant funds from the

EU.EU.

The country has available enough waterThe country has available enough water

resources so that to meet the needs of theresources so that to meet the needs of thepopulation for drinking waterpopulation for drinking water..

In the sector work experienced andIn the sector work experienced and

competent professionals in the field of watercompetent professionals in the field of water

supply and seweragesupply and sewerage..


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ThreatsThreats

High economic loses due to high level ofHigh economic loses due to high level of

water loseswater loses..

Low potential of municipalities and theLow potential of municipalities and the

state to invest in infrastructure.state to invest in infrastructure.

Legislation developing slowly and in aLegislation developing slowly and in a

complex waycomplex way..

Lack of training and reLack of training and re--training programstraining programsdesigned for the professionals employed indesigned for the professionals employed in

the sectorthe sector..

Demographic problems related with theDemographic problems related with the

reduction of consumptionreduction of consumption..Restructuring of economy related with theRestructuring of economy related with the

reduction of water consumptionreduction of water consumption..

Obstaclestoovercom

e

Obstacl

estoovercome

Weak sidesWeak sides

depreciated water supply networksdepreciated water supply networks..

High level of water losesHigh level of water loses overover 60%.60%.

Low level of collection of the ownedLow level of collection of the owned

paymentspayments..

Low level of construction of theLow level of construction of the

sewerage networkssewerage networks..

Necessity of construction ofNecessity of construction ofaa largelarge

number ofnumber ofWaste Water TreatmentWaste Water Treatment

PlantsPlants..

Necessity of significant investmentsNecessity of significant investments..

Low level of income if the populationLow level of income if the population..


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Thank you for attention

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