Bao Hiem Hang Hai 2641

7/31/2019 Bao Hiem Hang Hai 2641

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Chng 1

TNG QUAN V BO HIM HNG HI

1.1- Gii thiu chung v bo him.

1.1.1-Khi nim.

Trong sn xut v i sng hng ngy, chng ta thng gp phi nhng ri ro. l nhng tai nn, nhng him ha, nhng s c ngu nhin, bt ng gy thit hi vngi v ca. V vy, mt ngnh kinh t c bit vn cn tn ti v cn thit, lngnh bo him.

Bo him l mt ch cam kt v bi thng, theo ngi bo him s bithng cho ngi c bo him nhng tn tht, h hng ca i tng bo him do

nhng ri ro tha thun gy ra, vi iu kin ngi c bo him thu bohim cho i tng v tr cho ngi bo him mt khon tin gi l ph bo him.

1.1.2-Bn cht.

Bo him ra i v tn ti l do c s tn ti khch quan ca ri ro. Tc dngca bo him l b p v mt ti chnh khc phc hu qu ca ri ro ch khngngn chn c ri ro. Tin bi thng chnh l s ph bo him thu c, nn thccht ca bo him l s phn chia ri ro ca mt hay mt s ngi cho tt c nhngngi tham gia bo him cng gnh chu.

1.1.3- Chc nng.

Bo him c hai chc nng:

- Chc nng phn phi c thc hin thng qua qu trnh lp qu v s dng qu bohim. Quan h phn phi ca bo him l quan h phn phi khng u li thu nhp.

- Chc nng gim c ca bo him th hin thng qua cng tc gim st thc hinchnh sch bo him i vi i tng bo him, ng thi gim st vic p dng cc

bin php phng, hn ch tn tht khi ri ro xy ra.

1.1.4- Tc dng.- Bi thng: yl tc dng chnh ca bo him nhm b p v mt ti chnh

khc phc hu qu ca ri ro, m bo duy tr hot ng sn xut kinh doanh v isng ca bo vin trc nhng him ha ngu nhin m con ngi cha th ch ngc.

- phng v hn ch tn tht: Bo him l mt hot ng kinh doanh. Munc hiu qu cao, cc cng ty bo him phi lun theo di, thng k, phn tch tnh hnhtai nn, tn tht t ra cc bin php phng hn ch tn tht. C th l bohim quy nh nhng qui tc, bt buc ngi c bo him phi c nhng bin php


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hp l v cn thit ngn nga v hn ch tn tht. C nh vy th tn tht mi cbi thng.

- Tng tch ly v tit kim chi cho ngn sch: Th hin ch cc cng ty bohim phi np thu cho nh nc ng thi gii phng vn ca cc bo vin. H

khng phi d tr vn t bo him m c th u t cho sn xut kinh doanh. Mtkhc, ngn sch nh nc phi gnh chu nhng tn tht do him ha gy ra.

- Tp trung vn: Khi ngun thu ca cng ty bo him cha phi dng n th hc th cho vay. y cng l mt ngun vn b sung cho th trng vn.

1.1.5- Nguyn tc hot ng ca bo him.

Hot ng ca bo him da trn mt s nguyn tc c bn sau:

-Nguyn tc quy lut s ng: Ngi bo him phi da trn m ng lncc ri ro ng nht nhm phn tn v gim thiu ri ro. Cc ri ro ng nht, c cng

bn cht phi gn vi cng mt i tng m bo cho vic b tr c thc hin.Nguyn tc ny ng ngha vi vic la chn cc ri ro bo him.

-Nguyn tc phn tn ri ro: Nguyn tc ny th hin hai mt l phn tn vmt thi gian v khng gian v phn tn v mt s lng ri ro khng c s mtcn i ln gia s lng ri ro v khi lng tn tht nhm trnh tch t tn tht ln.

-Nguyn tc trung thc ti a: Ngi bo him v ngi tham gia bo him ctrch nhim phi cung cp cho nhau mi thng tin c lin quan ti ri ro mt cchchnh xc, kp thi v y nhm trnh s bt hp l c th xy ra i vi c hai bn

do s pht sinh ca cc ri ro mi.

-Nguyn tc phn chia ri ro: i vi nhng ri ro c gi tr qu ln xy ra,ph bo him thu c khng b p. V vy, ngi bo him ch chp nhn mtphn nhng ri ro quan trng bng cch thc hin k thut phn chia bao gm ngbo him v ti bo him.

1.2- Mt s khi nim, thut ng c bn.

1.2.1-Ngi bo him (Insurer).L ngi nhn trch nhim v nhng ri ro, c hng ph bo him v phi

bi thng khi c tn tht xy ra. Ngi bo him c th l cng ty bo him(Insurance Company) hay ngi k nhn cam kt bo him (Underwriter).

1.2.2-Ngi c bo him (Insured/Assured).

Bn chu ri ro v tin bc mt khi i tng bo him b tn tht gi l ngic bo him. Cn lu rng ngi phi c quyn li c th bo him nmtrong i tng bo him vo thi im xy ra tn tht. Tuy nhin, h khng nht thit

phi c quyn li c th bo him ti thi im k kt hp ng bo him, nhng nhtthit h phi c d tnh hp l v vic tip nhn quyn li y.


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1.2.3-i tng bo him (Subject- matter of insurance).

i tng bo him ni chung l mt ti sn, mt vt th, mt quyn li d gpri ro. i tng bo him trong vn ti l bt k quyn li vt cht no lin quan ncc hotng vn ti m c th qui ra tin bao gm phng tin vn chuyn, hng

ha, tin cc vn chuyn, tin li c tnh ca hng ha, cc khon hoa hng, chi phtn tht chung, trch nhim dn s v cc khon tin c bo m bng phng tin,hng ha hoc tin cc vn chuyn.

1.2.4- Gi tr bo him (Insured Value).

Gi tr bo him trong bo him ti sn l gi tr bng tin ca ti sn. Gi tr thng c xc nh bng gi tr thc t ca ti sn (i tng bo him).

- Gi tr bo him ca tu thuyn l tng gi tr con tu vo thi im bt ubo him. Gi tr ny bao gm gi tr ca my mc, trang thit b, ph tng d tr ca

tu cng vi ton b bo him ph. Ty theo hp ng, gi tr tu cn c th bao gmc tin lng ng trc cho thuyn b v chi ph chun b chuyn i.

- Gi tr bo him ca hng ha l gi tr hng ghi trn ha n ni bc hnghoc gi th trng ni v vo thi im bc hng cng ph bo him v c th ctin li c tnh.

- Gi tr bo him ca tin cc vn chuyn l tng s tin cc vn chuyncng vi ph bo him. Trong trng hp ngi thu vn chuyn mua bo him chotin cc vn chuyn th s tin cc ny c tnh gp vo gi tr bo him ca hng

ha.

- Gi tr bo him ca cc i tng bo him khc (tr trch nhim dn s) lgi tr ca i tng ni v vo thi im bt u bo him cng vi ph bo him.

1.2.5-S tin bo him (Sum Insured).

S tin bo him l khon tin nht nh ghi trong n bo him hoc giychng nhn bo him xc nh gii hn trch nhim ca ngi bo him trong vic

bi thng. S tin bo him l mc ti a m ngi bo him bi thng cho ngic bo him v l c s tnh ph bo him. Ty theo t l gia s tin bo him

v gi tr bo him, c ccdng hp ng bo him sau y:- Bo him ng gi tr (full insurance) : khi s tin bo him c n nh

bng gi tr bo him th gi l bo him ng gi tr.

- Bo him trn gi tr (over insurance): l dng bo him m s tin bo himln hn gi tr bo him. Trong trng hp ny, ngi bo him khng chu trchnhim bi thng cho phn vt qu gi tr bo him. Trong bo him hng ha, stin bo him tri ra ch c chp nhn khi n l s li c th c ca vic kinhdoanh bun bn v khng c ln hn 10% gi tr bo him.

- Bo him di gi tr (under insurance): trng hp ny, s tin bo him ghitrong n bo him thp hn gi tr bo him v ngi bo him s bi thng tn


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tht, k c cc chi ph khc thuc phm vi trch nhim bo him, theo t l gia s tinbo him v gi tr bo him (gi l t l bo him di gi).

1.2.6-Ph bo him (Premium).

Ph bo him l mt khon tin m ngi c bo him phi ng cho ngibo him c bi thng khi c tn tht thuc phm vi bo him xy ra cho itng bo him.

Ph bo him c cu thnh t hai thnh phn :

- Ph thun: l khon thu cho php ngi bo him thc hin c vic chi trbi thng hoc tr tin bo him i vi cc trch nhim pht sinh t nhng hpng k kt.

- Ph ph: l khon ph thu cho php ngi bo him m bo cc chi ph cnthit trong hot ng kinh doanh nh : chi ph k kt hp ng, chi ph qun l, thunp cho ngn sch nh nc.

Mc ph bo him c nh ra trn c s mc ph thun trn mt n v itng bo him cho tng nghip v nht nh. Ph thun c xc nh da trn xcsut xy ra ri ro hoc trn c s thng k tn tht nhm m bo s ph thu c bi thng v b p cc chi ph khc, ng thi ngi kinh doanh bo him c li.

Ngoi ra, tnh mc ph thun ngi ta cn phi tnh n li sut u t ti chnh vh s an ton nht nh.

1.2.7-Mc min thng (Franchise).

L gi tr c biu hin bng mt s tin c th hay bng s phn trm ca stin bo him m nu gi tr tn tht nh hn mc ny th ngi bo him khng bithng.

- Min thng c khu tr: khi gi tr tn tht ln hn mc min thng th bohim ch bi thng cho phn vt qu mc min thng m thi.

- Min thng khng khu tr : khi tn tht ln hn mc min thng th bohim s bi thng 100% gi tr tn tht.

* ngha ca mc min thng:- Gim bt cng vic x l v gii quyt bi thng ca ngi bo him i vi

nhng tn tht nh, v nhng tn tht nh thng xuyn xy ra. V vy, khi xt thytn tht di mc min thng, ngi c bo him phi t mnh x l v phng,hn ch tn tht.

- Hp ng bo him c quy nh mc min thng s khin cho ngi cbo him quan tm v c trch nhim hn trong vic phng v hn ch tn tht.

- Min thng c khu tr thng p dng trong hp ng bo him hng ha

i vi nhng loi hng c c tnh hao ht t nhin. Thng thng mc min thngbng mc hao ht t nhin ca hng ha.


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1.2.8-Bo him trng (Double Insurance).

Bo him trng l trng hp c hai hay nhiu hn hai n bo him c cpcho cng mt i tng bo him v quyn li bo him hay mt phn ca n m tngs tin c bo him vt qu gi tr bo him. V nguyn tc, khi i tng bo

him b mt th nhng ngi bo him ch tr ti gi tr ti a bng gi tr bo him.

1.2.9- Ti bo him (Reinsurance).

- nh ngha ti bo him v hp ng ti bo him.

Ti bo him l mt nghip v qua mt cng ty bo him gc (nginhng) chuyn cho mt hoc nhiu cng ty bo him khc (ngi nhn ti) mt phnri ro m anh ta nhn bo m.

V phng din php l, ngi c bo him ch cn bit ngi bo him gcl ngi duy nht chu trch nhim m bo cho ri ro ca mnh ch h khngcn bitn ngi nhn ti bo him.

Hp ng ti bo him l bn cam kt gia cng ty nhng v cc cng ty nhnti bo him, qui nh quyn li v trch nhim ca mi bn trong hp ng. Ni dungca hp ng ti bo him cp n hu ht cc ni dung qui nh trong hp ng

bo him gc, ngoi ra cn cam kt v phng thc ti bo him, t l phn trm hays tin mi cng ty nhn ti bo him, t l th tc ph ti bo him v nhng vn khc. Hp ng ti bo him ch c th c thit lp v tn ti khi c mt hp ng

bo him ang c hiu lc.

- Cc phng thc ti bo him.

+ Ti bo him theo t l: l ti bo him thc hin vic phn chia ri ro theo tl trn s tin bo him. Cng ty nhng v cc cng ty nhn ti bo him da trn cs phn trm gi li hoc nhn ca mi bn trn tng trch nhim trong mt hp ng.Cng ty nhn ti bo him nhn m bo cho t l phn trm ri ro trn tng s tin

bo him, nhn ph bo him v chu trch nhim bi thng cng theo t l .

+ Ti bo him khng theo t l: l phng thc ti bo him m vic phn chiatrch nhim gia cng ty nhng v cng ty nhn ti bo him da trn c s s tin

bi thng tn tht ca cc ri ro nm trong phm vi nghip v m kh c thathun. Cng ty nhng gi li cho mnh mt s tin bi thng hay mt t l bithng nht nh, phn vt qu s ti bo him cho cc cng ty bo him khc.

1.3- Ri ro trong bo himhng hi.

1.3.1-Khi nim v ngun gc ca ri ro.

Ri ro l nhng s c ngu nhin, btng, l nhng mi e da nguy him mkhi xy ra th gy tn tht cho i tng bo him.

* Ri ro c th do cc nguyn nhn:


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- Thin tai : l nhng hin tng do thin nhin gy nn nh bin ng, bo, gilc, st nh, ...

- Tai nn bt ng : tu bmc cn, b m, m phi ngm, phng tin blt , b mt tch, b chy, n, ...

- Tai nn bt ng v cc nguyn nhn khch quan khc : hng b v, thiuht, r r, mt trm, ...

- Do cc hin tng x hi gy ra nh : chin tranh, nh cng, bo ng, btgi.

- Do bn cht ca hng ha nh ni t hoc n t.

* Nguyn tc l khng c ri ro th khng c bo him, bi th bo himnh ngha ri ro l s khng chc chn v tn tht. V vy, cn hiu rng tn thtno chc chn xy ra th khng c ri ro.

Khi xem xt cc ri ro gy nn tn tht, ngi ta cn c bit quan tm nnhng nguy c. Nguy c y c hiu l iu kin cu to kh nng lm gia tngtn tht cho mt him ha no . Chng hn nh : vic bt cn trong qun l, tu chhng qu trng ti, xa l xu, my mc khng c ngi coi gi, ... l nhng nguy c.

Nguy c bao gm:

+ Nguy c vt cht: l yu t khch quan lm gia tng tn tht, nh sn xutthuc sng l mt nguy c vt cht v lm gia tng tn tht v chy n.

+ Nguy c o c: l do thc ch quan ca ngi c bo him nh khnglng thin (manh ng) gy ra.

+ Nguy c tinh thn: ngi c bo him khng cn mn, l l trong vic bov ti sn.

Khi nhn bo him, nu thy cc nguy c vt qu tiu chun dng lm cs tnh ph bo him th ngi bo him c th t chi hoc hn ch bo him, hocgia tng ph bo him.

1.3.2-Phn loi ri ro.

Cn c vo nghip v bo him, ngi ta phn thnh hai loi:- Ri ro c bo him: l nhng riro xy ra mt cch ngu nhin, bt ng

ngoi mun ca con ngi nh thin tai, tai nn bt ng, chin tranh, nh cng ...Cc ri ro ny cn gi l him ha c bo him. Nguyn tc l : ngi bo hims phi chu trch nhim i vi mi tn tht do him ha c bo him trc tip gyra v khng chu trch nhim i vi nhng tn tht khng trc tip gy ra bi mthim ha c bo him, y l nguyn tc ca nguyn nhn trc tip (proximatecause). Thc t mt s trng hp c th rt kh xc nh tn tht thc ra c phido nhng him ha c bo him trc tip gy ra hay khng. Mt nguyn nhn gn

cng khng nht thit coi l nguyn nhn trc tip ca tn tht v khi c nhiu nguyn


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nhn tc ng qua li th nguyn nhn no chi phi nhiu nht c coi l nguynnhn trc tip.

- Ri ro khng c bo him: l nhng ri ro xy ra c tnh cht ng nhin,chc chn, hoc do li ca ngi c bo him nh hao mn t nhin, hao ht t

nhin, do bn cht ca hng ha, do bao b khng y , do hnh ng xu ca ngic bo him, nhng tn tht m nguyn nhn trc tip l chm tr, ... Ngoi ra, cnc cc ri ro loi tr nh do cc v n ht nhn, nguyn t, s dng cht phng x.

Trong hng hi, cc ri ro thng thng c bo him (khng bao gm ri rochin tranh, nh cng, ... cc ri ro ny c bo him theo hp ng bo him ring)c th chia thnh 2 nhm nh sau:

* Nhm th nht, gm cc ri ro sau:

- Mc cn (grounding): l hin tng y tu tip xc vi y bin hoc chm

vo mt chng ngi ngm khc lm cho tu khng chy c na. Trng hp tuch b gc cn thng thng do thy triu xung, hoc tu chm y ri li tip tchnh trnh c, tu b cn nhng ni m bo him qui nh khng th cho tuloi quali th khng c coi l b cn v khng thuc phm vi trch nhim ca

bo him. Mc cn phi l mt tai nn ri ro, ngha l mc cn phi tha mn hai iukin l tu b loi khi hnh trnh bnh thng, v l hin tng bt thng khng thlng trc.

- Chm m v lt p (sinking and capsize): l hin tng phng tin vnchuyn b chm hn xung di mt nc v y tu chm y bin lm cho tu khngth chy c v hnh trnh coi nh b chm dt. m lm cho ton b phn ni catu b chm su trong nc, nu ch b ngp mt phn hoc cn bp bnh trn mt ncth khng c coi l m, tr khi chng minh c do bn cht ca hng ha m tukhng th chm su hn c na, hoc l do su ca nc bin, sng h b giihn nn tu khng th chm c thm. Lt p l mt iu kin mi, c ngha l tu bnghing hoc lt hon ton. Lt p khng nht thit l tu phi m, tuy nhinkhng bao hm nhng tn tht ca hng ha trn boong b ri xung bin khi tu bri vo trng thi nghing, lc.

- Chy, n (fire, explosion): chy thng do la gy ra, l hin tng -xy hac ta nhit lng cao. Tuy chy khng phi l tai nn bt ng ca bin, nhng vn nghim trng l kh dp tt hn trn t lin nn vn c xp vo cc ri ro chnhc bo him. Theo quan nim thng thng th la phi t n mt mc nhtnh mi gi l v chy, ngha l la phi n mc khng kim sot c v lmcho hnh trnh b gin on. Ngi bo him ch bi thng nhng tn tht v chy btng do nguyn nhn khch quan nh do thin nhin, do s sut ca con ngi hocchy do c t tiu dit mt th bnh truyn nhim. Bo him s khng bithng nhng tn tht do s t pht chy ca hng ha, tr khi ngi c bo him

chng minh c rng cht xp hng ha mt cch thch hp m bo m, thng gi, ... nhng hng vn t bc chy. Hng bc chy t pht lm chy lan sang c


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nhng hng khc th bo him s chu trch nhim i vi nhng hng b chy lan ny.Nhng tn tht do cha chy gy ra i vi hng ha u c bo him bi thng.N c nh ngha bao gm hai hin tng l n l hc v n ha hc. N l hc ltrng hp p sut bn trong mt th tch kn tng ln qu cao, ph v v bnh cha v

gy ting n. N ha hc l do s chy din ra nhanh, ta ra nhiu hi, kh v nhitsinh ra p sut ln lm khng kh gin n t ngt gy ra ting n. Tt nhin, n donhng ri ro loi tr gy ra nh v kh ht nhn, nguyn t ... ng nhin s khngc bi thng.

- m va (collision): l hin tng phng tin vn chuyn va chm vi cc vtth chuyn ng hay c nh khc nh tu, s lan, cn cu ni, cu cng, bng tri, ...Cn lu l m va vo bt k b phn no cu thnh ca phng tin vn chuynkhc u c coi lm va (nh neo tu), nhng nu va vo li ca tu nh c thkhng gi l m va.

* Nhm th hai, gm c:

- Vt b xung bin (jettisons): l hnh ng nm hng ha, ti sn, dng c, d tr ca tu xung bin lm nh tu trnh cho tu b chm m. y l hnhthc u tin ca tn tht chung, l hnh ng c tnh cht t nguyn cu hay

bo v tu v hng ha. Cc nguy c e da c th l tu b mc cn, b nghing dobo, thng di mn nc, ...

- Manh ng (barratry): ri ro ny bao gm mi hnh ng phi php hay sai tric ca thuyn trng, thy th lm thit hi ch tu hoc ngi thu. Nhng hnh vi

phi php khng bao gm nhng sai lm lin quan n cch xt on, gii quyt vn hoc nhng s sut, bt cn. Nhng hnh vi manh ng ny c th l : bun lu, c li tu chnh hng, lm chm tr hnh trnh, c lm m tu, bm nc vo hmhng lm hng hng, t hng ... Tuy nhin, nu ch tu bit vic lm sai tri cathuyn trng v thy th m khng ngn chn th khng c bo him bi thng. y, cn lu rng mun qui mt tn tht l do ri ro c bo him gy ra haykhng phi chng minh ri ro l nguyn nhn trc tip ca tn tht. Th nhng, ivi nhng ri ro v hnh vi phi php th nguyn tc ny c m rng hn, n khngnht thit phi l nguyn nhn trc tip m ch cn mt nguyn nhn phi hp

(combined cause) th bo him vn c th chu trch nhim. V d, thuyn trng bunlu gh tu vo mt cng ngoi qui nh v tu b bt, hng ha b tc ot th bohim vn bi thng tn tht v hng ha. c bit, trng hp tu i chch hnghay chm tr l nhng ri ro loi tr, nhng nu do hnh vi ph php gy ra th vnc bo him. Trong thc t, trnh nhm ln vi cc iu kin bo him khc,nht l iu khon loi tr, hnh vi phi php ca thuyn trng v thy th on clit k c th trong hp ng bo him.

- Mt cp hng, giao thiu hng hoc khng giao hng (theft, shortage or non-delivery): Mt cp, mt trm l mt nguyn c kin hng hoc hng ha bn trong bmt do cy ph. Ri ro n cp khng phi l ri ro hng hi m l ri ro c bit. i


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vi nhng loi hng ha hay mt trm, ngi ta c th mua bo him ri ro mt cpthm vo cc iu kin bo him khc m khng nht thit phi mua bo him mi riro. Giao thiu hng hoc khng giao hng l ton b mt kin hng, l hng khngc giao ti cng n v khng c dn chng v nguyn nhn tn tht. Thng th

giao thiu hng l do mt cp gy ra nhng cng c khi l donhm ln trong kimm. Ngoi ra, cn c hin tng hng b thiu do nhng nguyn nhn thng thngv thng mi nh hao ht, ri vi, rch v ... , nhng nu rch v l do bao b khngtt, khng sc chu ng trong qu trnh vn chuyn th s khng thuc trch nhim

bo him.

- Tu mt tch (missing ship): Nu mt chic tu b mt tch v sau mt khongthi gian hp l khng nhn c tin tc g v tu th ngi ta c th coi l tu

b tn tht ton b thc t. Thi gian hp l xc nhn tu b mt tch cn ty thucvo loi tu, loi hng, tnh cht hnh trnh, thi gian thc hin hnh trnh ng thi

ph thuc vo qui nh ca lut php mi nc.

1.4- Tn tht trong bo him.

1.4.1-Khi nim.

Tn tht (loss/damage): l nhng h hng, thit hi, mt mt ca i tng bohim do cc ri ro gy ra. Ni n tn tht l ni n nhng thit hi v l s kinlm pht sinh trch nhim vt cht ca bo him.

1.4.2-Phn loi tn tht.a- Cn c vo mc tn tht, chia ra:

* Tn tht ton b (total loss): Theo iu 56 (2) ca o lut bo him Anh(Maritime Insurance 1906), tn tht ton b c th l mt tn tht ton b thc t(actual total loss) hay mt tn tht ton b c tnh (constructive total loss).

- Tn tht ton b thc t: c ngha l i tng bo him b h hng, b mtkhng th ly li c na hay gim gi tr thng mi 100%. Nhng trng hp cth l :

+ i tng bo him b ph hy hon ton nh chy, n, m tu;

+ i tng bo him b tc ot khng th ly li c na;

+ i tng b h hi n mc khng th s dng c na;

+ Tu v hng b mt tch.

- Tn tht ton b c tnh: l trng hp i tng bo him b tn tht chati mc ton b, nhng i tng bo him b t b mt cch hp l v xt thy tntht ton b thc s l khng th trnh khi hoc phi b ra mt khon chi ph cu vt

ln hn gi tr i tng y.


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Trong thc t thng xy ra cc trng hp tu vn chuyn lng thc, thcphm b tai nn dc ng, hng b t v bt u hng, nu c tip tc hnh trnh ticng ch th chc chn hng s hng ht v s tr thnh tn tht ton b thc s; hoctu b m, mc cn chi ph d hng sang tu khc v vn chuyn tip s vt qu gi

tr hng. Nh vy, v mt ti chnh s khng c li cho ch hng ln ngi bo him.Bi vy, lut php quc t u coi nhng trng hp ny l tn tht ton b nu ngic bo him t b i tng bo him. Nh th, mun c coi l tn tht ton bc tnh th phi c hnh ng t b hng. T b hng (abandonment) l hnh ngca ngi c bo him tuyn b t b mi quyn li ca mnh i vi i tng

bo him c bi thng ton b nu tn tht ton b y l khng th trnh khihoc vic khc phc tn tht s gy ra cc chi ph cao hn gi tr ca i tng bohim.

Quyn t b i tng bo him c th c p dng trong trng hp tu bin

b mt tch, b chim ot, b h hi do tai nn m khng th sa cha hoc chi ph sacha, phc hi, chuc li tu l khng c hiu qu kinh t. Quyn t b i tng bohim l hng ha c p dng khi chi ph cu vt, vn chuyn n cng ch vtqu gi tr th trng ca hng ha .

Khi t b hng, quyn nh ot, s hu i tng bo him s chuyn sangngi bo him. Mun t b hng, ngi c bo him phi lm thng bo t bhng bng vn bn gi cho ngi bo him trong thi gian hp l nhng khng qu180 ngy, k t ngy ngi c bo him bit v cc s kin lm cn c p dngquyn t b hoc 60 ngy, k t ngy ht hn bo him trong cc trng hp tu hochng ha b cng ot, chim gi. Sau thi hn ni trn, ngi c bo him s mtquyn t b hng.

Trong thi gian 30 ngy k t khi nhn c tuyn b t b, ngi bo him cngha v thng bo cho ngi c bo him bit l c chp nhn hay khng. Nu quthi hn ny, ngi bo him s mt quyn t chi.

Khi vic thng bo t b hng c thc hin ng qui nh m ngi bohim khng chp nhn th ngi c bo him vn c quyn i bi thng theomc thc t.

* Tn tht b phn (Partial Loss): l mt phn i tng bo him b tn tht,mt mt, h hng. Tn tht ny c th xy ra v trng lng, s lng, phm cht.

b- Cn c vo nguyn nhn gy nn tn tht, chia ra:

* Tn tht ring (Particular Average): l tn tht ca i tng bo him domt ri ro ngu nhin, bt ng gy ra. Tn tht ring c th l tn tht b phn hocton b.

Chi ph ring (Particular Charges): l nhng chi ph do ngi c bo himhay i l ca h phi chi ra duy tr v bo m an ton cho hng ha nh thay th


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bao b, ng gi li, xp d, lu kho ... sau khi gp tai nn. Chi ph ny s c bohim bi thng nu ri ro gy nn tn tht nm trong phm v c bo him.

* Tn tht chung (General Average): l nhng hy sinh hay chi ph bt thngc thc hin mt cch c ch tm v hp l v s an ton chung nhm cu tu, hng

ha v cc ph thot khi mt s nguy him chung v thc s i vi chng.

V d: Tu ch hng b m vo ngm lm cho v tu b thng, nc trnvo hm hng dn n nguy c tu b chm. Thuyn trng phi quyt nh nm btmt s hng xung bin tu khi b chm, ng thi cho tu chy vo mt cng gn khc phc hu qu ca tai nn. Tn tht v hng ha b nm xung bin cngnh cc chi ph pht sinh ti cng lnh nn c gi l tn tht chung.

Gi l tn tht chung v mt hay mt s quyn li hy sinh m bo anton chung cho nhiu quyn li khc trong hnh trnh. Bi vy, tt c cc quyn li

trong hnh trnh phi c ngha v ng gp vo s hy sinh .Nh vy, mun c tn tht chung th phi c hnh ng tn tht chung. C

hnh ng tn tht chung khi v ch khi c s hy sinh hay chi ph bt thng no cthc hin mt cch c ch tm v hp l, v an ton chung, nhm mc ch bo v tisn c lin quan n mt phiu trnh hng hi thng thng thot khi him ha.

Mt hnh ng, mt tn tht hoc mt chi ph mun c coi l tn tht chungphi c cc c trng sau y:

+ Hnh ng tn tht chung phi l hnh ng t nguyn, hu ca thuyn

trng v thuyn vin trn tu;+ Hy sinh hay chi ph phi c bit, phi thng;

+ Hy sinh, chi ph phi hp l v v an ton chung cho tt ccc quyn li tronghnh trnh;

+ Tai ha phithc s xy ra v nghim trng;

+ Mt mt, thit hi hoc chi ph phi l hu qu trc tip ca hnh ng tntht chung.

Tn tht chung bao gm hy sinh tn tht chung v chi ph tn tht chung:- Hy sinh tn tht chung (General Average Sacrifice): l nhng thit hi, mt

mt do hnh ng tn tht chung trc tip gy ra nh nm hng, dng c xung bin,cht t dy neo ...

- Chi ph tn tht chung (General Average Expenditures): l nhng chi ph phtsinh do hnh ng tn tht chung nh chi ph ra vo cng lnh nn, chi ph xp d,lu kho hng ha hay chi ph sa cha tm thi ca tu ...


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1.5- Qui tc xc nh tn tht chung.

C hnh vi tn tht chung khi v ch khi c bt k s hy sinh hay chi ph btthng no c thc hin mt cch c ch tm v hp l v an ton chung bo vti sn lin quan n mt phiu trnh hng hi gp him ha.

Ch c nhng tn tht, tn hi hay chi ph l kt qu trc tip ca mt hnhng tn tht chung mi c coi l tn tht chung. Tn tht hay tn hi cho tu hochng ha v chm tr trong hnh trnh hay sau , nh gi tu qu hn v bt k tntht gin tip no khc nh l mt th trng, u khng c chp nhn l tn thtchung.

Nu phi chu mt chi ph c bit no thay cho mt chi ph khc c chpnhn l tn tht chung, th chi ph y cng c coi l tn tht chung m khng cnquan tm n vic tit kim i vi cc quyn li khc, nu c, nhng ch n mc chi

ph tn tht chung y c th trnh c.- Vt b hng ha.

Vic vt b hng ha khng c coi l tn tht chung, tr khi hng ha yc ch theo ng tp qun thng mi c cng nhn.

- Tn hi do vt b v hy sinh v an ton chung.

Tn hi cho tu v hng, hoc mt trong hai, v hay do kt qu ca vic hy sinhcho s an ton chung, v v nc chy vo hm hng m hoc qua l hng dng vt b hng m bo cho an ton chung, c coi l tn tht chung.

-Dp la trn tu.

Tn hi cho tu v hng, hoc mt trong hai, do nc hay nguyn nhn g khc,bao gm c tn hi v cho tu ln cn hay c thng tu cha chy, c coi l tntht chung, song khng bi thng cc tn hi do khi v sc nng gy ra.

-Phn cht b.

Tn tht hay tn hi gy ra do cht b phn gy hay b phn ca tu tnhi trc hay chnh tai nn lm cho h hng khng c coi l tn tht chung.

- T mc cn.

Tu ch tm m vo b v an ton chung, cho d l ra n c phi m vo bhay khng, tn tht hay tn hi pht sinh t c coi l tn tht chung.

- Th lao cu h.

Cc chi ph do cc bn lin quan n phiu trnh gnhchu v vic cu h, d lcu h theo hp ng hay khng, u c coi l tn tht chung nu vic cu h cthc hin bo v ti sn lin quan n phiu trnh hng hi y khi b him ha.

- Tn hi cho my mc v ni hi.


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Tn hi cho bt k my mc v ni hi no ca tu ang b cn v vo tnhhung him nguy do tm cch ra cn, c coi l tn tht chung khi chng minh cl pht sinh t tht s mun tu ni ln v an ton chung nn phi gnh chu ri roy. Nhng khi tu ni ln ri, tn tht hay tn hi gy ra do iu ng my mc,

chn vt v ni hi bt c trong trng hp no cng khng c coi l tn tht chung.- Chi ph lm nh tu v cc tn tht lin quan khi mc cn.

Khi tu b cn, hng ha hay nhin liu v d tr ca tu phi d khi tutheo hnh vi tn tht chung, th cc chi ph tin hnh vic ny v cc tn tht pht sinhu c chp nhn l tn tht chung.

- Vt liu v d tr ca tu c t thay nhin liu.

Vt liu v d tr ca tu, hay bt k loi no trong cc th y cn thit phiem t lm nhin liu v an ton chung vo lc xy ra tai nn c chp nhn l tn

tht chung khi v ch khi nhin liu trc c cung ng rng ri, s lngnhin liu c tnh ng l phi s dng theo gi hin hnh cng xut pht cui cngvo ngy tu i, c cng nhn l tn tht chung.

- Chi ph cng lnh nn.

Do hu qu ca tai nn, tu phi gh vo cng lnh nn theo hnh vi tn thtchung th cc chi ph ra vo cng, cng ph, nhin liu s dng trong thi gian cng lnh nn c chp nhn l tn tht chung, nhng vi iu kin l sau tu tiptc hnh trnh vi hng ha ban u. Nu hnh trnh b hy b th cc chi ph trn

khng c tnh vo tn tht chung. Nu ti cng lnh nn khng c kh nng sacha, tu li phi i n mt cng khc sa cha v tip tc hnh trnh th cc chiph trn c tnh gp vo cng tip theo v xem y l cng lnh nn, v cc ph tndi chuyn tu, k c chi ph sa cha tm thi v lai dt c chp nhn l tn thtchung.

Cc ph tn v dch chuyn hng trn tu hay bc d hng, nhin liu hay dtr d cng hay ni bc hng, gh vo hay lnh nn u c nhn l tn tht chung,khi vic chuyn dch hay d hng y cn thit cho an ton chung, hoc to iu kinsa cha tn hi ca tu do hy sinh hay tai nn gy ra, nu vic sa cha y l cn

thit tip tc hnh trnh mt cch an ton. Cc ph tn ny khng c cng nhn ltn tht chung khi n pht sinh t mc ch sp xp li hng ha trn tu, tr khi vicsp xp li l cn thit cho an ton chung.

Khi ph tn dch chuyn hay bc d hng ha, nhin liu, d tr c chpnhn l tn tht chung, th chi ph lu kho bi, k c bo him nu l hp l cng cchp nhn l tn tht chung. Trong trng hp tu khng cn hot ng c na haykhng th tip tc hnh trnh ban u th chi ph kho bi ch c tnh vo tn thtchung n ngy tu b ngng hot ng hay t b hnh trnh, hay n ngy hon ttvic d hng nu vic tu b ngng hot ng hay t b hnh trnh xy ra trc.

-Lng v chi ph duy tr thuyn vin v cc chi ph a tu vo cng lnh nn.


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Tin lng v cung ng cho thy th v cc chi ph khc phi gnh chu do kodi thi gian hnh trnh khi tu vo cng hay ni lnh nn, hoc tr li cng hay ni

bc hng u c nhn l tn tht chung.

Khi tu phi nm li bt k cng hay ni no v tai nn, hy sinh hay cc tnh

hung c bit khc cn thit cho an ton chung, hoc to iu kin sa cha tnhi ca tu do hy sinh hay tai nn y gy ra, nu vic sa cha y l cn thit tiptc hnh trnh mt cch an ton, th lng v lng thc ca thuyn trng, s quan vthy th chi tr hp l trong thi gian tu nm cng hay ni y c chp nhn ltn tht chung. Khi tu khng cn hot ng c na hay khng th tip tc hnhtrnh ban u th cc chi ph trn ch c chp nhn l tn tht chung ti ngy tungng hot ng hay t b hnh trnh, hoc cho n ngy kt thc d hng nu vicngnghot ng hay t b hnh trnh xy ra trc. Cng ph tr trong thi gian lu lic bit ny cng c chp nhn l tn tht chung.

- Tn hi hng ha khi d.

Tn hi hay tn tht hng, nhin liu hay d tr gy ra bi vic sp xp, dhng, lu kho, bc li v sp t hng c coi l tn tht chung khi v ch khi ph tnca cc x l y c cng nhn l tn tht chung.

- Sa cha tm thi.

Chi ph sa cha tm thi cho tu gp s c tip tc hnh trnh v an tonchung th c tnh vo tn tht chung, nhng khng khu tr theo iu khon mithay c.

-Mt cc ph.

Vic mt cc ph do tn hi hay tn tht hng c coi l tn tht chung khi ldo hnh vi tn tht chung hoc khi tn hi hay tn tht hng ha c bi thng theotn tht chung.

1.6- Tnh ton phn b tn tht chung.

Tn tht chung c phn b cho tt c cc quyn li c cu trn tu, gm :

ch tu, ch hng v bn c cc ph vn chuyn. Vic phn b tn tht chung ctin hnh theo 5 bc nh sau:

Bc 1: Xc nhgi tr tn tht chung.

Xc nh gi tr tn tht chung tc l xc nh gi tr ca ti sn b hy sinh vcc chi ph pht sinh t hnh ng tn tht chung.

- Gi tr hy sinh tn tht chung ca hng ha l mc gim gi tr ca hng hati thi im d hng hoc gi tr ca lng hng tt b thiu ht, mt mt (sau khi tr i phn gi tr tn tht ring ca hng ha trc khi xy ra tn tht chung).


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Trong trng hp khng th xc nh mc tn tht bng tha thun th gitr tn tht ca hng ha s c xc nh bng s tin chnh lch gia gi hng tt vgi hng bn thanh l (sau khi tr gi tr tn tht ring ca hng ha trc khi xyra tn tht chung).

- Gi tr hy sinh tn tht chung ca tu c xc nh nh sau:

+ Khi sa cha hay thay th, l chi ph hp l khi sa cha hay thay th tn hiy, v b khu tr theo qui nh.

+ Khi khng sa cha hay thay th, l khon gim gi tr hp l ca tu do hysinh tn tht chung, nhng khng vt qu gi sa cha c tnh. Nu tu b tn thtton b thc t hoc ph tn sa cha vt qu gi tr tu sau khi sa cha, s tintn tht chung l khon chnh lch gia gi tr c tnh ca tu lc nguyn lnh saukhi khu tr ph tn sa cha c tnh cho phn tn hi khng phi l tn tht chung

v gi tr tu trong tnh trng b tn hn (c th tnh theo gi bn thc).Bc 2: Xc nh gi tr ng gp tn tht chung.

Gi tr ng gp tn tht chung (cn gi l gi tr chu phn b) l gi tr ca ttc cc quyn li c mt trn hnh trnh ngay trc khi xy ra hnh ng tn thtchung. Cc tn tht ring xy ra trc khi c hnh ng tn tht chung khng phichu phn b, nhng cc tn tht ring xy ra sau th phi chu trch nhim nggp. Nhng hng ha c d khi tu trc khi c hnh ng tn tht chung hocc xp ln tu sau hnh ng tn tht chung th khng phi tham gia ng gp.Hng ha khai man hay khng khai th khng c tnh vo tn tht chung nhng vn

phi chu trch nhim ng gp. Hng ha xp ln tu c gi tr khai bo thp hn gitr thc th gi tr tn tht chung c xc nh theo gi tr khai bo nhng s hng ys ng gp tn tht chung theo gi tr thc ca n.

Bc 3: Tnh t l ng gp tn tht chung.

T l ng gp tn tht chung bng tng gi tr tn tht chung chia cho tng gitr ng gp tn tht chung.

Bc 4: Tnh s tin ng gp cho qu tn tht chung.

Tin ng gp cho qu tn tht chung ca tng quyn li trn hnh trnh bng tl ng gp tn tht chung nhn vi gi tr ng gp ca chnh quyn li y.

Bc 5: Tnh s tin thc t nhn v hay gp vo qu tn tht chung ca tng quynli.

S tin thc t phi np vo hay c nhn li ca tng quyn li bng s tinphi ng gp tng ng tr i gi tr tn tht chung ca chnh quyn li y.

V d: Mt tu ch hng, trong hnh trnh b m vo ngm, thn tu b thng vnc bin trn vo hm hng lm cho mt phn hng ha cha trong hm ny b hng,

ng thi tu c nguy c b chm. Thuyn trng quyt nh vt bi mt s hng khc


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xung bin cho tu nh bt v cho tu chy vo mt cng gn khc phc hu quti nn. Nhng tn tht v chi ph pht sinh nh sau:

- Tn tht ring:

+ Tn tht ring ca tu: thng thn tu do tai nn tr gi 80.000 USD.

+ Tn tht ring ca hng: h hng hng do nc trn vo hm tu tr gi20.000 USD.

- Tn tht chung c chp nhn:

+ Hy sinh tn tht chung ca hng: tr gi hng nm xung bin l 30.000 USD.

+ Chi ph tn tht chung: chi ph tu chi tr ti cng lnh nn l 10.000 USD.

Bit: gi tr tu l 2.000 000 USD, gi tr hng ch trn tu l 100.000 USD.

Gii :Bc 1: Xc nh gi tr tn tht chung (TTC).

TTC = Hy sinh TTC + Chi ph TTC = 30.000 + 10.000 = 40.000

Bc 2: Xc nh gi tr ng gp tn tht chung (GTG).

GTG = GTG ca tu + GTG ca hng

= (2.000.00080.000) + (100.00020.000)

= 1.920.000 + 80.000 = 2.000.000 USD

Bc 3: Tnh t l ng gp tn tht chung (k).

k = TTC/GTG = 40.000/2.000.000 = 0,02

Bc 4: Tnh tin ng gp cho qu tn tht chung.

Tu phi ng gp:

k * GTG ca tu = 0,02 * 1.920.000 = 38.400 USD

Hng phi ng gp:

k * GTG ca hng = 0,02 * 80.000 = 1.600 USD

Bc 5: Tnh s tin thc t phing gp hay nhn li c.

Tu cn phi np vo : 38.400 10.000 = 28.400 USD

Hng c nhn v : 1.600 30.000 = - 28.400 USD

Ngoi ra phn tn tht ring thuc v bn no bn t gnh chu v s cbi thng theo iu khon bo him theohp ng.


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Chng 2

BO HIM HNG HA VN CHUYN NG BIN

iu kin bo him.iu kin bo him: qui nh phm vi trch nhim ca ngi bo him i vi

nhng ri ro tn tht ca hng ha. Khi hng ha c bo him theo iu kin no thch nhngri ro tn tht qui nh trong iu kin mi c bi thng.

Cc iu kin bo him trong bo him hng ha thng do cc cng ty bohim ca mi quc gia son tho. Nhng trn thc t, hu ht cc nc u coi cciu kin bo him hng ha vn chuyn ng bin ca Hip hi bo him Lun n(Institute of London UnderwritersILU) nh l cc iu kin chun v ngy cng pdng rng ri.

Hin nay, Tng cng ty Bo him Vit Nam (Bo Vit) ang tin hnh bohim hng ha vn chuyn ng bin theo hai loi iu khon di y ty thuc sla chn ca khch hng:

- iu khon bo him hng ha ca Hip hi bo him Lun n (Anh)1.1.1982.

- Quy tc chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn ng bin, do B ti chnhv Bo Vit ban hnh vo cc nm1965, 1990 v sa i nm 1998, 2003.

2.1- iu kin bo him hng ha ca Bo Vit.

2.1.1-iu kin C.

-Riro c bo him: ngi bo him chu trch nhim i vi nhng mt mt hhng quy do cc nguyn nhn sau:

+ Chy hoc n;

+ Tu hay s lan b mc cn, b m hoc lt p;

+ Tu m va nhau hoc tu, s lan hay phng tin vn chuyn m va phibt k vt th g bn ngoi khng k nc;

+ D hng ti cng ni tu gp nn;

+ Phng tin vn chuyn ng b b lt hoc trt bnh;

+ Hy sinh tn tht chung;

+ Nm hng khi tu;

+ Hng ha c bo him b mt do tu hoc phng tin ch hng b mt

tch.


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-Nhng tn tht, chi ph v trch nhim khc, gm:

+ Tn tht chung v chi ph cu h c iu chnh hoc xc nh bng hpng vn ti hoc theo lut l v tp qun hin hnh;

+ Nhng chi ph v tin cng hp l do ngi c bo him, ngi lm cngv i l ca h chi ra nhm phng trnh hoc gim nh tn tht thuc trch nhim

bo him hoc nhng chi ph kin tng i ngi th ba bi thng, vi iu kinnhng chi ph v tin cng ny phi c gii hn trong phm vi nhng tn tht thuctrch nhim ngi bo him;

+ Nhng chi ph hp l cho vic d hng, lu kho v gi tip hng ha cbo him ti cng dc ng hay cng lnh nn do hu qu ca mt ri ro thuc phmvi hp ng bo him;

+ Nhng chi ph hp l cho vic gim nh v xc nh tn tht m ngi bo

him phi chu trch nhim bi thng;

+ Phn trch nhim m ngi c bo him phi gnh chu theo iu khonHai tu m va nhau cng c li (both to blame collision clause) ghi trong hp ngvn ti.

2.1.2-iu kin B.

-Ri ro c bo him:

Ging iu kin bo him C, nhng cn bo him thm:

+ ng t, ni la phun hoc st nh;+ Nc cun khi tu;

+ Ncbin, nc h, hay nc sng chy vo tu, s lan, hm hng, phngtin vn chuyn, container hoc ni cha hng;

+ Tn tht ton b ca bt k kin hng no ri khi tu hoc ri trong khi angxp hng ln hay ang d hng khi tu hoc s lan.

-Nhngtn tht, chi ph v trch nhim khc: ging iu kin C.

2.1.3-iu kin A.-Ri ro c bo him:

Theo iu kin bo him ny, ngi bo him chu trch nhim v mi ri rogy ra mt mt, h hng cho hng ha c bo him, tr nhng ri ro loi tr.

-Nhng tn tht, chi ph v trch nhim khc: ging iu kin B v C.

2.1.4-Ri ro loi tr cho tt c cc iu kin.

Tr khi c tha thun khc, ngi bo him s khng chu trch nhim i vinhng mt mt, h hng hay chi ph gy ra bi:


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- Chin tranh, ni chin, cch mng khi ngha, phn lon hoc qun chng nidy khi xy ra nhng bin c ny hoc do bt k hnh ng th ch no khc ca mtth lc tham chin hay chng li th lc .

- Vic chim, bt gi, cm gi ti sn hoc kim ch (tr khi do cp bin v

ang p dng theo iu kin bo him A) v hu qu hay bt k mu toan no phtsinh t nhng s vic ny.

- Mn, thy li, bom hay nhng v kh chin tranh khc ang tri dt.

-Nhng ngi nh cng hay cng nhn b cm xng gy ra hoc do nhngngi tham gia cc v gy ri trong lao ng, lm no lon hoc bo ng gy ra.

- Nhng cuc nh cng, cm xng, nhng v gy ri trong lao ng, phnlon hoc bo ng.

- Bt k k khng b no hoc bt k ngi no ang hnh ng v l do chnhtr.

- S dng bt k loi v kh chin tranh g c s dng nng lng nguyn t,ht nhn v/hoc phn ng ht nhn, phng x hoc tng t.

- Khuyt tt vn c hoc do tnh cht ring ca hng ha.

- Hnh ng ch tm sai tri ca bt k ngi no (tr khi p dng theo iukim bo him A).

Trong mi trng hp ngi bo him khng chu trch nhim i vi nhng

mt mt, h hng, hay chi ph do:- Vic lm xu c ca ngi c bo him.

- Nguyn nhn trc tip l chm tr, cho d s chm trxy ra do mt ri roc bo him.

- Tu, s lan khng kh nng i bin v do tu, s lan, phng tin vnchuyn hoc container khng thch hp cho vic vn chuyn hng ha m ngi c

bo him hay nhng ngi lm cng cho h bit v tnh trng khng kh nng ibin v khng thch hp vo thi gian bc hng.

- ng gi hoc chun b hng khng y hoc khng thch hp cho viccht xp ln tu.

- Hao ht t nhin, hao mn t nhin, r chy thng thng.

- Ch tu, ngi qun l, ngi thu hay ngi iu hnh tu khng tr cn hoc thiu thn v ti chnh.

2.1.5-Phm vi thi gian v khng gian bo him.

Trch nhim ca ngi bo him i vi hng ha v mt khng gian v thi

gian c qui nh bi iu khon bo him t kho ti kho (Warehouse towarehouse clause). iu khon ny qui nh nh sau:


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Bo him c hiu lc k t khi hng ha c bo him ri khi kho hay nicha hng ti a im ghi trong hp ng bo him bt u vn chuyn. Bo himny tip tc c hiu lc trong qu trnh vn chuyn bnh thng v kt thc ti mttrong cc thi im sau y, ty theo trng hp no xy ra trc:

- Khi giao hng vo kho hay ni cha hng cui cng ca ngi nhn hnghoc ca mt ngi no khc ti ni nhn c ghi trong hp ngbo him;

- Khi giao hng cho bt k kho hay ni cha hng no khc, d trc khi tihay ti ni nhn hng ghi trong hp ng bo him m ngi c bo him dnglm:

+ Ni chia hay phn phi hng, hoc

+ Ni cha hng ngoi hnh trnh vn chuyn bnh thng.

- Khi ht hn 60 ngy k t ngy hon thnh vic d hng khi tu bin ti cngd hng cui cng ghi trn hp ng bo him.

Trong qu trnh vn chuyn ni trn, nu xy ra chm tr ngoi s kim sotca ngi c bo him, tu i chch hng, d hng bt buc, chuyn ti ngoi lhoc thay i hnh trnh th bo him vn gi nguyn hiu lc vi iu kin ngic bo him phi thng bo cho ngi bo him bit v vic xy ra v tr thm ph

bo him, nu c.

2.2 iu kin bo him hng ha ca Anh.2.2.1-iu kin C (institute cargo clause C).

-Ri ro c bo him:

+ Chy hoc n;

+ Tu hay s lan b mc cn, b m hoc lt p;

+ Phng tin vn chuyn ng b b lt hoc trt bnh;

+ Va chm hay tip xc ca tu b hay cc phng tin vn chuyn vi cc vt

th khng phi nc;+ D hng ti cng lnh nn;

+ Hy sinh tn tht chung;

+ Vt hng xung bin;

-Nhng tn tht, chi ph v trch nhim khc, gm:

+ Tn tht chung v chi ph cu h m ngi c bo him phi gnh chu phng trnh hay lin quan n vic phng trnh nhng tn tht pht sinh t cc ri ro

c bo him.


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+ Phn trch nhim m ngi c bo him phi gnh chu theo iu khonHai tu m va nhau cng c li (both to blame collision clause) ghi trong hp ngvn ti.

2.2.2-iu kin B (institute cargo clause B).

-Ri ro c bo him.

Ngoi nhng ri ro c bo him nh iu kin C, cn bo him thm cc riro sau:

+ ng t, ni la phun hoc st nh;

+ Nc cun khi tu;

+ Nc bin, nc h, hay nc sng chy vo tu, s lan, hm hng, phngtin vn chuyn, container, toa xe hoc ni cha hng;

+ Tn tht ton b ca bt k kin hng no ri khi tu hoc ri trong khi angxp hng ln hay ang d hng khi tu hoc s lan.

-Nhng tn tht, chi ph v trch nhim khc:Nh iu kin C

2.2.3-iu kin A (institute cargo clause A).

-Ri ro c bo him.

iu kin ny bo him mi ri ro gy h hng, mt mt i vi hng ha, trcc ri ro loi tr.

-Nhng tn tht, chi ph v trch nhim khc: nh iu kin B v C

2.2.4-Ri ro loi tr.

- Cc loi tr chung.

Trong mi trng hp, ngi bo him khng bi thng nhng mt mt, hhng hoc chi ph do:

+ Hnh vi c ca ngi c bo him;

+ R r , hao ht khi lng hoc th tch thng thng;

+ Bao b khng y hoc khng thch hp vi hng ha;

+ Ni t hoc bn cht ca hng ha;

+ S chm tr ca ngi c bo him cho d chm tr l do mt ri ro cbo him gy ra;

+ Khng tr c n hoc thiu thn v mt ti chnh ca ch tu, ngi qunl tu, ngi thu hoc ngi khai thc tu;

+ Hnh ng ph hoi c i tng bo him ca bt k ngi no (tr khi p

dng iu kin bo him A);


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+ Vic s dng bt k mt v kh chin tranh no c dng n nng lngnguyn t, ht nhnhoc cc cht phng x.

-Loi tr ri ro tu khng kh nng i bin hoc khng thch hp.

Trong mi trng hp, bo him ny khng bo him nhng mt mt, h hnghoc chi ph do tu hoc s lan khng kh nng i bin; tu, s lan, cc phng tinvn ti khc, container, toa xe khng thch hp cho vic vn chuyn an ton hng ha

bo him m ngi c bo him hoc ngi lm cng ca h bit tnh trngkhng kh nng i bin hay khng thch hp vo lc xp hng ln cc cng cvn ti ni trn.

-Loi tr cc ri ro chin tranh.

Trong mi trng hp, bo him ny khng bo him nhng mt mt, h hnghoc chi ph gy ra bi:

+ Chin tranh, ni chin, cch mng, ni lon, khi ngha hoc hnh ng thch gy ra bi hoc chng li mt th lc tham chin.

+ S chim gi, bt gi, kim ch hay cm gi, v nhng hu qu ca nhnghnh vi .

+ Bom, mn, ng li hoc cc v kh chin tranh khc cn st li trong cc cucchin tranh.

-Loi tr cc ri ro nh cng.

Trong mi trng hp, bo him ny khng bo him nhng mt mt, h hnghoc chi ph gy ra bi:

+ Ngi nh cng, cng nhn b cm xng hoc bt k mt ngi no thamgia gy ri lon lao ng, bo ng hoc ni lon dn s.

+ nh cng, cm xng, ri lon lao ng hoc ni lon dn s.

+ K khng b hoc bt k ngi no hnh ng v ng c chnh tr.

2.2.5- Thi hn bo him (Duration).

-iu khon vn chuyn (transit clause).Bo him ny bt u c hiu lc k t khi hng ha ri khi kho hay ni

hng qui nh vn chuyn. Bo him tip tc c hiu lc trong qu trnh vn chuynbnh thng v kt thc khi:

+ Giao hng vo kho ca ngi nhn hoc kho cui cng hoc ni hng khcghi trn hp ng bo him;

+ Giao hng vo kho hay ni hng khc d trc khi n ni n hoc nin qui nh m ngi c bo him chn dng lm ni phn phi hng, hoc

hng ngoi hnh trnh vn chuyn bnh thng.


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+ Ht hn 60 ngy k t ngy ton b hng ha c d khi tu bin ti cngd cui cng, ty theo trng hp no xy ra trc.

Nu sau khi d hng khi tu bin ti cng d cui cng, trc khi kt thc bohim ny m hng ha c tip tc gi n mt ni khc vi ni n qui nh trong

hp ng bo him th bo him ny, trong khi vn kt thc nh trn, s khng ko diqu thi im bt u vn chuyn n cng ch khc .

Bo him ny vn tip tc c hiu lc nu c s chm tr ngoi s kim sotca ngi c bo him, tu i chch hng, d hng bt buc, ti xp hoc chuynti v thay i hnh trnh pht sinh t nhng c quyn m ch tu hoc ngi thutu c hng theo qui nh ca hp ng vn ti.

-iu khon kt thc hp ng vn ti (termination of contract of carriage clause).

Nu do cc s c ngoi s kim sot ca ngi c bo him m hp ng

vn ti kt thc ti mt cng hoc mt a im khng phi l ni n qui nh hocvic vn chuyn bng cch no kt thc trc khi giao hng nh qui nh trn th

bo him ny cng s kt thc, tr khi c thng bo tip tc bo him gi cho ngibo him v np thm ph bo him nu ngi bo him yu cu, khi:

+ Hng ha c bn hoc giao ti cng hoc a im ni trn hoc, tr khi cqui nh khc, khi ht hn 60 ngy k t ngy hng ha bo him n cng hoc aim , ty theo trng hp no xy ra trc;

+ Hoc hng c giao vo kho hay ni hng nh qui nh ca iu khon

vn chuyn ni trn trong thi hn 60 ngy m hng ha c tip tc gi n cngch hoc mt a im khc.

-iu khon thay i hnh trnh.

Nu sau khi bo him ny c hiu lc m ni n c thay i bingi c bo him th bo him ch tip tc c hiu lc khi c thng bo nhanhchng cho ngi bo him trn c s ph bo him v cc iu kin s tha thun.

2.2.6-iu kin bo him chin tranh dng cho hng ha chuyn ch bng ngbin (Institute War Clause Cargo).

-Ri ro c bo him.

Bo him ny bo him nhng mt mt, h hng ca hng ha do:

+ Chin tranh, ni chin, cch mng, ni lon, khi ngha hoc xung t dn spht sinh t nhng bin c hoc bt k hnh ng th ch no gy ra bi haychng li mt th lc tham chin;

+ B chim ot, b tch thu, b bt, b kim ch hoc b gi li pht sinh tnhng bin c ni trn v hu qu ca chng hoc m mu tin hnh nhng hot ng;

+ Mn, ng li, bom hoc cc v kh chin tranh khc cn st li.


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- Thi hn bo him.

Bo him ny ch c hiu lc khi i tng bo him hoc mt phn c xpln tu bin v kt thc khi:

+ i tng bo him hoc mt phn c d khi tubin ti cng hoc nid hng cui cng, hoc

+ Ht hn 15 ngy k t na m ca ngy tu n cng hoc ni d hng cuicng, ty theo trng hp no xy ra trc.

Tuy nhin, nu ti cng d cui cng, tu li chy tip m khng d hng thth bo him li tip tc c hiu lc vo lc tu chy, vi iu kin phi thng bongay cho ngi bo him v np thm ph bo him cho ngi bo him, v bo himli kt thc khi i tng bo him hoc mt phn c d khi tu bin ti cng hocni d hng cui cng khc hoc khi ht hn 15 ngy k t na m ngy tu n

cng cui cng, ty theo trng hp no xy ra trc.

Nu trong hnh trnh bo him, tu gh vo mt cng hoc mt ni dc ngd hng chuyn ti sang tu bin khc hoc my bay, hoc hng ha c d khitu ti cng hoc ni lnh nn, th ph thuc vo vic np thm ph bo him nu cyu cu, bo him ny tip tc c hiu lc cho n khi ht hn 15 ngy k t na mngy tu n cng hoc ni v sau li tip tc c hiulc k t khi hng hahoc mt phn c xp xung tu bin hoc my bay ch tip. Trong thi hn 15ngy ny, bo him ch c hiu lc sau khi d hng nu i tng bo him vn ticng hoc ni chuyn ti.

i vi cc ri ro nh mn, ng li ni hoc chm th bo him ny m rng rac trng hp khi i tng bo him cn trn s lan vn chuyn n tu hoc ttu vo b, nhng trong mi trng hp khng vt qu thi hn 60 ngy k t ngyhng c d khi tu, tr khi c tha thun c bit khc.

2.2.7-iu kin bo him nh cng p dng cho hng ha chuyn ch bng ngbin (Institute Stikes Clause Cargo).

-Ri ro c bo him.

Ngi bo him bi thng nhng mt mt, hhng ca i tng bo himdo:

+ Ngi nh cng, cng nhn b cm xng hoc nhng ngi tham gia gyri lon lao ng, bo ng hoc ni dy ca qun chng.

+ By k k khng b no hoc ngi no hnh ng v mc ch chnh tr.

+ Tn tht chung v chi ph cu nn.

- Thi hn bo him: ging nh cc iu kin A, B, C.


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2.3- Ri ro c bit v iu kin bo him mt s mt hng ch yu.

2.3.1-Nhng ri ro c bit.

Nhng ri ro c bit c th c bo him theo nhng iu kin bo him cbit vi ph bo him c tnh thm, gm:

- Hng tn hi do ma vnc ngt;

- Khng giao hng;

- Mt cp, mt trm hoc khng giao hng;

- R chy hoc giao thiu hng;

- , v, cong, bp;

- Tn hi do mc hng;

- Tn hi do inh;

- Tn hi do c st hoc lm xc;

- Tn hi do du hoc m;

- Tn hi do tip xc vi du;

- Tn hi do tip xc vi hng khc;

- Tn hi do a-xt;

- Tn hi do chut, b;

- Tn hi do nm, mc;

- m hi v nng;

- T bc chy;

-Nhim bn, gh st.

2.3.2-iu kin bo him cho nhng mt hng ch yu.

Di y l nhng iu kin bo him thng dng chomt s mt hng xutnhp khu:

- Bng th: bo him mi ri ro (A), cng vi iu khon bo him h hng tni xut x, l h hng gy ra do ma, bn,... trc khi gi hng.

- Len: bo him mi ri ro.

- Hng dt: bo him mi ri ro.

- Qung: iu kin C, cng vi ri ro do nng v t bc chy.

- Than: iu kin C, cng vi ri ro do nng v t bc chy.

-Nguyn liu lm phn bn: iu kin c, cng vi chi ph sy kh vi nhngloi d ht m.


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- Du: iu kin bo him du ch x, cng thm ri ro do nhim bn.

- Ha cht: iu kin B, cng thm ri ro do ma, nc ngt v khng giaohng hay nhim bn.

- Hng ht: iu kin B, cng thm do ma, nc ngt, m hi.

- Da v da thuc: iu kin B, cng vi ri ro do ma, nc ngt, m hi,dnh bn, du m, tip xc vi hng khc.

- My mc: iu kin A, cng vi iu khon thay th ph tng.

- St thp trn: iu kin B hoc C.

- St thp ng hm kn: iu kin A.

- Hng ng lnh: iu kin A.

2.4- Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn ng bin.

2.4.1-nh ngha.

Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn ng bin l mt vn bn c gi trphp l cao nht qui nh quyn v ngha v ca cc bn. Theo hp ng ny, ngibo him cam kt bi thng cho ngi c bo him nhng mt mt, thit hi cai tng bo him theo mc v iu kin tha thun, cn ngi c bo himcam kt tr ph bo him.

2.4.2- Cc loi hp ng bo him.

C hai loi hp ng bo him hng ha l hp ng bo him chuyn v hpng bohim bao.

-Hp ng bo him chuyn (Voyage policy).

L hp ng bo him mt chuyn hng t a im ny n a im khc ghitrn hp ng bo him. Ngi bo him ch chu trch nhim v hng ha trong

phm vi mt chuyn hng. Trch nhim ca ngi bo him bt u v kt thc theoiu khon t kho n kho hay iu khon vn chuyn.

Hp ng bo him chuyn th hin bng n bo him hoc Giy chngnhn bo him do cng ty bo him cp. n bo him v Giy chng nhn bo himu c gi tr php l nh nhau nhng v hnh thc v cch s dng c khc nhau.

Ni dung ca n bo him gm 2 mt. Mt trc c cc ni dung sau:

+ Tn, a ch ca ngi bo him v ngi c bo him;

+ Tn hng, s lng, trng lng, s vn n;

+ Tn tu, ngy khi hnh;

+ Cng i, cng n, cng chuyn ti;


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+ Gi tr bo him, s tin bo him;

+ iu kin bo him;

+ T l ph bo him, ph bo him;

+ Ni v c quan gim nh tn tht;+ Ni v cch thc bi thng;

+ Ngy, thng v ch k ca cng ty bo him.

Mt sau in cc qui tc, th l bo him ca cng ty bo him.

Giy chng nhn bo him ch c ni dung nh mt trc ca n bo him.

-Hp ng bo him bao (Open policy/Open cover).

Hp ng bo him bao l hp ng bo him nhiu chuyn hng trong mt

thi gian nht nh, thng l mt nm. i vi cc ch hng c khi lng hng havn chuyn ln v n nh, thng thng h k kt vi cng ty bo him mt hpng bo him bao, trong ngi bo him cam kt s bo him tt c cc chuynhng chuyn ch trong nm.

Trong hp ng bo him bao, hai bn ch tha thun nhng vn tng qutnh : tn hng c bo him, loi tu ch hng, cch tnh gi tr bo him, s tin bohim ti a cho mi chuyn, iu kin bo him v phng thc thanh ton ph bohim, tr tin bi thng, cp chng t bo him ...

Hp ng bo him bao c li cho c ngi bo him ln ngi c bo him.Ngi bo him m bo thu c ph bo him trong thi hn bo him, cn ngic bo him s vn c bi thng nu hng gp nn ri m cha kp thng bo

bo him. Ph bo him trong hp ng bao r hn hp ng chuyn.

2.4.3- Quyn v ngha v ca cc bn theo hp ng bo him.

-Khi k kt hp ng.

+ Ngi c bo him c ngha v cung cp y , chnh xc tt c nhngthng tin lin quan n hng ha cho ngi bo him bit.

+ Khi k kt hp ng bo him, nu hng ha b tn tht m ngi cbo him bit th hp ng bo him s v hiu lc, ngc li nu ngi c bohim cha bit th hp ng bo him vn c hiu lc v vn c bi thng.

+ Nu hp ng bo him c k kt vo thi im hng v n ch anton th hp ng vn c gi tr nu ngi bo him khng hay bit. Nhng nu ngi

bo him bit vic th hp ng bo him khng cn gi tr v ngi bo himphi hon tr li ph bo him cho ngi c bo him.

+ Ngi bo him c quyn bit tt c nhng g c nh hng trc tip ti

i tng bo him. Ngi bo him cng c quyn i hi hng ha phi c ngtrong bao b thch hp, tiu chun m bo an ton trong sut hnh trnh. Ngoi ra,


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ngi bo him cng cn bit nhng iu kin ca hp ng chuyn ch nh tu c kh nng i bin hay khng, cc iu kin k thut ca con tu ...

+ Khi ngi bo him cp n bo him cng l lc h c quyn i ngic bo him thanh ton ph bo him.

+ Nu sau khi hp ng bo him c k kt m c bt k s thay i no vri ro c bo him, nht l s thay i lm tng thm nguy him cho hng ha thngi c bo him buc phi thng bo ngay cho ngi bo him bit.

-Khi xy ra tn tht.

* i vi ngi c bo him:

+ Ngi c bo him phi tin hnh mt cch khn trng v mn cn nhngbin php nhm ngn nga v hn ch tn tht thuc trch nhim bo him, nu khngngi bo him s khng chu trch nhim bi thng.

+ Ngi c bo him phi thng bo ngay cho ngi bo him hay i l cah bit, ngi bo him c ngi n gim nh. Vic thng bo kp thi tnh trngtntht ca hng ha cn to iu kin ngi bo him phi hp thc hin cc bin

php hn ch tn tht.

+ Bo lu quyn khiu ni i vi ngi chuyn ch, ngi bc d hay bt kngi th ba no khc.

+ Np y cc giy t chng minh tn tht theo qui nh.

* i vi ngi bo him:+ C trch nhim gii quyt khiu ni bi thng tn tht cho ngi c bo

him.

+ Bo v quyn li ca ngi c bo him i vi ngi th ba.

2.4.4- Th tc mua bo him, sa i n bo him v thanh ton ph bo him.

- Th tc mua bo him.

Trng hp mua bo him tng chuyn, ngi c bo him phi k khai vo

Giy yu cu bo him (theo mu ca cng ty bo him) v gi cho cng ty bohim. Giy yu cu bo him l iu kin cn thit hnh thnh mt hp ng bohim. Cng ty bo him ch cn c vo giy yu cu bo him c hp l hay khng quyt nh chp nhn hay khng chp nhn bo him. Giy yu cu bo him gm ccni dung sau:

+ Tn ngi yu cu bo him;

+ Tn hng ha cn c bo him;

+ Bao b, k m hiu, cch ng gi ca hng ha;

+ Trng lng hay s lng hng;


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+ Tn tu hay phng tin vn chuyn;

+ Cch thc xp hng xung tu (xp di hm, trn boong, ch ri;

+ Ni bt u vn chuyn, chuyn ti v ni nhn hng;

+ Ngy, thng phng tin vn chuyn ri bn;+ Gi tr ca hng ho bo him, s tin bo him;

+ iu kin bo him;

+ Ni thanh ton bi thng ...

Sau khi nhn c Giy yu cu bo him hp l v kim tra cc thng tincn thit lin quan n qu trnh vn chuyn hng ha, cng ty bo him s quyt nhvic k kt hp ng bo him bng mt vn bn chp nhn yu cu bo him. Vn

bn ny tuy khng phi l mt n bo him nhng c gi tr php l tha nhn thi

im k kt hp ng bo him c hnh thnh. Ngha l, mc d n bo himhay giy chng nhn bo him l vn bn php l cao nht v hp ng bo him,nhng khng nht thit thi im cp n bo him hoc giy chng nhn bo himmi l thi im hp ng hnh thnh, m hp ng coinh c k kt vo thiim ngi bo him chp nhn bo him bng vn bn.

Ngi bo him c th cp n bo him hay giy chng nhn bo him ngaykhi c vn bn chp nhn bo him hoc sau .

- Sa i, hy b n bo him.

Mi yu cu sa ihoc hy b n bo him trc hay ngay khi xp hngln tu ti cng i s c Bo Vit chp nhn vi ph bo him b sung, nu c, trongtrng hp sa i. Mi yu cu sa i chm tr nhng khng sau ngy tu bt ud hng, nu do nguyn nhn khchquan cng s c Bo Vit p ng nh trn.Trng hp sa i hay hy b n bo him, Bo Vit thu th tc ph.

- Thanh ton ph bo him.

Nguyn tc l bo him ch c hiu lc khi thanh ton ph bo him. Tuynhin trn thc t, Bo Vit chp nhn thi hn thanh ton ph bo him nh sau:

+Ngoi t: 15 ngy k t ngy pht hnh n bo him.

+ Tin Vit Nam: 7 ngy k t ngy pht hnh n bo him.

Nu qu thi hn tr ph bo him th ngi c bo him phi chu li sut nqu hn theo qui nh ca ngn hng nh nc.

2.5- Gi tr bo him, s tin bo him, ph bo him.

2.5.1- Gi tr bo him (Insurable Value).


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Gi tr bo him (V) l gi tr ca i tng bo him lc bt u bo himcng thm ph bo him v cc chi ph lin quan khc.

Theo nh ngha trn, gi tr bo him ca hng ha bng gi hng ti cng i(C) cng vi ph bo him (I) v cc ph vn chuyn n cng ch (F), tc l bng

gi CIF hoc gi CIP ca hng ha. Ngoi ra, bo m quyn li ca mnh, ngic bo him c th bo him thm c khon li d tnh do vic xut nhp khumang li.

Nh vy, gi tr bo him ca hng ho xut nhp khu c tnh bng gi trti ni n ca hng ha , c th cng thm tin li hay khng ty tng trng hp.

Khi xutnhp khu theo iu kin FOB hoc C & F, gi tr bo him c tnhbng gi CIF ca hng (CIF = C + I + F). Trong cng thc ny, C v F bit, ph bohim I c tnh theo t l ph bo him (R). T l ph bo him hay cn gi l gi c

bo him do cng ty bo him qui nh. T l ny cao hay thp ph thuc vo tnhcht, c im ca hng ha vn chuyn, phng tin vn chuyn, iu kin vnchuyn v iu kin bo him ...

Khi xut khu theo iu kin CIF hoc CIP th theo tp qun gi tr bo him scng thm 10% li d tnh.

2.5.2-S tin bo him ( Sum insured/ Amount insured).

S tin bo him (A) l ton b hay mt phn gi tr bo him, do ngi cbo him yu cu v c bo him. V d gi CIF ca mt l hng ti cng Hi

Phng l 100.000 USD nhng v nhp khu theo iu kin FOB nn ch hng ch muabo him theo gi ha n l 60.000 USD. 60.000 USD l s tin bo him. Vnguyn tc s tin bo him ch c th nh hn hoc bng gi tr bo him. Nu s tin

bo him ln hn gi tr bo him th phn ln hn s khng c tnh. Ngc li,nu s tin bo him nh hn gi tr bo him tc l ngi c bo him t bo himly mt phn, v ngi bo him ch bi thng trong phm vi s tin bo him. Nul tn tht b phn th ngi bo him s bi thng theo t l gia s tin bo himv gi tr bo him.

2.5.3- Ph bo him (Premium).

Ph bo him (I) l mt khon tin m ngi c bo him phi tr cho ngibo him c bi thng khi c tn tht do cc ri ro tha thun gy ra. Phbo him thng c tnh ton trn c s xc sut ca nhng ri ro gy nn tn ththoc trn c s thng k tn tht nhm bo m trang tri tin bi thng v cn cli.

I = R.A nu A < V

I = R.V nu A = V

Khi xut nhp khu theo iu kin FOB hoc C&F th I = R.CIF = R.(C + F)/1R.Khi xut nhp khu theo iu kin CIF hoc CIP th I = R.110%.CIF (hoc CIP).


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2.6- Gim nh v bi thng tn tht.

2.6.1- Gim nh tn tht.

Gim nh tn tht l vic lm ca cc chuyn vin gimnh ca ngi bohim hoc ca cng ty gim nh c ngi bo him y quyn, nhm xc nh mc v nguyn nhn ca tn tht lm c s cho vic bi thng.

Gim nh tn tht c tin hnh khi hng ha b h hng, v, thiu ht,gim phm cht... cng n hoc cng dc ng v do ngi c bo him yucu. Nhng tn tht nh do tu m, hng mt, giao thiu hay khng giao hng thkhng cn phi gim nh v thc t cng khng th gim nh c.

Sau khi gim nh, ngi gim nh s cp chng th gim nh. Chng thgm hai loi: Bin bn gim nh v Giy chng nhn gim nh.

So vi giy chng nhn gim nh, bin bn gim nh l mt vn bn y hn, gm c ting Vit v ting Anh v thng c dng khi gim nh tn tht hngha do ngi bo him nc ngoi bo him. Nu cng ty bo him l i l caLloyds th phi dng mu bin bn gim nh ca Lloyds (Lloys Standard form ofSurvey Report). Giy chng nhn gim nh thng c dng khi ngi bo him lcc cng ty bo him ca Vit Nam.

Bin bn gim nh l chng t rt quan trng trong vic i bi thng, v vykhi hng n cng c tn tht phi yu cu gim nh ngay (khng mun hn 60 ngyk t ngy d hng khi tu). C quan gim nh phi l c quan c qui nh trong

hp ng bo him hoc c quan c ngi bo him y quyn.2.6.2-Khiu ni i bi thng.

-H s khiu ni.

H s khiu ni i ngi bo him bi thng gm nhiu loi giy t khcnhau ty tng trng hp tn tht, nhng phi chng minhc:

+ Ngi khiu ni c li ch bo him;

+ Hng ha c bo him;

+ Tn tht thuc mt ri ro c bo him;

+ Gi tr bo him, s tin bo him;

+ S tin i bi thng v,

+ m bo ngi bo him c th i ngi th ba bi thng (thc hinnguyn tc th quyn).

D khiu ni i bi thng tn tht g th h s khiu ni cng phi gm ccgiy t sau y:

+ n bo him hoc giy chng nhn bo him, bn gc;


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+ Vn n ng bin (Bill of Lading), bn gc v hp ng thu tu (CharterPartyC/P), nu c;

+ Ha n thng mi (Commercial Invoice);

+ Ha n v cc chi ph khc, nu c;

+ Giy chng nhn trng lng, s lng;

+ Bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu (Report on Receipt of Cargo);

+ Phiu ng gi (Packing List);

+ Vn bn giy t lin quan n vic i ngi th ba bi thng v tr li cah, nu c;

+ Khng ngh hng hi (Sea Protest) hoc nht k hng hi (Log Book);

+ Th khiu ni c ghi r s tin i bi thng.Ngoi ra, ty tng trng hp tn tht, cn phi c:

* Nu i bi thng hng ha b h hng, v, thiu ht, gim phm cht:

+ Bin bn gim nh ca ngi bo him hoc i l ca h cp;

+ Bo co d hng (Landing Account);

+ Bin bn hng v do cng gy nn;

+ Th d khng (Letter of Reservation) trong trng hp tn tht khng r

rt.* Nu i bi thng hng thiu nguyn kin:

+ Bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu;

+ Giy chng nhn hng thiu (Certificate of Shortlanded Cargo) do i l tubin cp;

+ Kt ton li (Correction Sheet) ca cng, nu c.

* Nu i bi thng tn tht chung:

+ Bn tnh ton, phn b tn tht chung (General Average Adjustment) ca lton s;

+ Cc vn bn c lin quan khc.

- Thi hn khiu ni.

Thi hn khiu ni vi ngi bo him l 2 nm k t ngy c tn tht hocpht hin tn tht. Tuy nhin, b h s khiu ni phi gi n cng ty bo him trongvng 9 thng ngi bo him cn kp khiu ni cc bn c lin quan.

2.6.3-Bi thng tn tht.

-Nguyn tc bi thng.


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Cc cng ty bo him ca Vit Namtnh ton v bi thng tn tht trn c scc nguyn tc sau y :

+ Bi thng bng tin ch khng bi thng bng bin vt. ng tin bithng l ng tin tha thun trong hp ng. Nu khng c tha thun th np ph

bo him bng tin no, s bi thng bng ng tin .

+ V nguyn tc, trch nhim ca ngi bo him ch gii hn trong phm vi stin bo him. Tuy nhin, khi cng tin tn tht vi cc chi ph khc nh chi ph cuh, ph gim nh, chi ph nh gi v bn li hng ha b tn tht, chi ph i ngith ba bi thng, tin ng gp tn tht chung th c vt qu s tin bo him,ngi bo him vn phi bi thng.

+ Khi thanh ton tin bi thng, ngi bo him c th khu tr nhng khonthu nhp ca ngi c bo him trong vic bn hng v i c t ngi th ba.

- Cch tnh ton tin bi thng.

* i vi tn tht chung.

Khi c tn tht chung xy ra, ch tu c quyn ch nh mt cng ty hay mtchuyn vin tnh tn tht chung, cn gi l l ton s, tnh ton, phn b tn thtchung cho cc quyn li c trn hnh trnh, bao gm : tu, hng, cc ph. Cc ph

phi ng gp vo tn tht chung l cc ph m ch tu cha thu v vic thu chay khng cn ph thuc vo s an ton ca tu, tc l cc ph chu ri ro (freight atrisk). Nhim v ca chuyn vin tnh tn tht chung l phi da trn c s chng t,

giy t c lin quan xc nh nhng hy sinh v chi ph no c cng nhn l tntht chung, tnh ton phn b cho ch tu, cc ch hng, ch cc ph ng gp trnc s bn phn b tn tht chung (general average statement).

* i vi tn tht ring.

Tn tht ring c th l tn tht ton b hoc b phn.

- Tn tht ton b:

+ Tn tht ton b thc t: ngi bo him s bi thng ton b theo s tinbo him.

+ Tn tht ton b c tnh: Nu ngi c bo him c thng bo t b hngv c ngi bo him chp nhn th ngi bo him phi bi thng ton b theo stin bo him. Nu ngi c bo him khng t b hng hoc t b nhng khngc chp nhn th ch c bi thng theo mc thit hi thc t nh tn tht b

phn.

- Tn tht b phn: nu hng c bo him b h hng b phn, th s tin bi thngc tnh theo t l tr gi bo himca hng hng. T l l s phn trm biu hinhng hng, b gim gi v do gim nh vin hoc do ngi bo him v ngi c

bo him tha thun xc nh.


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V d 1:

Tng s kin hng c bo him: 200 kin

Gi tr bo him (GTBH) = 200.000 USD.

S kin b h hng: 50 kin T l gim gi: 20%Khi gi tr tn tht l 200.000 x (50 : 200) x 20% = 10.000 USD.

Bo him s bi thng 10.000 USD nu s tin bo him (STBH) bngGTBH, nhng nu mua bo him thp hn gi tr th phi nhn vi t l bo him digi.

Trng hp hng h hng nh nhim bn,ngm nc ma hay nc bin, dnhdu... th ngi bo him v ngi c bo him khng d tha thun c vi nhauv mc tn tht. V vy, ngi ta xc nh t l tn tht bng cch so snh gi th

trng khi hng cn tt vi gi th trng ca hnghng. Gi th trng hng tt l gibn bun s thu v c khi hng n ch an ton. Cn gi th trng ca hng hngthng da trn c s bn u gi hng ha .

V d 2:

Mt l hng vn chuyn ng bin b ngm nc.

Gi th trng ca ton b l hng nu cn tt: 85.000 USD

Gi tr l hng ngm nc bn u gi c : 30.000 USD

Bit : GTBH = 100.000 USDKhi : T l hng hng = (85.000 30.000) : 85.000 = 0,647

Gi tr tn tht ca hng = 0,647 x 100.000 = 64.700 USD

Bo him bi thng: 64.700 USD (nu bo him ng gi tr)

Trng hp trn y ngi c bo him thu c:

64.700 + 30.000 = 94.700 USD.

- Qui trnh bi thng.

* Tip nhn h s khiu ni.

+ Tip nhn h s t khch hng,

+ Kim tra s b cc chng t trong b h s,

+ Phn loi h s,

+ Vo s theo di,

+ Sp xp th t u tin gii quyt.

* Kim tra tnh hp l ca h s.

+ Kim tra, nh gi tnh hp php, hp l ca h s;


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+ Hng dn ngi c bo him b sung giy t chng t cn thiu.

* Tnh ton tin bi thng.

* Trnh duyt.

* Thng bo bi thng.* i ngi th ba v x l ti sn h hng.


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Chng 3

BO HIM THN TU (Hull Insurance)

3.1- Mt s iu khon bo him thi hn thn tu.Cc iu khon ca hp ng bo him thi hn thn tu do Hip hi cc nh

bo him Lun n son tho v n hnh, gi l : Institute Time Clause - Hull (ITC) -iu khon bo him thi gian thn tu.

D rng vic s dng cc iu khon ny khng c tnh cch bt buc, songvic chp nhn n hin nhin v ITC tr thnh c s cc iu khon bo himthn tu trn ton th gii. V vy, cho d tu bin c mua bo him theo iu kinno th cc iu khon sau y vn l mt tiu chun cho mi n bo him thi gian.

Khc vi bo him hng ha, thn tu v my mc c bo him theo thigian (thng l 12 thng), gi l bo him c thi hn.

3.1.1-Hiu lc v kt thc bo him.

iu khon ny khng n nh thi gian cho mt n bo him, bi vy ngita c th tha thun bt k khong thi gian notrong n bo him v hp ng bohim c hiu lc k t ngy, gi cng nh kt thc ti ngy, gi c ghi.

(Trc y, Lut bo him hng hi qui nh thi gian ny l mt nm, n nayiu khon c hy b, song theo tp qun cc n bo him thn tu v my

mc vn c lp vi thi hn 12 thng).

Tuy nhin, nu khi ht hn bo him m tu ang ngoi bin, ang b himnguy hay ang cng lnh nn hoc cng gh, nu ngi c bo him khai bocho ngi bo him bit, th tu s c tip tc bo him cho n khi tu ti cng nvi ph bo him tr thm theo t l thng.

iu ny khng c ngha l bo him s c gia hn mt cch ng nhin,nu ngi c bo him khng yu cu hoc khng thng bo cho ngi bo him

bit th bo him s kt thc vo thi gian mn hn cho d tu c u i chng na.

Th nhng, bo him ny s ng nhin kt thc (ht hiu lc) vo lc:

- Thay i c quan ng kim tu, nh ch, thu hi hay mn hn cp ca tu :Theo qui nh ca ITC, tu phi c phn cp bi mt c quan ng kim cngi bo him chp thun v cc qui phm v phn cp tu phi c duy tr trongsut thi gian tu c bo him. Do vy, nu c quan ng kim tu b thay i trongkhi n bo him vn cn hiu lc th ng nhin bo him ny s kt thc, tr khingi bo him chp thun v vic thay i c quan ng kim tu.

Khi ht hn ng kim ca tu hay v mt l do no khc m cp ca tu b

nh ch hay thu hi th c ngha l cc tiu chun an ton ca tu gim i, nh vycn phi c cc tha thun mi nu mun tip tc bo him.


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Nu tu ang ngoi bin, vic kt thc ng nhin y c hon li cho nkhi tu ti cng k. Trng hp thay i, nh ch, gin on hay thu hi cp ca tu ldo mt ri ro c bo him gy ra th khng p dng vic kt thc ng nhin viiu kin tu ri cng k phi c s chp thun ca ng kim.

- Thay i ch quyn, quc k, chuyn qun l mi, cho thu tu trng, trngthu hay trng dng tu. Nu tu ang ngoi bin th thi hn kt thc bo him chon li cho ti khi tu ti cng ch cui cng. Trong trng hp trng thu bt bucth bo him kt thc sau 15 ngy k t ngy tu b trng thu bt k tu ang u.

3.1.2- Chuyn nhng n bo him.

n bo himthn tu c th chuyn nhng c v vic chuyn nhng phi cthng bo bng vn bn.

Vic chuyn nhng n bo him phi c thc hin trc khi ngi c bo

him t b quyn li c th bo him hoc trc khi iu khon ng nhin chmdt bo him c hiu lc.

3.1.3-Phm vi bo him v hnh thy.

-Lai ko v tr gip.

Tu c bo him c quyn chy c hoc khng c hoa tiu, chy th, lai ko,tr gip tu thuyn khc ang gp nn hoc thc hin dch v cu h theo hp ng(iu ny phi thng bo trc cho ngi bo him) hoc chy bng lai ko theo tpqun ra vo cng hoc tu ang b nn cn lai ko n ni an ton. Nu khng phi

v nhng l do trn m tu chy bng lai ko hay tr gip th gi l vi phm oan ktv hp ng bohim ng nhin chm dt.

-Bc d hng ngoi bin.

Nu khng c tha thun no khc vi ngi bo him v cc iu kinbo him ring th ngi bo him s khng chu trch nhim i vi mi tn ththoc tn hi ca tu c bo him hoc mi trch nhim i vi tu khc pht sinh tvic tu c bo him lm cng tc bc d hng ngoi bin k c trong lc ang tign, p mn hoc ri tu.

-Hnh trnh a tu i ph hy.

Nu ngi bo him nhn bo him cho mt tu trong chuyn hnh trnh i phhy th hn mc bi thng l gi th trng ca tu theo nh vt ph thi vo lc tntht. Mc ch ca iu khon ny l h gim tr gi bo him cho bng tr gi bn xctu trong trng hp b tn tht ton b v nu tu ch b tn tht b phn th mc bithng ti a cng ch l tr gi st vn.

3.1.4-Him ha c bo him.

a)Him ha c bo him khng b chi phi bi qui nh mn cn hp l.


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- Him ha ca bin, sng, h hay vng nc hng hi : l cc tai nn nhchm m, mc cn, m va, ... nhng khng bao gm cc ri ro do tc ng thngthng ca sng gi, tr khi ngi c bo him chng minh c l iu kin thitit nh vy c gy hi cho tu.

- Chy, n: l nhng tn tht do nguyn nhn trc tip ca chy n, k cnhng tnhi do n ngoi tu. Tuy nhin, chy n do cc ri ro loi tr nh chintranh, nh cng, hnh ng c , ... th khng c bi thng.

- Trm cp gy ra do ngi ngoi tu: ri ro ny khng bao gm nhng hnhng n cp b mt hay trm cp do thy th, thuyn vin v hnh khch trn tu.Trong bo him thn tu, trm cp phi l hnh ng trm cp c bo lc v gy ra

bi nhng ngi ngoi tu.

- Vt b xung bin: l hnh ng c vt b nhng b phn, trang thit b ca

tu nhm lm nh tu, lm ni tu hay cu tu thot khi nguy him. Nu vt bm tu vn b tn tht ton b th ch c bi thng tn tht ton b m thi. Vicvt b ngn nga tn tht khng thuc trch nhim bo him th khng c bithng.

- Cp bin: bao gm nhng hnh khch tin hnh ni dy v nhng ngi nilon tn cng t ngoi tu. Ri ro ny khng bao gm nhng tn tht do chin tranh,nh cng hay hnh ng do c v cng khng bao hm cp bin v ng c chnhtr.

- Va chm vi cc phng tin chuynch trn b, trang thit b bn cng: lcc tai nn do cc phng tin b nh t, tu ha va vo tu khi chng chy qua cccu tu hoc va chm gia tu vi cu cng, p chn sng, ...

- ng t, ni la, st nh: khi tu ang hnh trnh m b tn tht do ngt, ni la hay st nh th c coi l him ha ca bin, nhng khi ang nm , th vn c th gp ri ro ny v tn hi i vi tu hay trang thit b ca tu cng sc bi thng.

- Tai nn khibc d v chuyn dch hng ha: ngi bo him ch chu trchnhim v nhng tn tht hay tn hi gy ra cho tu. Tn hi cho hng ha hay nhng

trch nhim pht sinh khc s khng c bi thng.

b)Him ha c bo him b chi phi bi qui nh mn cn hp l.

-N ni hi, gy trc hocn t ca my mc v thn tu:

+ N ni hi do bt k him ha c bo him no trc tip gy ra dn ntn tht cho bung my, thn tu s c bo him bi thng.

+ Cc tn tht hay h hng ca tu pht sinh do s gy trc cng c bohim bi thng.


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+ n t l nhng khuyt tt c sn ca v hay my mc m ngi c bohim khng bit. Ngi bo him ch bi thng nhng tn tht do n t gy ra vkhng chu trch nhim v vic sa cha hay thay th b phn b khuyt tt n t.

- Bt cn ca thuyn trng, s quan, thy th, hoa tiu;

- Bt cn ca ngi sa cha hay ngi thu tu vi iu kin ngi sa chahay ngi thu tu ny khng phi l ngi c bo him;

- Manh ng ca thuyn trng, s quan hay thy th : nh vt b tu c ch hay cho tu mc cn v mc ch c ; bn tu, trang thit b ca tu bt hp php, ...

- Va chm vi my bay hay cc vt tng t hoc vt rt t .

3.1.5- Him ha loi tr.

Sau y l cc loi tr php nh trong lut bo him hng hi, theo ngi

bohim khng chu trch nhim v:- Mi tn tht khng trc tip gy ra bi mt him ha c bo him;

- Sai tri c ca ngi c bo him;

- Tn tht do chm tr, ngay c khi chm tr l do mt him ha c bohim;

- Cc b phn ca tu b h hngdo c k thng thng;

- Tn tht hay tn hi ca tu gy ra bi chut hay su mt;

- H hng my mc ca tu khng c bo him tr khi l do mt him hac bo him gy ra.

Cc loi tr quan trng:

- Loi tr ri ro chin tranh;

- Loi tr ri ro nh cng;

- Loi tr cc hnh ng c , gm :

+ S n ca cc cht n,

+ Mi v kh chin tranh do bt k ngi no c hnh ng c hay vmc ch chnh tr.

- Loi tr ri ro nguyn t.

3.1.6- Tn hi gy ra cho tu.

Cc tn hi bt ng trc tip gy ra cho tu bi mt him ha c bo himgi l tn tht ring. Tn hi c gy ra cho tu bi mt hnh vi tn tht chung cutu thot khi mt him ha c bo him gi l hy sinh tn tht chung.

Hn mc bi thng theo n bo him thn tu v tntht ring v hy sinh tntht chung l nh nhau, l chi ph sa cha hp l tn hi y song b gii hn bi s


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tin bo him cho mi mt tai nn. Khng c gii hn tng gp trong thi gian hiulc ca bo him.

3.1.7- Chi ph t tng v phng tn tht (Sue and Labour charges).

Chi ph t tng v phng tn tht (TT/PTT) l chi ph m ngi c bohim, tha sai hay i l ca h chi ra nhm ngn nga hay hn ch tn tht thuctrch nhimbo him, nhng khng bao gm chi ph tn tht chung, ng gp tn thtchung hay chi ph cu h. Chi ph t tng lin quan n v m va (collision) cngkhng c coi l chi ph t tng v phng tn tht ni iu khon ny.

Ngi bo him bi thng chi ph TT/PTT m ngi c bo him chitr ng ngn nga hay hn ch tn tht thuc trch nhim bo him ngay c khicc bin php khng thnh cng, cng vi mi khiu ni i bi thng khc thuc

bo him ny k c l tn tht ton b.

Khi chi ph TT/PTT chi tr ng nhng s tin cao khng hp l, ngic bo him ch c bi thng n s tin hp l c th c.

S tin m ngi bo him bi thng theo trch nhim ny b gii hn bi stin bo him ghi trn hp ng bo him thn tu v my mc. Nu tu bo himdi gi tr th tin bi thng s h gim theo t l bo him di gi.

V d 1: Mt tu c bo him c gi tr bo him l 5.000.000 USD, s tin bohim l 4.000.000 USD. Khi xy ra s c (ri ro thuc trch nhim bo him), ch tu chi tr theo iu khonTT/PTT l 10.000 USD.

Ngi bo him thn tu him s bi thng:

10.000 *4.000.000/5.000.000 = 8.000 USD v chi ph TT/PTT(khon ny cng phi chu mc min thng)

V d 2: Mt tu c bo him c gi tr bo him l 5.000.000 USD, s tin bohim l 4.000.000 USD. Khi xy ra s c (ri ro thuc trch nhim bo him), ch tu chi tr theo iu khon TT/PTT l 10.000 USD, tuy nhin tu vn b tn tht tonb sau .

Ngi bo him thn tu him s bi thng:

+ 4.000.000 USD v tn tht ton b.

+ 10.000*4.000.000/5.000.000 = 8.000 USD v chi ph TT/PTT (khon nykhng phi chu mc min thng).

Khi tu b tn tht ton b, ngi bo him c th thu c tin bn xc tu saukhi bi thng tn tht ton b cho ngi c bo him. Vic h gim bi thngchi ph TT/PTT trong trng hp bo him di gi ch tnh cho phn chnh lchgia chi ph TT/PTT v tin bn xc tu nu chi ph y ln hn tin bn xc tu.

V d: Tu A c gi tr bo him l 10.000.000 USD,S tin bo him l 7.000.000 USD,


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Tu b TTTB mc d chi 10.000 USD theo iu khon TT/PTT.

Bo him thn tu chp nhn bi thng TTTB, ri thc hin quyn th nhim bn xctu thu c 6.000 USD.

Trong trng hp ny, bo him s bi thng cho ch tu nh sau :

+ 7.000.000 USD v TTTB

+ 6.000 + (10.000 - 6.000)*7.000.000/10.000.000 = 8.800 USD v chi phTT/PTT (khon ny khng phi chu mc min thng).

3.1.8- Min thng trong n bo him (Policy deductible).

Ngi bo him khng bi thng mt tn tht no domt him ha c bohim gy ra, tr khi tng s ca cc khiu ni trong mt v tai nn hay mt s c ring

bit, bao gm c cc khiu ni v trch nhim m va, tn tht chung v cu h, chi

ph t tng v phng tn tht, vt qu mc min thng ghi trong hp ng bohim. Trong trng hp ny tin bi thng s phi khu tr.

Mc min thng p dng do mi mt s c cho d nhiu s c ca tu ctin hnh sa cha mt ln.

Tai nn 1 Tai nn 2Mc min thng 5.000Chi ph sa cha 3.000 12.000Bo hi m bi thng khng 7.000

Mc min thng p dng cho tt c cc tn tht b phn thuc n bo him,bao gm: tn tht ring, hy sinh tn tht chung, ng gp tn tht chung, chi ph cuh, ng gp chi ph cu h, chi ph t tng v phng tn tht, ph tn v dch v c

bn cht cu h, khiu ni theo iu khon trch nhim m va.

V mc min thng ch p dng mt ln cho mi tai nn cho nn tt c cc tntht ni trn ca cng mt tai nn phi c cng li p dng mc min thng.

Mc min thng khng p dng cho tn tht ton b (d l tn tht ton bthc t hay c tnh) v cho mi khiu ni kt hp theo iu khon t tng v

phng tn tht. C ngha l trong trng hp ngi c bo him phi chi trtheo iu khon t tng v phng tn tht m tu vn b tn tht ton b th mcmin thng s khng p dng cho tn tht ton b v cng khng p dng cho chi pht tng v phng tn tht.

3.1.9- Trch nhim m va (Collision Liability).

-Ngi bo him chp thun bi thng cho ngi c bo him ba phn t(3/4) mi s tin hay nhng s tin m ngi c bo him tr cho ngi khchay nhng ngi khc do ngi c bo him c trch nhim php nh phi bithng thit hi v:

+ Tn tht hay tn hi gyra cho tu khc v ti sn trn tu khc;


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+ Chm tr hay mt s dng ca tu khc v ti sn trn tu khc;

+ Tn tht chung, cu nn hay cu h theo hp ng ca tu khc v ti sntrn tu khc.

Do hu qu ca vic tu c bo him m va phi tu khc.

V d: Tu A mua bo him thn tu, s tin bo him ghi trn hp ng l4.000.000 USD v bng ng gi tr bo him. Tu A m va tu khc v c trchnhim php nh phi bi thng cho tu khc l 20.000 USD. Khi bo him thn tu s bi thng cho tu A l: * 20.000 = 15.000 USD.

- Trong mi trng hp, tng s bi thng ca ngi bo him cho trchnhim ny khng vt qu s tin bo him ghi trn hp ng bo him thn tu vmy mc.

Cng con tu trn vi v m va khc, c trch nhim php nh phi bithng cho tu khc l 6.000.000 USD. Khi bo him ch bi thng cho tu A l : * 4.000.000 = 3.000.000 USD (v trch nhim m va ln hn s tin bohim, nn ch c bi thng ti a bng s tin bo him).

- iu khon ny khng gii hn s lng cc v m va xy ra trong thi gianhiu lc ca bo him. Mi tai nn m va l mt bi thng ring r v l trchnhim.

- y l mt bi thng thm vo mi bi thng khc theo iu kin bo himthn tu v my mc.

V d : Tu A mua bo him thn tu vi s tin bo him bng gi tr bo himl 4.000.000 USD. Tu A m va tu khc v b chm. To n phn x tu A phi bithng cho tu khc l 20.000 USD. Trong trng hp ny, bo him thn tu s bithng cho tu A nh sau:

+ Bi thng 4.000.000 USD v tn tht ton b (tu A b chm).

+ trch nhim m va, tc l * 20.000 = 15.000 USD.

Lu : cc v d trn y cha xt ti mc min thng qui nh trong hp

ng bo him v nu tu bo him thp hn gitr th tin bi thng v trch nhimm va s tnh theo t l gia s tin bo him v gi tr bo him (t l bo him digi).

- iu khon ny ch p dng trong trng hp tu c bo him m va phitu khc m thi.

- Trch nhim m va b loi tr:

+ Di chuyn, ph hy xc tu, hng ha hoc bt k vt g khc. Chng hn tuc bo him m va tu khc v b chm trong khu vc qun l ca mt chnh

quyn. Chnh quyn yu cu ph hy, di chuyn xc tu th trch nhim v vic di


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chuyn v nhng chi ph cho vic ny khng thuc trch nhim bi thng ca bohim thn tu.

+ Bt c ti sn, vt g khng phi l tu khc v ti sn trn tu khc;

+ Hng ha hay ti sn trn tu c bo him;

+ Cht ngi, thng tt hay au m;

+ nhim cabt c bt ng sn hay bt c vt g, tr khi l tu khc hayti sn trn tu khc m tu c bo him m va phi.

- Khi c hai tu cng c li trong mt v m va v cng gy tn tht cho nhau,ta n s n nh trch nhim php nh cn c vo mc li ca mi bn. Nu mthoc c hai tu p dng gii hn trch nhim th vic tnh ton bi thng gia cc tus da trn nguyn tc trch nhim n. Khi hai tu u khng p dng gii hn trchnhim th da trn nguyn tc trch nhim cho.

Gii hn trch nhim: Khi xy ra tai nn m va vi tu khc, ngi c bohim (ch tu) c th chu trch nhim php nh v tn tht hay tn hi gy ra cho tukhc theo mc li ca mnh. Trong nhiu trng hp, trch nhim ny l rt ln,dn n ch tu khng th kh nng bi thng hay phi ph sn. hn ch trchnhim cho ch tu, trn th gii ngi ta k kt nhng cng c qua cho phpngi c bo him c quyn gii hn trch nhim ca mnh n mt gi tr xcnh. Tuy nhin trch nhim c gii hn phi l nhng trch nhim m li gy ra ldo ngi tha hnh ch khng phi do ngi c bo him v cc trch nhim gii

hn phi ph hp vi qui nh ca cng c.V d 1: Tu A m va vi tu B. Li tu A l 40%, li tu B l 60%.

Thit hi thn tu A l 40.000 USD, thit hi thn tu B l 20.000 USD. Khng cthit hi v ti sn v thit hi kinh doanh.

*/ Bi thng theo nguyn tc trch nhim n:

- Bo him thn tu ca tu A s bi thng cho tu A: 40.000 USD v thit hithn tu A, sau thc hin quyn th nhim i tu B bi thng 16.000 USD (phnny ngi bo him c hng).

- Bo him thn tu ca tu B s bi thng cho tu B:

+ 20.000 USD v thit hi ca tu B,

16.000

40.000 20.000

A (40%) B 60%

40% * 20.000 = 8.000

60% * 40.000 = 24.000


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+ 3/4*16.000 =12.000 USD v trch nhim ca tu B i vi tu A.

*/ Bi thng theo nguyn tc trch nhim cho:

- Bo him thn tu ca tu A s bi thng cho tu A :

+ 40.000 USD v thit hi thn tu A, sau thc hin quyn th nhim i tu

B bi thng 24.000 USD (phn ny ngi bo him c hng),+ 3/4*8.000 = 6.000 USD v trch nhim ca tu A i vi tu B.

- Bo him thn tu ca tu B s bi thng cho tu B :

+ 20.000 USD v thit hi ca tu B, sau thc hin quyn th nhim i tuA bi thng 8.000 USD (phn ny ngi bo him c hng),

+ 3/4*24.000 =18.000 USD v trch nhim ca tu B i vi tu A.

V d 2: Tu X m va vi tu Y. Li tu X l 3/5, li tu Y l 2/5.

Thit hi thn tu X l 50.000 USD, thit hi thn tu Y l 100.000 USD

Thit hi ti sn trn tu X l 10.000 USD, thit hi ti sn trn tu Y l 20.000 USD.

*/ Bi thng theo nguyn tc trch nhim n:

- Bo him thn tu ca tu X s bi thng cho tu X :

+ 50.000 USD v thit hi thn tu X,+ *48.000 = 36.000 USD v trch nhim ca tu X i vi tu Y.

40.000 20.000

A 40% B (60%)

40% * 20.000 = 8.000

60% * 40.000 = 24.000

48.000

50.000 100.00

X 3/5 Y 2/5

3/5 * 120.000 = 72.000

2/5 * 60.000 = 24.000

Hng ha trn tu X

hng 10.000Hng ha trn tu Y

hng 20.000


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- Bo him thn tu ca tu Y s bi thng cho tu Y:

+ 100.000 USD v thit hi ca tu Y, sau thc hin quyn th nhimi tu X bi thng 48.000*100.000/(100.000 + 20.000) = 40.000 USD(phn ny ngi bo him c hng).

Lu l : s tin 8.000 = 48.000 40.000 do tu X bi thng s thuc vngi ch ti sn trn tu Y, tc l phn ca ch hng trn tu Y.

*/ Bi thng theo nguyn tc trch nhim cho:

- Bo him thn tu ca tuX s bi thng cho tu X:

+ 50.000 USD v thit hi thn tu X, sau thc hin quyn th nhim i tuY bi thng 24.000 * 50.000/(50.000 + 10.000) = 20.000 USD (phn nyngi bo him c hng),

+ *72.000 = 54.000 USD v trch nhim ca tu X i vi tu Y.

- Bo him thn tu ca tu Y s bi thng cho tu Y:

+ 100.000 USD v thit hi ca tu Y, sau thc hin quyn th nhim i tuX bi thng 72.000*100.000/120.000 = 60.000 USD (phn ny ngi bohim c hng),

+ *24.000 = 18.000 USD v trch nhim ca tu X i vi tu X.

3.1.10-iu khon tu cng ch (sister ship clause).

Khi hai tu cng ch m va nhau th ng l ra khng c trch nhim phpnh v chng l mt ngi li i kin chnh mnh. Th nhng, trn thc t cc tucng ch thng hnh trnh trn nhng tuyn ng ging nhau, gh vo cc cngging nhau v v vy cng thng xuyn m va nhau. Khng th st mt ri ronh th m khng c bo him, ngi bo him chp thun bi thng trong trnghp hai tu cng ch m va nhau coi nh th l cc tu khc ch.

3.1.11- Chi ph t tng lin quan n trch nhim m va.

50.000 100.00

X 3/5 Y 2/5

3/5 * 120.000 = 72.000

2/5 * 60.000 = 24.000

Hng ha trn tu X

hng 10.000Hng ha trn tu Y

hng 20.000


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Ngi bo him s bi thng cho ngi c bo him chi ph t tng gii hn trch nhim hay tranh ci trch nhim lin quan n mt v m va vi iukin hnh vi t tng c ngi bo him tha thun bng vn bn.

3.1.12- Tn tht chung v cu h (general average and salvage).

- Tn tht chung gy ra bi hoc l hu qu trc tip ca mt hnh vi tn thtchung, bao gm : hy sinh tn tht chung v chi ph tn tht chung.

i vi hy sinh tn tht chung, ngi c bo him c th khiu ni i bithng thng t ngi bo him m khng cn i ni qu tn tht chung.

i vi chi ph tn tht chung, ngi c bo him khng th i thng tngi bo him m phi i t ni qu tn tht chung. Ngi bo him ch chu trchnhim cho phn ng gp ca ngi c bo him vo qu tn tht chung. Nu tu

bo him di gi tr ng gp th tin bi thng s h gim theo t l bo him di

gi.

Lu : khi so snh s tin bo him v tr gi ng gp xc nh bo himdi gi th phn gi tr tn tht ring c tr i tnh gi tr ng gp cng phic tr i s tin bo him.

- Chi ph cu h l chi ph m ngi c bo him phi tr cng cho ngicu nn theo lut hng hi. Ngi bo him s bi thng chi ph cu h cho ngic bo him theo nh bi thng ng gp tn tht chung.

Lu : nhng chi ph c tnh cht cu h do ngi c bo him, i l hay

ngi lm cng ca h thc hin ngn nga tn tht th d c cu c tu haykhng cng khng c coi l chi ph cu h, cc chi ph ny gi l chi ph v dch vc bn cht cu h. Ngi bohim s bi thng cho ngi c bo him chi phv dch v c bn cht cu h theo cch thc bi thng chi ph TT/PTT.

3.1.13-Mi thay c (new for old).

Lut bo him hng hi cho php ngi bo him c tr mt khon tin vchi ph sa cha do ngi c bo him c hng khi thay th cc b phn c catu b h hng bng cc b phn mi. Nhng t lu ngi bo him c tp qun t

b quyn ny v a vo hp ng qui nhbi thng khng khu tr mi thay c.Tuy nhin, khi l ton tn thtchung th khng p dng qui nh ny nu tu qu 15tui.

3.1.14- Tn hi cha sa cha.

Khi n bo him kt thc m c mt tn hi ca tu gy ra bi mt him hac bo him cha c sa cha th ngi c bo him c th khiu ni i bithng v tn hi y theo s gim gi tr hp l theo gi th trng ca tu, songkhng vt qu chi ph sa cha hp l.


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Ngi bo him khng chu trch nhim v tn hi cha sa cha trong trnghp c tn tht ton b (d thuc trch nhim bo him hay khng)xy ra tip theotrong thi gian hiu lc ca bo him hoc thi gian gia hn.

Ngi bo him cng khng chu trch nhim v tn hi cha sa cha n qu

s tin bo him vo lc kt thc bo him.

3.1.15- Cng tc v tu (bottom treatment).

Trong mi trng hp, ngi bo him khng bi thng cho cc chi ph v gr, thi ct v/hoc cng tc chun b b mt khc hay sn v tu, tr khi l:

- Cng tc g r, thi ct v/hoc chun b b mt cho phn tn v tu c thaymi trn b v cng vic cungcp v thc hin sn lt theo qui trnh ca xng.

- Cng tc g r, thi ct v/hoc chun b b mt cho cc mp tn hay cc phntn v nm ln cn khu vc tn c thay mi hay tn c lp li do b h hng bmt trong qu trnh hn gn hoc sa cha; cc khu vc tn v b h hi trong qutrnh g un ti ch hay trn b.

- Cung cp v thc hin vic sn lt/sn chng r cho cc khu vc tn v nitrn.

Cc chi ph ny c chp nhn l mt phn ca chi ph sa cha hp l chotn v tu b tn tht do mt him ha c bo him.

3.1.16- Chi ph pht sinh lin quan n tn tht.

-Lng v lng thc ca thy th: khi tu khng hot ng sau mt tai nn,ngi c bo him c th thy vn cn phi gi thuyn trng, s quan v thy thhoc mt s trong nhng ngi y nn phi chu lng bng v lng thc cho h.

Nu cc chi ph ny c a vo tn tht chung th khng th i bo him bithng, bt k tu ngng hot ng l hu qu ca mt ri ro c bo him. Tuynhin khi cn n thuyn trng, s quan v thy th a tu n ni sa chahoc iu ng tu khi chy th lin quan n cc sa cha m cc sa cha nythuc trch nhim ca bo him th s c bo him bi thng.

Ngi bo him gii hn trch nhim ca mnh v lng bng v lng thc

vo thi gian tu thc s di ng (hnh thy). Nu ngi c bo him tr cc chiph y trong thi gian ch di ng hay trong thi gian sa cha th h phi t gnhchu.

- Cng tc ph: khng bi thng theo bo him ny bt k s tin no l thlao cho ngi c bo him v thi gian v cng sc thu thp v cung cp thngtin, ti liu. Cng khng bi thng nhng khon hoa hng hay th lao cho ngikhc tin hnh cc cng vic nh trn. Cc chi ph ny c th c a vo tn thtchung (nu c).

- Chi ph a tu i sa cha: khi tu cn phi a n ni sa cha th chi phdi chuyn c cng vo chi ph sa cha nu ngi c bo him phi tr chi ph y


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v vic di chuyn l do yu cu ca ngi bo him (ngi bo him c quyn quytnh cng m tu phi ti ln sa cha). Ngi c bo him khng phi gnhchu mt phn chi ph a tu i sa cha nu h c nhng sa cha ring cho mnhtrong thi gian sa cha thuc trch nhim bo him. Nu ngi c bo him cu

hon c t ngi th ba cho chuyen hnh trnh th cu hon ny gii tr trch nhimca ngi bo him.

- Chi ph kim tra v tu: ngi bo him chp nhn bi thng chi ph hp l kim tra v sau khi tu b mc cn d khng pht hin tn tht. Bi thng nykhng p dng cho cc trng hp nm cn khc.

3.1.17-Khai bo tn tht v u thu.

Sau khi tu b tai nn, ngi c bo him phi khai bo cho ngi bo himbit mt cch khn trng v hp l trc khi thc hin bt k mt gim nh no.

Khi tu nc ngoi th phi khai bo cho i l gn nht ca ngi bo him. Nukhng, ngi bo him s khu tr 15% tin bi thng tn tht.

Ngi bo him c quyn quyt nh cng tu phi ti ln sa cha, ccchi ph pht sinh v hnh trnh p ng yu cu ny s c bo him bi thng.

Khi bin bn gim nh xong, ngi c bo him c bn phn gi thu tinhiu xng sa cha. Cuc thu c i din ca ngi bo him xem xt chpnhn. Tuy nhin, ngi bo him c th t chi v yu cu ngi c bo him githm thu mi hoc chnh ngi bo him gi thu theo la chn ca h.

Thi gian ch gi thu pht sinh thm do ngi bo him tin hnh hoc do yucu ca ngi bo him th ngi c bo him c hng mt khon b p tnhtheo t l 30% nm trn tng s tin bo him cho khong thi gian hao ph k t khigi thu n lc chp nhn ngi trng thu. (lu l b p tn tht v thi gianc cn c vo s tin bo him ca tu ch khng da trn tn tht v mt s dngca ngi c bo him).

V d : S tin bo him ca tu l 5.000.000 USD .

30% = 1.500.000 USD (mi ngy 1.500.000/365 = 4.110)

Thi gian t lc gi thu n lc chp nhn ngi trng thu l 90 ngy.B p: 4.110 * 90 = 369.900 USD

Tuy nhin, khon b p ny phi tr i mi s tin dnh ra c m l rangi c bo him phi chi tiu iu hnh tu trong khi ch u thu v mi cuhon c v tn tht chung hay t ngi th ba v tn tht mt s dng trong thigian y. Nu ngoi vic sa cha cc tn hi thuc trch nhim bo him, ngi c

bo him cn sa cha cc tn hi khc ca ring h th s tin b p s c gim itheo t l.

3.1.18-Bo him ph.


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Cn bit rnghn mc bi thng cc tn hi ca tu l chi ph sa cha hp lch b gii hn bi s tin bo him. Chnh v vy, ngi c bo him c th bohim tu mnh thp hn gi tr m vn c bi thng ton b chi ph sa cha, tri mc min thng, cho ti s tin bo him.

V d : Gi tr bo him ca tu l 10.000.000 USD.

Mc min thng l 3.000 USD.

a/ Gi s tu mua bo him vi s tin bo him l 10.000.000 USD.

Tu b tn hi v v chi ph sa cha hp l l 65.000 USD .

Khi bo him thn tu s bi thng: 65.0003.000 = 62.000 USD.

b/ Nu ngi c bo him ch mua bo him vi s tin l 7.000.000 USD, th vnc bi thng y 62.

Bao Hiem Hang Hai 2641

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