Bann_Ghostly Hands and Ghostly Agency. 19th. Century Specter

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Ghostly Hands and Ghostly Agency: The Changing Figure of the Nineteenth-Century SpecterAuthor(s): Jennifer BannSource: Victorian Studies, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Summer 2009), pp. 663-685Published by: Indiana University PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/VIC.2009.51.4.663 .

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2/25

Summer 2009

Ghostly Hands and Ghostly Agency:

The Changing Figure o the Nineteenth-Century Specter

Jennifer Bann

To bgi with, ma was dad. Athogh a o Scoogs

pcocptios a disatd b th d o Chas Dickss

A Christmas Carol(1843), his o coags dis is ot

aog th. mas ghost a appa ad spak, bt it caot

-sig th bia gist, as th a ad its soita o,

o chag th iti o dtachd ct that pcdd it. Scoogs

vatio is ot that th dad ca wak, bt that th caot ato o

thi pvios sis. Th phsib actios o mas i a

bodid as hav, stictiv objcts at his datha chai ad o

ash-boxs, ks, padocks, dgs, dds, ad hav pss woght

i st (15)ad h is t with Scoogs agc as a sbstitt ohis ow, xpaiig that it is o b psadig th ivig to chag

thi was that his ta so ca b d.

I pstig ghosts as sstia stictd gscatasts

to aoths actio ath tha th agts o thi owDicks pacs

mas ghost i a og taditio o th iitd dad. mas chais

pst ot th cosqcs o his actios bt th gatio

o actio its, a at shad with th pocssio o oth spcts

Scoog viws o his widow: Th is with th a was, ca,

that th soght to it, o good, i ha atts, ad had ostth pow o v (22). I this, th ghosts cho spcts as distat as

th icta vg Od Hat, o th o Achis,

xpaiig to Odsss that h wod ath wok th soi as a s o

Abstract: This pap ivstigats th coctio btw th spiitaist ovt

ad th ita ghost sto, both o which ca to poic dig th scod ha

o th itth ct. Whi xistig citica itat has viwd both phoa

as sptos o a wid Victoia asciatio with th spata ad th possibiit

o a ati, itt atttio has b paid to th atioship btw th. This

pap ags o a sh dstadig o th post-1850 ghost sto, o that ads thappaac, bhavio, ad agc o ita ghosts as a daatic pstatio o a

w cocptio o th dada cocptio catd ag b spiitais.

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664 JennIer BAnn

VICTOrIAn STuDIeS / VOlume 51, nO. 4

hi to so adss ipovishd pasat tha b Kig o a ths

iss dad (Ho 173). Wh ths ghosts wakd, it was ot to

d daths o as agcs tiat tis, bt to a it. oma, ad pottia o Scoog, dath psts ot tasoa-

tio bt iitatio, ad ghosts ot agcs cotiatio bt a

phatic dostatio o its tpoait.

I th spata ctio o th at itth ct,

dath bga to big do: shacks, sic, ad gt w cast

asid, ad ghosts bca activ gs powd ath tha

costaid b thi daths. Th oigis o this shit, I wi ag, i

otsid spata ctio ad withi th wid sph o cta

pstatios o th spata as a who. Th apid spad ad

popait o th spiitaist ovt i th id-itth ct

cotibtd a w od o th ghost to spata itat,

adifcd b th activ, pow gs o th sac oo

th spcts o th ghost sto chagd. This tasoatio ca b

s ost ca i spata itat b tacig th dvop-

ts o th ghost had, o th powss had-wigig o

mas ghost to th cotoig, gidig, o dostativ hads o

at ghosts. With this top I wi gst, as it w, towad th dbtth ghost sto paid to spiitais.

Th a w dict cs to spiitais i th spat-

a ctio witt dig its ost poic as, ad th act that this

ss, at st gac, to b o aa i which ghost stois a ath

isoatd o thi socia cotxt has codd th coctio btw

th. With its pthoa o sacs, atiaizatios, ctopas, ad tab-

appigs, spiitais is stag oittd o th ghost stois with

which it shad dcads o popait; both spiitais ad th ghost

sto gw apid i th 1850s, pakd i popait dig th astdcads o th itth ct, ad add to ativ obscit b th

1930s. Spiitais ad w appaacs i ctio, howv, ad thos

stois i which it did pa a sbstatia o coctatd o its ois

ath tha its ghosts. H Jass mad-ev (1900) citicizs spi-

itais as a dia o both dath ad bacd i, whi eizabth

Stat Phpss Th Da o m Dath (1868) attacks its os abs-

ditis; ths stois povid didactic o ivt cota po th

ovt, ad do ot pt th ovts covtios to aativ s.1

Ad v ths w a xcptios. Viwig th Victoia spata

o th pspctiv o th ghost sto, a ad ight g o



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GHOSTly HAnDS AnD GHOSTly AGenCy 665

Summer 2009

dcads o tas abot ghosts acit ad ashioab, od ad og,

vg ad piti, ovd ad ad, with itt ida that a igios

ovt ctd aod th had v xistd.Th ack o xpicit cs to spiitais i th ghost

sto, howv, dos ot idicat a ack o ifc. Spiitaiss

cotibtio to spata itat was ot iitd to th sac

ad a o its tappigs; it hpd to sbt taso th g o th

ghost, o th ss-tha-ha appaitios o ai aativs ito

th o-tha-ha chaacts o th at itth ct. Th

ivsa pactic aogst spiitaists to to appaitios o th

dad as spiits, ath tha vats, spcts, o ghosts, fcts this

chag: wh th pvat ct dstads ghosts as iitd,

cho-ik gs ik ma, Od Hat, ad Achis, th cast

wa to distigish btw th od ad th w is to pac ghosts

with aoth t. Ad t, as dcisio to to a appaitios o

th dad as ghosts wi idicat, sch spiitaist gs a o ss

ghosts tha thi ai cotpats.2 Bath its cais o w v-

atio, its ticos poccpatio with v spiita, phsica, ad

oa dtai o th i o th wod to co, ad its tpica gadios

ad atastic poacs ad itas, spiitais w iagidspctait as sothig iht pow ad tasoativ. As

th assd a o cta aativ o, th spcta gs o th

ita ghost sto boght with th a iq kid o pow ad

pschoogica dpth.

Spiritualism as a New Revelation

I cotast to its othwod tachigs, spiitais bga i

sbbia. I 1848, th ox ai, ivig i Hdsvi, nw yok, hadi thi hos pcia sods that sd to co o th was ad

it. Addssig th ivisib soc o th sods, twv-a-

od Kat ox askd that it cop h b oowig th staps o h oot.

Copig with this, th appat tit th pocdd to ap ot

a b askd o it, icdig a qst b Kats oth Cathi

that it giv th spctiv ags o h chid (it was coct o a o

th, icdig a daght who had did so as pvios). At

a cod o coicatio was stabishd, th spiit caid to b

that o a pdd who had b dd i th hos so as

ai. Whth o ot this otat a v xistd soo bca



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666 JennIer BAnn


ag ivat to spitaiss sccss; as Kat ad magat ox

(aog with thi d sist, lah) bga toig th gio with

siia poacs, ad oth Aicas discovd thsvs tob dis capab o aig ssags o o spiits, spiit-

ais td o a acdot ito a ovt.

I its st v as, spiitais spad acoss th ti

cot ad bga to ach ovsas. A bi i popait i 1850s

Aica svd o to icas it swh, as Aica possioa

dis took thi tad to o cptiv adics. I Bitai, th

ost popa dstiatio, ths idividas w ag sposib

o th ogoig pocss o tasatatic xchag that akd spiit-

ais o th st o th ct: b th ti that spiitais statd to

gai popait i its ho cot i th 1860s, Bitish spiitais

had gow stog ogh that sbt dics, sch as a icasd

phasis o socia adica idas, took hod i Aica. exact

bs o spiitaists at a poit i th ovts histo a

dict to gath; th tdc o both spiitaist ad ati-spiit-

aist wits to xaggat o ct, ad th absc o a accat

wa to distigish btw th t ddicatd ad th cios

at a spiitaist tig (o th cobiatio o thos ast two, asdostatd ost daatica b th cotovs that aos i 1860

wh a spiitaist piodica caid Dickss so Cha as a

covt at h attdd a sac), add to th copicatio. nvth-

ss, it is ai to sa that spiitaiss popait aid high ogh

to iva aista igios ovts thoghot th scod ha

o th ct.

Spiitaiss haz bodais ad boad scop o bis

tptd a to ipos a siga aativ ad phiosoph po it,

a act ot iitd to spiitaists thsvs. To a th ox sists asth stat o th ovt pop is to gct th dg to which its

xposiv gowth qid a pbic d aad sdd b pvios

igios ovts (nw egad tascdtais, o istac,

o which spiitaists adoptd th aad boowd witigs o th

Swdish stic ea Swdbog aog with th ida o idivida

accss to a aost pathistic ss o th divi), ad b oth ps-

doscitic ovts (ost otab sis, which povidd

spiitaists with th cocpt o a thic fid thogh which spiits

cod act po th ata wod). Spiitais aso dw o idi-

vidas sch as Adw Jackso Davis, th Poghkpsi S, whos



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668 JennIer BAnn


I 1853, wh sixt spiitaist piodicas w aad i

pit i th uS ad th ox sists w toig th cot with thi

sacs, Harpers New Monthly Magazinepitd o o th st gthattacks o spiitais to appa i th aista pss. This w

o o dooog, H J. raods ditoia caid, was o

o tha a ak Saddccis, that ipdt ptds to b

covtd to a bi i dvis ad spiits o its ow akig; a its

cais, ad a its spposd phoa, w o sh atais,

d a assd spiita o (699). As th ast statt ipis,

ths accsatios o dooog ot to a activit with sp-

ata bigs, bt to th aw basph o th pact o th

spiita with a atiaistic sst o bi, i which spiit its was

ataizd (700). Spiitaiss ocs o th appaitios o th dad

is ot citicizd h, bt its pstatio ad s o th is; b

spakig o cticit, pogss, ad phsica aws to xpai its

phoa, spiitais dags th so ito th da discos

o scitic atioais.

Bt o spiitaists, th divisio btw th phsica ad th

taphsica was a ic o a ss ightd past. Jst as ota

i was o o stag o ha xistc, to b oowd b vaiosvs o ascdac thogh a ati with its ow atia ad-

scap, so was att capab o xistig i a b o dit os.

Th tipatit divisio o bod, so, ad spiit, which was data

to spiitaist thoog, ctd po this ath sa ida o phs-

icait; at dath, th s taid so o o spatia idividait

i th o o th spiit, which i i xistd as a itdia

btw so ad bod. mad p o a tha att ivisib to th

ivig, th spiit assd a o sbig th ota bod at

dath, ad cod aso choos to coth its i a oth o o phs-ica att i it wishd (as, o xap, i th accots o spiits at-

iaizig at sacs).4 Th sos o both ivig ad dad xistd withi

th ata wod, bt th ivig w iitd i pcptio ad actio

to o a sa pat o it; with dath, ad with th oss o th ota

bod, th so xpicd ot th iitatio bt ath

powt.

o spiitaists, th, do o th phsica bod was

ikd ixticab to do o agc i a wid ss. Spiitaist

dsciptios o th bod a it as th copoa atativ to

mas chais, paisig dath i cotast as a ot o ibatio,



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Summer 2009

wh th ag bok th caskt ad st th piso (Batt

92). rpatd, spiitaist witig sts th tascdt do o

th spiit agaist th capd cot o bodis that costittdtts (Hoa 171) ad ath-ask[s] (Ow, Footfalls 371).

Jabz C. Woodas 1857 papht istats th ctait o this

dichoto to spiitaist bi, povidig a spiitaist goss o St.

Pas dsciptio o a a caght p ito paadis, [who] had

spakab wods, which it is ot aw o a a to ha (1 Coi-

thias 12:34): Ths wods cod o b ttd b spiita ogas

o spch, wh divstd o xta att. Pa was sti cothd b

a xta bod o att. It was ot possib o hi to tt ths

wods, bcas h cod ot xcis his ita ogas o

spch (31).

Th qivocatio btw th possib ad pissib is

dibat, as ata costaits a qatd to taphsica aws. To

b d o pactica stictios o ovt ad spch is aso to

b d o divi iposd stictios o kowdg. I th phsi-

cait o th fsh is dscibd i cocpta ts, as ath bodis

bco pishts, pisos, tts, ad asks, th cocpta

stictios ca bco phsica; ovt btw th ct wodad th xt o is a att o os abiit to act.

Th pactica aagts o sacs fctd ad i-

ocd this dic i agc btw ivig ad dad. Whi sitts

joid hads aod th tab, both as a as agaist pottia

ad ad as a as o iig th as a phsica ad otioa

coctd who, ghost hads itd objcts, pad istts,

wakd aod th oo, ad itactd with vaios sitts. Dscibig

a 1860 sac with two o th ox sists, robt Da Ow dw

chaactistic atttio to th agc ths hads pstd:

B qst, thogh th aps, th gas was xtigishd ad w joid hads.

V soo ights w s foat ig abot th oo, appat phosphos-

ct. At st th w sa, jst visib; bt gada th bca ag,

attaiig th siz ad ga oti o hads: . . . whi th hads o th cic

aid joid, I ookd d th tab ad saw [ths] ights, as a as t o

twv tis. (Debatable Land349)

Th hads Ow dscibd appd o tabs ad doo-as,

foatd abot, ad bshd agaist sitts (icdig his) as

qstd; th ig, Ow potd, was ik that o th gt



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670 JennIer BAnn


toch o a g (351). As sacs icasd thi ocs o visa

spctacs ov th xt w dcads, sch hads bca v o

activ, cassig th acs ad hads o sitts ad witig ssags asw as itig ad tochig objcts. Whi sotis attachd to th

atiaizd bod o a ghost, spiit hads cotid to appa i

disbodid o, povidig a ita to o th spiitaist

ovt as a who. Ghost hads pstd ot agc i

its, bt th pow o dath to co it.

The Ghostly Hand as a Trope o Agency in Supernatural Fiction

Th coctio btw spcta hads ad spcta agc

did ot bgi i th itth ct. Hoac Wapos The Castle of

Otranto(1764) povids a patica stikig xap o th ct

bo: a giat, aod had aig to ath pas a cta o i

th aativ ad i its wid cptio, both hadig th dstc-

tio o th potagoists (adt obtaid) obiit ad poitig

towad th sbsqt xposiv popait o th gothic ov.

Wapos ov is ctio, o cos, bt its ptdd stats as a od

ascipt tstis to th gothics big th i btw adittdctio ad ptdd act. As Otrantoad its ik w achig o a

odatio i ait, ith thogh th pts o pacs o th

tdc to st babaic, daistic, ad spata vts i a ti

ad pac i which th cod at th v ast b cosidd o

ik to occ (ost tpica, a Cathoic eop o sva ct-

is bo), pots o th ppotd a spata sodd

icasig ik ctio.

e. J. C discsss th coodicatio o th spata

i th ightth ct as a podct o th gowth o cosisi th piod, bgiig h accot with a dsciptio o th pbicit

sodig th Cock la ghost, a appaitio o 1760s lodo

that sbs th Hdsvi appigs o ight as at i stikig

was. Both vts atd a ghost, coicatig thogh kockig

sods, who caid to hav b a victi o d; both pt a-

tiv og gis at th ct o vts (v-a-od eizabth

Pasos at Cock la, ad v- ad thit-a-od Kat ad

magat ox i Hdsvi); ad both gad assiv aots o

pbicit, cotovs, ad accsatios o ad o th pat o th gis

ad thi aiis, ag ctd aod th acia oppotitis



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Summer 2009

that aos o gowig pbic itst. Th hos at Cock la

bca o a shot ti th avod sit o vig ttait o

ashioab lodo, with visitos icdig Sa Johso; th twoox sists, aog with thi od sist lah, appad to paig adi-

cs at pbic vs acoss th wid nw yok aa. Whatv th

at cosqcs o th Hdsvi appigs, th, th spcta hads

sd iitia to siga th sa thig th had i Cock la: pot,

pbicit, ad th tasoatio o th spata o spiita

oc to aktab coodit.

I sch coctios ca b ad btw Cock la ad

Hdsvi, is th athig patica Victoia abot th sigi-

cac o spcta hads at a? C sggsts that th tops oda-

tio i spata ctio ight i i th cta iagiatio o

th ightth ct:

Ada Sith st positd th ivisib had as a tapho o th wokigs o a

cooic coscios; th sst achivs its povidtia d o th ga

good o th who thogh th kowig agc o idividas div o b

gd ad s-itst. I Otrantoth ivisib had psts a aissz-ai o

ctioait; i thatic ts a isctab oc agai aipatig ad ti-

at sbodiatig ha agc i th itsts o a oa goa. (66)

Th sa copaiso, phaps, cod b ad to th spcta hads

o so at ctio. Th ghost o th og Cathi eashaw i

Wuthering Heights(1847), gabbig lockwoods had i h ow with

sch oc that h aks h wist acoss bok gass to as it,

bodis th ocit o a ivig, sovd past; th chid-ghost o

eizabth Gasks Th Od nss Sto dos ch th sa, h

itt battig hads po th widow-gass (17) pcdig a g-

so taba that bigs th ct o h svivig ai to ight. As

th gothic pd th ghost aativ bhid it, daggig a piai

igios htoic ito th coodid, cociaizd aa o th

spata, th distac aowd btw ctio ad octio

aativs. Spcta hads s to sv th sa ppos at Hds-

vi ad Cock la as th did i th stois o Gask ad Wapo:

as a as o catig a coht sto b gatig th dad so

cotid coctio to at vts.

Bt whatv th iitia siiaitis btw th Cock la

ghost ad th Hdsvi appigs, spiitaiss apid jo o

oca ciosit to igios ovt t th possibiit o a cotid



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672 JennIer BAnn


coctio a bhid. Wh th Cock la cas aid ocsd

o th idtit o th ghost ad th vacit o h agatios o

d, th pdd o Hdsvi ss o ik a atthoghtaost o th stat, bshd asid i th wak o a igios agag

o w vatios. Dos this, th, dostat a pc o th

abstact ov th idivida? I wod ag ot, o as Cs sggs-

tios idicat, th spiit hads o ths p-spiitaist aativs a

a thos o idividas i a sbstatia ss. ev wh ths

hads bog to ad ad idtiab chaacts, this is a dis-

bodid, tatxta agc, th manus ex machinao a ovachig

dsi towad od, cohc, ad baac withi th aativ as a

who.

Th spcta hads o spiitais, i cotast, bogd

phatica to idividas, sothig bod p with th spiitaist

phiosoph o th qasi-phsica spiit bod its. Aa Kadc, a

a ad iftia wit who copid spiitaist docti i th

o o a sis o catchis-ik qstios ad asws o patic-

a spctab spiits (a pa which icdd, aog oths, Pato,

St. Agsti, ad Bjai aki), ad this xpicit i The Spirits

Book(1857): th so v oss its idividait, sothig psvdthogh a fid pcia to its . . . which psts th appaac

o its ast icaatio (63). Idividait as cocivd i ts o a

spiita phsicait waats th cidatio:

I sos w bdd togth ito a ass, th wod possss o th qaitis

coo to th totait o th ass; th wod b othig to distigish th

o o aoth, ad th wod hav o spcia itcta o oa qaitis

o thi ow. Bt th coicatios w obtai o spiits giv abdat

vidc o th possssio b ach spiit o th cosciosss o th me, ad o a

distict wi, psoa to his. . . . Th idividait o th so has b taght

thotica, as a atic o aith; spiitis ds it patt, as a vidt, ad,

so to sa, a materialact. (64, phasis oigia)

not a o th idas Kadc advocatd gaid pchas withi th

ovt (his avod t spiitis, o xap, was a sd

b oth wits), bt this picip aid data thoghot

th itth ct ad ito th twtith. B 1918, Ath Coa

Do was agig ch th sa poit:

A w to b wisps o gasos happiss foatig abot i th ai? . . . i th

is o bod ik o ow, ad i th is o chaact ik o ow, th sa what



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Summer 2009

o wi , wehav bco xtict. What is it to a oth i so ipsoa goi-

d tit is show to h? Sh wi sa, that is ot th so I ostI wat his ow

hai, his qick si, his itt oods that I kow so w. That is what sh wats;that, I biv, is what sh wi hav; bt sh wi ot hav th b a sst which

cts s awa o a that ids s o att ad taks s to a vag gio o

foatig otios. (105, phasis oigia)

Th ghosts o spiitais w o og th dad, tha itatios

o a tp whos actios ad otivatios w dtid b thi

taphsica stats. Th w as vaid ad as pschoogica copx

as th had b i i, thi abiit to act withi a phsica sph

vidc o both thi idividait ad thi ibatio o thstictios o otait.

Beckoning toward the Future:

Spiritualist Infuences on the Post-1850s Ghost Story

Th cospodig shit i covtios withi spata

itat is xpicit ogodd i so ghost stois, sch as

Chaott ridds Od ms. Jos (1882). H, ghost hads idi-

cat a w dictio, cotastig th spiitaist-ifcd cocp-tio o what ghosts cod pst with ai ad o iitd

spcts. rativ obsc toda, ridd was a iftia g i

Bitish spata ctio o th id-itth ct, stab-

ishig h ptatio with th 1867 sto Bashs Waig (sbs-

qt pbishd as Htod ODos Waig) ad two

sbsqt ovas which od th rotdg Chistas aas

o 1873 ad 1875. H ghost stois cobid vaios shads o spc-

ta to with th ocs o pacticaitis o wok ad ac that

ak h o-spata wok, ad th ba, cotpoa

sttigs ths ipid ad o a as jxtapositio o acit ad

od idas abot ghosts. Bashs Waig, o xap,

cobis th ch ai covtio o a ghost-as-dath-o with a

dg o pschoogica dpth tpica o at spata ctio; th

bashs sca o abatd gi ifcs ivig chaacts o a

paa otioa v: sch a wai o pai, ad ago, ad distss,

as casd th [ists] bood to cd (144). Od ms. Jos,

howv, icopoats this cotast dict ito th stos aativstct, paig chaacts xpctatios o o tp o ghost agaist

th ait o aoth.



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674 JennIer BAnn


Th stos pot is ativ sip: th poos ms. Jos,

a doctos wi who disappad i sspicios cicstacs, hats

th hos wh ocas biv h bod to b bid. Th stos twistis ot i its ath pdictab cocsio, as th discov o Od

ms. Joss bod povs h dath at h hsbads hads, o i th

appaac o h ghost, dscibd i dtai thoghot th aativ.

Istad, h ighbos assptios abot h aso o hatig th

hos sh occpid i i a chagd ad a discadd i th

ac o a ghost with a o agc ad otioa copxit tha

th pvios iagid. Spcatios abot ms. Joss bod big

hidd i th hos h ghost hats co o a p-Victoia

dstadig o iitd, ativ powss ghosts who appa to

th ivig bcas thi icopt bias o sovd cic-

stacs pvt th o ascdig to th ati; thi ghosts

hat th pacs wh thi bodis i, coctd to th fsh sic

th a ab to bac th spiit. Od ms. Jos, dd

ad bid, ts th tp w, ad h ighbos wco its xpa-

ato pow. H wodt giv h th chac o Chistia bia,

o stats o h hsbad; shs ig hidd awa i so dak

co; o wod th cat cat st th (187).Th absc o pow, v to xpai o attpt to sov th

ghosts ow sitatio, is ikd dict to this cocpt o ghost appa-

ac, as aoth ighbo fcts that shs i that hos sowh,

ight ogh, ad i sh cod spak sh wod sa so (187). ev thi

dsciptios o h s, d with hg ad i-tatt (187)

ip a passiv, soow sigatio, o daatica opposd to th

activ aicios g dscibd b th chid ivig i th hos: to

th, h s a c ad dak, ad h hads ik caws goig to

ak a ctch at [th] (184). Chid a h pstd as tiigoat o ghosts ad ghost covtio; b pstig thi dscip-

tios o Od ms. Jos bo thos o h ighbos, th aativ pivi-

gs th diatd ait o th ghost abov th as ipssios o

th ivig. rads, th, a daw towad a o daatic ad activ

od o ghost appaac, a viw vaidatd wh ms. Joss bod is

vad i aoth bidig; h coctio to th hos, th sto

a vas, is titoia, ot cicstatia.

Od ms. Joss caw-ik hads pst ot o a pottia

that, bt th agc which aks it possib. It is this coctio

which iss o oca ta o a visito who t a cod had po h



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Summer 2009

shod with its patica aic, ad thoghot thi dsciptio,

th chid daw spcia ocs to th ghosts hads to siia ct:

sh ca ad tochd , th ogst dcas, ad h bothas that h saw h go p to e ad a h had po h

(185). episodic ad agta thogh ths appaacs a, th

oshadow th sbstac o th stos dot, i which th

ghost ads a svat to th hidd ocatio o h bod. H, ms.

Joss psc i th aativ ogod bigs with it a chag i

th cotastd agcis o ivig ad dad, as th spata -

dos o th ghost ita ovpow th ha iitatios o th

ivig: Docto Jos wi ca to h bdsid, ad bad h gt p

ad dss, ad opd th doo o th oo, ad th ot doo, ad

bad h wak ti sh was t to dop thogh pacs ad stts sh had

v s bo, ti th ca to th gad gat o St. Jias; sh

passd thogh that ad kpt bckoig h to oow (213). Th

ct is aost hpotic, with th svat oowig i what witsss

ass to b a soabistic tac. Th ghosts bckoig had

sboizs ot a pa, th, bt a coad.

Th pa o xpctatios i ridds sto shaps th aic

o its ghost. Wh th spata ca ith b pdictd odstood b appaig to th ogic o ai aativs, th ghosts

itactios with th ivig bco o dict acig, o og

diatd thogh th t o covtio. Covtio its th

bcos a hatig psc i this sto: withot a cooait o

bi btw chaacts ad ads, catig too gat a distac

btw chaacts thoghts ad ads xpctatios wod av a

aativ otioa hoow, with th ghosts that dissipatd i th

g btw th two. Th ativ at dat o pbicatio ight ths

s a ciosit h, sic w ghosts o th 1880s w icapab ocoicatig with th ivig, ad th pac o os dath a

iposd iits po th ag o os hatig. That th covtio

its was sti xtat, howv, sggsts that th asw is i th wa

i which this at cocpt o spctait was sd. What sch stois

show is ot a ia pogssio o gothic vats to spiitaist

titis, bt ath th adoptio o vaios aspcts o spiitaist ghosts

i a pica ashio.

Th top o th ghost had cs qt thoghot

th 1860s ad 1870s, as th Victoia ghost sto cotid to gai i

popait. As Od ms. Jos idicats, a phasis o ghost



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676 JennIer BAnn


hads ds its w to viot, thatig ghosts. I H Jass

st pic o spata ctio, Th roac o Ctai Od

Coths (1867), o sists d b h spcta iva is idicatd bth aks o t hidos wods o two vg ghost hads

po h thoat (220). Th at bt aistocatic-ookig appaitio i

o aativ o Josph Shida l as The House by the Church-

Yard(1863, at pbishd i its ow ight as Th naativ o th

Ghost o a Had) is ot disbodid, as th tit ight sggst, bt

istad bogs to a g that is v s, as i th ghosts appa-

ac ads ito isigicac bsid what it ca do. Wh this had

caws ito th potagoists aita bd, sds his wi ito a dath-

ik tac, ad tis to socat his iat so, th capacit o ghost

pow to ifc ad dispt th ivs o th ivig is ad both

idiat ad daatic.

not a sch ghosts, howv, w thatig i th stictst

ss o th t. I Aa Hots Th Ghost o litt Jacqs (1863),

th ghost o a chid appas i od to va vidc o d:

Jacqs was kid b his ath. Wh th aato ais to dstad

this o th ghosts st appaac, ad is hs sbsqt pacd

i dag at th sa as hads, Jacqs appas, copig hisath to dik a dos o his ow poiso. Th ghost ith has o

thats th aato, athogh it xts cosidab oc ov h

i ch th sa wa as ridds Od ms. Jos: Th itt phato

had ais, its si g was otsttchd,it bckod, sow bck-

od; gowig idistict, it cdd ath ad ath ot o th

saoo towads th shop. Th asciatio o a sp was po . I

td ad oowd th tatig g (21617).

Whi w a spath o Jacqs oc his sto is

kow, it is ipotat to ot that his ghost appas ith v-ab o victiizd, as ch i coto o vts as h is ov his it-

actios with th aato. Th coctios a vidt with ai

spata ctio ad its ghosts, who ctiod as aativ dvics

to sto od ad jstic ath tha as idividas. nothss, a

copaiso with th 1840s chid-ghosts o Gask ad Bot idi-

cats so dvopt: Jacqs is activ wh th w passiv,

cta wh th w tagtia. Athogh th ghost a ack so

o th xbac ad disobdic th ivig chid was said to possss,

th pow dath gats hi aows hi to tai his idividait i a

wa his pdcssos cod ot.



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Summer 2009

I Bitai ad Aica, th ghost stois o th 1850s ad

1860s atd a ag b o sch pow ghosts. As with th

tasatatic cooaitis o th spiitaist ovt, th daicso discssio ad txta podctio withi th g ak this s-

pisig; ax copight gatios d to a ag b o Bitish (ad

Iish) ghost stois big podcd i Aica piodicas. th,

oc th spiitaist-ifcd cocptio o th ghost i ctio

had dispacd th gothic covtios to a poit wh iitd ad

gic ghosts sd od-ashiod ad itstig, pbic dad

pssd o od stois dd b a shad cta psptio

that ghosts wod act dit. Whi th w dics btw

Aica ad Bitish ghost stois, jst as btw Aica ad

Bitish spiitais, sch dics a xtdd to th potaa

o th ghosts thsvs. O both sids o th Atatic, ths ghosts

o cos sbd th spiitaist cocptio tha th gothic.

Tak, o xap, ma eizabth Baddos Th Cod

ebac (1860), which pacs th iss o th ghosts pow sqa

withi a o acd pschoogica awok b cotastig a

powss ota i with th gat possibiitis o a spcta o.

o Gtd, th stos potagoist, i is a sqc o didoppotitis ad gatd agc; abadod b h ov ad ocd

ito a watd aiag b h ath, sh acks a abiit to act

th wod aod h thogh wods, dds, o thoghts. ev h

otios xist i a stifig vac, icitig ith spos o ac-

tio o oths: how a tis sh hops, o to b disappoitd!

(7071). acd with th ait o a aagd aiag, abpt

dig a fickig da o agc wh h abst ov ais to

t i ti to sav h, Gtd chooss dath ov i i th o

activ choic w s h ak. Sh dows hs o what is, ioi-ca, th da bo h abst ov ts, havig og sic

ogott th gi h poisd to a. Dath tasos passivit to

actio, as Gtds ov ds his hatd b th costat, is-

capab ssatio o h as aod his ck. I th stos coc-

sio, ghost ds ivig a i a wa that cotasts h dais i

dath with th itia that akd h i, h ivisib bt oc

o dacig hi to xhastio ad coaps at a ba. Th cod

bac o th stos tit is o possssiv tha actioat, th

phsica oct o a otioa cai; th ov kpt pa-

t bod Gtds ach i i is ita hd withi it i dath.



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678 JennIer BAnn


Ctai, th aativ potas Gtd as a thatig ghost with

th abiit to ovpow ad tiat dsto th ivig, bt this oc

is ith idisciiat o, th aato sggsts, jstid;Gtd dos ot act as o o th idistigishab ad itchag-

ab dad, bt as a idivida with th sa dsis sh had i i.

As this kid o pschoogica copxit bca th gs

stadad, vaios kids o ghost stois capitaizd po ths w possi-

biitis. Chid-ghosts had, b th d o th ct, bco th pov-

ac o th stita ghost stois o (ag Aica) wits sch

as Ai Tb Sosso o ma e. Wikis a. as

ghost stois i patica, which spa th ast two dcads o th i-

tth ct ad th st two o th twtith, a stddd with sch

xaps, as tpid ost ca i Th litt Ghost (1903). lik

Hots Jacqs, th chid at th ct o this sto is a victi o pata

ct ad gct, ocd ito a i o dostic ddg b a oth

who at abados h to z to dath i a pt hos. Th chids

appaac as a ghost is sitab piti, ad h hads idicat ot what

sh cando bt what sh s sh mustdo: two itt hads spottd pp

with th cod, hodig p [th aatos] wit coat (217). H s-

ig dss sach o otioa ad phsica wath is giv adddpathos b h chidish activitis, sch as paig with th hoshod cat.

Jst as th aato ss th ghost appa gada, with th chid

s[ig] to ca ot o th diss bhid th had (223), so th

chaact o a ghost chid vta gs o th iitia visio

o ghost actio. Th sto ds with a taba o otioa sotio

at th od woa ost voca spathtic o th ghost chid dis,

ad is s i ghost o wakig awa o th hos with th chid

hodig ast to h had (23637).

Th aatos iitia ight xists o to b ovco, is-tatig th agiit ad vabiit o th ghost b pacig a with

pit. [Sh had] a dad itt ac, with sothig abot it which

ad it dit o a ac o ath, bt it was so piti that it did

awa a good da with th dadss, th aato xpais (214);

idd, v th cat is aaid o h, pig as sh stoks his back.

o Abb Bid, who bcos th chids sbstitt oth at th stos

d, th ghosts appa to stit ti otwighs a capacit to

ti. Whi th ghosts phsica appaac sggsts sothig o h

hoiig dathsh is ti, zig, ad dap, h stavd bod

ottd b with th cod thogh h ightgow (215)th ct is



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Summer 2009

ot acab, as th icogit o th ghosts appaac is ot sitatd

btw i ad dath bt btw wath ad cod, sat ad gct.

It is, i act, th chids og whit ightgow that bcos th stogstidicato o h othwodiss. Sh did ot s to o wak ik

oth chid, th aato xpais; sh fittd, ik o o thos itt

whit bttfis, that dot s ik a os th a so ight,

ad ov as i th had o wight (215).

I Pt nws 1903 istatio o th ghost hodig th

aatos coat (g. 1), th ghosts p whit gow ss aost to

gow with its ow ight, th bightst thig i th pict. Th ghost

stads btw two doo-as, sodd b th shadows th cast

ad b th dak patt o th g bath h. Th aatos cothig

is dak, too, h ac td ito th shadows as th ghosts is ii-

atd b a s soc o ight. Th ghosts ightgow bshs th

foo, hidig h t as sh appas to foat ath tha stad, ad

cotastig stak with th hg, dak, ad cbso coat sh

hods cos to h bod. Positiod as sch, th ghost ss aost to

b gig o th coat ad o th phsica, bodi ass it p-

sts; h hads cigig to its coa, hawa btw pig it cos

ad pshig it awa, istat th coctio sh aitais with aath i. What nw sggsts, th sto tiat cos,

showig th vota svitd o th chids bhavio at dath as a

iic o i, ad phasizig th ightss ad do o h

ovt o at h ost tha. Abb Bids wish to gt that aw

itt whit ob o that chid ad gt h i so coths (235) is

h ad as isgidd, a wish to big th chid back ito th

cos o i, ad it is itt spis that at th stos cos, th

cootig bac btw woa ad chid happs o at th

o has joid th att i dath.Th sb-g o qstioab a ghosts ad o ta-

phoica hatigs bst kow as th pschoogica ghost sto, a o

which dvopd i th ast two dcads o th ct, cotastd

ivig ad dad i ch th sa wa. Tak, o xap, Vo ls

Ok o Okhst, st pbishd as A Phato lov i 1886. Th

aato, hid b th poos m. Ok to pait his wis potait,

gada discovs that ms. Oks obsssio with a dos

acsto xtds to a stag assptio o h idtit. Th aato

ss gipss o a g that a, phaps, b th acsto hs, bt

th a ghost h is ms. Ok, iickig h pdcsso to a dg



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680 JennIer BAnn


Fig. 1. Pt nws istatio o Th litt Ghost, b ma e. Wikis a. I

The Wind in the Rose-Bush and Other Stories. lodo: Joh ma, 1903. acig p.214.



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Summer 2009

that ca o b xpssd i spata ts: possssio, ica-

atio, hatig. Th sggstios o a spata psc i th

sto s i this ight to b a xtapoatio o ms. Oks xatio, asth oc o h chaact shaps ot o th objctiv wod aod

h bt aso th aativ its. Whth h dight i th acstos

isdaos is vicaios o bd, th stos ghosts a o

iagid, w a t agai with th shap o spcta agc i th

o o ms. Oks hads. H coctio to h acsto is dpictd

as a a, phsica o, iitiatd at wi; w do ot a that th hoss

iba hods th books ad bogigs o th acstos ov ti h

dscdat its th dow to show th aato, tochig th ow

paps with dicat ad vt gs (145). Idd, th aatos

adissio o h dibat aipatio cos with a accptac o

his iabiit to ifc o act h i a wa: that woa wod

sip thogh gs ik a sak i I attptd to gasp h siv

chaact (181). Pow, agc, ad tiat th sto its bog

to th igatica spcta o o th ivig woa.

Howv dissiia th stois o a ad l, it is otab

that ghost pow i both cass is potad sowhat ss daatica

tha i th ai ctio discssd abov. Th chid i as stodos ot phsica o pschoogica ovpow a o th ivig, ad

th is itt sggstio that sh is v capab o doig so; th tasi-

tio o hoo to spath i thos aod h is pstd as ti

ha. What dath bigs o this ghost is phaps btt dstood as

do tha pow, a o acd dstadig o agc fc-

tiv o th spiitaist ida o th bod as a piso ad ota i as a

stc. ms. Ok coscios adopts th sa kid o do b

coctig hs to a ghost acsto, ivig ot xcitig atasis

thogh a hatig sh gad wcos. It is sigicat that ths aat stois. Whi th picip o spcta do ctai da

a spiitais ad sac pao-ticks, it bca a a o sigi-

cat t o th ovt i at dcads, as th 1870s saw th

itodctio o -o atiaizatios, visib ghost gs with

which sitts cod itact. Spiitaiss associatio with socia

pogssiv ovts bga og bo this: th spiit-sactiod

advic o idivida ad socia codct that od a sigicat pat o

a Aica spiitais d to th stabisht o th ovts

st Bitish stoghods i th wokig-cass coitis o oth

egad. Bt it was th advt o -o atiaizatios that boght



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682 JennIer BAnn


this associatio to sch poic. Ths ghosts a thatd o

ovpowd sitts,5 bt thi v psc dostatd a do

o both ota iitatios ad socia stictios, two baispotad as havig a ctai aot o ovap.

As citica itat o spiitais has ovd awa o

ga ovviws o th ovt ad towad a o i-dpth xai-

atio o its dig thatic cocs ad pschoog, sva

schoas hav daw atttio to th coctios btw -o

atiaizatios ad socia pogssiv idas. Patica, th sac-

oo has b thoizd as a aa o th sspsio o socia os

ad assptio o pow b thos who wod othwis b withot it.

Spiitais ad socia vioatios o a kids possib bcas it

bd th bodais btw th spiita ad atia, ma

Top ags; dig sacs, og a ghosts appad i obs

which t as, gs, ad cks ba, kissd ad cassd sitts both

a ad a, ad ivitd sitts to stabish th ait o thi at-

iaizd os b aig thi hads po th (68). A Bad

choics th vaios was i which wo dstood ad dvopd

thi o as spiitaist dis i ts o th wod aod th,

ad th sbsqt atioship btw spiitais ad o ai-sta isss o a acipatio ad wos ights; Ax Ow

aks ths coctios v o xpicit b viwig th o o th

di as a xaggatio o Victoia idas o iiit, ths givig

wo pow thogh th sbac o passivit.

o th att cocpt i patica, th spiitaist ida o

ghost agc povidd a stikig dostatio: i spiitaist

thoght, th psc o th atiaizd ghost qid th qasi-

absc o th di, sothig sa achivd b a cobiatio

o cosciosss, ova o th sitts d o visio, ad phs-ica stictio (dis w tpica cod to a dakd co-

s ad bod to avoid accsatios o ad). Th ot stikig

phsica sbacs btw ths dis ad th ghosts th

boght oth did ot go oticd b spiitaists o thi dtactos,

bt as cotpoa citica discssio o th sbjct has boadd

bod th sbjct o ad, th cotast btw activ ghost ad

passiv ota has povd ti god o discssio. Th spiit-

aist cocpt o spctait aowd thos ivovd i th ovt to

adopt th kid o do ad agc that thi phiosoph gatd

to th dad. Howv fippat it a hav sd, fitatios ghost



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Summer 2009

bhavio i sacs was th cotpat o spiitaiss associatio

with poitica ad socia adica ovts, as ad ovt b spii-

taists thsvs both i pit ad i pso, with iabpaphts, piodicas, ad ct tos pstig spiit-gidd

viws o th oa dictio o haits t.

Athogh spiitaist idas o dath ad spctait w

dict coctd to its cta ad poitica oc, I wod ot ag

that th ita ghost sto which adoptd ths idas shod ikwis

b viwd as adica, sbvsiv, o v pogssiv i a ovachig

ss. Idd, th ghost sto ot as as ch towad th cos-

vativ with gad to cass ad gd as it dos towad th oaic

i ts o its pots. Whi th citica wok do sic th 1980s o

th ghost stos o i povidig a voic o th othwis cta

sicd ais itigig, th cocsios daw o a patica

sbst o stoistpica, thos witt b Aica wo i th

ast as o th itth ct ad st as o th twtith

caot b sip xtapoatd to cov th g as a who. As sch, I

do ot sggst that spiitaist phiosoph shod b icopoatd ito

citica discssio o th ghost sto as a att o atchig

ik to ik i its cosqcs; ath, that th wath o possibiitispovidd b ghosts capab o actig as agts i thi ow ight ivits

a a boad xaiatio o th o.

Is th a ss i which this tatt o th spata, a

sitaos dosticatio ad vatio o th ghost, bogd to

th itth ct i th sa wa that gothic hoo bogd to

th ightth? Cod th itodctio o ghosts as chaacts, ath

tha as pot dvics ad ovig sc, hav t its to th shot-

sto o w ogh to xpai th xposiv popait i sp-

ata ctio oc th piodica pss bca its ai thod odissiatio? W ight gss that th ghost stos tasoatio

ito a o pschoogica acd o wod hav co abot

vta withot th xistc o spiitais, bt withot spiit-

ais povidig a spigboad i that dictio, it is dict to iagi

what shap th stig g wod hav tak. I w a to giv th

daic ad copx wod o th Victoia spata iagia-

tio its d, it ss o ttig that w av Jacob ma wigig

his hads icta bo Scoogs pac, ad ook to wh

spiitaiss had is poitig.

University of Glasgow



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684 JennIer BAnn


NOTES

1A sa b o ghost stois s spiitais as a soc o th spat-

a, bt ths tpica appa at th d o th itth ct ad coicid with

spiitaiss sig dci i popait.2Th cai h is, as with ost asstios gadig sch a boad ad ao-

phos ovt as spiitais, sothig o a gaizatio. Spiitaist itat

did occasioa tio th possibiit o spiits who had v xpicd ota

i. Sch gs s to hav b a iqt ad xcptioa pat o spiitaist

bi, howv, as th ga spiitaist tdc to s spiits, ags, ad th

dad as itchagab ts idicats.3So spiitaist vsios o th Bib w podcd, th bst-kow big

load Thos 1862 The New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, as Revised

and Corrected by the Spirits, bt ths s to hav civd itt tio i oth spii-

taist itat. Thitactio btw spiitais ad Chistiait was a copx

o, covd o cophsiv swh (s Opphi), ad it ss ik

that th ga spiitaist sistac to a o o caoica txt o ho wit aos i

ag pat d to this ogoig dbat withi th ovt.4o th sak o cait, I hav povidd a goss; accots a ath tagd o this

iss, as Aa Kadc, o xap, s sitaos to th so ad th spiit

whi dscibig th tha o as th pispiit (Spirits Book36). Howv, th tipa-

tit divisio, so/spiit/bod, ss to hav bco th ost coo spiitaist phios-

oph b th ti otd spiitaist robt Da Ow was witig i th 1860s.5Whi itactios btw spiitaist ghosts ad sitts w tpica bv-

ot, occasioa sac aativs va a o thatig sid to th pow iba-

ac. Tak this xchag btw th di oc Cook ad h spiit gid

Kati Kig, o xap, as codd b Wiia Cooks i 1873:

Kati had so spiit dap i h had, which sh bbd dow ov th

di to coct so o th ifc sd b spiits i atiaizatio. . . .

Miss CookGo awa, Kati; I dot ik to b scapd.

KatieDot b stpid. Tak that thig o o had ad ook at . (Scrape,

scrape.)

Miss CookI wot sit sti o ths aistatios. I dot ik th. Go awa.

Katieyo a o di, ad a di is othig bt a achi. (Scrape,

scrape.)

(qtd. i Sagt 5051)

WORKS CITED

Ag, J. B. Why I Am a Spiritualist, and Why I am Not an Orthodox. rd Bak, nJ: .p.,

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Bosto: Whit, 1871.



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