Banking Law Niti
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Transcript of Banking Law Niti
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7/23/2019 Banking Law Niti
1/19
HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY,
RAIPUR
BANKER-CUSTOMER RELATONSHP- AS CREDITOR
& DEBTOR
SUBMITTED TO-
MRS. PADMA A.PARIJJA
SUBMITTED BY-
NITI
ROLL NO-85
SEM- VII(C)
B.A, L.L.B(Hons.)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I feel !"l# el$%e& %o 'o on %!s n$*!+ %o!+ on BANER-C/STOMER RELATONSHIP0
AS CREDITOR 1 DEBTOR2
Te $+%!+$l e$l!3$%!on of %!s o4e+% $s ol!"$%e& %e "6!&$n+e of *$n# esons. I e7ess *#
&eees% e"$& fo o6 f$+6l%# Ms. P$&*$ A.P$!44$. H!s +ons!s%en% s6e!s!on, +ons%$n%
!ns!$%!on $n& !n$l6$le "6!&$n+e $n& s6""es%!ons $e een of !**ense el !n +$#!n" o6%
%e o4e+% 'o '!% s6++ess.
I e7%en& *# e$%fel% %$ns %o *# f$*!l# $n& f!en&s fo %e! *o$l s6o% $n& en+o6$"e*en%.
N!%!
Roll no-85
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
9. ACNO:LED;EMENTS
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T!s ese$+ $e !s &es+!%!e $n& $n$l#%!+$lG$ &o+%!n$l !n $o$+. I% !s l$"el# $se& on
se+on&$# so6+es. Boos $n& o%e efeen+es $e !*$!l# elf6l fo %e +o*le%!on of %!s
o4e+%.
o %e esen% o4e+% ele$n% &$%$ $n& !nfo*$%!on $s een e+e!e& $n& +olle+%e& fo*
se+on&$# so6+es $n& %ee $s een 6se of $6%en%!+ oos $n& 'es!%es '!+ o!&e&
el!$le !nfo*$%!on $n& &$%$.
OBJECTIVE
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To 6n&es%$n& %e &ef!n!%!on of %e %e* $ne $n& +6s%o*e.
To s%6 %e el$%!ons! of $ne $n& +6s%o*e $s &e%o $n& +e&!%o.
HYPOTHESIS
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I% !s #o%es!3e& %$% $ne $n& +6s%o*e $s %e el$%!ons! of &e%o $n& +e&!%o $n& no%
*oe %$n %$%.
RESEARCHQUESTIONS
:o $e %e $nes $n& +6s%o*e
:$% $e %e el$%!ons! e%'een $ne $n& +6s%o*e Ho' $ne $n& +6s%o*e $s %e el$%!ons! of &e%o $n& +e&!%o
INTRODUCTION
Te s!"n!f!+$n+e of $ns !n *o&en *$e% e+ono*!es +$nno% e 6n&ees%!*$%e&. L!e $n# o%e
e+ono*!+ se+%o, $ns $e $ e# +6+!$l ole %o l$# !n %e f6n+%!on!n" of %e *$e%s.
;ene$ll#, %e %e* $n $n& $ne $e 6se& !n%e+$n"e$l#. Te $n !s 6se& s%!+%l# %o efe
%o %e +oo$%e o '!le %e %e* $ne *$# *e$n o% %e !ns%!%6%!on $n& %e !n&!!&6$ls
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%$% 'o '!%!n %e +oo$%!on. Te el$%!ons! e%'een $ $ne $n& $ +6s%o*e &een&s on
%e $+%!!%!es, o&6+%s o se!+es o!&e& # %e $n %o !%s +6s%o*es. T6s %e el$%!ons!
e%'een $ $ne $n& !%s +6s%o*es !s $ %$ns$+%!on$l el$%!ons!. A $ns 6s!ness &een&s
*6+ on %e s%on" on& '!% !%s +6s%o*es. T6s%2 l$#s $n !*o%$n% ole !n 6!l&!n" e$l%#
el$%!ons! e%'een $ $ne $n& +6s%o*e. D H.L H$%, !n %e oo, L$' of B$n!n" &ef!nes $
$n$ne0
As $ eson o +o*$n# +$#!n" on %e 6s!ness of e+e!!n" *one# $n& +olle+%!n" &$f%s fo
+6s%o*es s64e+% %o %e ol!"$%!on of ono!n" +eK6es &$'n 6on %e* fo* %!*e %o %!*e #
+6s%o*es %o %e e7%en% of %e $*o6n% $$!l$le on %e! +6en% $++o6n%2.
A eson e+o*es $ +6s%o*e of $ $n 'en e "oes %o %e $n $n& $s $n $++o6n% oene& !n
!s n$*e, %e $n $++e%s *one# o +eK6e fo* !* $f%e '!+ s6+ $ eson e+o*es
en%!%le& %o e +$lle& $ +6s%o*e of %e $n. A +6s%o*e !s $lso $n# eson $!n" $n $++o6n%
'!% $ $n o fo 'o* $ $n $s $"ee& %o +olle+% !%e*s $n& %!s $lso !n+l6&es 'en $ $n
$s $n $++o6n% '!% $no%e $n.
Te el$%!ons! e%'een $ B$ne $n& $ C6s%o*e s +on%$+%6$l $n& e"!ns $s soon $s $
+6s%o*e oens $n $++o6n% '!% $ $ne. B$ns +on%!n6es %o $+% $s +6s%o&!$n 6% %$% !s onl# $
s6s!&!$# f6n+%!ons.
Te $ne-+6s%o*e el$%!ons! !s *6l%!-f$+e%e& $n& +oes *$n# $e$s. So*e of %e n$*!+s
of %ese $!o6s el$%!ons!s $e &!s+6sse& elo'0
De%o $n& Ce&!%o
Ple&"e $n& Ple&"ee
L!+enso $n& L!+ensee
B$!lo $n& B$!lee
T6s%ee $n& Benef!+!$#
A"en% $n& P!n+!$l
A&!so $n& Cl!en%
6&!+!$# el$%!ons!
O%e *!s+ell$neo6s el$%!ons!s.
T!s o4e+% *$!nl# &e$ls '!% 'o !s $ne, 'o !s +6s%o*e, $n& %e! el$%!on $s &e%o $n&
+e&!%o. If $ +6s%o*e !s $ &eos!%o, %e el$%!ons! '!% %e $n !s, B$ne '!ll e+o*e
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De%o$n& C6s%o*e '!ll e+o*e Ce&!%oAll &eos!%s of %e $n $e so'n $s l!$!l!%# # %e
$n 1 RBI +$ll!n" To%$l &eos!%s !n %e $n $s De*$n& T!*e L!$!l!%!es.
If $ +6s%o*e !s $ Boo'e, %e el$%!ons! 6n&e l$' B$ne '!ll e+o*e Ce&!%o $n&
+6s%o*e '!ll e+o*e De%o.
EVOLUTION OF BANKING SYSTEMIN INDIA
B$n!n" '$s !n e7!s%en+e !n In&!$ &6!n" %e Ve&!+ %!*es (=FFF BC %o 9>FF BC). Mone# len&!n"
'$s e"$&e& $s $n ol& $% $n& '$s $+%!+e& !n %e e$l# A#$n &$#s. R!n$ (&e%) !s of%en
*en%!one& !n %e R!" Ve&$ efle+%!n" $ no*$l +on&!%!on e$len% !n %e Ve&!+ So+!e%#. Te
%$ns!%!on fo* *one#-len&!n" %o $n!n" *6s% $e o++6e& efoe M$n6-e s%$%es %$% $
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sens!le *$n so6l& &eos!% !s *one# '!% $ eson of "oo& f$*!l#, "oo& +on&6+%, 'ell-
$+K6$!n%e& '!% l$', 'e$l% $n& ono$le. Tee $e efeen+es %o len&!n" $n& $n!n" !n %e
%'o e!+s n$*el# R$*$#$n$ 1 M$$$$%$. D6!n" %$% e!o& $n!n" $& e+o*e $ f6ll
fle&"e& 6s!ness.
Moe &e%$!ls e%$!n!n" %o *one# len&!n" !n %e S6%$ e!o& (% +en%6# %o =n& +en%6#) $e
$$!l$le fo* %e J$%$$s (B6&&!s% '!%!n"s). J$%$$s es%$l!s %e e7!s%en+e of se%s (*one#
len&es) $n& +on%$!n see$l s%o!es of !n"s e+e!!n" f!n$n+!$l el fo* %e "6!l&s. o* %ese
$++o6n%s !% !s e!&en% %$% *one# len&!n", $n!n" $n& %$&!n" 'ee !n%el!ne&. In %e B6&&!s%
e!o& een %e B$*!ns 1 s$%!#$s s%$%e& %$!n" $n!n" $s $ 6s!ness. B!lls of e7+$n"e
+$*e !n%o 6se !n %!s e!o&. Te $n!n" 6s!ness '$s e!n" +$!e& o6% een !n %e S*!%!
e!o& $n& %e S*!%!s e7l$!ne& %e *e%o&s of e"6l$%!on of !n%ees%.
Te %$&!%!on fo* *one#-len&!n" %o $n!n" $e$s %o $e %$en l$+e !n %e =n& o ?&
+en%6# AD. D6!n" T!s e!o&, eole 'ee en4o!ne& 6on %o *$e &eos!%s '!% ese+%$le
$nes. T!s e!o& !s +$$+%e!3e& $s one !n '!+ %e $+%!!%!es of %e $nes*one# len&es
'ee 'ell +on%olle& $n& e"6l$%e&. R6les fo s$fe"6$&!n" %e !n%ees% of oo'es 'ee
!n%o&6+e&.
$6%!l#$ !n !s A%$s$s%$ '!+ '$s '!%%en !n %e M$6#$ e!o& !n %e >% +en%6#
*en%!one& %e *$7!*6* $%e of !n%ees% '!+ +o6l& e +$"e& # %e len&es. Te $nes
&6!n" %!s e!o& '$s no'n $s S$6$s $n& M$$4$ns.9
D6!n" %e Mo"6l e!o& !n&!"eno6s $n!n" '$s !n !%s !*e. Tee '$s $&l# $n# !ll$"e
'!%o6% !%s *one#-len&e o S$off 'o f!n$n+e& %$&e $n& +o**e+e. Te s#s%e* of +6en+#
$n& +o!n$"e en&ee& *one# len&!n" $ !"l# of!%$le 6s!ness.
Te B!%!s +$*e %o In&!$ !n %e 9% +en%6#. Te E$s% In&!$ Co*$n# es%$l!se& !%s A"en+#
o6ses !n Bo*$#, C$l+6%%$ 1 M$&$s. Tese $"en+# o6ses 'ee %e +o*!n$%!on of %$&e 1$n!n" !n In&!$.
Ben"$l $n '$s es%$l!se& !n 98> $n& ;ene$l B$n of In&!$ '$s es%$l!se& !n 98. I% '$s
%e 9s% 4o!n% s%o+ +o*$n# '!% l!*!%e& l!$!l!%#. Pes!&en+# $ns 'ee es%$l!se& !n C$l+6%%$,
1 %%0$n6*$n%.+o*B$n!n"=Fl$'=F-=FMeen$s!=FN$%es$n.%*lTo+=55==58
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Bo*$# 1 M$&$s. I% $*$l"$*$%e& !n%o %e I*e!$l $n !n 9=9.= In 985 All$$$& B$n
'$s se% 6 6n&e E6oe$n *$n$"e*en%. In 985 All!$n+e B$n of S!*l$ '$s s%$%e& O6&
Co**e+!$l $n '$s %e 9s% 6el# In&!$n *$n$"e*en% 4o!n% $n. S'$&es! *oe*en% s%$%e&
!n 9F5 $n& %e e!o& fo* 9F %o 99? '$s $ e!o& of oo* fo In&!$n B$n!n". Te B$n of
B6*$ '$s es%$l!se& !n 9F>. B$n of In&!$, B$n of R$n"oon 1 In&!$n Se+!e B$n '$s
es%$l!se& !n 9F. So*e of %e !*o%$n% $ns '!+ 'ee es%$l!se& l$%e 'ee B$n of
In&!$, Cen%$l B$n of In&!$, B$n of B$o&$, e%+.
WHO IS BANKER?In "ene$l, $n o $ne *e$ns $ f!n$n+!$l !ns%!%6%!on %$% $++e%s &eos!%s $n& len&s *one# %o
%e nee eole. I% &e$ls !n *one#.
Halsbu!"s La#s $% E'la(s%$%es, A banker is an individual, partnership or corporation,
whose sole or predominating business is banking, that is, the receipt of money on current or
deposit account, and the payment of cheques drawn by and the collection of cheques paid in by a
cheques.
A++o&!n" %o S) *$+ Pa', No person or body corporate or otherwise can be a banker who
does not take deposit accounts, take current accounts, issue and pay cheques and collect cheques
crossed and uncrossed for his customers.2
2 %%0$n6*$n%.+o*B$n!n"=Fl$'=F-=FMeen$s!=FN$%es$n.%*lTo+=55==58
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A++o&!n" %o Wal La%, A banker is an institution or individual who is always ready to
receive money on deposits to be returned against the cheques of their depositors.
In In&!$n +on%e7%, %e %e* $ne2 $s een &ef!ne& # %e Ba.)' R'ula)$ A/, 0121$s
An# +o*$n# '!+ %$ns$+%s %e 6s!ness of $n!n" !n In&!$.2
A++o&!n" %o se+%!on ? of %e N'$)abl Isu3 A/, 0440,$ne !n+l6&es $n# eson
$+%!n" $s $ $ne $n& $n# os% off!+e s$!n"s $n.
Se+%!on of %e A+%?s%$%es %e $!o6s f6n+%!ons '!+ $ $n!n" +o*$n# +$n 6n&e%$e. So*e
of %ese f6n+%!ons $e-
Te oo'!n", $!s!n" o %$!n" 6 of *one# !n %e fo* of &eos!%s !n %!*e, +6en% o
s$!n"s $++o6n%s. Te &$'!n", *$!n", ,$++e%!n", &!s+o6n%!n", 6#!n", sell!n", +olle+%!n" $n& &e$l!n" !n
!lls of e7+$n"e, o*!sso# no%es, !ll of l$&!n" e%+.
Iss6!n" le%%es of +e&!%, %$elles +eK6es e%+.
I% !s +le$ %$% %e s+oe of $+%!!%!es of $ $n!n" +o*$n# !s e# '!&e. No', !% !s !*o%$n% %o
&!s+6ss %e essen%!$l +on&!%!ons %$% *6s% e f6lf!lle& # $ $ne o $n!n" +o*$n#. Te# $e
No !n&!!&6$l !s e*!%%e& %o $+% $s $n. Onl# $ f!* o $ +o*$n# !s e*!%%e& %o $+% $s
$n.
Te $ne *6s% $++e% &eos!%s fo* %e 6l!+ fo %e 6ose of len&!n" o
!nes%*en%. Jo!n% s%o+ +o*$n!es $++e%!n" 6l!+ &eos!%s fo f!n$n+!n" %e! 6s!ness
$+%!!%!es !s no% $n!n". N!&!s o so+!e%!es '!+ $++e% &eos!%s fo* !%s *e*es $e
no% $nes.
Te &eos!%s *$# e f!7e&, +6en% o s$!n"s $n& %e +6en% $++o6n%s *6s% e oe$%e&
%o6" +eK6es. Te &eos!%s $e '!% &$'$le # +eK6e, &$f%, o&e o o%e'!se. Te $ne *6s%
ef6n& %e *one# 'en &e*$n&e& # %e +6s%o*e.
Te 'o& B$n2 o B$n!n" Co*$n#2 *6s% e $&&e& '!% %e n$*e of %e $n %o
!&en%!f# !%self $s %e $n!n" +o*$n#.
B$n!n" Re"6l$%!on A+%, 9>
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WHO IS CUSTOMER?
Te %e* C6s%o*e $s no% een &ef!ne& # $n# $+%. Te 'o& +6s%o*e $s een &e!e& fo*
%e 'o& +6s%o*, '!+ *e$ns $ $!% o %en&en+# %o-&o +e%$!n %!n"s !n $ e"6l$ o $
$%!+6l$ *$nnes.>In %e*s of Se+.9?9 of Ne"o%!$le Ins%6*en% A+%, 'en $ $ne e+e!es
$#*en% of $ +osse& +eK6e !n "oo& f$!% $n& '!%o6% ne"l!"en+e fo $ +6s%o*e, %e $n &oes
no% !n+6 $n# l!$!l!%# %o %e %6e o'ne of %e +eK6e # e$son onl# of $!n" e+e!e& s6+
$#*en%. I% o!o6sl# *e$ns %$% %o e+o*e $ +6s%o*e $++o6n% el$%!ons! !s *6s%. A++o6n%
el$%!ons! !s $ +on%$+%6$l el$%!ons!. I% !s "ene$ll# el!ee& %$% $n# !n&!!&6$l o $n
o"$n!3$%!on, '!+ +on&6+%s $n!n" %$ns$+%!ons '!% $ $n, !s %e +6s%o*e of $n.
A++o&!n" %o D5 Hb L5 Ha, A customer is one who has an account with a banker or for
whom a banker habitually undertakes to act as such.
! %%0!$"#$n.lo"so%.!n=FFFel$%!ons!-e%'een-$ne-$n&.%*l
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A eson e+o*es $ +6s%o*e of $ $n 'en e "oes %o %e $n $n& $s $n $++o6n% oene& !n
!s n$*e, %e $n $++e%s *one# o +eK6e fo* !* $f%e '!+ s6+ $ eson e+o*es
en%!%le& %o e +$lle& $ +6s%o*e of %e $n.5A +6s%o*e !s $lso $n# eson $!n" $n $++o6n%
'!% $ $n o fo 'o* $ $n $s $"ee& %o +olle+% !%e*s $n& %!s $lso !n+l6&es 'en $ $n
$s $n $++o6n% '!% $no%e $n. T!s &ef!n!%!on '$s el& !n %e N!"e!$n Co6% of Ae$l +$se
of Oku . !anigo.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BANKER" CUSTOMER
Te el$%!ons! e%'een %e $ne $n& +6s%o*e $!ses o6% of %e +on%$+% e%'een %e* $n&
+$nno% e +e$%e& e7+e% # *6%6$l +onsen%. Te le"$l el$%!ons! $!ses e%'een %'o $%!es
'en %e# +on+l6&e +on%$+% %o6" oos$l $n& $++e%$n+e. Te oen!n" of $n $++o6n% '!% $
$ne $n& %e $nes $++e%$n+e fo s6+ oen!n" of $++o6n% "!es !se %o $ +on%$+%6$l
el$%!ons!. Te el$%!ons! e%'een %e $ne $n& +6s%o*e !s, "ene$ll#, l!e +o**e+!$l
%$ns$+%!on. Te el$%!ons! e%'een $ $ne $n& +6s%o*e !s %e fo6n&$%!on on '!+ *6%6$l
&6%!es, l!$!l!%!es $n& !!le"es $e e!n" 6!l%.
# %%0%el$'#es+on!+le.+o*$s!+s-of-$ne-+6s%o*e-el$%!ons
$(=FF?) :LR (P%. 95)
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B$n!n" !s $ %6s%-$se& el$%!ons!. Tee $e n6*eo6s !n&s of el$%!ons! e%'een %e $n
$n& %e +6s%o*e. Te el$%!ons! e%'een $ $ne $n& $ +6s%o*e &een&s on %e %#e of
%$ns$+%!on. T6s %e el$%!ons! !s $se& on +on%$+%, $n& on +e%$!n %e*s $n& +on&!%!ons.
So*e $ns een s$# %$% %e# $e "ene$%!on-%o-"ene$%!on $n!n" el$%!ons! '!% %e!
+6s%o*es. Te $ne +6s%o*e el$%!ons! !s f!&6+!$l el$%!ons!. Te %e*s $n& +on&!%!ons
"oen!n" %e el$%!ons! !s no% e le$e& # %e $ne %o $ %!& $%#.
Te el$%!ons! e%'een $ $ne $n& $ +6s%o*e $!ses fo* $ +on%$+%. 6n&$*en%$ll#
se$!n", !% !s %e el$%!ons! of &e%o $n& +e&!%o, %e ese+%!e os!%!ons e!n" &e%e*!ne&
# %e s%$%e of %e $++o6n%. Ho'ee, !n el$%!on %o o%e se!+es en&ee& # $ne, e !s
so*e%!*es $n $"en% of %e +6s%o*e, fo e7$*le, +olle+%!on of +eK6es, s$le of se+6!%!es, e%+.,
$!lee !n el$%!on %o %e s$fe +6s%o of $l6$les $n& %6s%ee 'en e !s en%6s%e& '!% oe%#
%o e $&*!n!s%ee& fo %e enef!% of $ n$*e& enef!+!$#.
CLASSI6ICATION O6 RELATIONSHIP
Te el$%!ons! e%'een $ $n $n& !%s +6s%o*es +$n e o$&l# +$%e"o!3e& !n %o ;ene$l
Rel$%!ons! $n& Se+!$l Rel$%!ons!.
A++o&!n" %o Se+ 5() of B$n!n" Re"6l$%!on A+%, $ns 6s!ness !s %o oes $o6n& $++e%!n"
of &eos!%s fo %e 6oses of len&!n". T6s, %e el$%!ons! $!s!n" o6% of %ese %'o *$!n
$+%!!%!es $e no'n $s ;ene$l Rel$%!ons!. In $&&!%!on %o %ese %'o $+%!!%!es $ns $lso
6n&e%$e o%e $+%!!%!es *en%!one& !n Se+. of B$n!n" Re"6l$%!on A+%. Rel$%!ons! $!s!n"
o6% of %e $+%!!%!es *en%!one& !n Se+. of %e $+% !s %e*e& $s se+!$l el$%!ons!.
;ene$l el$%!ons! of $ne $n& +6s%o*e !s of &e%o $n& +e&!%o $n& !+e-es$. Se+!$l
el$%!ons! of $ne $n& +6s%o*e !s of %6s%ee, $s $!lo-$!lee, !n+!$l $n& $"en%, lessee $n&
lesso, $'nee $n& $'no, e%+.
T!s o4e+% &e$ls onl# '!% %e "ene$l el$%!ons! of $ne $n& +6s%o*e !.e. $s De%o 1
Ce&!%o $n& Ce&!%o 1 De%o.
% %%0!$"#$n.lo"so%.!n=FFFel$%!ons!-e%'een-$ne-$n&.%*l
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RELATIONSHIP OF BANKER&CUSTOMER' AS DEBTOR ANDCREDITOR
:en $ +6s%o*e oens $n $++o6n% '!% $ $n $n& !f %e $++o6n% $s $ +e&!% $l$n+e, %en %e
el$%!ons! !s %$% of &e%o ($ne $n) $n& +e&!%o (+6s%o*e). In +$se of s$!n"s f!7e&
&eos!% +6en% $++o6n% ('!% +e&!% $l$n+e), %e $ne !s %e &e%o, $n& %e +6s%o*e !s %e
+e&!%o. T!s !s e+$6se %e $ne o'es *one# %o %e +6s%o*e. Te +6s%o*e $s %e !"% %o
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&e*$n& $+ !s *one# 'enee e '$n%s !% fo* %e $ne, $n& %e $ne *6s% e$# %e
$l$n+e %o %e +6s%o*e.8
A $n efo*s $ n6*e of f6n+%!ons fo %e +6s%o*e. Af%e %e $++o6n% !n %e $n !s oene&
$n& %e el$%!ons! of $ $ne $n& +6s%o*e !s es%$l!se&, %e $n no% onl# 6n&e%$es %o
+olle+% %e +eK6es '!+ $e &eos!%e& !n %e $++o6n% 6% $lso *$es %e $#*en% on e$lf of
%e +6s%o*e, 'enee %ee !s $ *$n&$%e fo* %e +6s%o*e. Te +eK6es '!+ $e e$l!3e& #
%e $n $e &eos!%e& !n %!s $++o6n% of %e +6s%o*e $n& on *$n# o++$s!ons, %e $n efo*s
+e%$!n o%e f6n+%!ons on e$lf of %e +6s%o*e s6+ $s ee!n" %e $l6$les, e%+., &eos!%e&
# %e +6s%o*e '!% %e $n $s $ %6s%ee.On *$n# o++$s!ons, 'en %e +6s%o*e "!es !lls
fo +olle+%!on %o !s $n $n& %e s$!& $n $sses %e !lls fo +olle+%!on %o $no%e $n $n& %e
$*o6n% of %e !lls !s e&6+e& $s $ es6l% of &e!%!n" %e +6s%o*eQs $++o6n% '!% +olle+%!on
+$"es $s $ es6l% of $n $"ee*en% e%'een %'o $ns, %e $n !s $l'$#s $+%!n" on e$lf of %e
+6s%o*e. Tee $e %6s %oo *$n# o++$s!ons el$%!n" %o so *$n# *$%%es '!+ $!se &6!n" %e
*6%6$l &e$l!n"s e%'een %e $ne $n& %e +6s%o*e $n& $% e$+ %!*e, $ K6es%!on $!ses $s %o
'$% !s %e el$%!ons! e%'een $ $ne $n& $ +6s%o*e. I% $s no' een 'ell se%%le& %$% %e
f!s% $n& foe*os% el$%!ons! e%'een %e +6s%o*e $n& %e $n !s %e el$%!ons! of $
Ce&!%o $n& &e%o.
:en $ +6s%o*e oens $n $++o6n% '!% $ $n $n& !f %e $++o6n% $s $ +e&!% $l$n+e, %en %e
el$%!ons! !s %$% of &e%o ($ne$n) $n& +e&!%o (+6s%o*e). T!s !s e+$6se 'en $
+6s%o*e $#s !n *one# !n%o !se $++o6n%, %e $ne $6%o*$%!+$ll# o'es %$% *one# %o %e
+6s%o*e $n& *6s% e $#$le 6on &e*$n& e!%e %o6" $ +eK6e o '!%&$'$l sl!. Te
+6s%o*e $s %e !"% %o &e*$n& $+ !s *one# 'enee e '$n%s !% fo* %e $ne $n& %e
$ne *6s% e$# %e $l$n+e %o %e +6s%o*e.9FT!s el$%!ons! '$s $6%o!%$%!el# es%$l!se&
!n %e +ele$%e& +$se of"oley . #ill.99.
( %%0$l#$n-+!%#.lo"so%.!n=F9=F>$ne-+6s%o*e-el$%!ons!-e7l$!ne&.%*l
) %%0$%!+les%o*.lo"so%.!n=F9=F8&e%o-$n&-+e&!%o-el$%!ons!.%*l
1* %%0%el$'#es+on!+le.+o*$s!+s-of-$ne-+6s%o*e-el$%!ons
11 (9>8) = H.L. C$s =8 ER 9FF=
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In +$se of lo$n $&$n+e $++o6n%s, $ne !s %e +e&!%o, $n& %e +6s%o*e !s %e &e%o e+$6se
%e +6s%o*e o'es *one# %o %e $ne. Te $ne +$n &e*$n& %e e$#*en% of lo$n $&$n+e
on %e &6e &$%e, $n& %e +6s%o*e $s %o e$# %e &e%. A +6s%o*e e*$!ns $ +e&!%o 6n%!l %ee
!s +e&!% $l$n+e !n !s $++o6n% '!% %e $ne. A +6s%o*e (+e&!%o) &oes no% "e% $n# +$"e
oe %e $sse%s of %e $ne (&e%o).9=Te +6s%o*eQs s%$%6s !s %$% of $n 6nse+6e& +e&!%o of
%e $ne.
Te &e%o-+e&!%o el$%!ons! of $ne $n& +6s%o*e &!ffes fo* o%e +o**e+!$l &e%s !n
%e follo'!n" '$#s9?0
9. Te +e&!%o (%e +6s%o*e) *6s% &e*$n& $#*en%. On !s o'n, %e &e%o ($ne) '!ll
no% e$# %e &e%. Ho'ee, !n +$se of f!7e& &eos!%s, %e $n *6s% !nfo* $ +6s%o*e
$o6% *$%6!%#.=. Te +e&!%o *6s% &e*$n& %e $#*en% $% %e !"% %!*e $n& l$+e. Te &eos!%o o
+e&!%o *6s% &e*$n& %e $#*en% $% %e $n+ of %e $n, 'ee e $s oene& %e
$++o6n%. Ho'ee, %o&$#, so*e $ns $llo' $#*en% $% $ll %e! $n+es $n& ATM
+en%es. Te &eos!%o *6s% &e*$n& %e $#*en% $% %e !"% %!*e (&6!n" %e 'o!n"
o6s) $n& on %e &$%e of *$%6!%# !n %e +$se of f!7e& &eos!%s. To&$#, $ns $lso $llo'
e-*$%6e '!%&$'$ls.
?. Te +e&!%o *6s% *$e %e &e*$n& fo $#*en% !n $ oe *$nne. Te &e*$n& *6s%
e !n fo* of +eK6es '!%&$'$l sl!s, o $# o&e. No'-$-&$#s, $ns $llo' e-
$n!n", ATM, *o!le-$n!n", e%+.
CONCLUSION
12 %%0$l#$n-+!%#.lo"so%.!n=F9=F>$ne-+6s%o*e-el$%!ons!-e7l$!ne&.%*l
1 %%0$l#$n-+!%#.lo"so%.!n=F9=F>$ne-+6s%o*e-el$%!ons!-e7l$!ne&.%*l
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B$ne !s &ef!ne& $s $ eson o +o*$n# +$#!n" on %e 6s!ness of e+e!!n" *one# $n&
+olle+%!n" &$f%s fo +6s%o*es s64e+% %o %e ol!"$%!on of ono!n" +eK6es &$'n 6on %e*
fo* %!*e %o %!*e # +6s%o*es %o %e e7%en% of %e $*o6n% $$!l$le on %e! +6en% $++o6n%.
A eson e+o*es $ +6s%o*e of $ $n 'en e "oes %o %e $n $n& $s $n $++o6n% oene& !n
!s n$*e, %e $n $++e%s *one# o +eK6e fo* !* $f%e '!+ s6+ $ eson e+o*es
en%!%le& %o e +$lle& $ +6s%o*e of %e $n. A +6s%o*e !s $lso $n# eson $!n" $n $++o6n%
'!% $ $n o fo 'o* $ $n $s $"ee& %o +olle+% !%e*s $n& %!s $lso !n+l6&es 'en $ $n
$s $n $++o6n% '!% $no%e $n.
B$ne-C6s%o*e +o*es !n%o l$# $s soon $s %ee !s +6s%o*e oens $n $++o6n% !n %e $nes
+o*$n# $n& %e $ne $++e%s %e &eos!%s. Te $ne-+6s%o*e el$%!ons! !s *6l%!-f$+e%e&
$n& +oes *$n# $e$. B$ne-C6s%o*e el$%!ons! !n+l6&es0 le&"e 1 le&"ee, +e&!%o 1
&e%o, "6$$n%ee 1 "6$$n%o, $!lo 1 $!lee, %6s%ee 1 enef!+!$# e%+. All %!s el$%!ons!
+o*es !n%o l$# $++o&!n" %o %e s!%6$%!on $n& n$%6e of %e &eos!%s.
Te "ene$l el$%!ons! of $ne $n& +6s%o*e !s of &e%o 1 +e&!%o. :en $ +6s%o*e oens
$n $++o6n% '!% $ $n $n& !f %e $++o6n% $s $ +e&!% $l$n+e, %en %e el$%!ons! !s %$% of
&e%o ($ne $n) $n& +e&!%o (+6s%o*e). In +$se of s$!n"s f!7e& &eos!% +6en%
$++o6n% ('!% +e&!% $l$n+e), %e $ne !s %e &e%o, $n& %e +6s%o*e !s %e +e&!%o. In +$se of
lo$n $&$n+e $++o6n%s, $ne !s %e +e&!%o, $n& %e +6s%o*e !s %e &e%o e+$6se %e
+6s%o*e o'es *one# %o %e $ne. Te $ne +$n &e*$n& %e e$#*en% of lo$n $&$n+e on
%e &6e &$%e, $n& %e +6s%o*e $s %o e$# %e &e%. A +6s%o*e e*$!ns $ +e&!%o 6n%!l %ee !s
+e&!% $l$n+e !n !s $++o6n% '!% %e $ne. A +6s%o*e (+e&!%o) &oes no% "e% $n# +$"e oe
%e $sse%s of %e $ne (&e%o).
REFERENCE
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%%0$n6*$n%.+o*B$n!n"=Fl$'=F-=FMeen$s!
=FN$%es$n.%*lTo+=55==58
%%0!$"#$n.lo"so%.!n=FFFel$%!ons!-e%'een-$ne-$n&.%*l
%%0%el$'#es+on!+le.+o*$s!+s-of-$ne-+6s%o*e-el$%!ons
%%0%el$'#es+on!+le.+o*$s!+s-of-$ne-+6s%o*e-el$%!ons %%0$l#$n-+!%#.lo"so%.!n=F9=F>$ne-+6s%o*e-el$%!ons!-e7l$!ne&.%*l
%%0$%!+les%o*.lo"so%.!n=F9=F8&e%o-$n&-+e&!%o-el$%!ons!.%*l
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