CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp T do Hnh phc

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ti nghin cu

GI GN PHT HUY BN SC

TRONG HIN I HA V PHT TRIN

THNH PH LT

THNG 07 NM 2002

( HI KIN TRC S LM NG )

HI KIN TRC S VIT NAM CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

HI KIN TRC S LM NG c lp T do Hnh phc ti nghin cu

BN SC LT

NHM THC HIN :

1. KTS. NGUYN VN LP

2. KTS.TRN CNG HA

3. KTS.L T

4. KTS.NGUYN VN PHP

5. KTS.TRIU VNH LC

6. . T DNG

7. .L PH : Chp nh t liu

V mt s cng tc vin Hi Kin Trc S Lm ng .

THNG 07 NM 2002

( HI KIN TRC S LM NG )

MC LC

LI M U.I. CHNG I: NT C TH CA THNH PH LT.

PHN I: YU T THIN NHIN, MI TRNG.

A) a l t nhin: a hnh, a th.

B) a cht.

C) Kh hu, thi tit.

D) Tho mc.

E) Sng, sui, h.

PHN II : NGH THUT XY DNG THNH PH DALAT.1. Thi k s khai: cnh quan ban s v bun lng dn tc.

2. Giai on hnh thnh trm ngh dng trn cao (1900-1922)

a) La chn a im xy dng thnh ph.

b) Chng trnh xy dng u tin ca thnh ph.

c) n quy hoch u tin 1906.

3. Giai on pht trin: (1923 1954)

a) n Hebrard 1923.

b) n Pineau 1933.

c) n Mondet 1940.

d) n Lagisquet 1943.

4. Giai on 1954 1975

a) Giai on 1954 n 1963.

b) Giai on 1963 n 1975.

5. GiaI on 1975 n nay:

a) Giai on 1975 n 1985.

b) Giai on 1985 n nay.

PHN III: NHNG BI HC T QU KH: NHN DIN NT C TH

A) Yu t a hn

B) Yu t mt ncC) Khng gian kin trc, cng trnh kin trc:

1. Khng gian kin tr

2. Cng trnh kin truc

D) Yu t cy xanh.

II. CHNG II: HIN TRNG XY DNG V CC VN NI TRI CA TH LT.

PHN I: Thnh ph Lt vi n qui hoch chung xy dng th 1994 .

PHN II: Cc tc ng ca vic xy dng n cc khu chc nng:

1. Xt v cu trc tng th khng gian th.

2. Khu chc nng trung tm ton thnh ph.

3. Cc khu chc nng trong th Lt.

PHN III: Nhng vn ni tri cn nghin cu gii quyt.

III. CHNG III: C KT V KIN NGH.

PHN I: c kt

1. c im mi sinh cnh quan thin nhin v kh hu.

2. Quy hoch th.

3. Kin trc cng trnh.

4. X hi nhn vn. PHN II: Kin ngh.

LI M U.

Nhng ngi u tin xy dng Lt xc nh mt cch hp l nhng nt c th ch yu ca thnh ph bng mt cu phng chm ghp ch bng ting La tinh rt kho:

" Dat aliis lactiam, aliis temperiam"

" Elle donne aux uns la jolie, aux autres la sant".

C ngha l: "Cho ngi ny nim vui, cho ngi khc sc khe".

Ngun vui v sc khe l nhng iu kin cn thit v qu gi m mi trng sng l tng ca Lt dnh cho chng ta.

Qu trnh pht trin qua nhiu thi k vi bit bao thng trm, Lt lun p ng ng theo phng chm , mc d mi giai on cng c nhng c im ring bit ph thuc vo din bin ca tnh hnh chnh tr, kinh t, x hi ca t nc.

Mi trng thin nhin ca Lt vn l mt vng cnh quan t nhin min ni c o vi bu kh hu c bit mt m quanh nm to nn nt c th rt ring so vi ton vng ng Nam . Thm vo , nhng cng trnh kin to c t, kho ha nhp vo khung cnh t nhin sn c, to nn cnh quan th Lt a dng v phong ph nh hin nay.

C l bi hc ca qu kh phn no s gip chng ta tm hiu v nhn ra c yu t to ra bn sc ca Lt. T gp phn gn gi v pht trin nhng gi tr c trng ca thnh ph trc sc p ca tin trnh th ha vi nhng thay i nhanh chng v phc tp.

CHNG I

NT C TH CA THNH PH LT

PHN I

YU T THIN NHIN- MI TRNG

A - MI TRNG A TH T NHIN, A HNH:

Thnh ph Lt nm trn cao nguyn Lang Biang c cao trung bnh 1500m. Bao quanh v pha ng v Nam l cc cao nguyn ln hn vi cao trung bnh l 1000m. l cao nguyn n Dng v pha bin v cao nguyn Lin Khng tri di n Bo Lc v pha Nam. Cao nguyn Lang Biang l u ngun ca cc con sng chnh trong vng l cc sng ng Nai v sng a Nhim ti mt cho cc vng ln cn.

V tr thnh ph Lt c xc nh bi to a l: 11o57 v Bc v 108028 kinh ng.

Vi mt din tch trn 300km2, Lt c gii hn pha Bc bi ngn Lang Biang hng v cao 2.163m, pha Ty v Ty Nam c dy ni Voi bao bc; pha ng c hai ngn Lap B Nord 1.732m, v Lap B Sud 1.702m n ng. Nhn t trn cao, thnh ph Lt nm giia mt vng trng bao quanh bi nhng dy i nh trn, sn thoai thoi hng v mt trung tm l H Xun Hng cao 1.477m. Cc i ny phn ln l i trc, vi nhng cao tng i u nhau, cng xa trung tm cng cao dn n mt vng ni cao bao quanh, lm cho khu vc c dng mt lng cho hnh bu dc m trc ln theo hng Bc Nam di 18km v trc nh theo hng ng Ty di 12km.B- A CHT.

Cao nguyn Lang Biang c li cu to ca mt sn khi c gm hoa cng, acit, lu vn, dip thch, mica dip thch Cc loi trn tri qua mt cuc bin ho mnh lit. Nhiu tng hoa cng b nt ra v bin thnh mt loi ct mu trng pha ht to. trong khi dip thch li phn ho thnh t km ph nhiu. im c bit l s phn ha cc loi lu vn nham gm nhiu tinh th thch anh v trng thch rt mn ta thnh nhiu lp kaolin l t st dng cho ngnh sn xut gm.

V khong sn Lt khng c g ng k ngoi cc hm , hm ct v m kaolin. Tuy nhin hin nay du vt qung thic c tm thy qua cc cuc o i thic trong vng v vic thm d nghin cu vn ang cn tip tc. Ngoi ra cch pha Bc Lt khong 20km theo ng chim bay c mt sui nc nng, nhit t 50o n 60oC, thuc x am ron, c to a l l:

V : 17o47 B ;

Kinh : 117o42 G .

C- KH HU - THI TIT

Lt nm v 11o57, ngha l v phng din a l, Lt nm trong vng nhit i. Nhng trn thc t, kh hu y mang nhiu sc thi ca mt x n i vi nhit trung bnh hng nm chng 18oC. c im ny c th hiu l nh ng tr trn cao nguyn Lang Biang c cao trung bnh 1500m v theo nh lut vt l khng gian, c ln cao 180m, nhit li gim xung 10C, vy nn so vi vng ng bng ln cn, Lt c nhit thp hn khong 8 - 90C.

V vi dng v ca mt thnh ph Ty phng, Lt nh xa cch hn vi vng ng Nam nng bc ny. Tuy vy thnh ph vn mang nhiu tnh cch ca kh hu nhit i c 2 ma r rt:1- Ma ma v m:

- T thng 4 n thng 11: Ma ny thng c ma, nht l v bui chiu. i khi c nhng cn ma gy thit hi ma mng. Ngoi ra ma ny cng nh hng n nhng chuyn bay p xung Lt v ma ln v sng m.

a / Nhit : Nhit thay i t 1802 -1905.

b / m : Thay i 82.5% n 88%.

c / Ma:

- T thng 4 n thng 6 , c nhng trn ma ging ko di t tra n chiu, v lng trung bnh l 185mm v s ngy ma trong thng tng dn t thng t n thng su (t 11 ngy ma n 20 ngy ma ).

- T thng 7 n thng 11: vi nhng cn ma tm t sut ngy, v lng trung bnh hng thng 251mm , trung bnh mi thng c 22 ngy ma.

d/ sng trung bnh: 17%.

2- Ma kh v lnh:

T thng 11 n thng 3. Ma ny tri c nng sut ngy nhng rt lnh. Bu tri trong xanh khng gn cht my. Sng m bt u t chp ti cng v khuya cng tng dn, v dy c lc tri gn sng.

a/ Nhit :

Trung bnh hng thng 16oC.

Lnh nht 8oC.

V ma ny i khi c nhng ngy rt lnh nht l vo khong u thng ging. C nhiu m nhit xung di 10oC,

b/ m :

Trung bnh thng 80%.

Thp nht vo khong thng 2: 78%.

c/ Ma:

Ma ny ma t, hu nh khng c. Trong thng 11 v lng ch c 108mm. T thng 12 tr i v lng khng ng k.

sng trung bnh 12%.

D / T AI:

Ti Lt v kh hu m t v lnh lo v nn tng a cht gm nhng loi hoa cng dacit, nn t ai y khc hn vi t ai ti cc vng khc Vit Nam.

t trn i hay di thung lng u c pH acid ( pH trung bnh t 4,8 n 5,2,)

t ai giu cht hu c:

. Lp t mt trn i c t 3 n 4% cht cacbon.

. Lp t mt di thung lng c nhiu hn 15%.

c tnh ca cc loi t:

t cao: trn i c mt thy cp cao v do s hy hoi trc tip ca cc hoa cng m c. Lp mt su chng 20cm l t st mu en v di l cc mu hng, c ni c mu vng nht (dn a phng gi l t m g, cn danh t khoa hc gi t podzolic vng ). Trc din cc loi t ny rt su. thot thy ca cc nhm t trn i rt cao, v th t ny tng i ngho nn v nhng dng cht trong t d b nc mang i xung cc phn t di su. Cc t podzolic vng d b nc ma xi mn. Vo ma ma nhiu vng b xi l thnh mng, rnh kh su.

t thp: Xen gia cc trin i, di thung lng l nhng vng t thp:

- C nhiu cht hu c hn t cao.

- thot thy rt km v nc kh thot.

- Lm ch t mn c nhiu n ni ta c th gp than bn. Mt nc ngm c th gp t 50-100cm.

Hin nay t thp quanh vng Lt u trng c rau ci, ring chn ni Lang Biang, ng bo dn tc trng la.

E / THO MC:

Vng Lt c nhiu tho nguyn v rng thng ba l. Rng thng ba l chim nhiu din tch trn cc i ni bao quanh thnh ph, bn cnh cn c cc cy tng loi khc nh:

Cy ng tng (Kteleeria Davidiana).

Cy bch tng (Podocarpus mbricatus).

Cy thng trm (Podocarpus Fleuryi).

Cy thng tre (Podocarpus Neriefolius).

Cy thng 5 la (Pinus Dalalteusis).

Cy thng 2 l

Ngoi ra cn c nhiu rng dip loi nh cc loi cy d (Quercus Lantana), si (Castanopsis) ng ch l cc ging cy ny cng thng c trong cc rng min n i (Php, c )

pha Bc c th gp nhng cy dip loi ln nh cy ch st ( Schima Crenata ), cy ch nc ( Salix Thorelu )

F/ SNG SUI V H:

Lt ni u ngun sng ng Nai, nm trong mt vng ma nhiu (v lng trung bnh 1.770mm). Cao nguyn Lang Biang ng vai tr phn phi nc cho cc vng ln cn. Sng Da Dung pht nguyn t chn ni Lang Biang ( 2.163m) chy ra pha Ty ri vo sng ng Nai. Pha ng c sng Da Nhim bt ngun t ngn Darich (1933m) chy xung n Dng to nn mt thung lng ph nhiu. Nc qua ba thc nc: Lin Khng, Gougah, Pongour ri hp vi sng Da Dung to thnh sng ng Nai xui v phng Nam.

Thnh ph Lt cn c con sng Cam Ly tuy nh b nhng li gn lin vi ngi dn y v mt sinh hot vt cht cng nh yu t tinh thn. Sng Cam Ly bt ngun t nhng dy i pha ng Bc Thnh Ph cao 1500m. Sau khi trm mnh vo h Than th ni lin h M Linh v H Xun Hng, sau chy v pha Ty ri xung thc Cam Ly vi cao trn 10m. T thc Cam Ly con sng bt u chy dn dp v sng Da Dung. T ch pht nguyn ( 1500m) n mc gc ng ba sng Da Dung (800m), sng Cam Ly phi tri qua 5 thc nc v v s ghnh trn mt on ng di khong 60 km vi dc trung bnh 11,6%.

V nh hng ca kh hu gi ma, mc nc sng Cam Ly cng thay i lun. Trong ma kh mc nc rt xung phi trn cc ghng hoa cng. Nhng vo ma ma, nc c th dng cao n vi nt lm ngp cc vn, nh hai bn gy thit hi ng k. Bi v i ni trong vng Lt l nhng i trc, tho mc tha tht khng sc ngn chn cc dng nc l v. Hin nay ngi dn bit khai thc nhng a th trng xy p ngn chn dng nc, bin cc thung lng thnh h nc nhn to.

Chnh cc h nhn to ny va gi vai tr iu ha dng nc va l nhng thng cnh hp dn, nhng trung tm gii tr lnh mnh li va l ngun cung cp nc sinh hot cho c dn.

Cc h nhn to ln nh h Xun Hng, h Than Th, h M Linh, h Vn Kip u do ngi Php thc hin t khi va mi khai thc nhm lm tng v p cho Thnh ph v cho khu vc xung quanh.

Hin nay mt s h b vi lp ang c c quan chc nng nghin cu phc hi.

Ngoi nhng h ln, cn c rt nhiu ao h nh do cc nh vn tr nc trong ma kh hn, hoc nui c, nui vt

PHN II

NGH THUT XY DNG THNH PH LT

A . S LC LCH S HNH THNH v PHT TRIN T.P LT

1- CNH QUAN THIN NHIN BAN S V BUN LNG DN TC :

thng hiu c nhng yu t nh hng n vic thnh lp Lt, chng ta cng cn nh li tnh hnh ng Dng vo nhng nm cui th k XIX.

Sau khi n nh tnh hnh, thc dn Php bt u tng cng kim sot lnh th chim ng m rng chnh sch thuc a. Nhiu phi on khoa hc v qun s c phn cng thm st tm hiu ti nguyn tim tng ca rng ni Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, qun i Php b tiu hao lc lng bi kh hu nhit i v bnh st rt. iu ny thc y Ton quyn Paul Doumer phi quan tm mt hay nhiu im ngh mt trn cao ng Dng, c kh hu tt nh Chu u xy dng nhng tri hun luyn v dng qun.

Nhng iu kin cn thit ban u c t ra nh sau:

Cao ti thiu: 1200m.

Cp nc thun li.

t ai c th canh tc c.

Kh nng thit lp ng giao thng d dng.

Thng 6 nm 1893, khi thc hin chuyn du hnh thm him trn vng ni thng ngun sng ng Nai, bc s Yersin sau khi vt qua nhiu vng rng ni him tr bt ng din kin vng cao nguyn Lang Biang (Lm Vin) c cnh quan hp dn c bit v kh hu mt m trong lnh.

Trong hi k hnh trnh, ng k li rng:

"Khong t 15 n 20 km trc khi n gn ngn ni ta bc ra khi rng thng v nhn thy mt vng t hon ton tr tri, c che ph bi lp c ngn. Th t dn sng ko di lm cho ta tng chng nh ang i trn mt bin sng dy ba o. Ni Lang Biang sng sng gia nh mt hn o trng gn m xa. Ngi ta d tnh sai cc khong cch trn cao nguyn bao la ny. Di ch trng t c mu en v nhiu than bn. Nhng n nai ln ng yn cho ti n gn chng vi trm mt ri vt chy ra xa, ngoi c t m nhn li

Vng ny dn c tha tht, vi lng ngi Lt qun t di chn ni. H lm la nc rt tt. y l u ngun sng ng Nai, ch l con sui rng chng 3 mt. Vt qua sui, theo con ng lng nh l n lng Dan Kia. Dan Kia l trung tm ca vng, khng mt lng ngi Kinh no trong vng 100km. Do vy khung cnh ca ngi lng trng rt mc mc hoang s ngho nn .

Khng ging nh cc lng dn tc khc, thng c dng ln nhng a im kh thm nhp (gn cc dc ng hay cnh cc dng nc chy xit) v ch c th n theo mt con ng y nguy him, lng Dan Kia rt d i n. ng vo lng ch vt qua mt di ni bng phng c trng y la v bp. Hu ht lng dn tc u c hng ro cy vng chc bao quanh. Khng nhng ngn nga th d m cn gia sc gia cm khi chy lc. Trc kia, cc hng ro cn l tng thnh chng cc lot tn cng ca cc b tc i nghch. Trong lng l nhng ngi nh sn di mi lp tranh b tr ln xn khng theo mt trt t no. V v th hng ro phi lun i hng mi bao bc c ngi lng.

Cao nguyn Lang Biang rng ln l a vc c tr ca cc b tc Lat, Chill v tn ti theo phng cch t xa li, ngi dn tc phi t rng lm ry hng bao th k phn no lm thay i b mt Cao nguyn: gia rng thng bt ngn bao ph khp cao nguyn, li c mt vng rng ln ch ton l i co tr tri khng c cy mc. Phi chng y l kt qu ca vic tc ng vo thin nhin! V may mn thay thin nhin t ti to thnh vng cnh quan c o c li cho vic tnh ton xy dng thnh ph ca con ngi sau ny.

Tuy t rng thnh thang nhng ng bo li sng rt kh cc, thiu thn. iu ny phn nh cc tnh cht i nghch ca rng ni cao nguyn. Nu khng c u t phng tin h tng k thut v chng trnh pht trin th ni y l chn ngho nn, lc hu. Ngc li nu bit cch khai thc ti nguyn phong cnh thin nhin hp l th y s l qu tng ca t nhin dnh cho i sng ca con ngi.

2. GIAI ON HNH THNH TRM NGH DNG TRN CAO (1900-1922).

S khm ph cao nguyn Lang Biang ca bc s Yersin nm 1983 c ngha quan trng nh du s ra i ca thnh ph Lt.

p li li yu cu ca Ton quyn P.Doumer, bc s Yersin ngh chn cao nguyn Lang Biang l ni hi iu kin cn thit thnh lp im ngh mt trn cao.

Ton quyn P.Doumer ghi nhn ngh ny m quyt nh trin khai thc hin. Vn chnh yu trc tin l nghin cu xy dng cc con ng t ng bng i n cao nguyn Lang Biang.

Nm 1897, phi on qun s do i y Thouard ch huy nghin cu mt con ng ni t vng duyn hi ln Lang Biang. Nhn thy kh c th m ng t Nha Trang, i y Thouard vch ra mt con ng khc di hn 100km i t Phan Rang qua Xomgon, Dran, thung lng sng Danhim, thc Prenn v ln Lang Biang. Ngoi ra phi on cng nhn thy cao nguyn Lang Biang c bao bc bi cc ph lu ca sng ng Nai, nn c th m ng trc tip i t Si Gn ln Lt theo cc thung lng ca sng ny, trnh vt qua dc cao hn 800m nu t Phan Rang ln Dran ( o Ngon mc ).

Phi on ca Thouard n dng tri ti Cam Ly v Dan Kia d thit lp bn , v va c th trao i thc phm. Sau giao cho mt ngi lnh tn l Missigbrod, lp mt vn rau v nui mt t gia sc v l bc khi u chn nng tri Dan Kia sau ny.

Tip theo l on i y Guynet dn u (1899 - 1900), c nhim v xy dng con ng ln cao nguyn. on gm 20 ngi Php, 70 lnh tp v khong 1500 phu lm ng. Trong 13 thng on cng tc hon thnh con ng t di khong 120km, t ca Ni (cch Phan Rang 7 km), qua Xom Gon, Lt ri n Dan Kia.

a ) S la chn a im xy dng thnh ph:

Bc s tienne Tardif tham gia trong on phn tch nhng li im ca Lt so vi Dan Kia (cch nhau 13km), nu c la chn xy dng thnh trung tm ngh dng tng lai nh sau:

* V iu kin v sinh v giao thng: Lt trng tri v d lm ng do a th Lt ko di lin tc vi dc thoai thoi, trong khi Dan Kia gm cc dy ni i nh cch bit bng nhng thung lng ly li .

* V cao: Lt c cao u v hn Dan Kia 100m, Lt trn cao v Dan Kia nm trong lng cho.

* V khng kh: Khng kh D lt thong mt, trong lnh v kh hn trong khi Dan Kia nm trn sn ni Lang Biang hng gi m v nhn ma ro nhiu hn. Dan Kia sng m dy hn, ti 9-10 gi mi tan.* V tho mc: Dan Kia nhiu i c xanh trong khi Lt li c nhiu rng thng mnh mng to thnh mt hnh bn nguyt ng Nam cao nguyn, do khng kh y mi hng nha thng trong lnh.

*V t ai: Dan Kia c lp t st qu dy lm t t thm nc trong khi lp t st ti Lt mng va iu kin cho vic trng trt.

Dan Kia t cy xanh nn v ban ngy thiu bng cy cho nng v ban m li y sng m nn khng th do chi.

* Ngun vt liu xy dng gn Lt v xa Dan Kia .

* V cnh quan : Lt nm v tr tuyt diu c tm nhn ton cnh thy c ton c cao nguyn vi cc dy ni ca rng Lang Biang tri rng n cui chn tri. Trong khi t lng cho Dan Kia, tm nhn b gii hn ch thy nh mt tri v i c xanh bao quanh.

Ngy 5-1-1906, Hi ng Quc phng ng Dng hp Lt quyt nh chn cao nguyn Lang Biang lm ni ngh dng v hi iu kin v qun s v v sinh. Lc u, ngi ta chn Dan Kia, cui cng l chn Lt.

b ) Chng trnh xy dng u tin :

Ton quyn Paul Doumer cho thit lp mt Chng trnh xy dng u tin cho Lt vi chc nng:

Lt s tr thnh ni ngh dng cho nhng kiu dn v cng chc vi ng giao thng thun li v d dng.

Lt l mt trung tm hnh chnh v doanh tri qun i quan trng, s quy t mt phn qun i d b c hun luyn c y sc khe phng khi cn n.

Nhng ng nt ban u ca thnh ph tng lai c vch ra theo nhng con ng mn c sn ca ngi dn tc trong vng. Ch chnh l b tr dc theo b pha Nam sui Cam Ly trong vng cao nguyn rng ln vi cao trung bnh 1500m. Vng pha Bc sui Cam Ly c dnh cho doanh tri qun i.

c bn c th b tr cc cng trnh: Dinh Tan quyn, To Cng S, Khu cng chnh, n cnh st, Bnh vin, nh cng chc, khu gii tr, trng hc, doanh tri qun i Nc c d tr cho 10.000 dn ( v tng lai ln n 40.000 dn ). in c cung cp t mt nh my thy in cng sut 2760 m lc vng thc Ankoet.

Nm 1902, P. Doumer v Php, tt c d n b lng qun v kinh ph b ct. Nhng cng trnh xy dng ti Lt b ngng li, ch cn mi cn nh g ngho nn, n s.

Thi gian ny ko di khong 10 nm. Tuy nhin vn c nhiu phi on tip tc ln nghin cu Lt:

Nm 1903 phi on ca tng Beyli ln Lt tm ni hi cc iu kin thit lp mt tri lnh c quy m 3.500 4.000 ngi.

Tng Pennequin (1904 ), i y Bizar (1905) v phi on cng chnh ca Duclaux nghin cu cc ng ln Lt kin ngh xin tip tc pht trin Lt, mt ni ngh dng l tng.

c / n quy hoch u tin ( 1906 ):

Nm 1906, ng Champoudry lm Th trng Lt (ng tng l trc a vin v cu ch tch Hi ng thnh ph Paris), thit lp mt ha quy hoch v phn l cho thnh ph Lt trong tng lai.

Do ng Champoudry c kh nhiu kinh nghim v vn th, nn n thit lp n nh c ranh gii gia nhng khu t c chc nng khc nhau v d tr t cho cc cng trnh tng lai, y l mt p dng ca phng php "Zonning ( phn khu chc nng):

* Trung tm dch vu cng cng v hnh chnh hp thnh mt khu.

* Trung tm thng mi c thit lp gn ch v trung tm thnh ph Trong vng ny cn c khch sn v khu gii tr ( Casino ).

* Nh Ga c d tr khng xa v tr hin nay v gn c tr s bu in.

ng x c thit k vi b rng 20m cho ng chnh , 16m v 12m cho ng hang 2.Mt phn ln n ny c thc hin v n hnh thnh khung sn chnh cho thnh ph hin nay.

Lt nm 1908 vn cha c du hiu pht trin, ch c mi mi nh tranh ca ngi Vit v mt nh sn bng g vn th s dnh cho khch l hnh. C mt vi nc cng cng nh, mt khong rng hp ch v mt nh bu in n s trn i. Khi ch c mt vi nh xy gch trung tm hnh chnh Lt Dn c ch gm vi chc ngi Vit vi khch l hnh ngi u, l trc a vin, th sn, i cng tc hay i du lchNm 1914, khi th chin th nht bng n khin ngi Php khng th v ngh h chnh quc tm n Lt vi lng ngi ng hn v khong bn nm chc cn nh g c dng ln gp rt.

T nm 1916 nhp xy dng tng ln, vi mt s cng trnh sau:

" Hotel du Lang Biang Palace " l khch sn ln vi y tin nghi nht trong nhiu thp k (c xy ct t nm 1916 1922).

Pht trin mng ng ng ni th.

Nm 1919, h ln Lt ( nay l h Xun Hng ) c to lp theo sng kin ca . Cunhac v do k s cng chnh Labl thc hin bng cch lm mt chic p chn ngang sui Cam Ly ti v tr t nh thy t n o qun hng o c.

Nm 1920 hon thnh con ng b t Phan Rang ln Lt.

Nhiu ngi nh gch c xy dng nh: Bu in, trng Nazareth, ngn kh

Nh my in thit lp nm 1918 v nm 1920 nh my nc c xy dng.

Trc s pht trin ny, bn s phc ca ng Champoudry khng cn ph hp na. Ton quyn ng Dng nhn thy cn phi c mt "Chng trnh chnh trang tng qut (Plan amnnagement gnral ) cho Lt iu hnh vic pht trin xy dng mt cch hp l v bao qut.

n nm 1921, Ton quyn Maurice Long giao trch nhim cho kin trc s Ernest Hebrard thit lp n vi nhim vu: Pht trin Lt t mt thnh ph ngh dng thnh mt Th hnh chnh khi cn thit, bao gm cc cng s ca chnh quyn trung ng, ngoi ra cn p ng cc nhu cu ca vic thit lp cc doanh tri qun i.

3/ C IM QUY HOCH V KIN TRC CNH QUAN TH TRONG GIAI ON PHT TRIN THNH PH T 1923-1954:

a) n quy hoch Hbrard (1923): - Ghi du: Lt l mt trong nhng thnh ph vn u tin trn th gii.

Thng 8 / 1923 KTS E.Hbrard hon tt n , theo Lt s l mt thnh ph ngh mt trn cao (Station dAltitude) kiu mu; thnh ph c thit k theo quan im ca cc nguyn tc v: "Quy hoch thnh ph vn. y l ln u tin cc vn phc tp ca th Lt c nghin c mt cch tng hp v nhiu gii php c ngha trong nh hng pht trin thnh ph c xut. Ta c th ni n KTS E.Hbrard ghi du cho Lt xng danh l mt trong nhng thnh ph vn u tin trn th gii. Phn tch n v chng trnh xy dng cn lu gi ta thy:

Vn bo v cnh quan v b cc khng gian m cm cho thnh ph, c tc gi quan tm c bit. tng chnh xuyn sut l t chc mt "Thnh ph trong cy c v c cy trong thnh ph".

Trn mt vng thin nhin rng ln, thnh ph c b tr rng ln vi din tch va phi khong 30.000 ha ( b ngang 7 km theo hng ng Ty, b su 4,3 km theo hng Nam - Bc). y l mt din tch hp l cho mt thnh ph vn vi quy m dn s t 30.000 n 50.000 dn ( lc dn s Lt khong 1.500 ngi ).

Ngoi phm vi ca thnh ph l cnh quan ca i ni v rng thin nhin c gi gn nh lc ban s vi con ng vng Lm Vin l ng giao thng phc v nhu cu du lch, ngon cnh v sn bn.

Nt ni bt ca n l cch gii quyt vn cnh quan th. Dng sui Cam Ly c tn to tch cc tr thnh mt trc cnh quan hp dn cho thnh ph, vi h thng cc h nhn to ln nh c cc tuyn ng do bao quanh,men theo sn dc ni kt lin lc vi nhau.

B cc chnh ca thnh ph ngh mt v th tng lai, c t chc quanh trc cnh quan ny, mi h l nhn ca mt phn khu chc nng.Ni vi quc l l trc ng xng sng ca thnh ph ko di t nh Ga n thc Cam Ly da theo ng nh ca a hnh khu vc (ng Hng Vng, Trn Hng o, Trn Ph ngy nay ). Tm nhn t trc ng ny v pha ni Lang Biang qua H Xun Hng phi ni l rt phong ph v tuyt vi.

Trung tm cng cng ca thnh ph c b tr trn mt an ca trc l ny gm c:

Trung tm hnh chnh a phng vi cc cng trnh b tr xung quanh mt qung trng cng cng: To Thi snh, Ngn kh, Bu in, Cnh st, Cng chnh

Ngoi ra cn c nh th, trng S, Th vin , Khch sn hng 2, Khu thng mi ngi u, Vn phng du lch

Xa hn v pha Ty Nam, trn ngn i cao l Dinh Ton quyn, Cao y ph v cnh l Vin iu dng ( khu dinh 3 ).

Khu vc phn l bit th cho ngi Php c b tr pha Nam sui Cam Ly (.Trn Hng o, Quang Trung, C Giang, Phan Chu Trinh, Hong Vn Th, Huyn Trn Cng Cha ngy nay ) c phn l thnh 3 hng:

Hng 1: t 2.000m2 n 2.500m2 Hng 2: t 1.000m2 n 1.200m2

Hng 3: t 500m2 n 600m2

Khu vc dnh cho ngi Vit Nam c b tr mt s v pha ng v tp trung h lu h (gii hn bi ng phn thy qua i Dinh Th trng v sui Phan nh Phng) gm c: Ch, trng hc, cha, cng vin, l st sinh (abattoir), khu c dn.

Khu c dn ny c d tr vi nhiu nh bit lp v hn ch nhng dy nh lin cn (compartiments), loi nh ch c cho php xy ct trong khu thng mi.

V cng trnh k thut c ng xe la v nh ga c b tr gn li vo ca quc l 20B, cnh l d kin l khch sn, kho hng, khu tiu cng ngh v cng xng.

Cc gii php v cp nc, cp in, thot nc, x l rc, ngha a, l st sinh (abattoir) cng c ra sao cho ph hp vi qui m ca thnh ph.

L gii v khong cch bt buc t ranh gii t n cng trnh ( khong li ) c qui nh cho tng cp hng ng. Lut l xy dng trong Lt c p dng cht ch vi cc qui nh v s dng ng v qui nh v xy ct cng trnh (Lois de Voiries & Rglement de voirie et de police de la zne urbaine de Lt).

Loi trc ngL gii (m)L ngMt ngKhong li

Trc chnh :

T nh ga_Cam Ly202 (6.5)75

ng cp I

Khu dn c182 x 665

ng cp I

Khu thng mi182 x 660

ng cp II

Khu dn c132 (4.5)44

ng cp II

Khu thng mi132 x 4.540

ng cp III82 x 234

ng cp 1 khu dn c c 2 ng dnh cho xe th s.

Tt c cc loi ng u c b tr trng cy bng mt trn va h cch b ng 2m.

T , Lt c xy dng, pht trin theo nh hng ca n. Nhng s vn quan trng c u t.Cc phng tin giao thng c ci thin lin tc. Vo nm 1932, con ng Lt Saign c lu thng, cng tc thc hin ng st rng ca t nm 1920 cng n Lt. Nm 1938, nh ga xe la c hon thnh, Lt tr thnh thnh ph trng hc quan trng vi cc trng: Petit Lyce (19261927 ), Grand Lyce ( 1926 1935 ), Couvent des oiseaux ( trng c b Lm vin ) cng c xy dng trong hai nm ( 1934 1936 ), cc tri lnh cng c thnh lp, trang b th cng hon chnh, mt nh my in mi c xy dng xong nm 1928, nh my nc cng c pht trin.

Lt c mt dng v ca mt thnh ph ngh mt, xinh p v rng ln.

Sau gn 10 nm p dng, tnh hnh c nhiu bin i, cuc khng hong nm 1933 1935 xy ra, tnh hnh kinh t ti chnh kh khn khin ngi ta phi xem xt li gi tr p dng ca n Hbrard . Nhng vn mi c t ra: V l do kinh t vic thc hin n rt tn km ( ch yu l h thng cnh quan chui h ).

Nt p cnh quan t tm nhn ton cnh b e da bi nh phn l xy dng bit th ven h ln trung tm (pha trn mt phn i C hin nay). Cn c mt n chnh trang mi, chnh xc, c th hn, km theo nhng quy nh c hiu lc php l hng dn sng kin t nhn.

b ) n quy hoch Pineau ( 1933 ):

Vo nm 1933, Kin trc s Pineau trnh by mt nghin cu mi v chnh trang thnh ph Lt, c quan nim thc t hn Hbrard: Trc mt Lt cha l th hnh chnh hay th ngh h ca ng dng. Chng trnh t gii hn li, ch chnh trang mt trm ngh mt vi mc pht trin tng i. Nhng nguyn tc nh hng cho nghin cu ny l vn bo v cnh quan thnh ph:

M rng hn na h nc v cc cng vin ( Lagrandissement du lac et des jardins ).

Thit lp nhng khu vc xy dng ph hp vi cnh tr v ph hp vi iu kin kh hu ca a phng ( Ltablisement des znes de construction adaptes au site et au climat ).

Bo v tm nhn ton cnh cao nguyn vi cnh quan tuyt vi bng cch ngh thnh lp mt vng bt kin to rng ln hnh r qut c gc t Lt hng v ni Lang Biang. Trong l cng vin rng sn bn hoc l cng vin rng quc gia v.v( La conservation ou la cration d'espaces libres de toutes sortes, parcs, rserves de chasses, parc nationnal,etc. )Nhng tng ca n Plneau rt c bit hp dn v c quan tm nghin cu trong cc d n k tip.

Trong thi gian ny, Lt thay i rt t, cuc khng hong ln n cao , ngn sch bp bnh, tnh th chung khng c n nh. Cng vic ca Plneau ng nhin b nh hng t nhiu. Tuy vy cng c mt s cng tc c thc hin gn lin vi vic chnh trang cc cng trnh hin hu.V cnh quan c gi gn vi nhng khong a rng ri, ch n mt kh nng tt hn trong tng lai. Vn Lt s tr thnh mt th ca Lin Bang ng Dng cng c phn tch tng tn vi cc iu kin km theo v quan trng nht vn l n lc tht s ca nh cm quyn .

c ) n quy hoch Mondet (1940 ):

Vo nhng nm 1940, kin trc s Mondet trnh by mt "Tin d n chnh trang v pht trin Lt" (Avant - Project dAmnagement et dExtension de DALAT ). Kin trc s Mondet nhn xt rng:

" Lt ko di qu mc t Ty sang ng, v c cu cha to thnh mt th thng nht, iu ny c l gii v:

Ngi ta cm thy d dng xy dng dc theo cc con ng chnh.

C mt s e ngi qu ng khi ngi ta mun bo v cnh quan bng bin php m rng vng cm xy dng qu ln trung tm ph. l mt nghch l cn xem xt: Mun pht trin thnh ph m li ngn cm xy dng".

Do vy, kin trc s Mondet ngh mt phng n khng ko di thnh ph na m t chc hp nhm li, m rng ra bng cch u tin s dng nhng l t gn trung tm v c pht trin chung quanh mt trc . Nhng khong a c dnh cho tng lai chim mt phn quan trng ngay trung tm th. S phn l c tnh ton khong 6.000 l. Trong khu ngi u khong 1.000 l, k c cc l c sn. Khu ngi bn x p ng khong 5.000 l, khu ngoi gm nhng khong a rng ln c phn tch khong 1.500 2.000 l.

Ngoi ra cng tc chnh trang c th nhng cng trnh hin c c chia thnh 4 phn:

Giao thng tng qut. Ci to v sinh mi trng. Khong a v k hoch trng cy. Trung tm cng cng.+ Giao thng tng qut: ng s Lt c nh gi l b tr tt, c chiu rng p ng cho nhu cu ng hn, ch cn hiu chnh mt vi gc quanh v m rng tm nhn. Cc o giao thng c ngh thnh lp cc giao l chnh. Con ng t o Prenn n Lt c chuyn n gn trung tm v khch sn mt cch c t; v tr m du khch khi mi n, s c chim ngng ton cnh thnh ph mt cch th v nht.

+ Ci to v sinh mi trng: Hai b sui Cam Ly c ch chnh trang on t p nc u cu Cunhac ( Cu p Anh sng ). Nc t h thot ra, c dn dng hp l dnh li mt phn t rng ln c cn bng o p cho php xy dng. Ni di ng Khi nh ( Nguyn Vn C ) theo b sui n khu hnh chnh, khu vc dnh cho Ta th snh tng lai ( nay l khu vc Cng an thnh ph ).

Thung lng gia Lyce Yersin, ng nh ga v khu phn l xung quanh c chnh trang li mt h nc rng 20 ha c ngh thnh lp, t o trn trc Thy T. Ngoi nhng li ch v v sinh, cng tc ny cn to c nhng tm nhn tuyt m .

+ Khong a v cy trng:

D n c bit tn trng nhng khong khng gian c trng. S t chc thnh mt tng th hon chnh nhng cng vin gm cng vin cng cng rng ln cng nh cng vin sau khch sn Hoa Vin ( Hotel Du Parc ). Tm nhn vin cnh v pha h c trng mt phn nh dnh cho khu gii tr ( casino ). Gia cu lc b v khu gii tr cn c vn tr, cc sn tenis vic b tr ny m bo tnh cht bt kin to ca khu t.

+ Trung tm cng cng: Gm c trung tm hnh chnh, trung tm Ton quyn thng mi v gii tr

Trung tm hnh chnh: c sp xp tp trung cc cng trnh phc v tng qut nh: Ti chnh ,thanh tra, gio dc nng nghipTa th snh c dnh cho mt cng trnh bao gm cc ngnh: a chnh, ngan kh , v sinh cu ho, lc l, trng cy th

Trung tm Ton quyn: c chn la v tr ca trng Petit Lyce khi trng ny c di v gn trng Grand Lyce.

Khu thng mi pht trin ngay khu trung tm thnh ph theo 2 hnh thc: nh ph dc theo ng v dng tp trung gm cc ca hng bao quanh mt sn trong vi hnh lang c mi che.

Trung tm thng mi: b tr bao quanh cc khch sn, bu in, ngn hng v tip cn vi khu hnh chnh; Cc khch sn c d kin: mt cnh ng Prenn mi, mt khu i c ( hin nay l sn Golf ).

Ngoi ra , nhng khu vc trung tm thng mi nh c phn b u khp thnh ph.

Trung tm gii tr v th thao gm c: sn golf, h nc, sn tenis, cu lc b, Thy t c ko di n vn tr khu gii tr, bn chim, cng vin, trng ua nga v sn bng .

Nhn chung, cc d n ca kin trc s Mondet, tuy khng c ph duyt, nhng cng ng gp nhiu kin quan trng trong cng tc chnh trang thnh ph Lt v c k tha, chn lc trong cc n sau ny.

K t nm 1940, Lt tr nn rt thnh vng. S nh ch lin h vi bn ngoi, thi gian ng dng ko di khin dng ngi x v Lt ngy cng ng. Nhng s vn khng s dng min Nam tm c ch u t. Khp thnh ph cc l t c bn, nhng bit th mc ln. Mt nh my thy in c xy dng Ankroet trn sng Da Dung cung cp in cho thnh ph. Nhiu trng hc mi c thnh lp. Nh th bt u khi cng t nm 1931 v hon thnh vo nm 1942.

S giy php xy dng nm 1939 l 59, nm 1940 l 155, nm 1941 l 257, nm 1942 l hn 300.

S bit th vo nm 1940 l 530 ngi; Nm 1942 l 728; Nm 1945 l 1300 ngi.

Dn s cng ng thi gia tng: 10.000 ngi Vit Nam nm 1940; 12.000 dn cui nm 1942 Tng dn s vt qu 20.000 ngi vo cui nm 1942 .

Thnh ph tr nn cht hp vi s pht trin qa v v trt t, mt vi khu vc dn c c dng ln mt cch gp rt, tm b, mc d Lt l mt thnh ph xinh p, hi ha vi nhng vin cnh rng ri v nhng khu vc c xy dng hon ho .

Trc tnh hnh ny, Ton quyn Decoux quyt nh phi thit lp ngay mt "Chng trnh chnh trang v pht trin Lt" c hiu lc php l, iu chnh s pht trin ca thnh ph theo mt trt t hp l v hi ha .

Theo tinh thn ngh nh ngy 3 thng 9 nm 1941, cng tc ny c giao cho S Quy hoch th v Kin trc Trung ng nghin cu thc hin.

Trong lc , nhng bin php bo v c p dng ch i ngy cng b n chnh trang : Bi b nhng nhng a trong vng ni thnh, gim st khai thc hm , b sung cc quy nh v phn l vng vnh ai v trong tnh Lang Biang, bi b vng ngoi .

d ) n Lagisquet ( 1943 ):

Kin trc s Lagisquet, trng phng kin trc v thit k, ch tr nhm nghin cu n . Ngy 27/4/1943, n chnh trang mi ca Lt c Ton quyn Decoux chp thun v ban hnh p dng .

Chng trnh chnh trang v pht trin ca Lt c nghin cu theo nguyn tc tng qut hng dn vic thit lp cc ti liu, nhng nguyn tc c tnh cht php l, pht trin thnh ph mt cch hi ho, t tng th n mi thnh phn . Chnh nh s tham kho nhng nguyn tc ny m cc vn khc nhau t ra cho Lt c c li gii p hp dn.

Ngi ta thy rng Lt c mt hnh th ko di qu mc, ko di t Ty sang ng trn mt ng mnh mai. Khu gia c khng c b su. Thnh ph thiu sc sng, khng c trung tm hot ng v hp dn thu ht dn chng. Nhng khu vc thng mi, nhng trung tm hnh chnh th phn tn v hu nh khng p ng c nhu cu hin thi.

Tri li, theo ha , Lt s c t chc thnh mt th thng nht, tp trung xung quanh hai trc khung sn ca thnh ph. S pht trin c d tr v pha Nam, Ty v Ty Bc.

Khu dn c c d tr pht trin rng ri. Din tch xy dng khong 180 ha, s c m rng n 300%, gm khong 2200 l t. Nhng khu gia c sp xp th t xung quanh mt trung tm c chn la. Trn b pha Nam ca h, gm c nhng khch sn ln, khu gii tr, khu thng mi.. Nhng cc pht trin c sp xp gn s to thnh mt tng th hon chnh.

Trung tm hnh chnh c phn tch hay tp trung li, ty theo chuyn ngnh, n c sp xp xung quanh h to nn mt im nhn trung tm ln v lng ly s lm ni bt cnh tr chung ca thnh ph.

pha Bc, Ta Th snh mi vn ln trn nn cy xanh che ph nhng bit th sng sa vi ng nt gin d. Pha Ty l khu thng mi sng ng, pha Nam nhng khch sn ln , mt khu gii tr (casino) , c th phn chiu nh n trn mt h trong sut vo ban m. V pha ng, thp chung ca trng Lyce Yersin, ta nh v i ca vn phng ton quyn, gii hn ng chn tri, to thnh mt im sng. Nh th, Dinh ton quyn, tr s hnh chnh Vit Nam, ni ln chn tri th hai .

Nhng tc gi n cng c quan tm gii quyt vn gia c cho dn lao ng Vit Nam. Nhng c dn ny ch c b tr nhng khu c tnh cch ph thuc . Nhng vng rng ln c sung dng ty theo tnh cht khc nhau ca cc tng lp c dn. Trc ht, mt khu thng mi quy qun xung quanh ch, tip theo l khu bit th song lp v nh lin kt c bit dnh cho th th cng, ngi lao ng m cng vic ca h cn c b tr gn trung tm thnh ph.

Cui cng, mt vng t rng c xc nh cho nhng thn p Vit Nam vi dng dp nng thn v tiu th cng. s qun t nhng ngi lm ngh th cng, ch to nh hay trng trt. Khu vc ny c n nh vnh ai thnh ph. Nhng tnh cht ca vng ny c ch nh, cho php mi c dn c mt khonh t c lm n sinh sng, va nui sng gia nh va ng gp sn phm thng d cho thnh ph .

Nh th, c tnh ca thnh ph vn ( Cit Jardin ) cng s c thy r trong vng ny. Nhng gia c s biu hin tnh cch nng thn v nhng iu khon c d tr ngn chn nhng chung tri lp tn r ( iu ny gi li hnh nh nhng khu nh chut vng ngoi u Chu ). t ai c sung dng cho dn lao ng Vit Nam lm nng nghip c din tch tip nhn mt s dn gp 5 ln dn s ng thi ( gn 11.000 ha ).

Cui cng, n c gng nh du c tnh ring ca Lt: Trm ngh mt trn cao; Thnh ph Ngh dng; Thnh ph Trng hc; Trung tm Tuyn chn Hun luyn thanh nin; Trung tm Vn ho tinh thn

Mt khu bnh vin c d tr Ty Nam thnh ph m ng nhim v phc v cho yu cu lc by gi. Cc trng hc c phn u trong thnh ph ty theo iu kin thch hp. Nhng c s chnh c t pht trin. Nhng khng gian mi c dnh cho nhng trng hc trong tng lai. Mt khu th thao vi khong a rng ln c chnh trang dnh cho sn vn ng, sn Golf, sn th thao, sn chi cc loi ... Mt ni cm tri dnh cho thanh nin c pht trin v pha Ty.

Trung tm vn ho c thit lp ngay trung tm thnh ph c th bao gm trng Vin ng Php c c nh bo tng trong .

Cn ni thm rng, ni u t thng xuyn ca nh thit k th l gi gn nhng tm nhn vin cnh v cc cnh quan p , to thnh nt kiu dim ca thnh ph ngh mt. Mt vng du lch rng ln bo tn sinh, thc vt ca cao nguyn Lang Biang cn nguyn tnh cht hoang s nh l thi k bc s Yersn nhn thy vo nm 1893.

ng thi vi n chnh trang, mt chng trnh thc hin ko di 6 nm c Ton quyn chp nhn. K t nm 1943, thnh ph Lt nh c tng ngn sch h tr, cng vi nhit tnh y hiu bit ca c dn, chng trnh c trin khai thc hin.

T thng 3, vi s tuyn chn dn c ng Dng, vic pht trin khu nng thn Vit Nam c hnh thnh. Rt nhiu ngi nh kiu truyn thng v nng thn c sp xp gn cc thung lng mu m, ngay c trn cc ngn i t gi.

Chng trnh p dng cho nm 1943 v 1944 c nghin cu bi Tng thanh tra Cng Chnh, bao gm cng tc xy dng nhng i l hay cc ng nhnh, cc cng trnh phc v li ch x hi v gi gn nhng khu t chun b xy dng cc cng trnh sau ny, ng thi thc hin s chnh trang theo ha quy hoch .

Nm 1944, S a d c hon thnh, c x Cng chnh, Bu n, C x Vit Nam cng xy dng xong vi nhng ngi nh rng ri, sng sa v y tin nghi.

Hai con ng quan trng c xy dng: mt ni lin khu nh Ga vi i l Paul Doumer (ng Trn Hng o), v con ng th hai phc v cho nhng thn, p mi pht trin v hng Ty bc.

n v s thc hin b sung cho nhau.

Da trn nn tng Lt c pht trin v mi phng din, t ti mc cc thnh thi Php thuc vo nhng nm 1944. Lc Lt nh l th ca ng Dng khi vin Ton quyn v hu ht cc c quan quan trng dn ln trn y.

Cc c s cng cng c xy ct nh Vin m ci, Lnh a c B. V cha chin c cha Linh Sn, Linh Quang vi nt kin trc ng lm phong ph thm v p kin trc cnh quan Lt.

Trong xy dng nh ca 1945, Lt c trn 1000 bit th vi mun vn kiu dng khc nhau, a s c thit lp theo cc kiu kin trc a phng Php, s dng vt liu ti ch nh gch ngi, g Mi bit th u c sn vn rng ri, nm thnh tng khu vc (cit), to nn mt tng th duyn dng rt c th a phng.

Nh my thy in Ankroet, cng sut 3.000kw bt u hot ng t nm 1944. ng x cng c ci tin. Lt lc c khong 94 km ng, ng t Prenn ln c m theo tuyn mi rt ngn cn gn 10km, thay v ng c di 14 km.

Vic lp p trng rau c ch tm pht trin vi cc p H ng (1938 ), Ngh Tnh ( 1940 ), dn s tng nhanh t 13.500 ngi (1940), n 25.500 ngi (1945).

T nm 1945, tnh hnh bt an, giao thng tr ngi. Vo nm 1946, chin tranh Vit - Php bng n, dn s b xo trn bi cc cuc tn c.

Nm 1949, Php tuyn b trao tr c lp cho Vit Nam, Bo i c c l Hong , ngy 14/4/1950, Lt thuc Hong triu Cng th, hn ch s nhp c ngi Vit.

Cng vic xy dng trong giai on ny k nh khng c kt qu bao nhiu ngoi mt s khu nh v mt s trng hc.

4/ C IM QUY HOCH V KIN TRC CNH QUAN TH TRONG GIAI ON T 1954-1975 :

Sau hip nh Genve (1954), ngi Php ra i khi Vit Nam, t nc tm thi b chia ct, Lt bt u bc pht trin mi vi dn s ng hn.

a/ Giai on 1954-1963: Ng nh Dim lm tng thng, vn chnh trang Lt c t bit quan tm. Vi cc iu kin t nhin c o, Lt c xc nh khng cn l ni ngh mt dnh ring cho gii phong lu, t sn, m l cho mi ngi dn n y lm n sinh sng. Thnh ph c nh hng tr thnh thnh ph ngh mt ni ting, mt trung tm gio dc l tng t trung n i hc, mt ni hun luyn qun s tt, vng t o to pht trin tn gio cng nh l ni sn xut rau hoa c sn cung cp cho ton vng.

Trong khi ch i thit lp xong n chnh trang mi cho Lt, n Lagisquet (1943) km theo mt Chng trnh a dch c da theo gii quyt nhu cu xy dng. ( iu ny m bo tnh lin tc ca quyn t hu t ai, nh ca). Cng tc xy ct cc c s cng cng c tnh ton trn cc phn t cng sn cn li. C th k n mt s cng trnh mi c xy dng trong giai on ny nh sau: Ch mi Lt v qung trng trc ch, Khu Ha Bnh.

Trng Thn hc, trng V b, trng i hc Qun s.

Thao trng, L qun Thanh nin.

Trung tm Nghin cu Nguyn t ( ch mc nghin cu th nghim, khng c sn xut nh hin nay ).

gii quyt nhu cu nh , Nha a chnh ra bin php cho php ngi dn c khai thc tm thi nhng l t c phn l thuc cc thn p. ng thi c quan Kin c Cc xy dng cc cn nh cho thu hay tr gp p ng phn no nh cho gii cng chc ( C x Cng chnh, Kin thit, Bu in.. ng Hai B Trng, Calmette). C th ni b mt thnh ph Lt c b sung bng cc cng trnh dng dp hin i c o. C ci c v c ci cng cha hay! Phi chng v n cha lm xong hay l v tnh hnh bt n!.

b ) Giai on t nm 1963 - 1975: Tnh hnh khng n nh, cc tng lnh Sign thi nhau tranh ginh quyn lc. Lt t nhiu chu tc ng cc bin c ; Nht l nm 1965, M trc tip a qun tham chim ti Vit Nam, tin hnh xy dng c s h tng phc v qun s: Cc trung tm hun luyn qun s, i ra da Dan Kia, m rng sn bay Cam Ly Bn cnh , c nhiu cng trnh cng c u t xy dng:

- Cc khch sn, nh hng mc ln khu trung tm.

- Lng c nhi SOS, Trung tm tr khuyt tt, trng Lasan, trng Donbosco.- V xy dng h p: H Dan Kia, a Thin 1,2,3.- Cc d n u t khai thc Trung tm ngh mt h sui vng bn cnh d n ci to ngun nc cho thnh ph.

ng ch vo nm 1967, vn bo v mi sinh ca Lt (qua tin trinh bi lng nhanh h Xun Hng ) c cc hc gi ng thi ln ting bo ng. V n nm 1973, n quy hoch chnh trang Lt c c quan chuyn mn lp xong ( ang lm th tc trnh duyt ), c ra bin php bo v mi sinh ven sng sui Lt, nht l cc lu vc v H Xun Hng. cc vng ny ch c trng cy gy rng ch khng c khai thc trng rau lm nng nghip, v l tc nhn gy ra vn u nhim v bi lp cc h h lu.

Trong khi vn xy ct bt hp php xy ra di nhiu hnh thc lm mt v m quan ca thnh ph. C hai hnh thc ch yu:

Mt s quan chc c quyn th trong chnh quyn Si gn tranh th.

Loi nh chut - 80% xut hin sau tt Mu Thn ( 1968 ) v nhiu nht vo cui nm 1971 do thng ph binh ngy i hi, a s ngay khu vc trung tm ( ng Nguyn Ch Thanh, Nguyn Vn C,Hai B Trng )

ng thi vi s chim t lm nh cng c ngi chim t lm vn nh khu p Anh sng, khu Thao Trng v.v

y l mt trong nhng vn nan gii trong cng tc bo v nt c th v v thm m ca thnh ph Lt.

5 / C IM QUY HOCH V KIN TRC CNH QUAN TH TRONG GIAI ON T 1975 N NAY:

a/ Giai on t 1975 n 1985.T sau gii phng, Lt tr thnh tnh l tnh Lm ng, c ranh gii m rng t 69km2 n 417km2 bao gm 12 phng v 3 x. Dn s Lt l 92.810 ngi.

Cng tc n nh chnh tr, ci to x hi, kinh t c t hng u. Ch trng t tc lng thc v ly nng nghip lm trng tm trong thi k ny l bc i cn thit, nn a gii Lt m rng bao gm cc thn p vng ven nh Xun Trng, Xun Th, T Nung ( 1979 ). V nh vy cnh quan th Lt phi chp nhn vn mu thun gay gt gia cnh quan thin nhin trng v cnh quan nng nghip. Mt khc bi hc kinh nghim: " Thnh ph cng rng ln, cng mt v c sc " cng c t ra cho cc nh chuyn mn quan tm, khi thc hin nghin c qui hoch cho thnh ph Lt .

Nm 1977, on Qui hoch B xy dng c trung ng c vo thit lp qui hoch chung cho thnh ph Lt. Cng trnh li cho thnh ph l h s "S phc qui hoch chung thnh ph Lt" bao gm ti liu thuyt minh v cc s km theo.

Sau t nm 1983, c quan chuyn mn a phng l UBXDCB Tnh Lm ng c giao nhim v phi hp vi cc ban ngnh, nghin cu tip quy hoch chung cho Lt vi cc vn thc t mi pht sinh.

n thng 3/1985, on cn b qui hoch Trung ng tip tc n Lt phi hp vi a phng thit lp Lun chng kinh t k thut qui hoch v ci to thnh ph Lt .

Trong giai on ny cc cng trnh cng cng phc v dn sinh quan trng c u t xy dng nh :

- H Thng Nht ( a Thin ):

1977

- H Chin Thng :

1981

- Nh my nc Sui Vng :

1981 - 1983

- H Tuyn Lm :

1984 .v.v..

gp phn tng thm nhiu cnh quan hp dn mi cho Lt bn cnh nhng thng cnh ni ting c nh thc Prenn, Cam Ly, Datanla.

Ngoi ra v kin trc cng nh xy dngc mt s cng trnh ng k nh: Ngha trang lit s, Cung thiu nhi

Cc bit th ti Lt, mt s c s dng lm c quan nn phi ci to, ci ni cho ph hp vi chc nng mi, mt s c b tr cho nh tp th cho CBCNV vi tnh cch tm thi, mt s t hoang tn nt. Cn li l cc cng trnh nh nhn dn t xy xut hin khp a bn thnh ph. C th ni v qun l qui hoch xy dng cn nhiu lng tng nn nhiu khong trng ca thnh ph b ln chim, rng ni b tn ph nng n, nh tm b ny n trn lan khp ni. T khu chut trung tm thnh ph (p nh Sng, ng Nguyn Ch Thanh, ng Nguyn Vn C,..) cho n cc kiosque mua bn ln chim h ph; cc nh g tle mc ln vi v ba rng, thung lng, khe sui, b h. Din mo thnh ph b xung cp r rt.

b / T nm 1986 n nay:

i hi th IV ng CSVN m ra cho t nc ta v c Lt chuyn mnh qua thi k mi ca nn kinh t th trng nh hng XHCN.

Ngy 6/6/1986, Hi ng B trng ra quyt nh s 67- HBT iu chnh a gii hnh chnh Lt gm 12 phng, 3 x vi dn s gn 170.000 ngi.

Quy hoch tng th thnh ph Lt v vng ph cn n nm 2010 do vin quy hoch TNT - B Xy dng lp c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt theo quyt nh s 620/TTg ngy 27/10/1994.

Tip theo ngy 24/7/1999 Th tng chnh ph quyt nh nng cp Lt ln th loi 2 ( theo quyt nh s158/1999/Q TTg ).

T khi quy hoch chung aLat c ph duyt, Chnh quyn a phng cho tin hnh quy hoch chi tit cc khu chc nng chnh ca thnh ph nh khu trung tm, cc khu nh , qu t xy dng nh , cc khu du lch ng thi h thng k thut h tng cng c nng cp mt bc vi cc d n u t v cp thot nc, giao thng ci to li in, bu in.

Tnh hnh pht trin kinh t x hi mau l tc ng t nhiu n vic xy dng v pht trin thnh ph theo qui hoch c duyt t nm 1994.

Trc tm nhn mi theo nh hng QHTT pht trin th c nc n nm 2020, Lt cn c nghin cu "iu chnh QHTT Lt v vng ph cn n nm 2020".

n ngy 27/05/2002 , Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt iu chnh quy hach chung thnh ph Lt v vng ph cn n nm 2020 theo quyt nh s 409/Q - TTg.

y l c s quan trng Lt c xy dng v pht trin c nh hng xng danh l thnh ph du lch xinh p v th mng trn cao nguyn .

PHN III

NHNG BI HC T QU KH: NHN DIN NT C TH

Mi trng thin nhin cu Lt, vn l mt vng cnh quan t nhin min cao nguyn xinh p vi kh hu n ha mt m quanh nm, to dng nn khung sn chnh cho nhng nt c th ca thnh ph. Nhng cng trnh sng to ca con ngi in du nh nhng, rn rn vo cnh quan t nhin hp thnh cnh quan th Lt c sc v c o.Trong cng tc xy dng v pht trin thnh ph Lt, vn quan trng xuyn sut l c gng bo v, tn to cnh quan c sc ca Lt .C th nu ra nhng yu t chnh to nn nng cnh quan c th ca Lt l cc c im:

a hnh nhp nh mm mi ca cao nguyn.

Khng gian mt nc ca cc sui h.

Khng gian kin trc, di sn kin trc Php .

Nn xanh phong cnh ca rng thng, thm c.

A. YU T A HNH :

a hnh Lt l yu t cn bn, c trng, chia ct khng gian thnh nhng khu vc ring bit, r nt, to nn nhng lp cnh quan a dng ( trong vic xy dng thnh ph trc y , ngi ta tn trng nguyn tc bo v a hnh t nhin. Vic p dng bin php san nn bin i a hnh dc thnh nhng bi bng khng c php p dng ).

a hnh Lt vi c im uyn chuyn, mm mi dn dt tm nhn hng v dy ni Lang Biang to thnh mt nn phong cnh rt c th. Ni Lang Biang chnh l im mc cnh quan ( Landmark ) ca bc tranh tng th thnh ph Lt, m thin nhin u i ring tng cho ni ny.

Cc nh i cao c tm nhn p c chn la xy dng nhng cng trnh quan trng: tn gio, dinh th uy nghim v trang trng. C th k :

Dinh 1 : Cao 1550 pha ng thnh ph

Dinh 2 : cao 1539,5 pha Nam thnh ph, c tm nhn thng v H Xun Hng, i c v ni Lang Biang .

Dinh 3 : cao 1539 pha Ty Nam thnh ph

i Ngc Hong cao 1.551m .

Dinh Tnh trng cao 1532 n ng ngay trung tm thnh ph gn ch Lt .

Tu vin dng Cha cu th : cao 1548 pha Ty Bc thnh ph ( nay l Phn Vin Khoa Hc VN )

Nh th Mai Anh ( Domain de Marie ).

Trng Lyce Yersin ( Cao ng S Phm )

Vi din tch rng ln m trn c mt ngn i, cc cng trnh trn l c mt qun th kin trc hi ha khp mnh vi thin nhin, n hin trong rng thng xanh, chm ph thm trong bc tranh ton cnh.

Cc trung tm cng cng, hnh chnh, vn ha, gio dc, du lch, thng mi c b tr xy dng trn nhng ngn i hay nhng mt bng rng ri v bng phng nhm xy dng h thng giao thng d dng thun li vi nhng i l ln, thng v t dc ( nh trc ng Trn Ph, Trn Hng o, Hng Vng, khu Ha Bnh, Chi Lng, Phan nh Phng ...). Ngoi ra do khng phi ci to a hnh nn cc trung tm ny mc d chim nhng khng gian ln cng khng lm thay i cc ng cong t nhin ca a th.

Trc y vic xy dng cc khu bit th rt c ch trng do s ha nhp hon ton ca cng trnh kin trc vo thin nhin, vi a hnh c gi hu nh nguyn vn, ngi ta sp xp cc ta bit th theo st ng ng mc bm ly a hnh m khng phi ph hy n. Do thin nhin l bc nn v khng gian chnh ca cnh quan nn ngi ta khng ch phm vi xy dng vi mt rt thp so vi din tch phn l rt ln.

Loi cng trnhDin tch phn lMt xy dng

Bit th loi A :> 2.000m2< 10%

Bit th loi B :> 1.500m2< 15%

Bit th loi C :> 1.000m2< 20%

Bit th loi D :> 800m2< 25%

Bit th loi E :> 200 - 500m2< 30%

Bit th loi F,G :> 80 - 100m2< 60% - 70%

Cc khu vc t thp di cc thung lng ln, khut v xa trung tm thnh ph, c b tr cho khu vc dn c lm nng nghip. t ai c phn l ln sn xut v dng nh. Do tnh cht thnh ph vn vn c tm thy ti khu vc ny. ( p H ng , Ngh Tnh , a Thin, Thi Phin, Nam H, Tri Hm, Tri Mt, Thnh Mu,). Do c tnh ca vic sn xut nng nghip, ngi dn cn tha vn rng v phng ti tiu v chm bn nn ci to a hnh dc thnh nhng tha t dng bc cp i t cc thung lng ln cc sn i bao quanh. Trong chng mc, vic ci to di cc thung lng thp khng nh hng nhiu n cnh quan, nhng n tht s tr thnh mt him ha to ln mt khi pht trin khng kim sot c trong tm nhn ca cnh quan chnh v lan trn vo khu vc cc sui ln chnh, dn n s bi lng nhanh chng ca cc h ( Do vic ny m ngy nay H M Linh, H Vn KIp, hon ton mt dng).

Trong chng trnh s dng t t nm 1942, gii quyt vic di dn ca ngi Vit, ngi ta thc hin nh b tr khu ngoi ca thnh ph cho dn c lao ng, sn xut nng nghip, khu vc ny trc y c kim sot cht ch trong mt ranh gii nht nh. Nhiu vng t rng ln pha Bc c dnh ring bo tn rng cnh quan, phc v sn bn, ngon cnh v du lch. Nhiu khong trng khc dnh cho khu th thao, cm tri, cng vin hay bt kin to. Tng cng din tch cc vng t nu trn ln n 10.000 hectares - chim 60% din tch thnh ph- v nhm gi gn nhng gi tr t nhin ca thng cnh Lt, chng li vic khai ph thin nhin thi qu ca con ngi.

Trong mt khong khng gian rng hnh r qut v pha Bc ca thnh ph, cc qu i p v hoang s t h Xun Hng n tn rng ni Lang Biang c gi gn du khch thng ngon trn vn v p hng v ca cao nguyn.

Mt vi cng trnh quc gia nh Trung tm Nghin cu Nguyn t, Gio hong hc vin, Trng i Hc Lt hnh thnh trong thp nin 1950- 1960 trn nhng qu i c cao trung bnh, thp thong gia nhng rng thng t im thm bc tranh phong cnh tnh mch bng nhng nt chm ph sinh ng.

B. YU T MT NC:

Lt c nhiu sui nh v dng sui quan trng nht chy qua l dng Cam Ly. Vic sp xp thnh ph c thc hin phn ln dc hai b con sui ny. T nm 1900, k s Rousselle c ngh to lp mt h nc, h Xun Hng c thnh hnh mt phn vo nm 1919 khi p xong p th nht. Nm 1923, h c m rng v n nm 1935 th hon chnh nh ngy nay (sau khi xy xong p Cu ng o v loi b cc p c b b v).

T n nay, vic to thm cc h nc nhn to gia tng u n v gn lin vi lch s pht trin ca thnh ph v l nhng cng trnh k thut c gi tr nht ni lin con ngi vi thin nhin. Cng trnh h nc nhn to va em li ngun nc ung, nc ti cho c dn , va t im thm nt p thanh lch cho cnh quan hoang s, v l trung tm b cc sp xp cc phn khu chc nng ca thnh ph .

D khng c thc hin trn vn, nhng KTS E. Hbrard c cng u khi xut quy hoch thnh ph Lt xung quanh mt chui h nhn to (nm 1923). Sng kin ny va lm tng v p ca phong cnh, va lm tng gi tr ca vng t ngh dng sn c nhiu tim nng pht trin. Theo xut y ngha v th v ny th mi h nc nhn to l mt trung tm ca mt phn khu chc nng. Theo dng Cam Ly, k t thng lu s gm:

H Than Th: u ngun, va cung cp nc ung va l h cnh cng cc i thng chung quanh to thnh bc tranh hu tnh v ni ting.

Mt h nc trung bnh d kin gia khu Chi Lng v Thi Phin l tm im ca Trung tm Hnh chnh Trung ng.

Hai h nc nh d kin khu vc trng hc pha Nam v tri lnh pha Bc.

H Xun Hng: rng ln nht v tn ti n ngy nay, l b cc ca mt cng vin Trung tm. Cc khch sn du lch v khu gii tr c b tr pha Nam, vn hoa, sn Goft v khu d kin ny c t chc theo n ca E. Hbrard v hu nh khng c s thay i no ng k cho ti ngy nay, ngoi tr vic d kin xy dng bit th khng c thc hin do ngi ta e ngi s lm hy hoi tm nhn phong cnh tuyt p v pha ni Lang Biang.

H nc cui cng c d kin trc khi dng sui n thc l nhn ca khu nh cp thp ny ca ngi Vit.

n nay ti Trung tm thnh ph Lt xy dng c 8 h ln, nh vi s liu nh sau:

Tng din tch lu vc l: 50 km2 ( TDTLV).

Tng din tch mt nc l: 121 ha (TDTMN). Tng dung tch h l: 6,16 triu m3 nc ( TDTH).( Khng k n hai h b bi lng hon ton l Vn Kip v M Linh). Nu tnh cc h thuc vng ph cn m quan trng nht l cc h: Dan Kia, Sui Vng, Tuyn Lm th TDTLV l 100 km2, TDTMN l: 756 ha, TDTH l: 18,24 triu m2 nc.

Nh vy t l ca din tch mt nc so tng din tch t ca cao nguyn l khong 4% , mt t l kh cao nu so snh vi nhng thnh ph khc .

Ngoi cng nng cung cp nc ung cho c dn thnh ph, iu ha nc ti cho nhn dn, sui v h nc l trung tm ca cc thng cnh : Khng cnh p no ca Lt m thiu vng hnh nh phng lng ca mt nc . N phn chiu cnh vt lm tng chiu cao khng gian , to bu khng kh trong lnh v cm gic thanh bnh cho du khch .

H Xun Hng l b cc chnh ca vng trung tm, ni qun t ca cng trnh khch sn, cng trnh cng cng, khu th thao, nh Thy T ca b pha Nam. Nh khong trng ca h to c tm nhn gn b vi b i din l vng i v cc chm thng xanh c gi gn nh mt cng vin thin nhin di chn rng ni Lang Biang. Do a hnh khu vc li lm, c ng vng trn b quanh co n khut sau nhng rng cy to nn cm gic th v cho ngi xem v lm cho mt h nh rng ln hn.

Nh Thy T ( La Grenouillre ) c hnh dng ta mt ch ch, kin trc vi mt ng ch gm nhng nt thng dt khot v thanh mnh, c qut mu vi trng nh ni ln nhng mu xanh ca quang cnh thin nhin, l in nhn khng th thiu c to thm s duyn dng cho mt h .

Trong n nm 1943 ca KTS J.Lagisquet, ngi ta d tr b tr mt cng vin dng bc cp t Bit in s 2 n H Xun Hng bao gm nhng vn hoa, cy cnh, b v thc phun nc v cc li i cho ngi thng ngon ( mun thc hin c phi ct b on ng Trn Hng o trc Dinh 2 v chuyn tuyn qua ng Khi ngha Bc sn ngy nay ). D n ny nu thc hin, c kin trc nguy nga ca dinh th , c cy cnh v vn hoa rc r tri di t trn i cao n mt h.

C. KHNG GIAN KIN TRC V CNG TRNH KIN TRC:

1- KHNG GIAN KIN TRC:

i vi a hnh bng phng, vic quy hoch bn c l gii php tt khi s dng v tin li v mi phng din. to cm gic thm m, ngi ta phi dng n cc bin php: p t to i, o h to mt nc, m cc mt h to thnh cc khng gian bin ng .

Thnh ph Lt c a hnh un ln ,uyn chuyn mm mi, cng vi vic t chc h thng giao thng hnh mng nhn, to thnh nhng khng gian linh ng, bin i khng ngng .

i trn ng Trn Hng o, gia rng thng cao vt ca Dinh 2, bt ng cht nhn qua pha bn kia, c mt khong khng gian k o bng hin ra dy Lang Biang xanh thm lm nn cho ton cnh bc tranh, i C n hiin nhp nh gia nhng thn thng thng tp soi bng xung mt h Xun Hng phng lng. Ch c Lt mi c c nhng bc tranh honh trng vi y sc , khng gian xa m gn nh vy.

mi ni trong thnh ph ngi ta u thy c nh thp chung ca nh th Chnh Ta. Ch cn my bc chn tm n, qua khi khc quanh ca ng L i Hnh, tht bt ng ngay trc mt l mt cng trnh trang nghim cao vt, sng sng hin ra trc mt. Sau s ngc nhin chnh l cm gic thnh knh ngng m i vi cng trnh kin trc c sc ny. to cm gic trang nghim, ngoi hnh dng kin trc i xng tuyt i theo ng bt php ch ngha kin trc c in Php, cng trnh b chn li bng mt o giao thng trc mt, trnh cho ngi i ng m trc tip vo cng nh th.

Bc chn n thnh ph, ngay t ca ng, ti bn xe ln ta c mt ci nhn bao qut v ton b thnh ph tng lp nh xp nhau v trn xung thung lng, n hin trong mu xanh ca cy v sng khi cao nguyn; nu v m, th bu tri dng nh thp xung di chn du khch vi mun ngn nh sao n hin. Vi thnh ph ng bng, iu ny ch thy c nu i t my bay.

2. CNG TRNH KIN TRC:

Ni n cnh quan th Lt, khng th khng ni n cng trnh kin trc. Cng trnh kin trc chnh l tc phm hon ton do con ngi to ra, c t trong mi trng t nhin . c im ca cc cng trnh kin trc tiu biu ca thnh ph Lt l da vo thin nhin c sn, to mt cng trnh c dng dp nh l mt sn phm ca t nhin, hn l ci to t nhin cho ph hp vi cng trnh .

2 .1 ) Kin trc dinh th :

Lt c mt s dinh th ln nh Dinh 1 - 2 - 3. y chnh l nhng ngi nh c xy dng dng cung in dnh cho cc nguyn th Quc gia.

c im ca cc Dinh th ny nm trn dnh i cao - L nhng im nhn chnh ca khu vc , khng ch ton b khu vc chung quanh n, thng gn lin vi khu vn ln bn cnh lm nn cho cng trnh v lm ni sn bn v do chi ( Vn Thng uyn ) .

a ) Dinh 1 ( Concession De Bourgery ) :

L mt h thng cng trnh rt ln. Din tch t hn 60 ha, ngi nh chnh l mt to nh mt hm, mt trt, mt lu, mi lp ngi , hnh thc mang dng dp kin trc Php v Chu u u th k XIX. Li vo cng trnh c trng hai hng cy cao c thn trng xp ni bt trong nn rng thng thm. Cui con ng l mt o hoa xoay hng n cng trnh chnh, mt bng cng trnh gn i xng vi li vo gia h thng cu thang, hnh lang gia ra hai bn, trn mt bng n gin c dng ln mt mt ng kh cu k vi cc h mi lch nhau, ca s mi, ca knh chia nh, g ch auvent, consol c x l rt chi tit, cng phu nhng thuc v mt quan im thm m sau s thay i rt nhanh.

y l mt cng trnh tiu biu cho cc bit th kiu kin trc c in trc th k 20 Php. Vi hai im l mt bng rt n gin, ch yu x l chi tit mt ng.

Ta nh nh ny gn lin vi mt s bit th ln khc ( Nh Cn v qun, ng lm qun, cc nh phc v ) to thnh mt tng th hon chnh nh mt dinh c kiu Chu u trc th k 20 .

b ) Dinh 2 v Dinh 3 :

Khc vi nhng trng phi hc vin ca cng trnh trn , Dinh 2 v Dinh 3 l nhng cng trnh c nh hng ca tro lu cch tn kin trc Chu u lc by gi ( 1920 - 19230 ). Lc ny kin trc bt u phi i xng v i vo yu t hnh khi t do.

y l nhng cng trnh s, mi bng, hnh khi, b cc cn i nhng khng i xng, c cng mt thi im xy dng 1933 - 1938 v cng mt bt php ging nhau. Mt bng c b cc tng i hin i, ton b lm vic dnh cho lm vic v tip khch gn vi cc tiu cnh kin trc. y khng gian kin trc bn trong v bn ngoi bt u ha ln vo nhau bng cc li i ln v ca s knh hoc sn vn c mt tr ct bao chung quanh to thnh nhng khng gian chuyn tip.

Ton b phn lu, c dnh cho sinh hot gia nh.

Hai cng trnh ny u c snh ln vn ra khi lm mi che khi xe . y l dng kin trc mi so vi thi im xy dng, to s uy nghi b th cho cng trnh.

Hnh thc kin trc hai cng trnh ny cng bt u khc, ch yu i vo b cc hnh khi ch t i vo chi tit. Mt bng linh ng hn to thnh nhng mng hnh khi ln v to bng rt hiu qu khi c nh sng mt tri chiu vo.

2.2 / Kin trc bit th:

a ) Bit th tiu chun cao:

L loi hnh kin trc nh dnh cho tng lp quan li hay t sn. Kiu kin trc ny kh ph bin khu bit th Trn Hng o, Hng Vng, L Hng Phong, L Lai, Nguyn Du ...

Cng nh dinh th, cc bit th ny c phn lm hai loi: Loi theo tro lu c in c xy ct rt sm vi b cc mt bng n gin, thng i su vo cc chi tit mt ng. Loi th hai b cc mt bng t do v linh ng ty theo a hnh , chc nng s dn , ch yu to thnh khi cng trnh.

Thng thng, cc bit th ny nm xa trc ng chnh t 10m tr ln, c hay khng c tng hm ty theo a hnh. C nn cao, tam cp ln nhiu bc. Cc bit th ny c thnh phn chc nng rt y u. Tng trt c snh v phng khch ln, cao phng c khi n 6m . Phng n v sinh hot gn lin vi cc phng ph. Tng trn l cc phng ng c h thng v sinh ring v c mt phng sinh hot gia nh ring. Terrace loi nh ny rt pht trin. Cc cu thang u cu k v chim din tch ln .

V hnh thc, bit th thng c hai kiu cch: Nh mi ngi c dc ln, mt bng n gin c ngun gc t nhng kin trc min Bc nc Php, Min Bertagne, Normandie Kiu kin trc x lnh, loi ny xy dng trc tin .

Nh mi ngi hoc mi bng, mt bng t do ging kiu kin trc min Nam nc Php, min a Trung Hi, bt u nh hng ca kin trc hin i. Loi ny c xy dng sau v pht trin cho n nay .

Sc biu hin ca loi bit th trc c th hin cch x l chi tit mi, cu thang v chi tit trang tr trn ca s, ca i. c bit nhng hoa vn nhng vm cun gi trn ca c cht lng ngh thut cao .

loi sau thng i vo ngh thut, b cc hnh khi v x l sn vn chung quanh. y, khng gian v mi trng vi nhng tnh cht khc nhau ca n c x l bng mt khng gian trung gian, to thnh mt h thng khng gian lin hon, lin tc c tc dng thit lp s hi ha v mt thm m, tm l, va c chc nng v mt s dng, iu ha cc hot ng sng v cc mi quan h hu c gia con ngi v t nhin .

b ) Bit th hng va v cc nh bit lp c sn vn:

y l loi cng trnh nm ri rc trong ton thnh ph. C mt bng n gin, thng nh lp ngi, tng vi, c sn vn chung quanh. Loi hnh ny rt pht trin dnh cho cc cng chc v nhng ngi dn bnh thng mun sng yn tnh. Thng vn chung quanh c trng hoa v cy cnh, to cm gic ton thnh ph l mt vn hoa ln.

c ) Kin trc trng hc :

Phn ln cc ngi trng ln thnh ph Lt u c phong cch kin trc tng i ging nhau. Mt bng n nh gm cc dy lp hc, mt hoc hai tng. a s u lp mi ngi v consol g , nhng chi tit gia cng rt k mi ngi vn ra khi mt tng .

c bit, trng Cao ng s phm l mt tiu biu cho kin trc Php nhng nm 1930-1940. y mt bng vn b khng ch bi ch ngha c in, tuy nhin n thot ra bng cch t un mnh thnh mt ng cong mm mi m ly mt khong sn trong rt ln. V nh thp chung vn cao nhn xung mt H Xun Hng l mt im nhn khng qun c .

d) Kin trc cng s v mt s cng trnh cng cng :

i b phn cc cng s thnh ph Lt u l nhng bit th ln. Cc cng s hnh chnh thng c hnh thc kin trc i xng nghim trang, mt bng khng phc tp, mt ng c x l chi tit cu k.

Nha a D: ( hin nay l Cc bn ) l cng trnh kin trc s hnh khi vung vc vi hnh lang gia v hai dy phng hai bn. Chnh gia nh l khi cu thang v tin snh . Trn mt bng n gin ny, khi cng trnh ba tng c dng ln trng rt s vi mi ngi, cc chi tit ca, g ch v mt tng gch to mt cm gic uy nghi, quyn lc .

Nm bn cnh i C, hon ton chm trong cy xanh, Gio Hong Hc Vin Pio X l mt cng trnh kin trc p ca thnh ph Lt. Chnh y, kin trc gii quyt mi tng quan gia con ngi v t nhin bng mt gii php tng i m p. c ch cho hng trm ngi va n, va , va hc tp, trn mt din tch khng ln trung tm thnh ph, KTS.T Cng Vn gii quyt mt khi nh bn tng v mt khi nh ph hai tng bn cnh. Ton b din tch cn li, hn 80% l cng vin cy xanh, sn tp th thao, ng giao thng v ng i do. y, nhu cu n ca con ngi c gii quyt y , cc tin nghi cn li, cy c , ng i do, ni gii tr, sn chi chung v cho tng tng u t yu cu cao v l chung cho cho tt c cc thnh vin.

e ) Kin trc nh :

e.1 / Nh c vn:L dng kin trc ph bin trong a bn thnh ph Lt . Trc nm 1963 , tt c u c mi ngi hoc Fibro sn mu. Gn lin vi nh l vn tc , ni to ra ngun sng cho ngi dn . y , nh kt hp vi sn xut cc loi hoa v rau qu ca Lt . Loi hnh ny chim i b phn t ai ca thnh ph . Hin nay nh lp mi tn pht trin mnh , lm mt i nt p ca Lt .

e.2 / Nh ph:

Kin trc nh ph thi Php ch nm trn cc trc l thng mi dnh cho tng lp th dn ngi Vit bun bn. thi k ny, tt c u b buc phi lm mi dc v mt xy dng ti a khng c ln hn 80% din tch t. Phn cn li chnh l cc Sn trong (Patio) trng cy xanh ly nh sng, x l thng thong v sinh. H thng Patio ny to thnh nhng im xanh trong khu , a thin nhin vo nh, ly nh sng v cng l mt h thng thng gi t nhin lm mi trng sng trong lnh hn.

Hin nay, a phn nh ph u xy dng ht ton b l t v p lc ca gi tr s dng t nn cc khu ph ch c iu kin v sinh rt ti thiu.

f ) Kin trc mt vi trc ng tiu biu :

f.1 / Trc bit th :

Mi mt bit th l mt a hoa kin trc xinh p v thnh ph Lt l mt vn hoa ln vi nhng trc ng bit th mun hnh mun v.

Trn trc ng chnh ca thnh ph t Trn hng o n Hng Vng, chng ta rt t khi tm thy hai bit th ging nhau, cng mi ngi, cng tng gch nhng mi bit th mang mt dng v ring, ni ln c qu hng tnh cac1h tng ch nhn ng thi Php. Vi tinh thn hoi nim, nh v ni chn nhau ct rn, cc ngi Php xy dng y nhng ngi bit th mang dng dp vng qu mnh ti Php. Cc bit th ny nm rt xa ng, hu nh tc c l mi ngi. Thng thng mu v mu xanh l hai mu tng phn trn pallet mu, rt t khi hai mu ny c xp st nhau. Tuy nhin trn thc t, trn trc ng ny hay ni chung trn ton thnh ph, mu cangi v mu xanh ca cy qua mt khong cch khng gian nht nh li t ho nhp vi nhau v to thnh nhng im m p trong bc tranh xanh thm ca nn rng thng. Din tch xy dng ca cc trc bit th ny thng khng qu 20% t. Phn cn li chnh l phn rng thng c sn c gi li lm vn do v cy xanh cng trnh. Chnh t l khng chy, to c mt nt rt ring cho cc khu vc bit th Lt.

f.2 / Trc nh :

Yu t a hnh nh hng rt ln n vic xy dng cc khu vc nh trc y, vic xy dng ph v a hnh t nhin l mt iu nghim cm. Tuy nhin, trc p lc ca gi tr t trung tm, cng ngy cc khu ph Lt cng ging ng bng vi cc dy nh st nhau v ngay vi mt ng giao thng p v o t cc a hnh dc. m bo v p t nhin ca a hnh i ni, thnh ph chng ta c nhiu con ng x l c bng nhng bin php kin trc n gin. Cc trc ng Hai B Trng, Hong Diu, Trn Bnh Trng, Yt Kiu... tt c cc cng trnh kin trc u c nhng khong li nht nh. T l gii ch nh c ro, tuy nhin mp cng trnh bao gi cng c mt khong cch nht nh vi hng ro ty theo dc ca a hnh, chnh khong li ny m bo cho vic i li c d dng, cng nh to mt khong vn hoa trc mi cng trnh.

g / Kin trc mt khu dn c ngoi thnh:

C th tham kho hnh thc dn c c trng ca Lt ti khu vc p H ng Nam H, y nh mang tnh cht nh vn, dic tch mi nh t 1500m2 3000m2. Khong 1000m2 2000m2 t dnh cho nh, cng trnh ph v li i, cn li l vn cy n qu v rau hoa Lt.

Kin trc tng cng trnh c th cha p, v l do kinh t cng nh trnh thm m. Tuy nhin nhn ton cnh, y chnh l mt bc tranh phong cnh c sc.

C th nhn thy r t trn quc l 20 ton b thn p nm di thung lng, vo mt bui chiu no m m sng khi, nhng ngi nh xinh xinh b b bn cnh vn cy n qu che khut mt phn, phn t trng rau bc thang chy di tht ngon mc xung con sui nh bn di, nhng h cha nc, nhng cm khi bp gi nh ba cm chiu m m.

Ta c th hnh dung ra tt c cc thung lng ven Lt, ni c th quy hoch cho dn lm vn, cc ngi nh tng vng vi n mnh di nhng vn cy n tri v bn di l nhng vn rau, ni ngi nng dn sn xut t nui sng mnh.

Vic thnh lp cc thn p nh trn hin nay l mt nh hng gii quyt cho vic gia tng dn s cho thnh ph Lt. Tuy nhin cng cn t nng vn v mt qun l, v bn thn cc thung lng ny chnh l nhng tm nhn rng nht.

3. Cng vin cy xanh thnh ph:

D cho c bao nhiu li than phin v xung cp i chng na th thnh ph Lt hin nay, nhn mt cch tng th vn l mt cng vin khng l vi rng thng bt ngn bao ph. C th trong mt khng gian hp, ta s thy ng s ly li, nh ca xy dng hn n... Nhng bt c ni no trong thnh ph ta cng hng c khng kh mt lnh v thm mi nha thng, u cng thy mu xanh cy l, ngn vn sc mu rc r ca hoa qu vng cao. trong thnh ph cng vin khng l , ta s tm thy kh nhiu cng vin thun ty, ni gip con ngi c ngh ngi v tm v vi thin nhin.

Cng vin hoa hay vn hoa Bch cu l mt ci tn phng pht mu sc thn thoi Vit Nam l ni tp trung hu ht cc hng sc ca cy cnh, hoa Lt. y, ta c th tm thy nhng loi hoa ch mc vng n i nh: Forget me not, Pense, Lys, Glaeuils... Hay cc loi cy cnh ni nh Tng, Bch... Ch ng tic cng vin ca mt thnh ph hoa nh Lt nhng ch c mt chc nng duy nht l ni do cnh, chp hnh k nim. Hy vng rng, trong tng lai khng xa vn hoa thnh ph cng s l mt trung tm ngh ngi, gii tr ln v l mt ni nghin cu khoa hc pht trin cc loi hoa, cy king xng vi Lt.

Cc thng cnh nh H a Thin, Thung lng Tnh yu, H Than Th, thc Cam Ly, Datanla, Prenn, Tuyn Lm hin nay ang hot ng nh l cc cng vin trong thnh ph. y du khch c th thng thc cc tc phm t nhin ca to ho nh thc, ghnh, rng cy, h nc.... Cc bin php quy hoch tng th cho cc thng cnh vi y cc chc nng cng vin, qun l v mt xy dng v kinh doanh trong thng cnh ang c quan tm nghin cu pht trin.

Trong trung tm thnh ph Lt, trc y cn c mt s khong t trng c gi li lm cc tiu cng vin, y chnh l h thng cy xanh lin hon ni lin thnh mng li cy xanh thnh ph. Tuy nhin, hin nay, cc khong d kin xanh ny ang mt dn to thnh cc khu nh , c quan. iu ny c kh nng lm thay i b mt xanh ca khu trung tm thnh ph.

H thng cy xanh ng ph ca Lt c rt t. Tuy nhin cy xanh trong khun vin cng trnh gi vn cn rt nhiu. y chnh l nt khc bit so vi thnh ph khc v l nt c o rt t nhin.

CHNG IIHIN TRNG XY DNG V CC VN NI TRI CA TH LT

( DI GC NGHIN CU V BN SC TH )

C ba ni dung cn c cp:

PHN I : Thnh Ph Lt vi n qui hoch chung XDT 1994 .

PHN II: Cc tc ng ca vic Xy Dng n cc khu chc nng c trng Th

PHN III: Nhng vn ni tri cn nghin cu gii quyt .

PHN I

THNH PH LT VI NHNG NH HNG

CA N QUI HOCH CHUNG XDT NM 1994:

1. Nm 1994, Th Tng Chnh Ph chnh thc ph duyt qui hoch chung XDT Lt. Cc ni dung chnh ca n qui hoch ny hng ti vic gii quyt nhng vn mang tnh cht tng th trong vic ch o v qun l th v trn c s ny n thit lp thc hin cc mc tiu c bn sau :

Lun chng tnh cht, qui m dn s , t ai c s lch s , Kinh t K thut , Vn ha - X hi v cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ch yu . hnh thnh v pht trin Th .

nh hng pht trin khng gian qui hoch , b tr kin trc v kt cu h tng th .

Lp tng mt bng cho thnh ph giai on 1991 1995 .

Hnh thnh cc chng trnh mc tiu , d n u t ci to v pht trin th .

Son tho iu l qun l xy dng th theo qui hoch c duyt .

2. Ti thi im by gi ( 1994 ) quyt nh ph duyt qui hoch ca Th Tng Chnh Ph khng nh tnh cht ca Th Lt l :

L mt Trung Tm ngh dng Du Lch ln ca c nc , c ngha Lin Quc Gia

L Trung Tm Vn Ha giao lu Kinh T v Tnh l ca Tnh Lm ng , mt Tnh c nhiu dn tc

L mt Trung Tm o To v Nghin Cu Khoa Hc K Thut ca Tnh v vng Pha Nam

3. Qui m dn s c xc nh n nm 2010 l 200.000 dn ( bao gm c ni th v ngoi th v t xy dng th n nm 2010 khong 1500 ha . Ring t dn dng l 1000ha so vi tng din tch t thnh ph l 4066ha )

4. Cn c c im thin nhin c o , iu kin kinh t x hi a dng , qa trnh lch s v thc trng xy dng thnh ph , vic chn t pht trin th cn bn l k tha cu trc ca th hin c qua cc thi k xy dng .

Vic t chc khng gian kin trc tp trung vo c cu khng gian th nh sau:

Cu trc tng th khng gian th ca Lt c hnh thnh theo c cu Mm gm mt tm , nhiu hng tuyn c cc Nm khng gian xanh xen k theo kiu Thnh ph vn , c dng bn tay m . Khng hnh thnh theo hng phn thnh cc khu chc nng ring bit m theo xu hng an xen cc chc nng trn cng mt khu vc .

Khu trung tm c ngha ton thnh ph l phm vi thung lng h Xun Hng . H trung tm chc nng nh c m ra theo cc thnh ph thng nghip , dch v v du lch ni cc danh lam thng cnh .

Cc khu dn c c b tr theo 9 tuyn trc ph v xut pht t trung tm h Xun Hng .

V b cc kin trc th : Khng nh b cc kin trc th Lt bao gm s kt hp hi ha , ng b gia kin trc cnh quan thin nhin v kin trc cng trnh xy dng .

Xc nh khng gian kin trc cnh quan thin nhin ca Lt c to nn bi :

Nhiu lp phong cnh v nhiu im ch th khng gian

Cc gii rng thp , thung lng nng nghip , cc i c, H , sng sui cc khng gian xanh thong ng lin tc .

Xc nh khng gian kin trc cng trnh xy dng c hnh thnh theo cc dng t hp :

Kin trc trc ph ti cc Trung tm thng nghip , du lch , dch v.

Kin Trc cc im ch th trn cc im nh i.

Kin Trc dng th a hnh theo cc sn ven thung lng.

Kin trc bit th v nh vn.

Kin trc phong cnh c b tr s dng thin nhin.

Hnh thi kin trc Lt nn theo xu hng kin trc a hnh khi , nhiu lp mng c mi dc a dng , t hp hnh th nhiu phng chiu v khai thc s dng a hnh phong ph.

PHN II

CC TC NG CA VIC XY DNG N

CC KHU CHC NNG C TRNG CA TH LT :

Da vo nhng nh hng ca qui hoch chung Xy Dng Th Lt v qa trnh trin khai cc qui hoch chi tit v qa trnh u T Xy Dng thc t trong thi gian qua ( 1994 2002 ) , cn c vo cc c th ca th alt vi nhng nhn nhn pht hin cc c th v mi mt , c th nhn ra mt s tc ng nh hng ln n cc khu chc nng c trng ca th Lt nh sau:

1/ Xt v cu trc tng th khng gian th ( c cu mm gm mt tm , nhiu hng tuyn c cc nm khng gian xanh xen k ) :

Nhn chung v mt cu trc v s phn b l p ng c v c bn ca cu trc ny l h thng giao thng chnh , xut pht t trung tm h Xun Hng lan ta v kt thc h thng ng vng ai bao quanh thnh ph ( ng Vng Lm vin ) v tip gip vi rng cng vi cc khu vc thng cnh ( nm hu ht bn ngoi v gip cn ng Vng Lm vin ) . Vic u t xy dng h thng giao thng xng sng bm st c ny to iu kin cho th vn ng tt .

Xt v chi tit th c nhng sai lch lm cho hnh nh ca cu trc b bin dng kh cn bn m tu trung li l vn pht trin cc Nm khng gian xanh . Theo ngha thng thng v xt v nguyn tc cc Nm phi m bo l c cy xanh , c rng tt nht . Nhng trn thc t cc Nm ny b bin i qu nhanh do vic xy dng nh ca v tn dng khai thc lm vn trng rau , hoa ngn ngy . Hnh nh d nhn thy nht l Nm khng cn xanh . Bn cnh do vic tn dng lm nh , trong cc nm , h thng giao thng mc ni t cc ng chnh thnh ph ( thuc cu trc chnh vo cc Nm v lin kt vi cc ni khng cn ng nh nhng tnh ton ch quan ban u . Cn phi thy rng cc Nm xanh ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic hon thin cu trc v gi cho Lt c c c th ca mnh .

2/ Khu chc nng Trung Tm ton Thnh Ph ( khu vc H Xun Hng ) v cc khu Trung Tm chc nng nh ( Trung tm Thng mi dch v Phan Chu Trinh , Trung tm Th thao , Trung tm Gio dc ) :

Mu cht v trng im l phi gi gn khai thc, u t, lm cho trung tm ton thnh ph tr thnh ht ngc ta sng, lp lnh cho thnh ph. V c bn l khng gian trung tm ny ( khu vc h Xun Hng v i C ( Golf ), c gi gn nh nguyn vn do cha c nhng u t ng k no vo trong khu vc ny , ngoi vic u t h thng giao thng. Tuy nhin di gc nghin cu gi gn v pht huy bn sc ca Th cn phi nhn nhn rng c mt s n lc khng chnh ng , c th l :

Vic cho pht trin nh , kiu ph ti ng Yersin gn ni tip gip h thng ng chnh thnh ph ni vo khu vc h Xun Hng. Vic ny lm t on mi lin h khng gian xanh lan ta ca khu vc h Xun Hng , v thc cht khu vc ny l khu vc Nm cy xanh gn st H Xun Hng b bin dng .

Tng t mt s Nm xanh khc b ct t khi n gn trung tm Thnh Ph ( gc ng Bi Th Xun ) .

Vic xy dng cc cng trnh v khai thc lm vn cc khng gian ln cn trung tm H Xun Hng lm cho sc hp dn mang tnh bn sc , truyn thng ca khng gian trung tm b hn ch dn : Mt s khu vc cn h Xun Hng c ng giao thng cao hn vng h khng c kai thc nh l nhng bao ln lm cho s mt du c lan ta rng khp !

Tng chn sn vn ng trung tm xy dng qu st vi khu vc h Xun Hng ( xy dng 1980 ) , lm kh khan mt gc h v c bit l lm mt i mt c trng t Nhin cc khu trung tm ca thnh ph l s tip gip ca h Xun Hng vi cc khu vc cao hn chung quanh bng cc th i i thoi hoc cc thung lng ( chuyn tip ) .

Cc trung tm chc nng nh khc ( b tr cc hng tuyn chnh ca thnh ph ) : Cc trung tm nh trong mt thi gian di cha c chun b ng mc , th nht l gc qui hoch chi tit lm c s cho vic u t ; Th hai l vic qun l xy dng th hu ht cc trung tm chc nng ny b xem nh v b qu trnh chia l nh ph ln lt lm thu hp c v qui m , khng gian v k c hnh thc kin trc .

Cc trung tm chc nng nh bin i nhanh di gc nghin cu khng gian , nguyn nhn bin i l do :

Cha hnh dung ht c chc nng chnh v cc chc nng h tr c th c c khi khng gian ny c vn ng .

Cha c phng php tip cn ng khai thc ton b khng gian m ch c cch tip cn mang tnh b mt ( mt ph , mt ng ) v thiu cch tip cn mang tnh lan ta , dn n khng tit kim t ai v hiu qu v m rng khng gian khng cn .

Cn mang nng tnh ch trng n nh , thiu s can thip khoa hc , mnh m hng ti tng lai lu di . C th l gn nh hn ch tc ng ti nhng g c , n ri .

Trong cc khng gian trung tm nh , c s php l u tin vn l gii quyt ch ri mi t tip mi quan h chc nng chnh ca trung tm dn n tnh vn vt . C th l di hnh thc chia l giao t nh l , ngi dn ( nh u t ) xy dng nh v kt hp khai thc ty thch cho ph hp vi qu trnh vn ng ca chc nng trung tm .

Thiu s ch cc khng gian cng cng trong cc khu Trung Tm m chc nng cng cng l chc nng chnh , c th l cc khu Trung Tm nh b chia ct vn cc nhu cu cng cng khng c chun b dn ti s t pht lm nh hng ti s vn hnh chung c bit l vn giao thng v mi trng , v bn thn kin trc cng khng c ch ng vng.

Qu trnh vn ng thc s ca th to ra mt s trung tm nh ngoi mun nhng li ph hp vi thc t ( cc Trung tm Dch v Thng mi hnh thnh ti cc im dn c tp trung gn cc trung tm ln v cc trung tm nh , cc Nh my , trng i Hc , Cao ng .) . T nhu cu thc t thc p vic xy dng v t ng iu chnh vic xy dng t s cn bng . y l mt trong nhng yu t phi c xem xt tm cch gii quyt tha ng .

3/ Cc khu chc nng trong th Lt :

Vic tp trung xy dng trong cc khu c chc nng trong qa trnh thc hin qui hoch chung v mt s qui hoch chi tit c nhn nh lm Thay i b mt th Lt . Xt gc nghin cu bn sc th cn rt nhiu tn ti trong cc khng gian n, ny :

Chung nht l cc khng gian v ang c ph kn vi tc ngy cng cao , bt chp cc khong khng khong xanh trong Th . Xu th l pht trin theo chiu cao dn v c dn khng gian . Phng tin lp y l tt c cc loi hnh thc nh ca i t hng tha dn n cht chi dn .

Kin trc dng a hnh , a th gn nh khng c c hi ng vng , t lm cho tnh c o v a hnh b t xung hng th yu . Nhiu khu vc khng gian mang tnh thung lng , tnh cy xanh khng cn l r na . Cc khu vc i cao bao quanh khu trung tm v mt s khu vc c khai thc theo hng lm cho cao hn , cng hn , kh hn .

Kin trc nh trong cc trung tm khu dn c b b cht dn v thiu nhng iu kin t nhin nh thng thong , chiu sng M thm vo l s cht chi , n o v thiu hn s an ton v cc mt v sinh , phng chy cha chy v s vn minh ti cn thit trong np sng Th .

Trong kin trc nh cn l rt r , rt ph bin v vic xy dng quay lng nh li vi cc tm nhn chnh ca thnh ph , to ra s mt trt t trong khng gian ni ring v khng gian ton thnh ph ni chung .

Hnh thc kin trc nh cha to c nhng khng gian mang nt chung cha gy c n tng thm m cho ngi sng trong Th v khch .

V mt nguyn nhn c th thy c ( c ch quan v khch quan ) l :

Thiu s cm nhn tinh t cc c th ca th Lt t khu qui hoch chung , qui hoch chi tit v qa trnh qun l xy dng th .

Cha nm bt c cc yu cu i hi ca cuc sng ngi dn trong th v khch vng lai .

Cha c nhng bin php , nhng quyt sch kp thi can thip v c bit l cha hoch nh c cc chng trnh tng th thc tin c lin quan n cc c th ca th gc xy dng th .

Cha bm st c nhng yu cu , nhng nh hng rng ca qui hoch chung Th .

4/ Cc khu chc nng cnh quan :

Xt trn ton cc th Lt vi cc c im bao trm l h (chui h ), cy xanh (rng thng), a hnh ( i , ni, thung lng ), th hin trng xy dng trong thi gian qua ( thc hin qui hoch chung 1994 ) c nhng vi phm nh hng xu n vn cnh quan th, v a Lt u cng l cnh quan, vng cnh quan ( xt gc rng ).

Trong phm vi cc khu chc nng cnh quan c gii hn c th xem xt cc vn sau y :

i vi cc vng danh lam thng cnh: Phi khng nh l vic u t xy dng cha lm nh hng xu n cc khng gian cnh quan ny (v cha c u t qui m ln m ch mc khai thc nh l). Ring trong phm vi th Lt, mt s vng cnh quan c phc hi v m rng hn; vng H Than Th c no vt m rng theo din tch nguyn thy thi php thuc (9 ha ). Vng H Tuyn Lm c m rng ( mi ) vi din tch ln n 500 ha vi cnh hoang s t nhin; Vng thc Cam Ly v thc Prenn ang m rng vi qui m thch ng hn.

i vi cc khu vc kin trc ( c ) cn bo tn: Thc cht y l cc khu vc chun ( c gi tr v nghin cu khng gian kin trc, cnh quan, kh nng khai thc a hnh, thi tit, kh hu ). C gi tr ln v mt cnh quan v gi tr lch s. Thi gian qua vic xy dng mi c s cn nhc v hn ch kh tt khng nh hng ln n loi vng cnh quan ny. Tuy nhin t ti vn l vn u t gi gin v khai thc th vn cn hn ch ( hu ht l cc khu bit th).

i vi cc im kin trc ( c ) phi bo tn: Tr mt s trng hp ngoi l ( cc dinh th , khch sn Palace, khch sn a Lt ) c cn nhc tng i tha ng phn no m bo gi gn c cng trnh v vng khng gian cnh quan bao quanh cng trnh c lin quan . S cn li cng b mai mt hoc dn b thay i do sc p xy dng mi m ph bin l vic thu hp dn cc cnh quan ti thiu phi gi gn, mt s kin trc thuc dng ny trong qu trnh sa cha, ci to, nng cp cng b lai tp , lm gim i cht lng tht ca khng gian ban u.

Cc mi quan h ( lin h ) v c bit l vng khng gian chuyn tip gia cc khu vc cnh quan v cc khu vc chc nng khc cha c nghin cu su dn n vic p dng khai thc thiu tnh nht qun, v thiu s h tr cho nhau .

PHN III

NHNG VN NI TRI CN NGHIN CU GII QUYT

Trn c s nghng vn c pht hin khi i chiu gia thc tin xy dng th Lt vi qui hoch th 1994 v c bit quan trng l vi cc c th c hu ring th Lt, m thc cht l nu vic xy dng lm mt i ch mt trong cc c th ny s bin Lt thnh mt th kiu khc ngoi mun ca chng ta. Chng ti thy cn xc nh mt s vn ni tri tp trung c trng im cho vic nghin cu gii quyt nh sau :

1. Cn lm r v tnh kh thi ca n qui hoch chung v qui hoch chi tit trc khi bt tay vo mi chuyn .

2. Mi n lc trong vic thc hin xy dng pht trin th Lt phi nhm vo vic lm r thm cc c th ca rt ring Lt t tt c cc gc nhn nhn khc nhau. gc Xy dng Kin trc phi thy c mi lin h bn cht gia vic gi gn cc khng gian c bit ca Lt vi vic hon thin cu trc thnh ph .

3. Cn xc nh v tp trung nghin cu su hn v cc Nm xanh trong thnh ph v c bit ch cc khong xanh ( t nh n ln trong th ) m bo c nh hng theo tng Thnh ph trong rng.

4. Giao thng th Lt l mt thnh phn quan trng trong vic lm r c cu chung th v l ting ni quyt nh s sng ng cho cc gii php b tr cc khu chc nng th . Bn thn giao thng th ny l mt thnh phn kin trc , to v hnh thnh ln cc khng gian kiu mu. Cn ht sc ch to gn kt thc s.

5. Cn xc nh r chc nng ti cc khu vc to c khng gian ng ngha v ph hp vi tnh vn ha ca vic khai thc cc c th ca Lt. Phi xc nh khng gian l cn thit nhng cc c th ca th l sng cn .

6. Cn tip tc u t nghin cu c chiu su trn c s k tha cc khng gian thc c t lu i nay, v mnh dn p dng cc nghin cu ny trong vic gii quyt vo vic pht trin th, c bit l p dng cho cc vng cnh quan, cc khu trung tm ( ln, nh ) v ch k lng n loi kin trc dn dng ph hp nht , mang c bn sc ring ca Lt .

CHNG III

C KT V KIN NGH

PHN I

C KT

Lt c tm thy v la chn xy dng mt thnh ph ngh mt trn cao nguyn Lang Biang. Thnh ph pht trin theo nhng tng v nguyn tc c nh cm quyn ng thi t ra trong tng thi k, t n cc thnh di thi thuc Php vo nhng nm 1943 1944. Ngy nay, Lt tr thnh trung tm chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho,,, ca tnh Lm-ng; mt trung tm du lch ngh dng quan trng ca c nc v c ting khu vc. Con ng th ho Lt c nt c bit ring, khng phi khi u t mt trung tm kinh t, hay trung tm chnh tr, m khi u l mt trm ngh mt trn cao, v c th ni:yu t c o ny nh mt si ch xuyn sut qu trnh th ho Lt.

Cn c nhng t liu gii thiu chng I v II, cng vi nhng pht ho din mo Lt xa v nay, chng ta th hnh dung, tm kim nhng c trng g lm nn bn sc ca th.

1. C IM MI SINH, CNH QUAN THIN NHIN V KH HU :

u, ai ni v Lt, ngi ta cng ngh n ngay mt thnh ph mt m quanh nm vi nhng tn ca a danh thng cnh ni ting ! ng l th : Lt thnh danh l X sng m, lng mn him thy ca vng ng Nam .

Sau th y, l cht nng vng lc sm mai v khi hong hn cc vn s li cho n mt ci tn X ca ma thu bt tn .

Rng thng bao ph ln khp thnh ph, 135m2/1 ngy ( theo thng k nm 2000 ); Tn thng tit ra terpine ( l thuc chng ho ), nh b lc kh quyn, lm cho mi sinh lun trong lnh.

Lt l th ca nhiu thc v cc h nc ln, to nn nhng khng gian cnh quan hp dn i vi kinh t du lch v ngh dng.

L x s ca mun loi cy, hoa, rau . Cy hoa, rau, gieo cy c quanh nm y, khng cn thi v, cng vi nhng thn p yn bnh ca ngh nng ny, to nn nt c o ring.

2. QUY HOCH TH :

Cu trc cnh, nhnh ca gii php b cc th c coi l mu mc v ngh thut x l khng gian trng ( bo co iu chnh quy hoch chung n nm 2020 ).

Cu trc khng gian nh th lm nn cht th: nh ca, rng cy c lng ghp, ho quyn vo nhau nh hnh v bng, n hin thp thong mt cch sinh ng bi nhng mi dc mu trong tn rng thng!

Do tnh cht ch yu ca th khi u, nn ai ti Lt cng thy nh ca ton l bit th (n nm 1945 c 1300 ci) . Sau l cc nh vn c quy hoch trong 16 thn p . y cng l ci c o ca Lt .

Vic chia l t: Cc bit th loi 1, 2 thng chim t rt rng, t 1500m2( 2000m2. C bit, c bit th nm trn i thng chim 4000m2 . Bit th loi 3 hoc "t tht" ca mt s cng chc thng c khun vin t 1000m2(1200m2. i chiu vi vn bn chia l t cho t bit th hoc nh bit lp hin nay l 500m2 th qu rng. Tuy nhin i vi th c n li ng, bi v mun l thnh ph trong rng , thi phi th !

Bn quy hoch ca KTS Pineau ( 1933 ) thit lp mt vng bt kin to hnh r qut m y trn ng Trn Hng o t on Dinh 2 ti khch sn Palace . to mt tm nhn vin cnh ti ngn Lang Biang cch Lt khong 10km ng chim bay . Ch bit ngi lat sau ny gi ngn Lang Biang l : ni M c phi xut pht t ny khng ? V nu hai s vic c lin quan, c ngha thnh ph v ngn ni kia l tnh mu t. Ngn ni tr thnh biu tng m hin, mt ci mc th kh c o li cho thnh ph hm nay.

T bn quy hoch ca KTS.Hbrard ti KTS Lagisquet c mt quan im nht qun l: Quy hoch cnh quan i C, h Xun Hng, h Than Th, thc Cam Ly, c nhng nm xanh v.v u c coi nh nhng khu bo tn khng c ng n ! Mc d qu t phn l trong thc tin pht trin ca th khng phi nhiu . quy hoch ghi nhn : Cnh quan l nhng b phn chnh ca c cu thnh ph v khng c chng th ny khng cn gi l Lt na !

Nh ca Lt, cc cng trnh kin trc ni chung , cng vi cnh quan thin nhin, rng cy v thn p u c sp t hi ha trong mt quy hoch tinh t nh mt bn giao hng ti sng .

Ngh thut iu ha, khng gian chiu cao ca quy hoch trung tm tht tinh t trong khung cnh dp dn ca a hnh i ni t bin ln hai thp chung cao vt, mt pha ng ( ca trng Cao ng s phm ) , mt pha nam ( ca Nh th con g ) .

3. KIN TRC CNG TRNH:

Kin trc Lt c nh gi l "bo tng sng ca nhiu phong cch kin trc a phng Php t hi v y. Bn cnh cng khng thiu nhng kin trc mang dng dp ng cng t im cho tng th khng gian th. Bi v chng c cng mu s chung :

Ph hp vi a hnh i ni,kho lo np mnh vo thin nhin.

Hnh thc phn nh chn thc cng nng s dng va p ng c yu cu

Cc chi tit b phn gin d, nhng t l tng quan hi ho.

l nhng u im ca mt t duy ngh thut ng n, m chng ta ang cn, v mt nn kin trc bn vng.

Nhng cng trnh kin trc khc : Dinh th, khch sn, trng hc, cu ng, nh ga, tuy khng nhiu, nhng u l nhng kin trc c sc to nn ci hn th ca Lt.

Ngoi nhng kiu kin trc nh c mang sang t nc Php (ti cc vng c kh hu ging Lt nh Normandie, Bretagne, Pays Basque, Savoie, Alpes.. ca Php) du n kin trc Php cn in m trn nhng cng trnh trng hc nh (trng Lyce Yersin nay l trng Cao ng S phm) ni cng s nh : (Cc bn , Vin Pasteur), cc trung tm dch v cng cng nh: (Nh ga xe la, Khch sn Palace v.v) v c bit l nhng dinh th ( nay l dinh 1, 2, 3 ) .

Lt l vng t thuc Cao nguyn Trung phn m c thi k Vua bo i ch trng xy dng thnh a danh Hong Triu Cng th, nhng ng li chp nhn phong cch kin trc Chu u v tng sng, lm vic trong nhng dinh th kiu Php. Ngi bit th ca V Hong cui cng ti Lt, di gc vt th kin trc, th s hin hu ca n cn phi c nhn nhn trong h thng kin trc cung nh Vit Nam bt ngun t vng t Thng Long ngn nm vn hin, n chn kinh thnh x Hu, v nay l thnh ph Lt sng m nh mt s chuyn ho, hi nhp ca Kin trc Php vo nn vn ho Vit Nam.

Sau hn 100 nm k t khi ngi Php pht hin ra Lt (1893) v gn 80 nm k t khi n quy hoch th u tin ca Lt cp c thm quyn ph duyt (1923) n nay c th khng nh rng : Kin trc Php xa ti Lt gp phn lm giu thm ngun vn di sn vn ho ca Vit Nam (ni chung), to nn mt nt c o ring trong c trng kin trc ca khu vc Ty Nguyn Lt (ni ring). L mt minh chng cho s giao thoa tuyt vi gia 2 nn vn ho Php Vit l kt tinh gia khi nim tin tin v m bn sc dn tc m ng v Nh nc ta ang ra sc lnh o thc hin theo tinh thn ca Ngh quyt Trung ng V kho VIII.

4. X HI V NHN VN :

Nhng lnh vc ni tri lm nn bn sc chung l:

Vn ha cc dn tc Nam Ty nguyn qu kh v trong nhp sng thng nht ca th c nhng nt ni tri, su m mt s lnh vc:

Di tch C Thnh a B-la-mn Ct Tin c coi l c gi tr ngoi bin gii Quc gia. Khu m c ca dn tc M i Lo chng minh lch s lu i ca t tin vng t ny. Vi nhng Di-ch c a v trng by lat , du khch nh c n vi mt kho tng giu c.

Mt s nhng cng trnh kin trc c ph hp vi tng dn tc v hin i c Nh th Thin Cha gio Cam Ly; lng S.O.S Lt vi b mi v c u hi rt Ty nguyn.

T hp kin trc kiu nh sn Ty Nguyn trin i thng nh ngh Lin Hip Cng on; cng trong khun vin khch sn ny pha ng Yersin cn c mt kin trc nh rng cch iu, c xy dng lm "Caftria".

Nhng qun "ru cn" ri rc u trn cc trin i thng phc v du khch v m.

mt s "ch tri dn tc" , trn ng ph khu trung tm Ha Bnh v u ng Nguyn Th Minh Khai, c mi sng ngi dn tc gi c sn ca h n by bn nh vi th cm, cc loi ti eo, sch tay, cu-li, hoa lan rng, cy rng v cc gc cy hnh dng bonsai . y l mt sinh hot x hi tt cn c lu tm .

Vn ha Php trong quy hoch th, kin trc cng trnh, ngh may "qun o Ty " (complet, manteau), ngh trng rau, hoa

Vn ho Vit vi cc ngh tranh khc g ( th cng m ngh ) tranh thu, lm vn, dch v du lch, ( chp nh, xe nga ). C dn vi phong cch sng bnh thn, chm ri (khng ph hp vi li sng cng nghip v tnh thi i), nhng chn thc, hin ho .

PHN II

KIN NGH

Thnh ph Lt ang trong giai on khi u ca xy dng pht trin theo bn iu chnh quy hoch chung n nm 2020 c Chnh ph ph duyt ngy 27-5-2002 .Pht trin thnh ph song song yu cu chnh sa nhng sai lm trong qu kh l cng vic khng d. Cn phi c bin php khn trng trit , trc ht khu nghin cu cc gii php thc hin sao t tn km nht m vn t c yu cu .

V quy hoch chi tit, chng ti ngh nh sau :

1. B cc li thnh ph theo ni dung ca tnh cht ch yu c ph duyt :

Trung tm thnh ph hin hu ( phn ln thuc P3 , P4 ) quy hoch thnh trung tm chnh tr, vn ho v u mi giao lu kinh t ca tnh Lm ng, nh quy hoch thnh ph c.

Trung tm du lch, ngh dng ca vng, c nuc v Quc t trn a bn t P.3, P.4, P.5, P.8, P.9, P.10, P.12 v Thi Phin. Trung tm ko di ti Thi Phin vi tip cn ngay vi tuyn a Sa Nha Trang s c m.

Trung tm o to, nghin cu Khoa hc ca c nc khu Nam H tnh t trng Hecman Titop ti ht i " Cnh st d chin" c.

Pha Ty Nam thnh ph : P6, P7 l trung tm sn xut ch bin rau qu xut khu.

2. mi Phn Khu "Trung tm theo tnh cht ch yu' cn c b cc nh c cu ca mt qun ca thnh ph. t chuyn dng mi trung tm l thnh phn chnh, cc thnh phn ph thuc nh hnh chnh, dch v, thng mi, b tr km theo.

3. mi c cu "Qun", t nhiu phi c mt n hai, ba thn p trng hoa rau i km theo, v nh c dn mi qun, b tr st lin vi thn p.

4. Cc thn p hoa, rau phi quy hoch chnh trang li cho ngn np, rung vn lin k nh . Thng cc thn p di thp, ng ph trn lng i; cho nn trong kin trc nh ca, b mi phi c ch t ng trn nhn xung, phi "c mt" . ngh nn l 2 mi dc .

5. Chuyn dng, cn dnh mt khu vc 5ha cho mt lng dn tc "kiu mu" ngay trong ni thnh ti t du lch pht trin mi.

6. Nn nghin cu pht hnh mu nh km theo cc phng n b tr vn ao, chung, cho thn p ca thnh ph ca mnh.

7. Cy ng ph phi trng theo quy hoch ch nh, nghin cu theo ch : ng hoa Anh o, ng Mimosa, ng liu, ng Tng v.v

8. C k hoch gii ta nhng xy dng ln t ca nhng "nm xanh" trng li cy; khng nht thit phi trng thng, c th trng thnh tng mng, rng nhng cy c chng ca Lt nh Anh o, Mimosa v.v

9. Nn iu chnh xem xt li quy hoch cc khu nh ti cc phng 10, phng 4 v chung quanh sau cc dinh th, c bit khu nh ng Thi Thn, quy hoch thnh ph cn iu chnh li tiu chun phn b t, tng cao, v kiu cch kin trc vi y l ca vo ca thnh ph.

10. Mc du cn ht sc tit kim t ai, nhng quy nh phn l t bit th loi 3: 500m2 l qu cht hp, ngh cn c xem xt li.

11. Nn thnh lp mt ch tri, cng mt s hng qun cho ngi dn tc ti trung tm thng mi chnh ca thnh ph, y nh mt sinh hot c th ca thnh ph.

12. Cng tc qun l th trc 1975 : Cu, ng trong thnh ph, mu vi ca tng nh cng c quy nh mt cch c th . Ngy nay nh ca c bi mu le lot khp mi ph phng! Cn lp li k cng v vic mu sc ca nh ca trong thnh ph. Bi v n nh hng r nt v tc thi n m quang chung. Phi c mt c ch , chnh sch qun l ring cho Lt bng cc quy ch nghim ngt thng qua iu l qun l ring cho thnh ph , gi c ci ring vn c , ci linh hn ca thnh ph cao nguyn ny . Cn c mt t chuyn qun l quy hoch kin trc Lt .

13. gi cho Lt xng ng vi dng vc mt thnh ph du lch ngh dng l tng nh li mt du khch ng ANDREW BUNWICH ngi M n Lt ni: " Lt xng ng vi nhng iu m ngi trong nc v ngoi nc ca ngi v n, cnh quan thin nhin, kh hu tuyt vi kin trc ni y cng l nt duyn dng v rt ring. Tuy nhin cng cn phi lu rng hin nay s pht trin v nhiu mt a phng to cho Lt nhiu thay i, trong c nhng thay i khng tt. iu r nht m mi ngi u c th thy c l tng th kin trc ca Lt ang b ph v, nhiu ngi nh mc ln c v ty tin v khng hp vi Lt cht no. Theo ti, thit k quy hoch th nh l mt bi th m ngn ng th hin ca n l nhng ngi nh, con ng hng cy V vy, khi m ng cng vic ny, ngoi kh nng chuyn mn ra ngi c trch nhim phi l mt ngh s. Ti hy vng rng, ngi dn thnh ph ny bit cch gi gn v tn to cho lat lun gi c dng v xinh ti trong mt mi ngi .

HI KIN TRC S LM NG

NIN BIU LT

1893 - 21/6 Bc s Yersin thm st cao nguyn Lang Biang

1897 - Thng 7: Tan quyn ng Dng Paul Doumer cho tm a im lp trm ngh dng. Bc s Yersin ngh vng cao nguyn Lang Biang.

an Odhra nghin cu m ng Phan Thit Lt.

Thng 10: an i y Thouard i tm cch m ng Lt Nha Trang.

1898 - Thng 9: Missigbrod lp nng tri an Kia (trm kh tng + trm th nghim)

Lp n gim binh Dalat (i Dinh th trng).

Thng 10: an Odhra, Guyne