[Bainbridge (Chenango County) New York] Gilbert and Nathaniel PEARSALL. MANUSCRIPT MERCANTILE DAYBOOK, Bainbridge, New York, May 12 - August 28, 1827.

460 tall pages of original handwritten records documenting purchases made by residents of the township in which, one year earlier, young Joseph Smith had been arrested and examined on charges relating to occult treasure seeking. Customers recorded here include Newell KNIGHT, members of the STOWELL family, Judge Albert NEELY, witnesses William D. PURPLE & Abram W. BENTON, and other figures of background interest to early Mormon history. $12,500 31½ X 20½ cm. (binding, 32½ X 21½ cm. = 12¾ X 8½ inches). [i], 1-33, 52-478, [1] pages; LACKING pages 34-51 which have clearly been torn out carefully along the inner margins (preceded and followed in the book by entries dated May 22 and 26, a Tuesday and a Saturday); carefully COLLATED thus.

All but the two outer pages are numbered in manuscript, with page 1 beginning on the back of the first leaf (the odd numbers thereby occurring on versos throughout). At head of each page except [i]: "Bainbridge," followed by the date. Written throughout (except the two outer pages) principally in the same hand, presumably that of Gilbert Pearsall. The final, unnumbered page bears, in another hand, a manuscript note dated Bainbridge, March 27, 1838, promising to pay "Stephen Packard five thousand dollars in goods out of my store on demand," signature unreadable and later lined out heavily, presumably upon payment of the obligation.

BINDING: Original blind-tooled reverse sheep; spine with raised bands and plain (unlettered) red morocco label. Orig. dark blue paste-grain decorated pastedowns (primitive decorative inside covers), their conjugate free endpapers (blue "flyleaves") now both gone. Affixed to the

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front pastedown is a contemporary stationer's label printed in several fonts with simple typographic border:

Stationer and Patent Blank Book

MANUFACTURER, N o . 4 5 W a l l - S t r e e t ,

New-York.

N.B. Account Books ruled and bound to pattern, at short notice.

SCUFFED AND WITH MEDIUM WEAR to extremities, yet solid; shelf-cocked (somewhat skewed) and inner hinges cracked, but the sewing strong. TEXT BLOCK: The two outer leaves (comprising pp. [i]/1 at front, and 478, [1] at back) made of very heavy paper, thus presumably constituting the original flyleaves. All but the two outer pages are neatly and lightly hand red-ruled for accounting. IN GENERALLY VERY GOOD, STABLE

CONDITION but for occasional worming (with only negligible text loss resulting), and scattered light to moderate stains resulting from pressing of leaves or small flowers (a few crumbling remnants of which remain in the volume). All pages but the last are completely filled, in a predominately uniform handwriting that is essentially clear and readable once one overcomes the somewhat self-consciously florid styling of the entries.

THE FIRST PAGE [i] bears the following ownership inscriptions in various hands:

G & N Pearsall G & N P [this line in early pencil]

N Pearsall

Step[h?] Potter

P Potter & Co

Po[r?]ter & Co

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[and in an accomplished but much different hand from the Potter inscriptions above, written aside them:]

Peter Potter Co

[and at the bottom in a smaller hand:]

T Hodman Noted Mormon historian and researcher Michael Marquardt examined the daybook briefly during a visit to my home on October 18, 2010. Upon his return to Salt Lake City, he kindly sent a copy of his transcription of the 1826 Bainbridge tax assessments,1 which show brothers "Pearsall Gilbert & Nathaniel" owning a tiny piece of highest quality land (1/16 of one acre) worth $150 (as much as a hundred-acre tract of third-quality land). This was clearly developed property, and must likely have been a store building in which the present mercantile record was kept the following year. GILBERT AND NATHANIEL PEARSALL were sons of Thomas Pearsall, an early settler of Bainbridge township who died in 1826 (the assessment that year valuing his real and personal property at $850).2 At the time they began the 1827 record book considered here, they were not quite twenty-five and twenty-two years of age, respectively. Their younger sister Phebe would marry Judge ALBERT NEELY, who presided over the 1826 hearing of Joseph Smith. Their younger brother Robert would become the father of Miss EMILY PEARSALL, who would one day take the relevant pages from Neely's court record to Utah.3 See the chart which follows on the next page of this description. The year after this daybook was kept, Gilbert and Nathaniel, along with two older brothers, began relocation to nearby Tioga County, New York where they became prominent citizens.

When Gilbert and Nathaniel left Bainbridge, this daybook would have had to remain in town, because it recorded standing customer debts to whomever purchased the store. The names that follow the Pearsalls on the manuscript title page here are cryptic. The only "Peter Potter," for example, who appears on the 1820 Bainbridge census is recorded there as a "Free Colored Person," which while not impossible as a store proprietor in Bainbridge, is at least intriguing. Potter does not appear in the 1826 tax assessment or in the 1830 Bainbridge census. The name at the bottom of the title page may be the signature of Timothy Hodgman who appears in both censuses above. In the 1826 tax assessment, an entry appears under one Dexter Newell for a single acre of land valued at $600, plus

1 Marquardt (pages unnumbered, the entries grouped by first letter of surname). For this and all references, see the list of SOURCES CITED at the end of this description. 2 Ibid. 3 Pearsall (various relevant entries in Chapter Thirty-One), confirmed by genealogical records accessed online.

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personal property worth $400. This was probably a store or similar business. Immediately below Newell's name (though beginning with another letter of the alphabet, unlike most other entries in the roll) is written, "Hodgeman" without a given name. Hodgeman is assessed for an acre and a half worth $150. Why is he listed in the N's with Newell? In the daybook, we find the Pearsalls making numerous sales to the firm of "Newell & Hodgman." A later county history records that Dexter Newell was part-owner of a mercantile (ca. late 1820s-early 1830s) across the street from where Albert Neely had operated a mercantile in the early 1820s.4 Interestingly, Hodgeman had been arrested in Bainbridge the same year (1826, and by the same constable) as Joseph Smith.5

THOMAS PEARSALL (1752-1826) 1788 md. Phebe Sutton (1769-1810)

Early settlers of Bainbridge, New York _____________________________|______________________________

| proprietors of the store & daybook | | Gilbert

PEARSALL (1803-77)

md. Cornelia Thurstin (d. 1835)

md. Esther Thurstin (d. 1888)

Nathaniel PEARSALL (1805-43)

md. Mary H— (later Lincoln, d. 1878)

Robert Pearsall (1807-73)

1830 md. Flavia Newton (d. 1891)

| Emily PEARSALL

(1833-72) Episcopal Missionary

to Salt Lake City, where she

died at the home of Bishop Daniel S. Tuttle, friend of Bishop Neely

Phebe Pearsall (1809-49)

md. Albert NEELY (ca. 1798-1857)

| Dr. Henry Adams

Neely Episcopal Bishop

of Maine b. 1830

Only descendants relevant to this discussion are shown above. Siblings Gilbert, Nathaniel, Robert and Phebe Pearsall were, respectively, the ninth through twelfth children of Thomas and Phebe Sutton Pearsall.

Gilbert and Nathaniel Pearsall were the proprietors of the Bainbridge store from which the 1827 manuscript daybook is a record. In 1828, they in concert with two of their older brothers, William Sutton Pearsall (1796-1870) and Thomas Pearsall (1800-81) are said to have moved west to nearby Tioga County, New York, where they became prominent citizens and developers.6 However, Gilbert appears on the 1830 census of Bainbridge.

Albert Neely kept a store in Bainbridge, ca. 1820-24, and was the Justice of the Peace at the hearing of Joseph Smith in Bainbridge on March 20, 1826. He shortly afterward

4 Smith, 169. 5 See the REGISTER OF SELECTED NAMES at the end of this description. 6 Gay, 308, 376; 1840 Census of Nichols, Tioga County, New York.

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moved north to nearby Onondaga County, New York, where his son Henry Adams Neely, future Episcopal Bishop of Maine would be born in 1830. It was from the late Albert's court docket book that his niece,

Miss Emily Pearsall, removed the pages recording the case of Joseph Smith and took them with her to Salt Lake City years later, where she died in the home of Episcopal Bishop Tuttle, who was a friend of her cousin Bishop Neely.

______________________________________________

ODERN LATTER-DAY SAINTS, if they are at all aware of occult shades behind earliest Mormon history, may scarcely imagine the degree to which such

historical awareness had fallen to the side by the nineteen-hundreds. When Francis Kirkham compiled A New Witness for Christ in America . . . (Independence, 1943), its extensive source documents were rather short on treasure seeking and money digging. He and other faithful Mormon writers (including Hugh Nibley) attempted to downplay an uncomfortable story displayed in a court record kept by young Justice of the Peace Albert Neely on March 20, 1826 in the township of Bainbridge, south-central New York State. It summarized young Joseph Smith's own testimony regarding . . .

. . . a certain stone, which he had occasionally looked at to determine where hidden treasures in the bowels of the earth were, that he professed to tell in this manner where gold mines were a distance under ground, and had looked for Mr. Stowel several times and [had] informed him where he could find those treasures . . .7

To exploit such talents was a misdemeanor under New York statute. The com-plaint had come from Peter Bridgman, a suspicious nephew of Josiah Stowell (who employed Smith and gave strong if naively-reasoned court testimony of the young man's powers). Several witnesses were found to sustain the charge, but in the end (the story is complicated), it appears that in view of his youth, "Joseph Smith, the Glass Looker" (as Judge Neely designated him) was allowed to disappear from town. For extensive background and documentation, see the fourth volume of Dan Vogel's Early Mormon Documents.8 Richard Bushman, noted biographer of Joseph Smith, observed in 2004 that ". . . virtually every historian of Mormonism now agrees that the 1826 Bainbridge hearing of Joseph Smith really happened."9

Four years after these events occurred, Joseph Smith would find himself before judges on similar charges twice again – in this same town and in nearby

7 Vogel, 249 8 See SOURCES CITED, at the end of this description. 9 Bushman, xiii.

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Colesville just across the line in Broome County, New York where, that spring (1830), Smith had performed his first claimed miracle in casting a devil out of NEWELL KNIGHT, the son of a local substantial farmer (Joseph Knight, Sr.) who paid for Smith's legal defense at that time . . .

"As soon as I had been sworn," recalled the younger Knight of his testimony in the 1830 Colesville hearing,

Mr. [William] Seymour proceeded to interrogate me as follows:

Question.—"Did the prisoner, Joseph Smith, Jun., cast the devil out of you?

Answer.—"No, sir."

Q.—"Why, have you not had the devil cast out of you?"

A.—Yes, sir."

Q.—"And had not Joseph Smith some hand in it being done?"

A.—"Yes, sir."

Q.—"And did he not cast him out of you?"

A.—"No, sir, it was done by the power of God, and Joseph Smith was the instrument in the hands of God on this occasion. He commanded him to come out of me in the name of Jesus Christ."

Q.—"And are you sure it was the devil?"

A.—"Yes, sir."

Q.—"Did you see him after he was cast out of you?"

A.—"Yes, sir, I saw him."

Q.—"Pray, what did he look like?"

(Here one of the lawyers on the part of the defense told me I need not answer that question). I replied:

"I believe, I need not answer you that question, but I will do it if I am allowed to ask you one, and you can answer it. Do you, Mr. Seymour, understand the things of the Spirit?"

"No," answered Mr. Seymour, "I do not pretend to such big things."

"Well, then," I replied, "it will be of no use for me to tell you what the devil looked like, for it was a spiritual sight and spiritually discerned, and, of course, you would not understand it were I to tell you of it."

The lawyer dropped his head, while the loud laugh of the audience proclaimed his discomfiture.10

Joseph Smith later added that Newell Knight had been flung about the room most fearfully, and some accounts go so far as to say that Knight's face was

10 Newel Knight, 59-60 in Vogel, 55-56.

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pressed up against the ceiling. Various local citizens of the area, meanwhile, recalled Knight recounting that the devil looked like a black cat or other small animal that ran into the bushes following the exorcism. THIS IS ALL COLORFUL ENOUGH, but riled citizens and men of "the Spirit" must all eat, and they must continue with every-day business. It is in this more pedestrian context that we find Newell recorded in the manuscript record now at hand . . .

Bainbridge 2 June 1827 96

// 257 Newell Knight — Dr To 1/2 Bbl mackerel 44/- 2 4 –

At the top of page 96, the Pearsalls record that on June 2, 1827, at their store in Bainbridge, NEWELL KNIGHT (whose account is number 257 in some separate ledger book not present here) has purchased, on credit, half a barrel of mackerel for 4 shillings [4 (New) York shillings @12½¢ = 50¢]. The figures in the first column, "44/ 2" (44 shillings, 2 pence) indicate the rate for some unspecified larger, standard quantity. "Dr," for debit, comes from the Latin verb debere, to owe.

For a discussion of old-style pricing in America at this time, see my Mormon Parallels entry 117 (Dilworth), pp. 482-86; compare to the Nephite monetary system de-scribed in the Book of Mormon's book of Alma, chapter 11.

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"The family of Joseph Smith Sr.," writes William G. Hartley,

is of course the first family of Mormonism, but in the foundation years, the title of second family should go to the extensive Joseph Knight family. . . . While young Joseph Smith struggled to translate the Book of Mormon, the Knights provided him paper, food, transportation, and encouragement. They helped him court Emma Hale. Joseph Knight's wagon carried the gold plates from the Hill Cumorah. The Church's first miracle involved a Knight, and more than a dozen revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants were for Knight relatives. The Knight families were the first Saints in this gospel dispensation to attempt to live the law of consecration. They were the first company of believers sent to Missouri to establish Jackson County as the center place of Zion and the stage for Christ's millennial return. The first marriage Joseph Smith performed by priesthood authority united Newel Knight and Lydia Bailey. Newel Knight briefly helped Joseph Smith write some of the Prophet's history of the Church.11

EVEN SUCH A MINOR DETAIL as modern Mormons communing with water instead of wine began with Newel Knight indirectly when he and his wife visited Joseph and Emma Smith in Harmony, Pennsylvania in mid-summer 1830. "In the beginning of August," remembered Newel who lived at Colesville in south-central New York, near the Pennsylvania line,

I, in company with my wife, went to make a visit to Brother Joseph Smith, Jun., who then resided at Harmony Penn. We found him and his wife well, and in good spirits. We had a happy meeting. It truly gave me joy to again behold his face. As neither Emma, the wife of Joseph Smith, nor my wife had been confirmed, we concluded to attend to that holy ordinance at this time, and also to partake of the sacrament, before we should leave for home. In order to prepare for this, Brother Joseph set out to procure some wine for the occasion, but he had gone only a short distance, when he was met by a heavenly messenger, and received the first four verses of the revelation given on page 138, of the Doctrine and Covenants (new edition), the remainder being given in the September following at, Fayette, New York.12

MATEUR HISTORIANS or new collectors may wonder at so much attention to one entry (illustrated further above) in one store daybook, but this is the

stuff from which most practical history is made and fleshed-out. The same kind of rich detail which we value so highly in town histories and local newspapers is even more rare, more personal and surprisingly particular when discovered in hand-written records like the one that has come to light here. Newel Knight's purchase of half a barrel of dried or pickled fish may sound a touch

11 Hartley, xiv. 12 Newel Knight, 62. Woodford (1:394) identifies the verses in question as part of modern D&C 27, all or portions of verses 1-5, 14-15.

A

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comical amidst such heavy talk, yet it displays the Knights as regular people of their neighborhood, because the daybook at hand reveals plenty of respectable people relishing this article of food. As it turns out, preserved herring provided by the Knight family would become a dietary mainstay of Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery as the Book of Mormon was first put to paper two years later: Newel's father provides the details:

"in the spring of 1829 . . . Joseph and Oliver Came up to see me if I Could help him to some provisions [they] having no way to Buy any But I was to Cattskill [Catskill, Greene County, New York, on the Hudson River] But when I Came home my folks told me what Joseph wanted But I had ingaged to go to Catskill again the next Day and I went again and I Bought a Barral of Mackrel and some Lined paper for writing and when I Came home I Bought some

nine or ten Bushels of grain and five or six Bushels taters [potatoes] and a pound of tea and I went Down to see him and they ware in want[.] Joseph and oliver ware gone to see if they Could find a place of work for provisions But found none[.] they returned home and found me there with provisions and they ware glad for they ware out . . . then they went to work and had provisions enough to Last till the translation was Done . . ."13

IMAGE ABOVE: An 1830s hand-colored map (detail) showing Bainbridge, South Bainbridge, Colesville (Broome County) and Harmony (Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania): "NEW-YORK. By David H. Burr. Copyright 1833 by J. H. Colton & Co.; Published by J. H. Colton & Co., New-York, 1836."

13 Joseph Knight Sr., in Vogel, 19-20. Emphasis added.

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HE DAYBOOK NOW DISCOVERED HERE shows its young proprietors very busy indeed, often with six to ten or more pages of entries in a single day. Within a period of only three and a half months, they filled every inch of

its original 478 pages with succinct notes of their customers' purchases. In those times of cash-poor economy, storekeepers' record books were legal documents by which customers became indebted to them. Such books were as important as stocks or bonds, essential to the survival of a business. It appears that Gilbert and Nathaniel Pearsall's store must have stood near the center of Bainbridge Village – in turn, near the center of Bainbridge township, at the south line of which Josiah Stowell (and Joseph Smith Jr.) lived in South Bainbridge, Chenango County, now Afton, New York.

These pages show some of the many customers drifting in two or three times during a single day, suggesting that the store had to be at the heart of a village - and it illuminates daily life in such a place as effectively as almost anything from that era can do. During the early 1820s, the Pearsalls' future brother in law Albert Neely had run a store in Bainbridge14. Judging from the apparent well-established prosperity of the mercantile recorded here, it may be that it descended from the earlier, Neely establishment.

14 "Moses Gaylord Benjamin and Albert Neally [sic] commenced mercantile business on opposite sides of the street about 1820. Benjamin continued till his death Jan. 18, 1833, the latter part of the time in company with Dexter Newell, who continued till his death, June 17, 1850, and a part of the time with Ellicot Kidder. Neally traded some three or four years, in company with Moses Burgess, who afterwards engaged in the foundry business in Bainbridge, which he carried on till his death Oct. 9, 1865. . . . Neally went west." –Smith, 168-69, naming a number of merchants during the early period in Bainbridge Village, but no Pearsalls, Potters or Hodgemans.

T

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WHY, HERE COMES NEELY NOW, on the afternoon of July 19, 1827 to buy a pair of white stockings. They must be good quality, because they will set him back by 81 cents (six bits & sixpence) - no mean figure in those days . . .

And who is next in line at the counter (or more likely, keeping a bit of distance and averting Neely's gaze until the Judge leaves)? It may be young Charles Newton - who had been the first signer on those articles of agreement between Josiah Stowell, the Smiths and others to dig for lost gold, silver and coins at Harmony, Pennsylvania, November 1, 1825. "Chs" is there for his father Thaddeus, it would appear (see comments in the name register further below), to pick up some cloth, some tea and a gallon of whiskey. Well who is next? It is the proprietors' younger brother Robert Pearsall, whose future daughter EMILY will one day take those pages from Uncle Neely's legal docket book to Bishop Tuttle in Utah, from which the court proceedings against "Joseph Smith, the Glass Looker" will be published to the world.15 IMAGE ABOVE from page 313, showing entries 37-39 out of forty-eight sales made that day.

–Life in a village, but what a village! In this area where Joseph Smith attended school (1825-26), married his wife (1827), and worked at a variety of trades, the details of goods purchased can enrich our appreciation of the broader culture in which early Mormonism began. Even the most minor details can surprise or

15 "The Ms. [manuscript] was given me by Miss Emily Pearsall who, some years since [i.e., ago], was a woman helper in our mission and lived in my family, and died here. Her father or uncle was Justice of the Peace in Bainbridge, Chenango Co., New York, in Jo. Smith's time, and before him Smith was tried. Miss Pearsall tore the leaves out of the record found in her father's house and brought them to me" –Bishop Daniel S. Tuttle, Utah Christian Advocate 23 (January 1886), p. 1, in Vogel, 239. "Miss Emily Pearsall, cousin of my junion [junior] warden in early days at Morris [New York], had come in 1870, from Bainbridge, Chenango County, N.Y., to help us as 'Sister' or 'Woman Missionary'" – Tuttle, Reminiscences of a Missionary Bishop (New York: Thomas Whittaker, 1906), 272, in Vogel, 240.

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delight. In May, local Justice of the Peace Levi Bigelow buys 100 lemons . . . in 1827 (page 11 of the daybook): How many lemons were shipped north from warmer climes at that time, and what did a judge do with so many? Constable Philip M. DeZeng (who arrested, held, and traveled with Joseph Smith for two days and one night just a year earlier) is obviously kind to his womenfolk, buying his daughter special paper, sending her for a bottle of "sweet oil" and sugar, and purchasing a lady's luxury: an expensive Leghorn bonnet with silk.16

On August 8, A. W. BENTON (whose letter to a magazine in 1831 will become the earliest-known printed account of Joseph Smith's money-digging "trial") buys a lock for a trunk. A week later, he returns to the Pearsall's store to buy a calf skin. Dr. PURPLE, another of the crucial witnesses to leave descriptions of Smith's 1826 legal hearing, comes in twice, and like the constable, buys things for his lady, including some good fabric. "Purple's presence in South Bainbridge is attested to in a number of legal documents for 1826 and 1827," notes Dan Vogel,17 and now we have two more proofs of his presence in that town. Horace STOWELL (son or cousin of Josiah Stowell) comes to the store half a dozen times during these three months, on one occasion to pick up a gallon of molasses for Squire Joseph P. CHAMBERLIN, before whom Joseph Smith will be hauled three years later on continuing complaints from the 1826 episode. And Peter BRIDGMAN (Josiah Stowell's religious nephew whose original complaint against Joseph Smith started it all) visits this store half a dozen times. He buys fifty pounds of codfish, some tobacco, various leathers, and evidently sees to the payment of fifty cents owed to "Elder Goodwine."

For many more examples, see my REGISTER OF SELECTED NAMES further below. Window glass, writing paper, "jews harps," curious tools, interesting foods, rich apparel and so much more will be found here. To a bookseller, of course, entries about reading are naturally interesting, and on July 17, William Strong Sayre (who knew Joseph Smith's attorney John Reed well) buys a book for 87½ cents. That was easy enough for an attorney, perhaps. But in this place where young Joseph Smith (future prophet of things celestial and the Book of Abraham's cosmology) went to school, how can we not feel drawn to an unpretentious entry lurking on page 274 . . .

Widow Johnson — To Balance on N. Philosophy 2 [shillings, bits]

This simple note is multum in parvo: The[od?]ocia Johnson, a Bainbridge widow in her thirties with a teen-age boy and two teen-age girls (judging from the 1830 Bainbridge census) here pays the final 25¢ due on what I'll wager, advisedly, was 16 For these and other examples mentioned here, see the REGISTER OF SELECTED NAMES, below, under the customers' last names. 17 Vogel, 127.

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an edition of Jane Marcet's popular and widely-published Conversations on Natural Philosophy - one of the most expansive of then-popular texts promoting the idea of multiple inhabited worlds throughout the universe.

As scholars have been arguing for decades, it would have been unusual for Joseph Smith not to have believed, like Mrs. Marcet, that the moon and the other planets in our solar system are inhabited by ". . . beings, who are, like us, blessed by [God's] providence." pp. 95-96. The moon must be ". . . a habitable globe, for though it is true, that we cannot discern its towns and people, we can plainly perceive its mountains and valleys . . . ," p. 96; ". . . we must appear as a moon, to the inhabitants of our moon . . . ," p. 99. The Almighty has peopled all the planets ". . . with beings whose bodies are adapted to the various temperatures and elements in which they are situated." And, because of the cold on Saturn, young Caroline would not wish ". . . to become one of the poor wretches who inhabit that planet." p. 105. Even comets may be inhabited, although only by strange beings adapted to ". . . the greatest vicissitudes . . . ," pp. 105-106 (here citing a Philadelphia edition of 1821 analyzed in my Mormon Parallels entry 234). A poor woman, apparently, has sacrificed to make such a text available to her teen-agers in this country township where Joseph Smith had recently gone to school. JOSEPH SMITH'S MOTHER told us that the founder of Mormonism did not read widely when a boy, but thought deeply. A most attentive parent, Lucy Smith surely hit the mark. Joseph's new religion would not incorporate every aspect of the early nineteenth century, but it would make much of certain bits and pieces which came Joseph's way. The every-day cultural record now available to us here is just the kind of source to which we turn in order to explore the fertile fields of earliest Mormonism.

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REGISTER OF SELECTED NAMES IN THE BAINBRIDGE, NEW YORK

MERCANTILE DAYBOOK OF GILBERT AND NATHANIEL PEARSALL, 1827

NAME Page 1820

census 1830

census 1826 tax $

Vogelvol. 4

COMMENTS

Bacon, Daniel 14, 382, 418, 446

no no none see 252

14 - 1 Smoking Machine, 1 lb. paper tobacco, 1 penknife. 382- "Daughter" buys one sheet of "map[ping]g paper" and some india ink. 418- "Daughter" buys 1 3/8 yards of lace, half a yard of figured fabric, and 2 yards of "Wire." 446- buys 13 yards of ribbon and 1¼ yards of lace on August 20. SEE also, p. 120, first entry where one "Bacon" picks up material for one Lockwood Chandler on June 7. "Mr. Bacon had buried money" that Joseph Smith helped Josiah Stowell seek (the "tail feather" incident). Vogel mentions a different Bacon who is listed in the 1830 census in Windsor, Broome County as a possible candidate, p. 252.

Banks, William 148, 161; etc.

no yes 1750 255-56,

269-79

William BANKS was a justice of the peace for Chenango County. Charges listed in his unrelated legal documents are cited in support of Mormon-related documents that were written by other legal officers of the county at the time, in Vogel, pages as noted at left.

Benton, A. W[.] 390, 424

no no none 94-99, etc.

390- Buys one "Trunk Lock," some "Butts & Screws," and a quarter pound of pepper on August 8. 424- Buys "1 Calvs Skin" for 16 shillings ($2.00) on August 15. Abram Willard BENTON (1805-67) was a physician living in South Bainbridge until moving to Illinois ca. 1838. "He not only briefly describes Joseph Smith's court examination of March 1826, but also the first of two later court hearings of July 1830 in South Bainbridge and Colesville. According to Smith, it was 'a young man named Benton' who 'swore out the first warrent against me' in 1830." (Vogel, 94). Benton's article, discovered more than half a century ago by Dale Morgan in the Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate (Utica, New York) for April 9, 1831, is "the earliest known printed reference to Joseph Smith's 1826 court hearing in South Bainbridge, New York." (ibid.) For extensive commentary and full text, see Grunder Mormon List 67 (January 2010).

Benton, James 144 yes yes none Perhaps a relative of Abram Willard BENTON.

Benton, Jullius 334, 349, 455

no no 400 Perhaps a relative of Abram Willard BENTON.

Benton, Orange 25 no yes 670 94 25- "1 Tittlers History, [?]" May 21. Brother of Abram Willard BENTON.

15

NAME Page 1820 census

1830 census

1826 tax $

Vogelvol. 4

COMMENTS

Bigelow, Levi 11, 12, 32, 33, 61, 66, 74,

100; etc.

yes yes 1900

241, 257, etc.

11- buys 100 lemons, soap, cayenne pepper, bottle of pepper sauce. 12- "George" picks up a half pound of tobacco for Levi. 32- daughter picks up 2 skeins of silk. 33- wife buys one pair of children's shoes. 61- daughter buys 1/2 gallon molasses. 66- one long comb. 74- daughter buys a pound of "Y. H. Tea." 100- daughter buys one sheet of mapping paper. Levi BIGELOW, Justice of the Peace, is cited in numerous instances by Vogel in substantiation of various cases (not relating to Joseph Smith) recorded in early documents that, in turn, substantiate the 1826 hearing of Joseph Smith.

Birch, James 81, 264; etc.

no no none SEE Birge, John or Jonathan 81- Buys "1 Lash" (riding crop?) and receives credit for hauling one load of unspecified material from Catskill. 264 - buys a hat, 4 combs, and various textiles.

Birch, Jonathan 288 no no none 288- buys a broom. SEE Birge

Birch, Powell G. 250, 251, 253, 374, 379

no no none 250 - buys some veal and "Balsam Camp[ ? ]" on July 9. 251- mackerel, ginger, tobacco, pepper. 253- "P. G. Birch" buys a pair of suspenders. 374- buys a scythe on August 4. 379- "To Liquor for Company" for 1 shilling on August 4. SEE Birge, John or Jonathan

Birge ("Smith & Birge")

70 no no none SEE Birge, John or Jonathan. 70-for paying "Mrs Bardsby"

Birge, Jno [John, Jonathan] "John Birge," p. 139

62, 139, 293; etc.

no no none see 32

62- two entries, trading in hides for credit, and purchasing tea and stockings ("worsted hose"). Conceivably the unidentified "laywer Burch" mentioned by Newell Knight as being on the side of the prosecution against Joseph Smith in Colesville, 1830. Vogel, 32.

Bridgman, Peter G. 185, 233, 280, 305, 444, 472

no no (but in

Coventry

)

none 248-49, etc., etc.

185 - A dampstain eradicates a small portion of the entry, which apparently involves either the Pearsalls or Bridgman having paid another party: "To [ ] Elder Goodwine 4/–" 233- regular and paper tobacco. 280- "1 Calf skin" for 20/1 on July 14. 305- Buys "1/2 quintal Codfish" (half a hundredweight, thus 50 lbs.). 444- "To 8¾ lbs Soal Leather" for 19/8 ($2.45½) on August 20. 472- Buys 3 lbs., 3 oz. of steel for 2/2 (27 cents) on August 27. Peter G. BRIDGMAN (1804-72) was a nephew of Josiah Stowell, and was the first person to file complaint against Joseph Smith for occult treasure seeking, landing Smith in front of Justice Albert Neely on March 20, 1826. Rev. Wesley Walters suggested in 1974 that, "To safeguard the fortune of his aunt and cousins he took vigorous action by swearing out the warrant, something that would have been difficult for either Mrs. Stowell or her sons to do without raising an internal family argument. . . . Within a month after the trial he was licensed as an exhorter by the Methodists and within three years had helped establish the west Bainbridge Methodist Church. . . ." Quoted in Vogel, 249 n.5.

16

NAME Page 1820 census

1830 census

1826 tax $

Vogelvol. 4

COMMENTS

Chamberland, William [?]

58 no no none see 441

58- a half-pound of tobacco One William Chamberlin (in his seventies) moved from an undesignated location to Harmony, Pennsylvania in 1828 as a renter, and sent student(s) to teacher Lusena Hupman there in the summer of 1830. Vogel, 441.

Chamberlin, Joseph P. 172, 321, 393

no yes 450 267-70, etc.

172- wife ("Lady") buys a box, some sugar, and a pair of shoes on June 18.

321- "Joseph P. Chamberlin p[e]r H. Stowell" Horace STOWELL picks up a gallon of molasses for Squire Chamberlain on Saturday, July 21. 393- Buys more than 14 yards of "sheeting," two dozen buttons, a spool of thread, and a pound of pepper on August 8 (evidently in person; no agent or "Lady" mentioned, although the couple may have visited the store together). Joseph P. CHAMBERLAIN was a Justice of the Peace for Chenango County. Joseph Smith was taken before Justice Chamberlain on July 1, 1830 on charges of being a disorderly person. According to testimony, this clearly related to his earlier occult treasure seeking for which he was tried in 1826. Chamberlin's bill of costs is an important document cited to substantiate that these hearings actually happened.

Craig, Daniel S. 1, 3, 4, 17, 87; etc. 418; etc.

no no none 268 1- Buys a cravat May 12. 4- Buys a pocket comb and raisins May 14. 17- buys another comb. 87- buys 1 and 3/8 yards of "Fig[ure]d Silk" and som tea. . . . 418- buys one yard of "Bobinet Lace." "Daniel L. Craig" would be examined for "assault & Batry" June 1 1830 (listed on Judge Joseph Chamberlin's Bill of Costs, which also listed costs for the examination that July 1 of Joseph Smith Jr. as a disorderly person).

Dezeng, P. M. 13, 17, 24, 29, 30, 66, 81,

145; etc., etc.

yes yes 150 263-66

13 - DeZeng's "Daughter" picks up "1 Sheet Map[ing]g paper" on May 17. 17 - one Leghorn hat and half a yard of silk (luxuries discussed in Mormon Parallels), May 19. 24- 2 bed cords. 29- one comb. 30- 40 lbs. codfish. 66- one pint rum. 81- daughter buys a dozen "Edge plates." 145- "girl" buys a bottle of "Sweet oil" and loaf sugar. Constable Philip M. DEZENG was the man who arrested, held, and traveled with Joseph Smith for two days and one night incident to the hearing of March 20, 1826. He is listed with first initials P. M. in the two census records cited at left, and as "Philip M. Dezeng" in the 1826 assessment record; no other DeZengs appear in those records. DeZeng's bill of costs, 1826, supplies important corroboration of other accounts of Joseph Smith's hearing for occult treasure seeking. That bill of costs also lists the case of Timothy HODGEMAN who apparently later owned the present manuscript daybook analyzed here.

Elmer, Ira 68, 69, 70; etc.

yes yes none see 143

68- "Lady" (i.e., Mr. Elmer's wife) buys calico cloth and butter, May 30. 69- wife buys 1/2 yard of "Book Muslin." 70- wife buys "1 Jews harp" and a quarter-pound of raisins. One Mr. "Ellmer" claimed in October 1834 to have "heard Joe Smith preach in Bainbridge" five years earlier; see Vogel, 143.

17

NAME Page 1820 census

1830 census

1826 tax $

Vogelvol. 4

COMMENTS

Evans, Josiah 58, 59, 92; etc.

yes yes none 261 58 - 2 pairs of coarse shoes, May 28. 92- wife buys fabric, 6 plates, 4 bowls, a dish and a pitcher. Listed as arrested and tried for assault and battery September 16, 1826, in the bills of cost of both Justice Albert Neely and Constable Philip DeZeng.

Evans, Newell 75, 90; etc.

no no 1000

261 75- a pair of sheep shears, picked up by "Chrisman." 90- "Mr Stockwell" picks up 21¼ lbs. of iron. Listed in Albert Neely's 1826 bill of costs in a case of the People vs. Evans on September 2, 1826 for "Champery" (i.e., champerty?, illegal secret sponsorship of a lawsuit). Vogel, 261.

Garratt, Daniel 63, 79, 82, 94; etc.

yes yes 1000

270 63- fish hooks, fishing line, and sugar plums. 79- liquor. 82- a quart of rum. 94- buys a broom and a gimlet (i.e., gimblet, a small cross-handled wood-boring tool). Daniel W. Garret filed charges against one Mr. Blowers for petty larceny, noted on Justice Joseph Chamberlin's bill of costs for mid-1830, which bill also covered the 1830 Bainbridge hearing against Joseph Smith as a disorderly person. Vogel, 270.

Hodgman: "Newell & Hodgman, P[er]r Hodgman"

8, 13, 61, 79; etc.

yes yes yes* 150

264 8 - Newell & Hodgman buy a quarter-pound of tea. 13- flints. 61- liquor and 1/2 lb. tobacco. 79- liquor.

The final owner who has signed this manuscript daybook on the front page is "T Hodman," presumably Timothy Hodgeman who appears in the censuses of 1820 and 1830, and the 1826 tax assessment (see below).

Timothy HODGEMAN appears in Constable Philip DeZeng's 1826 bill of costs, having been summoned, tried and acquitted of charges of assault and battery on August 28, 1826; Vogel, 264.

One Dexter NEWELL is mentioned by James Smith, p. 169, as part owner of a mercantile ca. late 1820s-early 1830s across the street from where Albert Neely had operated a mercantile in the early 1820s. *Dexter Newell and — Hodgeman are listed consecutively in the 1826 tax assessment as owning 1 and 1½ acres of very valuable land (worth as much as an entire farm), respectively, presumably including a store. The fact that they are partners is evident from the fact that Hodgeman is listed under the N's with Newell, and that the assessor did not know his first name (thus probably assessing "Newell & Hodgeman").

18

NAME Page 1820 census

1830 census

1826 tax $

Vogelvol. 4

COMMENTS

Knight, Newell 96 no no none 45 etc.

96- Buys half a barrel of mackerel on June 2. Newell KNIGHT (1800-1847) was a son of Joseph Knight, Sr., and a significant early Mormon, friend of Joseph Smith, and the subject of Smith's first recorded "miracle" in the form of an exorcism performed at Colesville, New York, 1830. He testified on Smith's behalf at Colesville in 1830. His visit with his wife to Joseph Smith in Harmony, Pennsylvania in August 1830 occasioned Smith's revelation regarding the use of water in place of wine at communion (now part of Doctrine & Covenants section 27). He was the Colesville Mormon Branch President when the Colesville Saints emigrated en masse to northeastern Ohio in 1831, briefly attempting a communitarian settlement on the farm of Shaker Leman Copley near Kirtland before moving on to Missouri.

Knight, William 9, 64, 66, 100, 138, 161, 229, 294

no yes none see 151

9- buys a cake of chocolate. 64- one half-pound paper tobacco. 66- one half barrel of mackerel and a gallon of whiskey; credit for one bushel of oats. 100- one hoe. 138- one gallon of whiskey. 161- one broom. 229- one pound paper tobacco. 294- "Boy" picks up "1 paper tob[acc]o." Possibly a relative of the Colesville Knights? No other Knights appear in the 1820 or 1830 Bainbridge census records, or the 1826 assessment record.

Mosher? "Squire Mosers"

144, 145, 146; etc.

? ? none 144- buys a gross of tacks on July 13. Likely a prominent citizen, past or present Justice of the Peace.

Neely, Albert 313, 392, 467

no no 1500

239-62, etc.

313- Buys a pair of white (cotton?) stockings ("To 1 pr white C. hose") for 6/6 on July 19. 392- Buys 114 pounds of iron on August 8. The customer immediately before him in the daybook (same day) is John THOMPSON, possibly the Jonathan Thompson who had testified before Neely the previous year in favor of Joseph Smith. 467- Buys 20 pounds of iron on August 25. Albert NEELY (ca. 1798-1857) married Phebe Pearsall (1809-49), younger sister of the owners of this daybook, and of Robert Pearsall whose daughter Emily Pearsall (1833-72) would ultimately take relevant pages out of Neely's Justice of the Peace docket book to Salt Lake City, from where the record of Joseph Smith's 1826 hearing before Neely - for occult treasure seeking activities - was published multiple times. Neely's manuscript bill of costs (supporting the essential fact of the case, originally recorded in the now-lost but published docket book pages) still survives. See Vogel pages cited at left, etc.

Newell, [Dexter?] yes yes 1000

SEE Hodgman

19

NAME Page 1820 census

1830 census

1826 tax $

Vogelvol. 4

COMMENTS

Newton, Charles Mentioned under the name of Thadeus Newton, p. 89, 313. Account of "Chs Newton," pp. 202, 340, 341, 371; etc.

89, 202

yes yes none 408, 409, 412, 413

89- "Thadeus Newton p[e]r "Ch[arle?]s" "Chs" picks up one barrel of salt on June 1. 202- "Chs Newton," liquor.

313- "Thadeus Newton pr Chs": Charles picks up some cloth, some tea and a gallon of whiskey. This particular entry occurs directly below that for Albert Neely. Directly below this Newton entry is one for the proprietors' brother Robert Pearsall (future father of Miss Emily Pearsall, 1833-72), also buying a gallon of whiskey. All three are July 19. It may be interesting to note, here, that six pages of the daybook are devoted to this day. The three entries noted here are customers or transactions 37-39 out of 48 that day (recorded in order of transaction rather than alphabetically) - thus suggesting the kinds of information or scenario one might infer from a record such as this. 340- Charles Newton account, Charles buys a comb on July 26. 341- buys shingles, nails and lead on July 26.

One Charles A. NEWTON, a young man quite possibly from Bainbridge, was the first signer on the articles of agreement between Josiah Stowell, the Smiths and others to dig for lost gold, silver, coins, etc., Harmony, Pennsylvania, November 1, 1825. See Vogel references given at left.

Newton, Charles M. 115, 162; etc.

no no 50 115- buys a pair of shoes, picked up by "E. Nichols." Compare or contrast with Charles Newton mentioned in the entries above.

Newton, Charles, Jr. 252, 264; etc.

no no none 252- liquor on July 9. 264- calico, braiding, shoes "Thadeus Chs Newton junr" see Charles NEWTON

Newton, Squire 243, 440, 449

? ? ? 243 - "1 Box Blacking." 440- buys "1 Braize hdkf [handkerchief]." 449- buys 6 yards of flannel for 18 shillings ($2.25) on August 21. Likely a prominent citizen, past or present Justice of the Peace.

Pearsall, Phebe (Wm Bush account); "Sister" (Robert Pearsall account).

242; 473

no no none 242- Phebe appears here in an entry under William Bush, picking up 7 yards of calico on his account, July 7. 473- "Robert Pearsall P[e]r Sister" shows purchase of "6 Blue Plates" and 1/16 of a yard of "Bobinet Lace." The only possible other living sister of Robert Pearsall (and of the proprietors of this daybook) at this time may have been Amy Pearsall, born in 1798 with death date not recorded on the genealogical chart I have accessed online. This may well be Phebe PEARSALL (1809-49), younger sister of the owners of this daybook, who would marry Albert NEELY.

Pearsall, Robert 27, 84; etc.

no no none 27- buys 10¾ lbs tallow. 84- two dishes and a pitcher on June 1. Robert Pearsall (1807-73), next younger brother to Gilbert and Nathaniel, owners of this daybook, and future father, 1833, of Emily Pearsall who would take the original manuscript pages of Albert Neely's docket book recording the hearing of Joseph Smith in 1826. Neely was married to the next-younger Pearsall sibling Phebe, (1809-49).

Pope, S. "Squire S. Pope"

157 no no none Likely a prominent citizen, past or present Justice of the Peace.

20

NAME Page 1820 census

1830 census

1826 tax $

Vogelvol. 4

COMMENTS

Purple, William D. 23, 261

no no none 127 ff

23- substantial purchase of fabric and sewing needs, totaling £4/13/9, May 21. 261- buys 1½ yards "Levantine" (fabric) on July 10. "William D. Purple (1802-86), a physician who moved to South Bainbridge, New York, about 1824, claims to have attended Joseph Smith's 1826 court hearing in that town and to have kept notes at Justice Albert Neely's request. Purple's presence in South Bainbridge is attested to in a number of legal documents for 1826 and 1827 . . . He practiced medicine at South Bainbridge from 1824 to 1830 and served as town clerk in 1829. In 1830 he moved to Coventry . . . ," Vogel, 127. The William D. Purple account is one of the three principal narratives of the Joseph Smith hearing for occult treasure seeking, 1826.

Roberts, William 7, 68, 69, 444

no no none 189-90

7 - two entries, buying textiles, women's shoes, whisky, gin and snuff. 68- fabric, cotton balls, handkerchiefs, a set of cups & saucers, and two thimbles; 69- (same day) goes back to buy spoons, fabric, molasses, ginger, codfish, shingle nails and large nails. 444- buys calico and feathers on August 20, then returns the same day, p. 445 - to make a large purchase of textiles, thread, dye, iron, steel, combs, sole leather, tea and three plates (total, £3/11/11). Apparently saw Joseph Smith pass by Coventry, Chenango County in 1830; "Roberts laughed to think father [Seba Beardsley] anticipated Smith ever having any following . . . Roberts . . . afterward run the grist mill just south of Coventryville near the Chas. Pearsall place."

Sayres, William S. 176, 299, 369, 371, 394

no yes none 113, 143-47

176- buys a pair of socks on June 19. 299- Buys "1 Book" for 7 shillings [87½ cents] on July 17. 369- "Schrom" (a surname encountered frequently in this daybook) picks up 2 skeins of silk, on Sayre's account. 371- one pint of "Best Gin" on August 3. 394- one pair of "cotton hose" (stockings). William Strong SAYRE (1803-89), attorney, moved to South Bainbridge in April 1827, began practicing law in Bainbridge 1828, with long success. Sayre never met Joseph Smith, but knew Smith's attorney John S. Reed very well, and knew Josiah Stowell "slightly," whom Sayre says "was generally laughed at as a foolish fanatic . . ." Sayre's letter on the subject, to James T. Cobb, 1878, is in the Theodore A. Schroeder papers in the archives of the Wisconsin State Hist. Society. Vogel, 143.

Stowell, Horace 3, 81, 139, 140, 172, 321

no no 1100

253 3- Buys fabric and raisins on May 14. 81- Wife ("Lady") buys a comb, a pair of shoes, a "Fancy Basket," two dozen needles, and half a yard of cloth ("factory") on June 1. 139- molasses, shoes, tobacco; also entry for "loaf sugar" (all July 12). 140- three entries, still July 12, for salt peter, tea in a canister, , and one spade. 172- sugar. 321- Stowell picks up a gallon of molasses for Squire Joseph P. Chamberlin, whom SEE. Horace STOWELL is thought to have been either a son or a cousin of Josiah Stowell. Horace testified 1826 that he had seen Joseph Smith "look into that strange stone, pretending to tell where a chest of dollars were buried in Windsor a number of miles distant, marked out size of chest in the leaves on ground." Vogel, 253.

21

NAME Page 1820 census

1830 census

1826 tax $

Vogelvol. 4

COMMENTS

Stowell, Israel 386 yes yes none no 386- "Israel [sic] Stowell P[e]r Lady": Mrs. Israel Stowell buys one pair of "Morocco Shoes" for 11 shillings ($1.37½) on August 7. Morocco (goatskin) is a finer leather, likely used for high quality or dress shoes. Presumably a relative of Josiah STOWELL.

Thompson, Jno [i.e., John or Jonathan, but contrast with "John Thompson" entries in this daybook, below]

94 no no 150 136, 254-55, etc.

94- "Jno Thompson" buys a black handkerchief ("1 Blk hdkf") on June 2. One Jonathan Thompson of Chenango County, 1820s-30s, was a principal witness and friend of Joseph Smith at the 1826 and first 1830 hearings. Thompson was one of Josiah Stowell's money digging employees, apparently subsequent to the November 1825 venture. It is Thompson who described striking the top of a chest of treasure with a spade, and the chest sinking deeper into the ground due to enchantment, despite an animal sacrifice performed in advance, etc. See Vogel index for numerous references and commentary.

Thompson, John 392, 409

yes yes 250 391- "John Thompson" buys two pounds of shot on August 8. The very next entry in this daybook, same day, is for Albert NEELY. 409- "John Thompson" is credited with a payment "By cash" of 9/6 (9 shillings sixpence = $1.18½) on August 11, with no purchases that day, suggesting that he stopped into the store specially to make payment on his account.

Wilkins, Preston T. 69 no no none 221, 223

69- one half-pound of tobacco. Played a prank on early Mormons (who were trying to convert his wife who then hounded him) near Colesville by fashioning a key to unlock an angelically-protected chest of Books of Mormon. For background and details, see Vogel 221, 223.

INTERESTING ENTRIES:

"Mrs. Evans Pr Husband"

80 The only entry I noticed showing a husband picking up something on a wife's account.

Bronson, Jesse V. 432 no no none 432- Purchases include "1 Box 7+9 Glass" for 8 shillings (one dollar) on August 17. These would have been 7 X 9 inch window panes.

Different handwritings

429, 451, 463-[64]

While most of the handwriting in the book looks the same to me, an example near the bottom of page 429 clearly shows two distinctly different hands, writing entries for the same customer (Ephraim Bond) on August 17. Page 451 shows entries in another hand on August 22. On page 463, the less-experienced hand appears, and continues to the next page where the writer forgets to number the page, on August 25.

Gillet, Edwin D. 456 no no none 456- Buys "1/2 Quire Paper" for one shilling (12½ cents) on August 22. In a later entry, same day and page, he buys a two-quart jug for 1/9 (21½ cents).

22

NAME Page 1820 census

1830 census

1826 tax $

Vogelvol. 4

COMMENTS

John Rees [not Reed] 378 no no none 378 - "2 Jews harps" on August 4. There are many entries in the book for this person, the name always written clearly with an s at the end.

Pearsall dealings: 384 384- The store gives John Conklin 12 shillings credit (designated at 6/ - or 6 shillings per day, with total of 12–) "By 2 days Work" and then in the following entry charges their younger brother Robert Pearsall the 12 shillings "To Pd Conklin for Labor," August 6.

Widow Johnson 274 no yes* none 274- July 13. "To Balance on N. Philosophy" [2 shillings, = 25 cents] Most likely this was a copy of Conversations on Natural Philosophy by Jane Haldimand Marcet, published widely in the Northeast throughout the 1820s and beyond; see Mormon Parallels 234. *The 1830 Bainbridge census shows one female Johnson head of household: Theocia JOHNSON, aged 30-39, with one male 15-19 and two females 15-19. They live with or next to (i.e., are listed in the census directly following) Lucy Barnum, aged 40-49, also a female head of household with one male 15-19 and two females 15-19. On the facing page of the daybook (273, July 12), Lucy Barnum buys"1/2 oz Sponge" for six cents.

Willber, Jacob 455 no yes none 455- Wilbur buys some veal, and some "Essence of Peppermint" on August 22.

Wood, Asubah 420 no no* none 420- Buys one handkerchief, "Pr W. O" (per written order?) This abbreviation occurs in a number of various customers' entries. *An Asa Wood appears in the 1830 census.

23

SOURCES CITED CENSUS and unspecified GENEALOGICAL records which are mentioned in this description were accessed online in January 2010 at the Internet site, www.ancestry.com. While of great value and interest, the accuracy of such records cannot be analyzed thoroughly enough - in a catalog description of the present limited scope - to meet strictest historiographical standards. Bushman, Richard L. "Fair-Minded People," letter to the editor of Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 37:3 (Winter 2004), p. xiii.

Gay, W. B. . . . Historial Gazetteer of Tioga County, New York, 1785-1888. Compiled and Edited by W. B. Gay . . . (Syracuse, New York: W. B. Gay & Co., n.d.)

Hartley, William G. Stand By My Servant Joseph; The Story of the Joseph Knight Family and the Restoration (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2003).

Knight, Joseph, Sr. "Manuscript of the History of Joseph Smith," ca. 1835-47, LDS Church Archives, Salt Lake City, Utah; in Vogel, 11-24.

Knight, Newel. "Newel Knight Journal" (heavily cleaned up from Knight's original manuscript in:) Scraps of Biography. Tenth Book of the Faith-Promoting Series (Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Office, 1883).

Marquardt, H. Michael. "Transcript of the Assessment Roll of the Town of Bainbridge, County of Chenango, State of New York for 1826. Transcription by H. Michael Marquardt, June 1988 (20 pages) . . ."

Pearsall, Clarence E., ed. History and Genealogy of the Pearsall Family in England and America. Clarence E. Pearsall, Editor. Hettie May Pearsall, Assistant Editor. Harry L. Neall, Associate Genealogist and Historian. Volume Two. (San Francisco: From the Press of H. S. Crocker Company, Inc., 1928).

Smith, James H. . . . History of Chenango and Madison Counties, New York, With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of its Prominent Men and Pioneers. By James H. Smith. [at head of title: "1784.]. Syracuse, New York: Published by D. Mason & Co., 1880.

Vogel, Dan. Early Mormon Documents. Volume IV. Compiled and Edited by Dan Vogel. (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002).

Woodford, Robert John. The Historical Development of the Doctrine and Covenants . . . A Dissertation Presented to the Department of Ancient Scripture, Brigham Young University . . . [Provo, Utah], April 1974 (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International, c. 1980 by Woodford). 3 volumes.