bai_my hue
of 112
Transcript of bai_my hue
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
1/112
n tt nghip
M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ho ti cc thnh ph v cc khu thVit Nam gia tng mnh m v ngy cng pht trin trong cc tnh thnh c nc.
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng nghip ho v th ho, nhiu loi cht thi khc
nhau sinh t cc hot ng ca con ngi c xu hng tng ln v s lng, t nc
cng, rc sinh hot, phn, cht thi cng nghip n cc cht thi c hi (nh rc y
t). Nu ta khng c phng php ng n phn hu lng cht thi ny th s
gy nhim mi trng do vt qu kh nng phn hu ca t nhin.
Cht thi rn hin nay tr thnh vn bc xc trong cuc sng th v nh
hng xu ca n n x hi. Bn cnh cc vn quan tm, ta cng cn quan tm
n lng cht thi rn y t nguy hi pht sinh.
Cht thi rn y t (CTRYT) l loi cht thi nguy hi. Trong thnh phn
CTRYT c cc loi cht thi nguy hi nh: cht thi lm sng nhm A,B,C,D,E. Cc
loi cht thi ny c bit l cht thi nhim khun nhm A, cht thi phu thut
nhm E c cha nhiu mm bnh, vi khun gy bnh c th thm nhp vo c th
con ngi bng nhiu con ng v nhiu cch khc nhau. Cc vt sc nhn nh kim
tim d lm try xc da, gy nhim khun. ng thi, trong thnh phn cht thi
y t cn c cc loi ho cht v dc phm c tnh c hi nh: c tnh di truyn,
tnh n mn da, gy phn ng, gy n. Nguy him hn cc loi c tnh trn l cht
thi phng x pht sinh t vic chun bnh bng hnh nh nh: chiu chp X-quang,
tr liu Lng cht thi rn y t nguy hi pht sinh chim t l rt nh (0,14%) so
vi tng lng cht thi rn pht sinh trn a bn ton quc. Tuy nhin, nu chngkhng c qun l tt s gy nhim mi trng v nh hng ti sc kho cng
ng.
Cho n nay, chn lp vn l bin php x l cht thi rn ph bin nht i
vi nhiu nc trn th gii trong c Vit Nam. u im chnh ca cng ngh
chn lp t tn km v c th x l nhiu loi cht thi rn khc nhau so vi cng
ngh khc. Tuy nhin hnh thc chn lp li gy ra nhng hnh thc nhim khc
1
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
2/112
n tt nghip
nh nhim nc, mi hi, rui nhng, cn trngHn na, cng ngh chn lp
khng th p dng x l trit cc loi cht thi y t, c hi. Ngoi ra trong qu
trnh th ho nh hin nay, qu t ngy cng thu hp, dn n kh khn trongvic la chn v tr lm bi chn lp rc.
V vy, p dng mt s bin php x l rc khc song song vi chn lp l
mt nhu cu rt thit thc. Cng ngh t cht thi rn, mt trong nhng cng ngh
thay th, ngy cng tr nn ph bin v c ng dng rng ri c bit vi loi hnh
cht thi rn y t v c hi. Cng ngh t cht thi rn s t tn km hn nu i
km vi bin php khai thc tn dng nng lng pht sinh trong qu trnh t.
2. Mc tiu ca nTnh ton thit k l t rc y t nhm gii quyt nhim mi trng do cht
thi rn y t sinh ra ca bnh vin a khoa tnh Qung Ngi.
3. Ni dung ca n
1/ Tng quan v cht thi y t.
2/ Tng quan v phng php thiu t cht thi rn y t.
3/ Hin trng thu gom, x l cht thi rn y t ca tnh Qung ngi.
4/ D bo khi lng pht sinh cht thi rn y t cho bnh vin a khoa
Qung ngi n nm 2030.
5/ Tnh ton, thit k l t rc y t cng sut 30 kg/h.
4. Phng php nghin cu
Nghin cu l thuyt
- Thu thp s liu, t liu tng quan v cht thi rn y t.
- Thu thp s liu, t liu v cc phng php x l cht thi rn y t.- Thu thp s liu, t liu v hin trng thu gom v x l cht thi rn y
t.
Nghin cu thc nghim
- Kho st khu vc t l t rc y t.
5. ngha khoa hc thc tin, kinh t x hi
ngha khoa hc
2
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
3/112
n tt nghip
- Trn c s thit k l t x l cht thi rn y t cho tnh Qung
ngi, l t c thit k hai cp c th x l trit cht thi rn y t
v kh gas sinh ra trong qu trnh t nhm hn ch nhim mi trngdo cht thi rn gy ra.
ngha kinh t - x hi
- Cng ngh ny c th p dng x l cht thi rn y t cho bnh vin
a khoa tnh Qung ngi v cc bnh vin khc.
3
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
4/112
n tt nghip
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V CHT THI RN Y T
1.1 Khi nim cht thi rn y tCht thi y t (CTYT) l cht thi t cc hot ng khm cha bnh, chm
sc, xt nghim, nghin cuCTYT nguy hi l cht thi c cc thnh phn nh:
mu, dch c th, cht bi tit, cc b phn, c quan; bm, kim tim, vt sc nhn,
dc phm, ha cht, cht phng xthng dng rn, lng, kh. CTYT c xp
l cht thi nguy hi, cn c phng thc lu gi, x l, thi b c bit, c quy nh
ring; gy nguy hi sc khe, an ton mi trng hay gy cm gic thiu thm m.
Rc sinh hot y t l cht thi khng xp vo cht thi nguy hi, khng c kh
nng gy c, khng cn lu gi, x l c bit; l cht thi pht sinh t cc khu vc
bnh vin: giy, plastic, thc phm, chai l
Rc y t (RYT) l phn cht thi y t dng rn, khng tnh cht thi dng
lng v kh, c thu gom v x l ring.
1.2 Phn Loi
1.2.1 Cht thi lm sng: Cht thi rn y t gm 5 nhm
Nhm A: cht thi nhim khun, cha mm bnh vi s lng, mt
gy bnh, b nhim khun bi vi khun, virus, k sinh trng, nmbao
gm cc vt liu b thm mu, thm dch, cht bi tit ca ngi bnh nh
gc, bng, gng tay, bt b gy xng, dy truyn mu
Nhm B: l cc vt sc nhn: bm tim, li, cn dao m, mnh thy
tinh v v mi vt liu c th gy ra cc vt ct hoc chc thng, d chng c
c s dng hay khng s dng. Nhm C: cht thi nguy c ly nhim pht sinh t phng xt nghim:
gng tay, lam knh, ng nghim, bnh phm sau khi xt nghim, ti ng
mu
Nhm D: cht thi dc phm, dc phm qu hn, b nhim khun,
dc phm b , khng cn nhu cu s dng v thuc gy c t bo.
4
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
5/112
n tt nghip
Nhm E: l cc m c quan ngi ng vt, c quan ngi bnh,
ng vt, m c th (nhim khun hay khng nhim khun), chn tay, nhau
thai, bo thai1.2.2 Cht thi gy c t bo
Vt liu b nhim nh bm tim, gc, l thucthuc qu hn, nc tiu,
phnchim 1% cht thi bnh vin.
1.2.3 Cht thi phng x
Cht thi c hot ring nh cht phng x. Cht thi phng x pht sinh t
hot ng chun on, ho tr liu v nghin cu. Cht thi phng x gm cht thi
rn, lng, kh. Cht thi phng x rn: vt liu s dng trong xt nghim, chun on nh
ng tim, bm tim, giy thm
Cht thi phng x lng: dung dch cha nhn t phng x, tham gia iu
tr, cht bi tit.
Cht thi phng x kh: kh dng trong lm sng, kh t kho cha cht
phng x.
1.2.4 Cht thi ho hc
Cht thi t nhiu ngun, ch yu t hot ng xt nghim, chun on bao
gm: formaldehyd, ho cht quang hc ho, dung mi, etylen, hn hp ho cht
1.2.5 Cc loi bnh cha c p sut
Bnh ch kh c p nh bnh CO2, O2, gas, bnh kh dung, bnh kh dng 1
lncc bnh d gy chy n, khi thiu t cn thu ring.
1.2.6 Cht thi sinh hotCht thi khng b coi l cht thi nguy hi, pht sinh t bnh vin, phng lm
vicgiy bo, ti liu, vt liu ng gi, thng, ti nilon, thc n d tha
Kh nng gy nhim ca cc loi cht thi rn
- Cc loi bng, bng, gc, vi cha rt nhiu vi trng gy bnh. Qua
trung gian ca cc loi cn trng nh rui, mui cc loi vi trng ny s
xm nhp nhiu ni, qua ng thc n, nc ung c th gy ra cc
dch bnh trn phm vi rng.
5
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
6/112
n tt nghip
- Cc loi bnh phm ngoi cc kh nng gy bnh cho con ngi cn d
b thi ra, hi thi lm nhim mi trng khng kh v lm mt m
quan xung quanh.- Cc vt sc nhn nh kim tim, ng chch nu a thng ra bi chn
lp s gy nguy him cho cng nhn thu dn v sinh hoc nhng ngi
nht rc v cc bnh ly truyn qua ng mu khi gim phi.
V vy: m bo an ton trong lc vn chuyn hoc thu gom em i x l
thch hp. Mt s bnh vin cha trang b l t rc y t k hp ng x l rc y t
vi Cng ty Mi trng th v Cng ty Mi trng th c nhng quy trnh
bt buc thc hin i vi loi rc thi nguy hi ny. Quy trnh qun l, x l cht thi y t bao gm :
- Quy trnh lp ch tiu k hoch thu gom, vn chuyn, x l rc y t.
- Quy trnh thu gom, vn chuyn rc y t.
- Quy trnh x l rc y t.
1.3 Tnh cht cht thi y t
1.3.1 Tnh cht vt l
1.3.1.1 Thnh phn
L thng s quan trng nh gi kh nng thu hi ph liu, la chn cng
ngh thch hp.
S khc nhau gia cht thi y t v cht thi th c th hin bng 1.1:
Bng 1.1: S khc nhau gia cc loi cht thi
Thnh phnCT ly nhim (%
trng lng)
CT thng thng
(% trng lng)
CT th (%
trng lng)Giy 31 36 41,9Carton 0 3 12,2Plastic 29 20 11,2Cao su 12 1,4 1,6Vi 5 2,1 2,9Thc phm 1 11,7 11,9Rc vn 0 2 0Thy tinh 3,2 4,8 7,5Kim loi 1,1 7,2 6
Cht dch 17,7 9,9 0
6
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
7/112
n tt nghip
Misorganics 0 1,9 0,4(Ngun : Cefinea)
Bng 1.2:Thnh phn rc sinh hot ti bnh vin
STT Thnh phnPhn trm trng lng
(%)1 Giy v giy thm 602 Plastic 203 Thc phm tha 104 Kim loi, thy tinh, cht v c 75 Cc loi hn hp khc 3
(Ngun : Cefinea)
Bng 1.3 Thnh phn cht thi nhim khun c trong cht thi rn y t
STT Thnh phn Phn trm trng lng (%)1 Giy v qun o 50 702 Plastic 20 603 Thy tinh 10 204 Cht dch 1 10
(Ngun : Cefinea)
Bng 1.4:Thnh phn vt l cht thi y t mt s bnh vin TP. HCM
STT Thnh phn vt l Phn trm trng lng (%)
1 Plastic 30,12 Cao su (C4H6)n 24,23 Vi, giy (C6H10O5)n 36,24 Lipit (C30H61C6H5O6) 0,55 Protit (C2H5O2N) 46 Xng (Ca, P) 5
Bng 1.5: Thnh phn ha l ca rc y t
Thnh phn Hm lng
(%)
Khi lng
(kg)
Phn t lng
(g)
Lng mol
(kmol)
C 50,85 50,85 12 4,23H 6,71 6,71 2 3,35
O 19,5 19,5 32 0,59
N 2,75 2,75 28 0,098
Ca 0,1 0,1 40 0,00025
P 0,08 0,08 15 0,0053
S 2,71 2,71 32 0,084
7
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
8/112
n tt nghip
Cl 15,1 15,1 71 0,212
A (tro) 1,05 1,05 - -
W (nc) 1,5 1,5 18 0,605Tng 100 100
(Ngun: Cefinea)
1.3.1.2 m
m ca cht thi rn l thng s lin quan n gi tr nhit lng, xem xt
khi la chn, phng php x l, thit k bi chn lp v l t. m thay i theo
thnh phn v theo ma trong nm. Ty tng loi cht thi c m khc nhau 8,5
17%, ch yu l giy, plastic chim t l cao. m tng i thng thch hp vi
phng php x l bng cng ngh thiu t.
1.3.1.3 T trng
Xc nh bng t s gia trng lng ca mu rc v th tch chim ch. T
trng thay i theo thnh phn, m, nn cht ca rc. T trng l thng s quan
trng phc v cho cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn v x l v lin quan ti khi lng
rc thu gom v thit k qui m l t. RYT c thnh phn hu c cao nn t trng
cht thi thp 208 345kg/m3.
8
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
9/112
n tt nghip
1.3.2 Tnh cht ho hc v gi tr nhit lng
Tnh cht ha hc v nhit lng c xem l nhn t khi la chn phng n
x l cht thi, tham gia thu gom, vn chuyn. Rc thi c gi tr nhit lng cao nnx l bng phng php thiu t, rc c thnh phn hu c cao, d phn hy phi
thu gom trong ngy v u tin x l bng phng php sinh hc.
1.3.2.1 Tnh cht ho hc
Thnh phn hu c: c xc nh l phn vt cht c th bay hi
sau khi nung 950oC.
Thnh phn v c (tro): l phn tro cn li sau khi nung 950 0C.
Thnh phn phn trm (%): phn trm ca cc nguyn t C, H, O,N, S v tro. Thnh phn % c xc nh tnh gi tr nhit lng ca rc.
1.3.2.2 Gi tr nhit lng
Nhit thot ra t vic t CTYT l mt thng s quan trng, c n v kJ/kg.
Cc l t u c b phn cp kh bn trong trc tip nh hng n kh nng chy.
V vy, khi lng cht thi c th t mi gi ph thuc vo gi tr nhit lng mi
kg cht thi.
Nhit lng (Q) rc thi tnh theo cng thc
Q = 339C + 1256H 108,8(O S) 25,1(W + 9H) (kJ/kg)
Trong : C: phn trm (%) trng lng Cacbon trong rc.
H: phn trm (%) trng lng Hidro trong rc.
O: phn trm (%) trng lng Cxy trong rc.
N: phn trm (%) trng lng Nit trong rc.
S: phn trm (%) trng lng lu hunh trong rc.W: phn trm (%) trng lng tro trong rc.
9
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
10/112
n tt nghip
Chng 2
TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN Y T
2.1 Phng php kh trngy l cng on u tin khi x l RYT nhm hn ch tai nn cho nhn vin
thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc. Cht thi lm sng c nguy c nhim khun cao,
phi c x l an ton bng phng php kh trng gn ni cht thi pht sinh
sau cho vo ti nilon mu vng ri vn chuyn tiu hy.
Kh trng bng ha cht: chloride, hypochloritel phng php r tin,
n gin nhng c nhc im l thi gian tip xc t khng tiu dit ht vi khun
trong rc. Vi khun c kh nng bn vng vi ha cht, nn x l khng hiu qu.
Ho cht bn thn nguy him, cn nghin nh cht thi gim th tch.
Kh trng bng nhit p sut cao: l phng php t tin, i hi ch
vn hnh, bo dng cao; x l kim tim sau khi nghin nh, lm bin dng.
Nhc im to mi hi nn vi bnh vin c l t th kim tim t trc tip.
Kh trng bng siu cao tng: kh trng tt, nng sut cao. Tuy nhin, i
hi k thut cao, thit b t tin v yu cu c chuyn mn, l phng php cha
ph bin.
2.2 Phng php tr ho (c nh v ng rn)
y l phng php c s dng rng ri x l cht thi nguy hi trong
c c rc y t. l qa trnh x l trong x l cht thi nguy hi c trn
vi ph gia hoc b tng ng rn cht thi nhm khng cho cc thnh phn
nhim lan truyn ra ngoi.
Cng ngh ny ang c p dng : Ci to khu vc cha cht thi nguy hi.
X l cc sn phm nguy hi ca cc qu trnh x l khc.
X l v tn tr cc cht nguy hi an ton hn, gim thiu kh nng pht
tn ra mi trng xung quanh.
10
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
11/112
n tt nghip
Cc cht dnh v c thng dng l: vi, xi mng porand, bentonic, pizzolan,
thch cao, silicat. Cht kt dnh hu c thng dng l: epoxy, polyester, nha
asphalt, polyolefin, ure formaldehyt.2.3 Phng php chn lp
Phng php chn lp l phng php lu gi cht thi trong mt bi v c
ph t ln trn. Phng php chn lp hp v sinh l phng php kim sot s
phn hu ca cht thi khi chng c chn nn v ph lp b mt. Cht thi s b
tan ra nh qu trnh phn hu sinh hc to ra sn phm cui cng l cc cht giu
dinh dng nh acide hu c, nit, cc hp cht amon v mt s kh: CO2, CH4
iu kin chn lp ti cc bi chn lp (BCL) l tt c cc loi cht thi khngnguy hi, cht thi c kh nng phn hu theo thi gian.
u im
Vn u t thp.
Qun l d.
Khuyt im
Tn nhiu t.
C kh nng pht sinh nhim mi trng ln (t, nc mt, nc ngm,
khng kh).
Pht sinh cn trng v dch bnh.
Chi ph x l pht sinh nhim cao. Nhng bi chn lp (BCL) ci tin v
hp v sinh ngoi vic m bo chng thm ca nc rc cn phi c cc
cng trnh nh cn cn, phn loi v x l rc c hi, m ln, che y khoan
trung gian, h thng thot nc ma ring v ph t cc t cao. gim mi hi cn phi c hng ro cch ly v s dng cc ch phm vi sinh.
Cho n nay, Vit Nam cha c Bi Chn Lp no tho mn cc yu cu
trn, hn na phn sinh ra t cc Bi Chn Lp cng khng s dng c cho ng
rung nc ta. Th nhng nc ta, hu ht phng php x l rc sinh hot hin
nay l phng php ny. V phng php ny cng khng dng x l rc y t.
2.4 Phng php t
11
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
12/112
n tt nghip
Phng php t l phng php oxy ho nhit cao vi s c mt ca oxy
trong khng kh, trong rc s c chuyn ho thnh kh v cc cht tr khng
chy. y l phng php ph bin, nhiu ni p dng; l qu trnh oxy ha rc nhit cao, to CO2, H2OPhng trnh tng qut:
CxHyOz + (x+y/4+z/2) O2 = xCO2 + yH2O
u im: x l trit rc, tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh v cc cht
nhim khc, din tch xy dng nh, vn hnh n gin v c th x l rc c
chu k phn hy di.
Nhc im: chi ph u t vn hnh cao, thiu t mt s cht thi
cha clor, kim loi nng pht sinh ra bi, cht nhim c hi nh dioxinCht thi t l t chia lm 2 nhm
Cc sn phm do s chy khng hon ton nh arsenic, crom, beri,
helic ngun gc t cc cht nhim ban u.
Cc sn phm sinh ra do qu trnh chy khng hon ton trong bung
s cp. Cht thi c nhit lng cao tiu th nhiu xi trong qu trnh chy.
Trong qu trnh thit k l t cn km theo h thng x l kh thi, lu cc
yu t m bo s t chy hon ton: lng O2 cung cp, nhit chy 900
1200oC, thi gian t v mc xo trn. Cn lu vt liu ch to l m bo chu
nhit cao. Kh thi sau khi lm ngui c x l bng dung dch trung ha.
2.5 Tnh hnh p dng cng ngh t cht thi nguy hi v cht thi rn y t
2.5.1 Tnh hnh p dng cng ngh t cht thi nguy hi v cht thi y
rn t trn th gii
Nh tnh u vit ca cng ngh t m hu ht cc nc trn Th gii utin p dng phng php t phn hy rc thi. cc nc Ty u c khong
23% tng lng cht thi rn c t c ti 80% l t c thu hi nng lng, M
28 bang c l t thu hi nng lng, c lng rc em t chim 36%;Canada
80%; Php v B 54%; an Mch 48%; Anh 90%; 75%; Nht 75%... x l hn
400 triu tn rc thi nguy hi hng nm, Nht Bn c khong 3.000 l t rc.
Ba Lan, ti cng Gdansk lp t 1 l quay t cht thi c cng sut t
2,5 tn/gi, cht thi c t t cc ngnh cng nghip du kh, thc phm, dc
12
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
13/112
n tt nghip
phm, ha cht... L t hot ng 290 ngy/nm, t lin tuc, 75 ngy bo tr v sa
cha l. L t ti a l 20.000 tn cht thi/nm. Nhit sau bung t th cp ti
thiu phi t t 850 900
0
C. gim NOx trong kh thi, y ngi ta dng dungdch Ur 40% trong nc x l. Kh thi c x l t tiu chun quy nh ca
Ba Lan trc khi thi ra mi trng.
M, Anh, H Lan, Phn Lan, Thy in, Canada trin khai nhiu l t
cht thi nguy hi trong thu hi nhit cp cho ni hi pht in. M, Canada
ch yu t cht thi theo cng ngh l quay (khong 70%), trong khi cc nc
Chu u li ch yu l t trn l nhit phn tnh.
2.5.2 Tnh hnh p dng cng ngh t cht thi nguy hi v cht thi rny t Vit Nam
Vit Nam, rc thi nguy hi vi c tnh v ang tc ng tiu cc mt
cch trm trng n sc khe con ngi v mi trng sng. Trc y do cha
c quan tm ng mc, hu ht cc loi rc nguy hi trn c thugom v a i
x l chung vi rc sinh hot.
Theo thng k ca B Khoa Hc, Cng Ngh v Mi Trng, mi ngy cc
hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, dch v trong c nc thi ra mi trng khong
50.000 tn cht thi rn, trong gm 26.877 tn cht thi cng nghip, 21.828 tn
cht thi sinh hot v 240 tn cht thi y t (ton ngnh y t c 826 Bnh vin),
Trong s 12 25 % l cht thi y t nguy hi cn x l c bit bng phng php
thiu t.
H Ni c khong 40 Bnh vin Trung ng v a phng cng vi hnh
trm trung tm y t cp huyn v x, mi ngy mi c s ny thi ra khong 11 12tn cht thi y t. Theo thng k ca Cng ty Mi trng th H Ni (URENCO),
mi ngy ch thu gom c khong 60% lng cht thi trn v 5% trong s c
em x l bng phng php thiu t, s cn li c em i chn lp.
Trc y H Ni ch c 2 l t rc y t Bnh vin Lao phi v Bnh
vin Vit c, nhng do cng ngh lc hu vn gy nhim mi trng. L t rc
y t DEL MONEGO-200 ca Italy, a vo hot ng mt t ti Nh my ch
bin ph thi Cu Din, huyn T Lim. Vi cng sut x l 200 kg/h (2 tn/ngy),
13
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
14/112
n tt nghip
hin nay p ng phn ln rc y t ca cc Bnh vin v Trung tm y t H Ni
(trong 6 thng u nm 2003, l t x l c 210 tn rc y t, vi gi thnh
thiu hy l 5.000 /kg. Tuy nhin vn cha p ng nhu cu x l rc y t t ccphng khm cha bnh t nhn H Ni.
Thnh ph H Ch Minh hin vi 800 nh my, x nghip ln v khong
30.000 c s sn xut qui m nh, mi ngy sinh ra 260 tn cht thi (94.900
tn/nm), trong c 35 tn cht thi nguy hi (12.775 tn/nm) cn x l bng
phng php t.
Thnh ph H Ch minh c hn 100 c s y t ln nh v hn 4.000 phng khm
bnh t nhn. Nhng s GTCC mi thu gom c rc thi ca 56 c s y t khu vcni thnh vi lng rc khong 5,5 tn /ngy v c em i t tp trung ti Nh
my x l rc y t Bnh Hng Ha trn l t rc y t Hoval cng sut 7 tn/ngy ca
B.
Nhm p ng nhu cu x l nhim bo v mi trng, mt s l t rc y
t c nhp ngoi nh d n Trang b 25 l t cht thi rn y t cho cc cm
bnh vin t ngun vn ODA ca Chnh ph o, do hng HOVALWERK AG cung
cp nm 2001, bao gm 12 l HOVAL MZ2 ( cc Tnh H Ty, Bc Giang, H
Tnh, Qung Nam, An Giang, C Mau...), 12 l MZ4 ( Thi Nguyn, Qung Ninh,
Hi Dng, Ngh An, Bnh nh, Cn Th...) v 1 l GG4 Bin Ha, ng Nai.
L t rc y t HOVAL c cng sut 7 tn/ngy do Cng ty Mi trng th TP.
H Ch Minh nhp t B, hin lp t ti Trung tm ha tng Bnh Hng Ha x
l rc tp trung cho Thnh ph H Chi Minh. L HOVAL A>G cng sut 20 Kg/h
nhp t Thy S cho Bnh vin L Li TP. Vng Tu. L BIC ca B Bnh vinLong Thnh ng Nai...
14
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
15/112
n tt nghip
2.6 C s la chn cng ngh x l cht thi rn y t
2.6.1 C s la chn
Da vo cc phng php x l rc y t nu, cc phng php u c unhc im ring. Kh trng bng ho cht khng m bo hiu qu kh trng, cht
thi vn cn nguy c ly nhim cao; kh trng bng ni hp, sng viba i hi k
thut cao, chi ph tn km; phng php chn lp thng khng qua x l nn nh
hng n mi trng.
Qua cc phn tch trn, phng php thiu t RYT l thch hp, ph hp iu
kin nhiu vng nc ta, c nhiu u im, gim 90 95% trng lng cht thi
hu c trong rc, cht thi pht sinh t qu trnh t c th c x l ti ch, trnhri ro khi vn chuyn, hiu qu cao i vi cht thi nguy him, cht thi ly nhim
cao.
2.6.2 Qu trnh qun l cht thi rn y t trc khi x l
2.6.2.1 Thu gom
Phi c lch trnh thu gom v vn chuyn rc hp l.
RYT c gi trong bao nilon hoc trong thng cha c np y.
Quy nh mu sn ca cc thng cha rc khc nhau phn bit (thng mu
xanh cha rc sinh hot, mu vng cha cc loi rc y t nh bng bng, gc, ng
tim, bnh phmmu en cha cht thi phng x, thuc gy c t bo)
Cc loi bnh phm phi c chuyn ngay n ni tp trung rc bng cc
dng c v phng tin chuyn dng chun b cho vic thiu t, khng c
bnh phm tn ng lu trong cc phng, khoa ca bnh vin.
Nh phn loi rc phi thng thong tt, thng xuyn phun xt cc loi thucchng rui, mui.
Khu tp trung rc thi phi cao c mi v tng che trnh nc ma ri
vo, xung quanh phi c mng thot nc vi h thng thot nc bn x l.
15
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
16/112
n tt nghip
2.6.2.2 Phn loi
Rc c chia lm 2 loi: rc sinh hot, rc y t.
Vic phn loi phi c thc hin ngay ti thi im cht thi pht sinh, chtthi phi c ng trong cc ti v thng theo quy nh.
Cht thi y t nguy hi khng c ln trong cht thi sinh hot. Nu v
tnh ln cht thi y t nguy hi th hn hp cht thi c x l v tiu hy nh
cht thi y t nguy hi.
2.6.3 Cng ngh thiu t cht thi rn y t
Cng ngh thiu t l t cht thi mt cch c kim sot trong mt vng
kn, mang nhiu hiu qu. Qu trnh t c thc hin hon ton, ph hy hon toncht thi c hi bng cch ph v cc lin kt ha hc, gim thiu hay loi b hon
ton c tnh. Hn ch tp trung cht thi cn loi b vo mi trng bng cch bin
i cht rn, lng thnh tro. So vi CTYT cha x l, tro thi vo mi trng an ton
hn.
Vic qun l kim loi, tro v cc sn phm ca qu trnh t l khu quan
trng. Tro l mt dng vt liu rn, tr gm C, mui, kim loi. Trong qu trnh t,
tro tp trung bung t (tro y), lp tro ny xem nh cht thi nguy hi. Cc ht
tro c kch thc nh c th b cun ln cao (tro bay). Tn tro cn chn lp an ton v
thnh phn nguy hi s trc tip gy hi. Lng kim loi nng c xc nh qua
vic kim tra khi thi v tro d ca l t.
Thnh phn kh thi ch yu l CO2, hi nc, NOx, hydrigen cloride v cc
kh khc. Cc kh vn tim n kh nng gy hi cho con ngi v mi trng, v vy
cn c h thng x l khi thi t l t.L t thng c chia lm 2 bung
Bung t chnh: gm 2 giai on
+ Giai on 1: cht thi c sy kh.
+ Giai on 2: chy v kh ha.
Bung t sau: gm 3 giai on
+ Giai on 3: phi trn.
+ Giai on 4: chy dng kh.
16
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
17/112
n tt nghip
+ Giai on 5: xi ho hon ton.
Cc yu t quyt nh s hiu qu ca l t: s cn bng nng lng, h
thng kim sot ch t, nhit nng chy trong bung t, m ca cht thi.Phng php t l phng php hiu qu v kinh t nht x l trit
cht thi y t nguy hi.
Hnh 2.1: Cng ngh thiu t rc y t
17
Rc y t
Tp trung phn loi
Bch nilon chuyn dng
Thng cha
L t rc
Thit b x l kh thi
Qut gi
Nc thi nhim bn
Tn troBi chn lp
Rc sinh hot
ng khiH thng x l nc thi
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
18/112
n tt nghip
2.6.4 Cc kiu l c bn
C 2 kiu l c bn:
L quay (chuyn ng quay): c cu to hnh tr, nm ngang. Chuyn ngquay quanh trc ca l lm cht thi c o trn u, nng cao hiu qu chy. L
c ch to vi cng sut ln, chi ph u t v vn hnh rt cao.
L tnh (khng chuyn ng): c cu to n gin, hiu qu cao. Cng sut
thit k ca l tnh thng l nh hoc trung bnh. C cc loi l: l t thit k n
gin, l t 1 khoang, l t 2 khoang.
So snh mt s c im cc loi l t:
Bng 2.1: c im mt s l t.
c im L 1 khoang L 2 khoang L quay
Cng sut (kg/ngy) 100 200 200 1000 500 3000
Nhit (oC) 300 400 800 1000 1200 1600
B phn lmsch kh Kh lp t Lp vi l ln C sn
Nhn lc Cn o to C chuyn mn Trnh cao
Chi ph Tng i thp Chi ph cao Kh t
Phng php thiu t ph thuc hiu qu s dng ca tng loi l:
L quay: x l c tt c cht thi nhim khun, ha hc v dc
hc, chi ph u t, vn hnh, bo tr cao.
L t th cng n gin: gim ng k trng lng v th tch chtthi, chi ph u t v vn hnh rt thp, khng tiu hy c nhiu ha cht,
dc cht, thi khi en, bi tro v kh c ra mi trng.
L t 1 bung: hiu qu kh khun cao, gim ng k trng lng
v th tch cht thi, cn tro c th chn lp, chi ph u t, vn hnh thp,
khng cn nhn vin vn hnh trnh cao. Nhc im: thi ra mt lng
ng k kh gy nhim, phi ly tro v b hng nh k, khng hiu qu khi
tiu hu cht thi ho hc v dc hc.
18
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
19/112
n tt nghip
L t 2 bung: hiu qu kh khun cao, x l c cht thi nhim
khun, hu ht cht thi ho hc v dc hc nhng khng tiu hy hon ton
thuc gy c t bo. L t tng si: l t tnh cha mt lp ct, thng c cng sut
nh, vn hnh tn nhiu nng lng, thit k phc tp v t tin.
V d minh ha:
L t rc bng gas, c t ti trung tm ha tnh Bnh Hng Ha,
cng sut 7 tn/ngy (GG42 HOVAL) c h thng x l kh thi t tiu chun,
do cng ty mi trng th qun l. L s dng nhit theo nguyn l hiu ng
nhit phn. L gm 2 bung: bung u t kh ha, bung th hai t chykh sinh ra t bung u. y l kiu l tnh, hot ng lin tc, chia lm 3 giai
on: np rc (8h), t (8h), lm ngui (8h).
Hnh 2.2: S vn hnh l t GG42 HOVALNguyn l vn hnh: l s dng nhit thiu hy rc qua 2 bung t, bung
s cp (giai on I) rc c t 700 oC, bung th cp gia tng nhit n 1000 oC,
m bo t chy hon ton kh t bung s cp. Bicabonate Natri v than hot tnh
to phn ng trung ho nhm gim lng acid, kim loi nng, lc bi trc khi thi
ra ngoi.
Chng 3
em
chn
Chn
Sy l Np rc GI GII Lm ngui Tro
B phngii nhit
Bungphn ng
B phnlc
H thng bmho cht
Ha cht sauphn ng
19
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
20/112
n tt nghip
HIN TRNG THU GOM X L RC Y T
CA TNH QUNG NGI
3.1 c im a l t nhin tnh Qung ngi3.1.1 V tr a l
Qung Ngi nm ta a
l 1431'50" n
1525'30" v Bc, v
10814'05" n 10905'00"
kinh ng.
Tnh Qung Ngi nm
vng duyn hi min Trung,
ta vo dy Trng Sn,
hng ra bin ng (vi
chiu di b bin 144 Km), pha Bc gip Qung Nam (vi chiu di ng
a gii 98 Km), pha Nam gip Bnh nh (vi chiu di ng a gii 83
Km), pha Ty Nam gip Kon Tum (vi chiu di ng a gii 79 Km). Tng din tch 5.137,6 Km2
3.1.1.1. a hnh
a hnh tnh Qung Ngi nm min Trung Trung b, c nhiu ni i cao,
g, thung lng c nhng cnh ng la, ma v bin c chia lm cc min ring bit:
Min ni
Rng gn bng 2/3 din tch ton tnh. Min ny thuc loi t ni c nhiu
, kh nng khai thc km. Ni cao him tr, rng rm bao la ni c lm sn dido, c bit c qu Tr Bng, mt lm sn qu. Qung Ngi c nhiu ni cao nh
ni C am tc gi "Hn ng, Hn B" cao 1.600m ngn cch Sn H v Tr
Bng; v pha ty bc c ni Vch (Thch Bch) cao 1.500m ngn cch Sn
H v Minh Long, ni U B cao 1.200m. Ni cao trung bnh 700m nh ni Cao
Mn ngoi Trng Lu pha ty Huyn c Ph.
Min ng bng
20
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
21/112
n tt nghip
t ai phn ln l ph sa do cc sng bi ln thnh phn ct kh cao ca t
vi s xi mn hu ph do thi tit ma nng c bit Qung Ngi, ngi ta thy
rng cht t y tng i ngho, s thot thu li kh nhanh, thm vo s khhn ko di chng t mt s thiu nc trong nhiu thng ca nm, mt mu sc
nht b mt t cho bit s thiu cht bn. Tuy nhin, Qung Ngi cn c nhiu
vng rung rng, thch hp cho vic cy cy, nh th nc ca cc sng ln pht
ngun t dy Trng Sn chy xuyn qua ng bng ri ra bin.
Lu lng ca cc dng sng bin i theo ma. V ma nng, lng sng kh cn,
tri li ma ma, nhng cn ma dm nng ht trn dy Trng Sn lm cho
nc xung cc dng sng khin mc nc dng cao, t ngt lan trn vo ccvng t xung quanh.
Hi o L Sn:
Nm v pha ng Bc Qung Ngi, cch t lin 24 km, v bc 15'40 v
kinh 19' c hi o L Sn tc gi l C Lao R v trc kia c nhiu cy R dng
lm dy rt dai v bn.
3.1.2.Kh hu
Qung Ngi c kh hu nhit i v gi ma. Nhit trung bnh 250 n 26,90C,
thng tun thng 7 v thng 8 nng khng qu 34 0 C, thng tun thng ging lnh
nht khng di 180C.
Thi tit Qung Ngi c chia lm 2 ma: ma, nng r rt.
- Ma nng: T h tun thng ging m lch n thng tun thng 8 m lch.
- Ma ma: T h tun thng ging m lch n thng tun thng ging m lch.
- Gi ma: T h tun thng ging m lch n thng 8 m lch, gi thi t ngNam qua Ty Bc, ht sc mt m d chu gi l gi Nm.
Kh hu Qung Ngi c nhiu gi ng Nam t gi ng Bc v a hnh a th pha
nam, hn na do th ni a phng to ra.
Qung Ngi c ma c bit. v lng trung bnh hng nm 2.198 mm nhng ch
quy t vo 4 thng cui nm cn cc thng khc th kh hn.
Trung bnh hng nm ma 129 ngy, nhiu nht vo cc thng 9, 10, 11, 12. S phn
phi v lng khng u cng nh s ko di ma kh hn rt c hi cho cy
21
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
22/112
n tt nghip
ci, t ai v gy kh khn cho vic dn thot thu. c bit Qung Ngi cc trn
bo ch th xy ra trong khong thi gian t thng 9 n thng 12 dng lch nht l
hai thng 10 v 11.Bng 3.1 S liu v nhit tnh Qung Ngi
Nm 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010C nm 26,3 26,4 26,3 25,8 26,2 26,5Thng 1 23,1 22,3 21,7 22,2 21,9 22,1Thng 2 23,1 22,9 24,2 22,1 24,1 23,6Thng 3 25,2 25,1 25,0 24,7 23,4 24,9Thng 4 27,9 27,4 27,7 27,3 26,6 27,5
Thng 5 28,4 29,3 29,0 29,0 29,5 28,3Thng 6 28,7 29,8 29,6 28,9 30,2 30,1Thng 7 29,7 30,3 29,0 28,3 28,6 29,9Thng 8 28,3 28,0 28,9 28,6 28,7 28,2Thng 9 28,2 27,0 27,3 27,5 27,8 27,2
Thng 10 26,5 26,2 25,8 25,1 26,2 26,5Thng 11 23,6 24,8 24,9 24,5 25,3 25,8Thng 12 22,7 23,8 21,9 21,8 21,6 23,4
Ngun: Trung tm d bo kh tng thy vn tnh Qung Ngi
Bng 3.2 S liu v s gi nng tnh Qung Ngi
Nm 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010C nm 2.145 2.175 2.227 2.010 1.961 2.191Thng 1 119 159 116 85 156 96Thng 2 149 171 188 159 169 128Thng 3 154 206 192 150 150 205Thng 4 240 255 262 220 221 231
Thng 5 207 249 243 275 241 247Thng 6 230 261 244 226 229 269Thng 7 238 189 243 222 211 177Hng 8 205 168 198 234 155 183Thng 9 233 144 175 154 159 170Thng 10 163 174 172 61 116 190Thng 11 118 100 144 123 135 202Thng 12 89 99 50 101 9 93Ngun: Trung tm d bo kh tng thy vn tnh Qung Ngi
22
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
23/112
n tt nghip
Bng 3.3 Bng s liu v s gi ma ca tnh Qung Ngi
Nm 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010C nm 2.583 2.063 2.641 2.222 3.147 1.723Thng 1 65 63 15 119 12 125Thng 2 32 64 14 2 34 54Thng 3 116 10 41 25 84 2Thng 4 10 9 20 8 3 13Thng 5 201 103 60 107 1 69Thng 6 111 7 9 285 120 5Thng 7 38 50 62 45 85 121Thng 8 210 285 184 200 149 233
Thng 9 142 289 514 343 289 331Thng 10 884 326 1.133 434 970 276Thng 11 291 600 409 481 732 221Thng 12 483 257 180 173 668 273Ngun: Trung tm d bo kh tng thy vn tnh Qung Ngi
23
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
24/112
n tt nghip
Bng 3.4 S liu v m tnh Qung Ngi
Nm 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010C nm 83 82 81 82 83 80Thng 1 87 85 82 87 86 86Thng 2 84 84 83 81 85 86Thng 3 85 83 83 83 80 82Thng 4 81 81 78 81 76 78Thng 5 82 76 78 78 75 76Thng 6 80 74 75 78 79 73Thng 7 76 72 75 80 79 72Thng 8 82 81 79 80 82 82
Thng 9 81 86 85 81 88 83Thng 10 87 85 86 82 86 84Thng 11 86 89 85 87 91 83Thng 12 89 90 86 86 83 71Ngun: Trung tm d bo kh tng thy vn tnh Qung Ngi
3.2 c im dn c v cc hot ng kinh t x hi
3.2.1 Tnh hnh dn s
Theo nin gim thng k 2010, dn s ton tnh khong 1.295.608 ngi. Dn s
vng nng thn khong 1.038.845 ngi, dn s vng thnh th 177.928 ngi. T l
gia tng dn s trung bnh 1,8% (vng ni thnh), v 2,3% (vng nng thn). Dn s
trung bnh 252 ngi/ km2.
Bng 3.5 dn s tnh Qung Ngi qua cc thi k
Nm 01/10/1979 01/4/1989 01/4/1999 01/4/2009Tng
s
100 100 100 100
Thnh
th
2,87 8,18 11,45 14,62
Nng
thn
97,13 91,82 88,55 85,38
3.2.2 iu kin kinh t v cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip, nng
nghip v dch v
3.2.2.1 Cng nghip
24
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
25/112
n tt nghip
Nn cng nghip tnh Qung Ngi ang
trn pht trin v gp phn rt ln cho s pht
trin chung ca nn kinh t ca tnhTon tnh c nhiu c s sn xut kinh doanh va
v nh nm tp trung thnh ph Qung Ngi.
Ngoi ra ng ch hn l s pht trin ca 3 khu
cng nghip l:
- Khu cng nghip Qung Ph (Thnh ph Qung Ngi)
- Khu cng nghip Tnh Phong (huyn Sn Tnh)
- Khu cng nghip Ph Phong (huyn c Ph)V t bit l s pht trin ca Khu kinh t Dung Qut (tin thn l khu cng nghip
Dung Qut, huyn Bnh Sn) trong quan trng nht lNh my lc du Dung
Qut
2 Nng nghip
Trng trt l ngnh sn xut chnh trong c cu tnh Qung Ngi. Cc x ngoi
thnh Thnh Ph Qung Ngi ch yu l cc loi cy nng nghip ngn ngy nh la,
ng v t bit l cy ma ng.
3 Nh v h tng c s
Nh
Trong nhng nm qua tc pht trin nh ca thnh ph tng nhanh. Din tch nh
nm 2000 l 3-4 m2/ngi, nm 2003 vo khong 10m2/ngi. Thnh ph c
nhng bin php tch cc ci to, nng cp cc khu nh hin c bng nhiu hnh
thc nh xy xen, cy, nng tng, xy dng mi bng hnh thc. Nh nc v nhndn cng lm. Tng s nh xy dng ti cc khu l 2714 nh (h dn).
Giao thng vn ti
Ngoi 2 tuyn quan trng l QL l 24 v ng Dung Qut - Tr Bng - Tr My ni
tnh Qung Ngi vi cc tnh Ty Nguyn, vng h Lo v ng Bc Thi Lan,
Qung Ngi cn c tim nng pht trin mnh ngnh vn ti bin kt hp vi du lch
sinh thi bin v c trn 130 km b bin, c cng nc su Dung Qut v huyn o
L Sn nm trn ng hng khng do gn sn bay Chu Lai, c h thng ng st
25
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%E1%BB%8Bnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Ph%E1%BB%95http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_Dung_Qu%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_S%C6%A1nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_m%C3%A1y_l%E1%BB%8Dc_d%E1%BA%A7u_Dung_Qu%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_m%C3%A1y_l%E1%BB%8Dc_d%E1%BA%A7u_Dung_Qu%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%E1%BB%8Bnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Ph%E1%BB%95http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_Dung_Qu%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_S%C6%A1nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_m%C3%A1y_l%E1%BB%8Dc_d%E1%BA%A7u_Dung_Qu%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_m%C3%A1y_l%E1%BB%8Dc_d%E1%BA%A7u_Dung_Qu%E1%BA%A5t -
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
26/112
n tt nghip
Bc - Nam chy dc theo chiu di ca tnh, kt hp vi vic pht trin mng li
giao thng ng b ca tnh s rt thun li cho vic kt ni cc khu kinh t, khu
cng nghip, th vi cc tnh ln cn.Ngoi ra cn tuyn trnh Quc l 1A on qua th trn c Ph, tuyn Quc l 24,
ng ven bin Dung Qut - Sa Hunh (Giai on 1) s c hon thnh trong nm
2010 n nm 2012 s gp phn hon thin mng li giao thng tnh Qung Ngi.
n nay, tnh Qung Ngi nha ha v cng ha c 572 km ng tnh (t
84,4%), 683,6 km ng huyn (t 55,7%) v 783 km ng x (t 39,6%).
Cp nc
Nh my nc Qung Ngi c cng sut 15.000m3/ngy m cung cp nccho Thnh ph Qung Ngi c nng cp a cng sut ln ti 20.000m3
Ti KKT Dung Qut Nh my nc vi cng sut: 15.000m3/ngy giai on
I a vo hot ng v chun b u t nng cng sut ln 50.000-
100.000m3/ngy trong giai on II.
Trong tng lai s u t xy dng thm cc h cha trn sng Tr Khc b
sung nc cho Thch Nham v cp nc cho Khu kinh t Dung Qut; phn u cng
sut cp nc t 115.000 m3/ngy m. Bo m cp nc sinh hot l 150
lt/ngi/ngy m, vi t l h c cp nc sch t 85%. Cp nc cho cng
nghip khong t 50 - 60 m3/ha/ngy.
26
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
27/112
n tt nghip
Thot nc
H thng thot nc ca thnh ph Qung Ngi cha hon thin v c k, gy
tnh trng ngp nc cho cc h dn trong thnh ph khi h thng thot nc khngkp.
Hin nay tnh ang c k hoch xy dng h thng thot nc cho thnh ph
Qung Ngi.
Cp in
Ngun in cho thnh ph Qung Ngi c cp t trm in 110kV Qung Ngi
cng sut 50MVA.
Nhn chung, ngun in cung cp hin ti cho thnh ph cha p ng c nhucu dng in vn, cn xy ra tnh trng mt in t sut. Li trung, h th v
chiu sng i chung mt ct nn kh khn trong vn hnh v sa cha.
3.2.3 Gio dc, vn ho, y t v v sinh mi trng
3.2.3.1 Gio dc
Ton tnh ph cp gio dc tiu hc cho 100% s x, t l ngi bit ch chim
97% dn s. S hc sinh ph thng nin hc 2009-2010 l 350.947 em, trong hc
sinh khu vc min ni l 37.327 em; s gio vin ton tnh l 12.446 ngi.
3.2.3.2 Y t
Ton tnh c trm xa cc x v bnh vin tuyn huyn v t bit l bnh vin
a khoa tnh Qung Ngi vi quy m 800 ging bnh, 31 khoa phng cc loi vi
tng s 569 CBNV phc v, trong c i ng bc s, dc s i hc c khong
128 ngi ( 70 % c trnh sau i hc), ngoi ra cn rt nhiu phng khm t nhn
p ng nhu cu thm khm ti tnh.3.3 Hin trng thu gom v x l rc y t ca tnh Qung ngi
Theo thng k tnh ti nm 2011, ton tnh c 10 bnh vin v 24 trung tm y
t, 12 phng khm khu vc v 178 trm y t x tt c cc x phng. Tng s
ging bnh c 2.470 ging, trong tuyn tnh c 810 ging chim 32,8%, tuyn
huyn c 1.200 ging chim 48,6%, phng khm khu vc c 120 ging chim
4,8%. tuyn x c 340 ging chim 13,8%.
27
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
28/112
n tt nghip
Cng theo thng k ca S Y t Qung ngi, hin ton tnh c 2.685 cn b
phc v trong ngnh y t, trong tuyn tnh 834 ngi, tuyn huyn 1045 ngi,
tuyn x 806 ngi. Ring tuyn thn bn c 970 ngi. S cn b c trnh ihc v sau i hc hin c 23 thc s, 11 bc s CKII, 124 bc s CKI, 234 bc s, 35
Dc s i hc (trong c 12 chuyn khoa cp I), c 112 bc s x (t l x c bc
s l 51,67%).
Nhn chung s nghip y t v bo v sc kho nhn dn c nhiu tin b trong thp
k qua. Tuy nhin t l s cn b Y t tnh trn u ngi cn thp v c xu hng
tp trung vo cc bnh vin ln v cc trung tm th trn, th x nn cc vng su,
vng xa t l cn b Y t cn thp.Ti nm 2015 phn u ton tnh t 2.530 ging bnh cho tt c cc
tuyn v gi hot ng n nh cho ti nm 2015.
Theo nh d on th ti nm 2015 ton Qung ngi c khong 2.495 ging
bnh ti tt c cc bnh vin, trung tm y t trong ton tnh. Ti cc c s y t ny
mi ngy thi ra khong 0,5 tn rc thi y t c hi cn phi x l. Vic trang b rc
thi y t (l t rc) hin ti ch c bnh vin a khoa tnh Qung Ngi, bnh vin
Bnh Sn, Sn Tnh, M c, ng Thy Trm ( c Ph), Sn H, T Ngha, c l
t vi cng sut nh 20kg/gi. Cc bnh vin cn li cha trang b l t ch yu
x l bng phng php chn lp lm nh hng xu n mi trng t v nc.
Ngoi ra trn a bn tnh cc phng khm a khoa, trm y t v phng khm t nhn
rc thi y t cng cha c x l trit , cc hnh thc x l rc y l chn lp
v t th cng.
Cht thi y t l nhng vt phm, bnh phm, cc loi ho cht vv ... sinh ratrong qu trnh hot ngca bnh vin, trung tm y t. c trng ca loi cht thi
rn y t l chng c tnh c hi rt cao, vi cc thnh phn bao gm hu ht tt c
nhng loi dng c, thit b v thuc men dng trong y t nh : bng, gc, ng tim,
cht thi t cc bnh nhn c th ly nhim ... Thm ch i khi trong cht thi y t
cn c nhng b phn ca con ngi sinh ra t cc qu trnh phu thut cho bnh
nhn, nhau thai vv...
28
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
29/112
n tt nghip
Theo kt qu bo co ti Hi Tho Qun L Cht Thi Bnh Vin do B
KHCN&MT t chc ti H Ni 06 1998 cho thy c t l thnh phn vt l ca
cht thi rn y t ti Vit Nam nh bng di y:
Bng 3.6 : Thnh phn nguy hi trong cht thi y t
STT Thnh phn T l(%)1 Hu c 49 532 V c phi kim loi 21 233 Kim loi, v hp 2,3 2,9
4Cht thi nguy hi (bnh
phm, bng bng, ho cht)
20 25
5 Giy ba cc loi 0,7 3,7(Ngun: Trung Tm Cng Ngh Mi Trng CEFINEA Vin Mi Trng V Ti
Nguyn thng 05 2001 )
Do tnh c hi v c bit nguy him nh vy nn vi cht thi y t cn phi
c s quan tm x l trit , nu khng y s l ngun ly lan ra cng ng.
y chnh l mi nguy hi cho cng ng dn c gn ni chn lp, nu mch nc
ngm b nhim bn.
29
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
30/112
n tt nghip
Chng 4
D BO KHI LNG PHT SINH CHT THI RN Y T CHO BNH
VIN A KHOA QUNG NGI N 20204.1 D bo v pht trin dn s
Mc tiu pht trin dn s ca tnh Qung ngi l trong thp k ti s phn
u gim t l tng dn s t nhin t 1,8 n 2,3% nm 2010 ti cc vng xung
cn 1,5% trung bnh trong 10 nm t 2011 2020. V giai on 2020 -2030 gim t
l tng t nhin xung cn 1,3% nm, Xa tnh trng mt cn bng gii tnh hin nay.
D kin n nm 2030, dn s ton thnh ph l 357.100 ngi, trong dn s
th l 299.400 ngi.4.2 D bo v khi lng cht thi rn
Tnh Qung ngi ang trn pht trin, do vy tu theo tng ngnh cng
nghip m c cc h s pht sinh cht thi rn khc nhau.
T nm 1997 n nay, Nh nc ban hnh cc Thng t, Ch th v
nhng bin php cp bch trong cng tc qun l CTR cc th v khu
cng nghip, nhng vn qun l CTR Vit Nam cn gp nhiu kh khn.
Lng CTR th v khu cng nghip bnh qun u ngi trong c nc nm
2010 l 0,52-0,8 kg/ngi tu thuc vo loi hnh th, nm 2012 t n 0,8-
1,3 kg/ngi, tip tc xu th tng dn. nhng t l c thu gom, x l nc
ta cn qu thp, l iu ng quan tm. Cc th v khu cng nghip
Qung Ngi cng trong tnh trng .
Theo bo co ti Xy dng k hoch qun l cht thi rn tnh Qung
Ngi n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020, kt qu phn tch thnh phncht thi rn trn a bn Tnh cho thy, rc thi sinh hot c hm lng cht hu
c chim t l kh cao, m ln, v cc thnh phn ti sinh, ti ch l kh ln.
Cc thnh phn nguy hi trong rc thi sinh hot nh: pin, acqui, bao b cha
ho cht bo v thc vt..., khng ng k.
30
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
31/112
n tt nghip
Bng 4.1. Thnh phn rc thi sinh hot tnh Qung Ngi
Phn loiThnh phn % Khi lng
D phn hy sinh hc Thc phm tha, rau,... 68 70
C th ti sinh Giy, nha, nylon,... 6 -12
Kh phn hy sinh hc Cao su, vi vn, g... 8 10
Tr, tn dng ci to mt bng X bn 8 9
Ngun: Xy dng k hoch qun l CTR Qung Ngi n nm 2010 v n nm 2020
4.3 D bo v pht sinh cht thi rn y t
c th d bo c lng cht thi rn y t sinh ra, ta c th tnh ton da
trn cc h s c th pht sinh cht thi rn nguy hi v h s pht sinh cht thi rn
sinh hot trn mi ging bnh.
Trong qu trnh cha bnh th ngoi cc cht thi y t l bng bng, bnh
phm ra cn sinh ra mt lng rc sinh hot ca chnh bnh nhn v ngi thm
nui. Cn c theo kinh nghim tng kho st ti bnh vin v trung tm y t ti
thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh khc nhau, cho thy vi mi ging bnh hng
ngy thi ra mt lng cht thi rn:
Cht thi rn y t nguy hi: 0,25 kg/ging bnh.
Cht thi sinh hot: 0,3 kg/ging bnh.
Cn c vo s liu rc thi y t ca tnh Qung ngi vo nm 2010 ton tnh
Qung ngi c 224 c s y t v 2.470 ging bnh. Vi phng hng pht trin l
ti nm 2015 ton tnh Qung ngi s pht trin v gi mc 2.530 ging bnh.Nh vy trong khong 5 nm th ging bnh tng ln l 60 v vy trung bnh mi
nm tng 12 gng bnh.
Nh vy c th tnh ton c s lng cht thi rn sinh ra theo bng di y:
31
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
32/112
n tt nghip
Bng 4.2 : Tnh ton d bo tc thi b rc ti nm 2030
Nm tnhton
S
ging
bnh
H s rc
NH(kg/ging.
ngy)
H s rc
SH(kg/ging.
ngy)
Rc y t nguyhi (kg/nm)
Lng rc
sinh hot
(kg/nm)
2010 2.470 0,25 0,30 225.387 270.465
2011 2.482 0,25 0,30 226.482 271.779
2012 2.494 0,25 0,30 227.577 273.093
2013 2.506 0,25 0,30 228.672 274.407
2014 2.518 0,25 0,30 229.767 275.721
2015 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.035
2016 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352017 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352018 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352019 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352020 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352021 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.035
2022 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352023 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352024 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352025 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352026 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352027 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352028 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352029 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.0352030 2.530 0,25 0,30 230.862 277.035
Tng cng 4.831.677 4.997.665Trong : H s rc NH = h s rc nguy hi sinh ra hng ngy/ging bnh
H s rc SH = H s rc sinh hot sinh ra hng ngy/ging bnh
Cn c vo tnh ton d bo s bin i v khi lng cht thi rn y t sinh
ra trn ton tnh ta nhn thy: Ti thi im nm 2010 lng cht thi rn y t nguy
hi (bng bng, bnh phm, kim tim vv ...) sinh ra l 225.387 kg/nm hay tng
ng vi 225,39 tn /nm = 0,617 tn/ngy.
32
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
33/112
n tt nghip
y l lng cht thi rn c tnh nguy hi rt cao, nu khng c x l tht
tt n s gy nh hng nghim trng ti con ngi v mi trng, cn i vi
lng cht thi rn sinh hot sinh ra th c thu gom ring v x l chung cng vicc loi rc thi sinh hot khc.
33
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
34/112
n tt nghip
Chng 5
TNH TON, THIT K L T RC Y T CNG SUT 30KG/H
CHO BNH VIN A KHOA TNH QUNG NGI5.1 Tnh ton s chy du DO
Theo Tnh Tan K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip Tp I, thnh phn s dng
ca du DO:
Cd = 86,3% Hd = 10,5% Od = 0,3% Nd = 0,3%
Sd = 0,5% Wd = 1,8% Ad = 0,3%
Nhit tr thp ca du c xc nh theo cng thc ca
D.I.Mendeleev:
Qtd = 339Cd + 1256Hd 108,8(Od Sd) 25,1(Wd + 9Hd) (KJ/Kg) (5 -1)
Nhit tr thp ca du DO:
Qtd = )5,1098,1(1,25)5,03,0(8,1085,1012563,86339 ++
)/(33,40048 KgKJQ dt =
5.1.1 H s tiu hao khng kh v lng khng kh cn thit
5.1.1.1 H s tiu hao khng kh ()H s tiu hao khng kh ( ) l t s gia lng khng kh thc t (L) v
lng khng kh l thuyt (L0) khi t cng mt lng nhin liu:
0L
L =
Theo Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip Tp I, gi tr ( ) khi t du
DO c cho bng sau 5.1
Bng 5.1: H s tiu hao khng kh
Dng nhin liu v kiu thit b t ( )t ci trong bung t cng.
t than , than nu trong bung t th cng.
t than , than nu trong bung t c kh.
t than bi.
t du DO.
t kh bng m t khng c phn hn hp.
1,25 1,35
1,50 1,80
1,20 1,40
1,20 1,30
1,10 1,20
1,10 1,15
34
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
35/112
n tt nghip
t kh bng m t c phn hn hp. 1,05(Ngun: Hong Kim C. Nguyn Cng Cn. Ngn Thanh Tnh Ton K Thut
L Nhit L Cng Nghip .T1)
Chn = 1,2
5.1.1.2 Tnh lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du DO
Gi thit: khng kh ch c O2 v N2, cc thnh phn khc khng ng k.
Khi tnh s chy ca nhin liu quy c:
Khi lng nguyn t ca cc kh ly theo s nguyn gn ng.
Mi Kmol phn t kh bt k u c th tch 22,4 m3.
Khng tnh s phn ha nhit ca tro.
Th tch ca khng kh v sn phm chy qui v K chun: 0oC, 760
mmHg.
Bng 5.2: Thnh phn nhin liu du DO theo lng mol.
Thnh phn nhin liuHm lng
(Kg/100 Kg nhin liu)
Phn t lng
(g)
Lng mol
(Kmol)
C 86,3 12 7,192
H 10,5 2 5,25O 0,3 32 0,00938
N 0,3 28 0,0107
S 0,5 32 0,0156
A 0,3 - -
W 1,8 18 0,1
Tng 100
Cc phn ng chy xy ra khi t du DO:
C + O2 = CO2 H + 1/2O2 = H2O S + O2 = SO2
N2 = N2 H2O = H2O
Theo thnh phn s dng v cc phn ng chy, c kt qu sau:
35
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
36/112
n tt nghip
Bng 5.3: Lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du DO.
Nhin liu Khng kh
Thnhphn
Hm
lng
%
Khi
lng
(kg)
Phn
t
lng
Lng
mol
(Kmol)
O2(Kmol)
N2(Kmol)
Tng
Kmol n.m3
C 86,3 86,3 12 7,192 7,192
9,8
42
x
3,7
62
9,8
42
+3
7,0
2
46,8
67
x
22,4H 10,5 10,5 2 5,25 2,625
S 0,5 0,5 32 0,0156 0,0156O 0,3 0,3 32 0,00938 -
N 0,3 0,3 28 0,0107 0,00938W 1,8 1,8 18 0,1 -A 0,3 0,3 - - -
Tng 100 100 9,842 37,02 46,867 1049,83 Lng khng kh thc t cn thit:
Vi = 1 L0 = 1049,83 (m3)
Lng khng kh thc t xc nh theo cng thc :
L= x L0 = 1,2 x 1049,83 = 1259,796 (m3) (5 -2)
Trong = 1,2 : h s tiu hao khng kh.
5.1.2 Xc nh lng v thnh phn ca sn phm chy
5.1.2.1 Thnh phn v lng sn phm chyThnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg du DO cho bng sau:
Bng 5.4: Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg du DO.
Thnh
phn
T khng
kh
Snphm
chy
Tng cngKmol n.m3 %
CO2 - 7,192 7,192 161,1 12,225H2O - 5,25 5,25 117,6 8,924SO2 - 0,0156 0,0156 0,35 0,026O2 11,802 - 1,96 43,904 3,332
N2 44,399 0,0107 44,41 994,784 75,492Tng 12,47 58,83 1317,74 100
5.1.2.2 Xc nh khi lng ring ca sn phm chy
Khi lng ring ca sn phm chy c xc nh iu kin chun:
36
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
37/112
n tt nghip
)/(303,174,1317
41,442896,1320156,06425,518192,744
)35(/,74,1317
2832641844
3
322'222
0
mKg
mKgNOSOOHCO
=
++++
=
++++
=
CO2, H2O, SO2, O2, N2 l s mol cc kh trong thnh phn ca sn phm chy.
5.2 Tnh ton s chy ca rc
5.2.1 Xc nh nhit tr ca rc
Nhit tr ca rc tnh theo Medeleev:
Qtr = 339C + 1256H 108,8(O- S) 25,1(W + 9H) (5 4)
= 339 x 50,85 + 1256 x 6,71 108,8x( 19,15 2,71) 25,1x(1,5 +
9x6,71)
= 22323,8 (KJ/Kg).
5.2.2 H s tiu hao khng kh ( R ) v lng khng kh cn thit
5.2.2.1 Chn h s tiu hao khng kh
H s tiu hao khng kh l t s gia lng khng kh thc t L v lng
khng kh l thuyt L0 khi t cng mt lng nhin liu.
Theo kinh nghim thc t i vi trng hp t rc thi y t th nn chn h
s tiu hao khng kh R =1,20.
5.2.2.2 Xc nh lng khng kh cn thit khi t chy 100 kg rc y t
Gi thit thnh phn khng kh ch c oxi v nit, cc thnh phn khc khng
ng k.
Khi tnh s chy ca rc quy c:
Khi lng nguyn t ca cc kh ly theo s nguyn gn ng. Mi Kmol phn t kh bt k u c th tch 22,4 m3.
Khng tnh s phn ha nhit ca tro.
Th tch ca khng kh v sn phm chy qui v k chun: 0oC, 760
mmHg.
Bng 5.5 : Thnh phn rc y t chuyn thnh lng mol.
37
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
38/112
n tt nghip
Thnh
phn% khi lng
Khi lng
(kg)
Khi lng phn
t (g)
Lng mol
(kmol)
C
H
O
N
Ca
P
S
Cl
A
W
50,85
6,71
19,15
2,75
0,1
0,08
2,71
15,1
1,05
1,5
50,85
6,71
19,15
2,75
0,1
0,08
2,71
15,1
1,05
1,5
12
2
32
28
40
15
32
71
-
18
4,2375
3,355
0,598
0,0982
0,00025
0,0053
0,0846
0,2126
-
0,0833
Tng 100 100 - -
Cc phn ng t chy:
C + O2 = CO2 H2 + O2 = H2O
S + O2 = SO2 Ca + O2 = CaO 2P + 5/2 O2 = P2O5
H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl N2 = N2 H2O = H2O
Theo cc phn ng, tnh c lng khng kh cn t 100 kg rc trong bng 5.6
Bng 5.6 : lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg rc
Rc Khng kh
Thnh
phn
Hm
lng
%
Khi
lng
(Kg)
Phn t
lng (g)
Lng
mol
(Kmol)
O2
(Kmol)
N2
(Kmol)
Tng cng
Kmol n.m3
C 50,85 50,85 12 4,2375 4,2375
5,4
08
x
3
,762
5,4
08
+2
0,3
44
25,7
52
x
22,4
H 6,71 6,71 2 3,355 1,6775O 19,15 19,15 32 0,598 - 0,598
N 2,75 2,75 28 0,0982 -Ca 0,1 0,1 40 0,00025 0,000125P 0,08 0,08 15 0,0053 0,0066S 2,71 2,71 32 0,0846 0,0846Cl 15,1 15,1 71 0,2126 -A 1,05 1,05 - - -W 1,5 1,5 18 0,0833 -
Tng 100 100 - - 5,408 20,344 25,752 576,84
Lng khng kh theo l thuyt: L0 = 576,84 (m
3
).
38
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
39/112
n tt nghip
Lng khng kh thc t:
L = x L0 = 576,84 x 1,2 = 692,2 (m3 ) (5 5)
= 1,2 : h s tiu hao khng kh khi t rc.5.2.3 Xc nh lng v thnh phn sn phm chy
5.2.3.1 Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy
Bng 5.7: Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg rc.
Thnh
phn
T khng kh
(Kmol)
Sn phm chy
(Kmol)
Tng cng
Kmol n.m3 % th tch
CO2 - 4,2375 4,2375 94,92 12,732H2O 0,0833 3,355 3.438 77,0112 10,33SO2 - 0,0846 0,0846 1,895 0,254
HCl - 0,4252 0,4252 9,5244 1,278N2 23,9353 24,0335 24,0335 538,35 72,211CaO - 0,00025 0,00025 0,0056 0,00075P2O5 - 0,00265 0,00265 0,05936 0,0079
O2 6,34 5,302 - 1,0604 23,753 3,186Tng 25,6013 32,744 33,2821 745,52 100
5.2.3.2 Xc nh khi lng ring ca sn phm chy
Khi lng ring ca sn phm chy c xc nh iu kin tiu
chun:
)/(309,152,745
0604,13200265,011000025,056
52,745
0335,24284252,05,360846,064438,3182375,444
3
0
mKg=++
+
++++=
(5 - 6)
5.3 Xc nh nhit thc t v tnh cn bng nhit ca l
5.3.1 Xc nh nhit chy l thuyt ca du DO
Khi khng nung trc nhin liu v khng kh, h s tiu hao khng kh
= 1,2; hm nhit tng c xc nh theo cng thc:
V
Qi
dt=
Trong : Qtd: nhit tr thp ca du DO, Qtd = 40048,33 kJ/kg
V : th tch sn phm chy khi t 1 kg du DO, V = 13,1774 nm3.
)/(168,30391774,13
33,40048 3nmkJi == (5 7)
39
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
40/112
n tt nghip
Theo ph lc II Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1 v bng 4.3
( thnh phn sn phm chy ca du DO). Xc nh c i1, i2 ng vi gi tr t1, t2 :
Gi thit nhit chy l thuyt ca l: t1 = 1800
o
C < tlt < t2 = 1900
o
C ng vi t1 = 1800oC:
)/(618,2931
053,19,404900026,09,4049
077,199874,264675492,074,2646
312,9348,280003332,048,2800
084,3069,342908924,09,3429
092,53367,436012225,067,4360
31800
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
mkJi
SOi
Ni
Oi
OHi
COi
SO
N
O
OH
CO
=
===
===
===
===
===
ng vi t2 = 1900oC:
)/(043,3113
053,19,404900026,09,4049
98,211922,280875492,022,2808
993,297103332,03,2971
41,32665,365708924,065,3657
6,56676,463412225,076,4634
31900
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
mkJi
SOi
Ni
Oi
OHi
COi
SO
N
O
OH
CO
=
===
===
===
===
===
CO2, H2O, O2, N2, SO2 ln lt l % trng lng sn phm chy khi t du
DO.Theo kt qu: i1800< i < i1900, gi thit v nhit chy l thuyt ph hp v nhit
l thuyt c xc nh theo cng thc:
C
ii
iitt
o
lt
3,1859100618,2931043,3113
618,2931168,30391800
10018001900
18001
=
+=
+=
(5 -8)
Vy nhit chy l thuyt ca l: tlt = 1859,3oC 1860oC
5.3.2 Xc nh nhit thc t ca l
Nhit thc t ca l c xc nh theo cng thc:
ttt = tt x tlt
Trong :
tt : h s tn tht hm nhit ca sn phm chy, theo bng 1 9 sch Tnh
Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, tt = 0,6 0,83; chn tt = 0,6.
40
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
41/112
n tt nghip
Nhit thc t ca l:ttt= 0,6 x 1860 = 1116oC. (5 9)
5.3.3 Tnh cn bng nhit v lng nhin liu tiu hao
5.3.3.1 Mc ch tnh cn bng nhitnh gi cht lng lm vic ca thit b qua vic xc nh cc tham s.
Xc nh lng nhin liu tiu hao.
5.3.3.2 Tnh cn bng nhit
a) Nhit thu:
Nhit do chy du DO:
Q1 = Bd x Qtd (W) (5 - 10)
Trong :Bd : lng nhin liu tiu hao (kg/s).
Qtd = 40048,33 (kJ/kg) = 40048,33.103 (J/kg): nhit tr thp ca du DO.
Do : Q1 = 40048,33.103 x Bd (W).
Nhit do chy rc:
Q2 = Br x Qtr= 0,00833 x 22323,8 = 185,957 (kJ/s) (5 11)
Br= 30 (kg/h) = 0,00833 (kg/s): lng rc t trong l.
Qtr= 22323.8 (kJ/kg): nhit tr thp ca rc.
b) Nhit chi:
Nhit lng t chy rc:
Do thnh phn ca rc y t kh phc tp nn nhit lng cung cp chy rc
c xc nh bng thc nghim v chp nhn rc chy 800oC.
Theo Hazadous Wastc incineration th rc y t c nhit lng cn t chy
1 kg rc y t: Qcr
= 22,44.106
J/kg. Nhit lng cn thit t rc 800oC:
Q3 = Br x Qcr = 0,00833 x 22,44.106 = 186925,2 (W) (5 12)
Nhit lng mt do sn phm chy khi t 1 kg du DO:
Ti bung s cp, rc chy 800oC:
Q4 = v x Bd x Ck x tk0 (W) (5 -13)
v = 13,1774 (n.m3): lng sn phm chy khi t 1 kg du DO.
41
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
42/112
n tt nghip
Bd: lng du Do tiu hao (kg/s).
ik= Ck.tk: hm nhit trung bnh ca sn phm chy nhit ra khi bung s
cp.
k
SO
N
O
OH
CO
imkJi
SOi
Ni
Oi
OHi
COi
i
i
i
i
==
===
===
===
===
===
)/(214,1194
454,01,174500026,01,1745
37,82665,109475492,065,1094
73,3832,116203332,032,1162
52,11811,132808924,011,1328
14,21095,171812225,095,1718
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
'2
Q4 = 13,1774 x 1194,214.10
3
x Bd= 15736635,56 Bd (W) (5 14)
Nhit lng mt do dn nhit qua nc, tng, y l, khe h
Nhit lng mt ph thuc vo th tch, vt liu xy lThng chim 10%
nhin liu tiu hao l.
Q5 = 10%(185957 + 40048330.Bd) (5 -15)
Nhit lng mt do chy khng hon ton:
Khi t chy rc 800oC th lng sn phm chy ra khi l cha khong 2%CO v 0,5%H2 cha kp chy. Nhit tr ca hn hp l 12,14 kJ/n.m3 .
Gi P l phn sn phm cha chy ( P = 0,005 0,03), chn P = 0,03.
Q6 = P x Br x vr x 12,14.103 (5 16)
= 0,03 x 0,00833 x 7,4552 x 12140 x 103
= 22617,48 (W)
vr= 7,4552 (m3) : lng sn phm chy khi t 1 kg rc.
5.3.3.3 Xc nh lng nhin liu tiu hao
Lng nhin liu tiu hao xc nh da vo cn bng nhit thu v nhit chi:
Qthu = Qchi.
Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5 +Q6 (5 17)
40048,33.103Bd + 185957 = 186925,2 + 15736635,56Bd
+ 0,1(185957 + 40048330.Bd) + 22617,48
Bd = 0,002 ( kg/s) = 7,2 (kg/h)
42
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
43/112
n tt nghip
H s s dng nhin liu c ch:
H s s dng nhin liu c ch c xc nh theo cng thc:
1
23nlQQQ = (5 18)
Trong : Q1 : nhit lng thu c do chy du
Q1 = Bd x Qtd = 0,002 x 40048,33.103 = 80096,66 (W)
Bd = 0,002 (kg/s): lng nhin liu tiu hao.
Qtd = 40048,33.103 (J/kg): nhit tr thp ca du.
Q2 = 185957 (J/s): lng nhit sinh ra do chy rc.
Q3 = 186925,2 (W): nhit chi chy rc bung s cp.Do :
012,066,80096
1859572,186925
1
23 =
=
=Q
QQnl
Sut tiu hao nhit :
)/(38,9615445
00833,0
10.33,40048002,0 31
skg
G
QB
G
Qb
dtd
=
===
(5 19)
G = 0,00833 (kg/s): cng sut l.
43
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
44/112
n tt nghip
5.3.4 Sut tiu hao nhin liu tiu chun
)/(33,0
00833,029300
10.3,40048002,0
29300
3
kgkg
G
QBb
dtd
=
==
(5 -20 )
5.3.5 Xc nh kch thc bung s cp
Kch thc l c xc nh gm: tnh th tch bung t v din tch mt ghi.
5.3.5.1 Xc nh th tch bung t
Th tch bung c xc nh theo cng thc
)m(q
GQBQV 3
rtd
dt += (5 21)
Qtd = 40048,33 (kJ/kg): nhit tr thp ca du.
Qtr= 22323,8 (kJ/kg): nhit tr thp ca rc.
Bd = 7,2 (kg/h): lng du tiu hao.
q = 581.103: mt nhit th tch bung t t bng 3-4/94 Tnh Ton K
Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1: q = (290 581).103 (W/m3).
)(65,1
10.581
308,223232,733,40048
3
3
m
q
GQBQV
r
td
d
t
=
+=
+=
5.3.5.2 Xc nh din tch b mt ghi l
Din tch b mt ghi ph thuc vo lng nhin liu B t trong mt n v
thi gian v cng chy ca ghi R, din tch b mt ghi l F:
)m(R
BF 2= (5 22)
Trong : B : lng nhin liu chun s dng trong 1 gi (kg/h).R = 100 kg/m2: cng chy ca ghi theo bng 3-5/95 Tnh Ton K
Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1.
1 kg rc = 0,9359 kg nhin liu tiu chun.
B = 7,2 + 0,9359 30 = 35,28 (kg/h) (5 23)
Vy : )(3528,0100
28,35 2mR
BF ===
44
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
45/112
n tt nghip
Din tch mt gi trn ghi ly bng 40% tng din tch ghi, din tch ghi:
F = 0,4 x 0,3528 + 0,3528 = 0,494 (m2) (5 24)
Nu thit k ghi hnh vung th cnh ghi:)(7,0494,0 mFa === (5 25)
5.3.5.3 Xc nh kch thc bung t
V = L x B x H = 1,65 (m2) (5 26)
Chn :L = 1,4 m B = 1,1 m H = 1,1 m
5.4 Tnh ton bung t th cp
5.4.1 Xc nh lu lng v thnh phn dng vo
Dng kh vo bung th cp bao gm sn phm t du v sn phm chy khi
t rc bung s cp.
Lu lng dng vo: Qv = Qd + Qr (m3/s)
)/(0264,0100
002,074,13173 smQd =
= (5- 36)
)/(0621,0100
3600
13052,745
3 smQr =
= (5 37)
Qv = 0,0264 + 0,0621 = 0,0885 (m3/s) (5 38)
Xc nh thnh phn v lu lng dng vo bung t th cp theo bng 5.4
v 5.7
Bng 5.9: Thnh phn v lu lng dng vo bung t th cp.
Thnh
phn
T t du
DO (Kmol/s)
T t rc
(Kmol/s)
Tng cng
Kmol/s n.m3/s %
CO2 1,4384.10-4 3,531.10-4 4,97.10-4 0,0111 12,514
H2O 1,05.10-4 2,865.10-4 3,915.10-4 8,77.10-3 9,887
SO2 3,12.10-7 7,05.10-6 7,362.10-6 1,65.10-4 0,186
O2 3,92.10-5 8,836.10-5 1,275.10-4 2,857.10-3 3,221
N2 8,882.10-4 2.10-3 2,888.10-3 0,065 72,28
HCl - 3,543.10-5 3,543.10-5 7,936.10-4 0,894
CaO - 2,083.10-8
2,083.10-8
4,666.10-7
5,26.10-4
45
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
46/112
n tt nghip
P2O5 - 2,208.10-7 2,208.10-7 4,946.10-6 5,576.10-3
Tng 1,176.10-3
2,77.10-3
3,95.10-3
0,0887 100
5.4.2 Tnh cn bng nhit v lng nhin liu tiu hao
5.4.2.1 Tnh cn bng nhit
a) Nhit thu:
Nhit chy do du DO
Q1 = B x Qtd = 40048330.B (W) (5 39)B: lng du tiu hao (kg/s).
Nhit do cc sn phm chy khng hon ton bung s cp
Q2 = 22617,48 (W)
b) Nhit chi:
Nhit nung sn phm ca bung s cp
Lng nhit cn cung cp nung sn phm t bung s cp t 800 oC ln
1200oC:
( k800k1200k3 ttCvQ = (5 40)
v = 0,0887 m3/s): lu lng dng vo bung t th cp.k1200kC1200tCi o = : hm nhit trung bnh ca dng kh ra khi bung th cp
nhit 1200oC.
( )
)/(495,1869
59,7224,84310.576,510.26,510.94,8
08,51,273300186,01,2733
584,124576,16997328,076,1699
067,5876,180203221,076,1802
484,20978,211809887,078,2118
69,34344,274612514,044,2746
3
1200
563
,,
2
2
2
2
2
52
2
2
2
2
2
mkJi
i
SOi
Ni
Oi
OHi
COi
OPCaOHCl
SO
N
O
OH
CO
=
=++=
===
===
===
===
===
k800kC800tCi o = : hm nhit trung bnh ca dng kh vo bung th cp.
46
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
47/112
n tt nghip
( )
)/(855,1196
59,7224,84310.576,510.26,510.94,8
246,31,174500186,01,1745
16,80265,10947328,065,1094
44,3732,116203221,032,1162
31,13111,132809887,011,1328
109,21515,171812514,095,1718
3800
563,,
2
2
2
2
2
52
2
2
2
2
2
mkJi
i
SOi
Ni
Oi
OHi
COi
OPCaOHCl
SO
N
O
OH
CO
=
=++=
===
===
===
===
===
( ) ( ))/(59663)/(663,59
855,1196495,18690887,080012003sJskJ
ttCvQ kkk==
==
Nhit mt do dn qua tng, y, nc v cc khe h
Lng nhit ph thuc vo th xy l, thng chim 10% lng nhit trong l.
Q4 = 0,1(40048330.B + 22617,48) (J/s) (5 41)
Nhit mt do sn phm chy khi t 1 kg du DO
Q5 = v x B x Ck x tk (5 42)
v = 13,1774 (n.m3/kg): th tch kh khi t 1 kg du.
B: lng du t trong 1 s (kg/s).
ik = Ck.tk: hm nhit trung bnh ca sn phm chy khi t du DO t =1200oC.
)/(577,1868
71,01,273300026,01,2733
183,128376,169975492,076,1699
852,5976,180203332,076,1802
08,18978,211808924,078,2118
752,33544,274612225,044,2746
3
1200
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
mkJi
SOi
Ni
Oi
OHi
COi
SO
N
O
OH
CO
=
===
===
===
===
===
Q5 =1868,577103 x 13,1774 x B = 24,623.106B (J/s) (5 43)
5.4.2.2 Xc nh lng nhin liu tiu hao
Cn bng nhit thu v nhit chi:
Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5 (5 44)
40048330.B + 22617,48 = 59663 + 0,1(40048330.B + 22617,48) +
24,623.106.B
47
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
48/112
n tt nghip
B = 0,00344 (kg/s) = 12,384 (kg/h)
5.4.3 Xc nh ch tiu k thut l
5.4.3.1 H s s dng nhin liu c ch
1
3nl
Q
Q= (5 45)
Q3 = 59663 (J/s): nhit lng nung sn phm chy t 800oC ln 1200oC.
Q1 = 40048330 x 0,00344 = 137766,25 (J/s): nhit lng do t du.
433,025,137766
59663
1
3 ===Q
Qnl
5.4.3.2 Sut tiu hao nhitrk
rdk
d vvG += (5 46)
dk=1,303 (kg/n.m3): khi lng ring ca sn phm chy khi t du.
rk= 1,309 (kg/n.m3): khi lng ring ca sn phm chy khi t rc.
vd, vr: th tch sn phm chy khi t du v t rc (n.m3/s).
)/.(062,0100 52,74500833,0
)/.(045,0100
74,131700344,0
3
3
smnv
smnv
r
d
==
=
=
(5 47)
48
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
49/112
n tt nghip
Nng sut l:
)/(14,0
062,0309,1045,0303,1
skg
vvG rkrdk
d
=+=+= (5 48)
Sut tiu hao nhit:
)/(643,98404414,0
25,1377661 kgJG
Qq === (5 49)
5.4.3.3 Sut tiu hao nhin liu chun
0336,0
14,029300
33,4004800344,0
29300
=
=
=G
QBb
dt
(5 50)
Trong : B = 0,00344 (kg/s): lng du tiu hao.
Qtd = 40048,33 (J/kg): nhit tr thp ca du DO.
G = 0,14 (kg/s): nng sut l.
5.4.4 Xc nh kch thc bung t th cp
5.4.4.1 Xc nh th tch bung t
)(854,0
10.581
348,1233,40048 33
m
q
BQV
dt =
=
= (5 51)
B = 12,384 (kg/h): lng du tiu hao.
Theo bng 3-4/94 Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1,
q = (190 581).103 (W/m3), chn q = 581.103 (W/m3).
5.4.4.2 Xc nh kch thc bung t
Th tch bung th cp: V = 0,854 (m3).
Chn kch thc bung th cp:L = 0,8 m B = 1,1 m H = 1,1 m
5.4.4.3 Kim tra li th tch bung t theo phng php tnh ton sn phm
chy v thi gian lu:
Tnh ton th tch bung t th cp trn c s tnh ton sn phm chy ca
rc v nhin liu. Th tch bung t c tnh theo cng thc:
VTC = (V0du + V0rc) luuTC t
T
+
273
273(m3) (5 52)
= (0,0264 + 0,0621) 2273
2731200
+
= 0,955 (m3
)
49
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
50/112
n tt nghip
Trong : V0du: th tch sn phm chy khi t 1kg nhin liu (m3/s)
V0rc : th tch sn phm chy khi t 1kg rc (m3/s)
TTC : nhit bung th cp (
0
C)tlu : thi gian lu (s), chn thi gian lu l 2s
Vi kt qu tnh ton theo cng thc thc nghim l VTC = 0,854 (m3), nh
vy ta c th chn kch thc bung t th cp lL = 0,8 m ; B = 1,1 m; H = 1,1
m nh vy l hp l.
5.4.6 Thnh phn v lu lng ca kh thi ra khi l t
Kh thi ra khi l t gm:
Sn phm chy khi t rc bung t s cp. Sn phm chy khi t du DO bung t s cp.
Sn phm chy khi t du DO bung t th cp.
Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 0,00344 (kg/s) = 12,384 (kg/h).
Theo bng 5.4, xc nh thnh phn v lu lng ca sn phm chy khi t
du DO bung th cp.
Bng 5.10: Thnh phn v lu lng sn phm chy khi t du bung th cp.
Thnh phn Kmol/s n.m3 % th tchCO2 2,47.10-4 5,533.10-3 12,29H2O 1,806.10-4 4,045.10-3 8,98SO2 5,366.10-7 1.202.10-5 0,026O2 6,74.10-5 1,509.10-3 3,35
N2 1,528.10-3 0,034 75,55Tng 2,023.10-3 0,045 100
T bng 5.9 v 5.10 ta xc nh thnh phn v lu lng ca kh thi ra khi
l c trnh by trong bng 5.11:
50
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
51/112
n tt nghip
Bng 5.11: Thnh phn v lu lng kh thi ra khi l t.
Thnh
phn
T bung s
cp (Kmol/s)
T bung th
cp (Kmol/s)
Tng cng
Kmol/s n.m3
% th tchCO2 4,97.10-4 2,47.10-4 7,44.10-4 0,0166 12,415
H2O 3,915.10-4 1,806.10-4 5,721.10-4 0,0128 9,573
SO2 7,362.10-6 5,366.10-7 7,898.10-6 1,77.10-4 0,132
O2 1,2756.10-4 6,74.10-5 1,949.10-4 4,365.10-3 3,264
N2 2,888.10-3 1,528.10-3 4,416.10-3 0,099 74,046
HCl 3,543.10-5 - 3,543.10-5 7,936.10-4 0,593
CaO 2,083.10-8 - 2,083.10-8 4,666.10-7 3,49.10-4
P2O5 2,208.10-7
- 2,208.10-7
4,946.10-6
3,7.10-3
Tng 3,95.10-3 2,023.10-3 5,97.10-3 0,1337 100
5.5 Th tch xy l v tnh ton khung l
5.5.1 Th tch xy l
5.5.1.1 C s la chn vt liu
xy dng mt l t rc, cn mt lng ln cc loi vt liu khc nhau
nh: vt liu chu la, cch nhit v cc vt liu xy dng thng thng khc.
Gch chu la c c im l c kh nng chu c nhit cao m khng
b thay i hnh dng v tnh cht vt l. Khi chn gch hay vt liu xy l cn
phi cn c vo iu kin lm vic ca l chn gch v vt liu xy dng thch
hp m bo th xy l lm vic tt, khng gy lng ph.
i vi l t rc y t vn hnh nhit 800 1200oC, trong iu kin khc
nghit nh vy i hi vt liu xy dng phi c bn ln, chu c nhit v
51
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
52/112
n tt nghip
tnh n mn cao. Do , vic la chn th xy l quyt nh rt ln kh nng lm vic
ca l.
5.5.1.2 Th xy lL t gm hai cp
Bung t s cp
Nhit bung t: 800oC.
Kch thc bung t: L = 1,4 m B = 1,1 m H = 1,1 m
Kch thc ghi: F = 0,5 m2, ghi hnh vung cnh 0,7 m.
Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 7,2 kg/h.
Bung t th cpNhit bung t: 1200oC.
Kch thc bung t: L= 0,8 m B = 1,1 m H = 1,1 m
Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 12,384 kg/h.
Theo Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, bng 4.5, gch Samt
A l loi gch thch hp xy tng chu nhit 1300 0C. Theo bng 4.7/180,
i vi tng cao hn 1m ( H = 1,1 m) th chiu dy lp gch chu la phi
(250 350 mm.)
Gch xy tng c chn l gch Samt A s hiu H3 c cc thng s:
a = 100mm; b = 113mm; c = 230mm.
Th tch V = 2600 cm3; trng lng 4,9 kg.
H s dn nhit = 0,88 + 0,00023t (W/m.).
Nhit dung c = 0,865 + 0,00021t (kJ/kg.).
Tng l xy dy 330mm, xy phng, chiu dy mch xy 3mm, xy bngva nho ( bt samt mn). Pha ngoi tng l lp bng thy tinh cch nhit
dy 50 mm. Gch v bng thu tinh c xy p vo thp tm dy 5 mm bao
bc.
Mch nhit ca th xy tng l 5mm/m chiu di.
5.5.1.3 Th xy y l
52
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
53/112
n tt nghip
y l c xy trc tip trn mng l.y l c xy phng, mch nhit
5mm/m chiu di. y l c xy 2 lp:
Lp di: gch cch nhit Diatmit dy 115mm. Lp trn: gch Samt A dy 230mm.
5.5.1.4 Th xy nc l
Nc l c xy bng, to vi tng l gc 90o. Th xy nc l l gch Samt
A.
Chiu rng nc l bng vi chiu rng l: B = 1,1 m.
Chiu di l: L = 1400 + 800 + 230 + 330x2 = 3090 mm. (5 63)
L c gc tm: = 180o nn bn knh nc l R = B/2 = 1100/2 = 550 mm.Chiu dy mch xy d = 2mm.
S gch xy mt ng knh
( )( )
( )( )
)vien(25
2,242100180
180230550
da180
sRn
=++
=++
=
(5 64)
R: bn knh vm, mm.
s: chiu dy gch xy nc l,mm.
a: chiu ngang vin gch, mm.
d: chiu dy mch xy, mm.
: gc tm vm.
S gch dng cho ton b nc l:
74,6712113
30902525 =
+=
+=
db
LN (vin) = 672 (vin) (5 65)
S gch chn vm cn dng l:
)vie(7,532113
30902N =
+= = 54 (vin) (5 66)
5.5.1.5 Th xy ca l
Ca tip liu
Ca tip liu lm bng thp tm (CT3) dy 5mm, cng loi vi thp lm v l.
Cc thanh ging l thp hnh (30x30) hn dnh pha bn ngoi. Bn trong tm thp l
53
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
54/112
n tt nghip
lp cch nhit bng bng thy tinh dy 50 mm v lp gch cch nhit Samt A dy
150 mm xy p vo thp tm. Kch thc ca (500x500) mm. Tm ca c cha mt
l quan st ng knh 10mm. Ca dn sn phm chy t bung s cp sang bung th cp
Gm hai ca kch thc (300x300) mm. Ca th nht cch trn l 500mm,
ca th hai cch trn l 100mm.
Ca ly tro
Ca c kch thc (250x250) mm. Ca c lm bng 2 lp thp tm 5 mm.
Gia hai tm thp l lp bng thu tinh cch nhit dy 50 mm. Bn ngoi ca l cc
thanhging bng thp hnh (10x10) mm hn dnh vo thp tm.5.5.2 Khung l
5.5.2.1 c im ca khung v v l
Khung l v v l gup th xy n nh trong qu trnh lm vic, pha ngoi
th xy c bao bc bi lp thp tm 5 mm. Bn ngoi lp thp l h thng khung
lm bng thp gc (50x50x5) king cht cc cnh l.
5.5.2.2 Tnh ton khung l
Khung l lin kt tnh, c t trn nn mng l, c cc thng s:
Gc tm = 180o.
Bn knh trong ca nc l: R = 550 mm.
Khong cch gia 2 ct theo chiu di l: a = 3090 330x2 = 2430 mm.
Chiu cao vm f = 0 mm.
Khi lng ring ca gch: gch = 1,9 tn/m3.
Chiu di l: L = 3090 mm.Chiu dy nc l: S = 330 mm.
Nhit l t = 1200 0C
Chiu rng ca nc: )(1760330211002 mmSBLtb =+=+= (5 68)
Trng lng gch nc l i vi 1 bc ct:
)kg(341009,3190033,076,1aSLG tb === (5 69)
Lc thng ng H:H = 0,25 x G = 0,25 x 3410 = 852,5(kg) (5 70)
54
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
55/112
n tt nghip
Lc ngang P: 0f4
BHp =
= (5 71)
i vi l nc bng f = 0 nn thc t lc ngang P khng tn ti. Do ch c
lc nn trung tm H tc dng ln phn tng l bn di.
5.5.3 Kim tra tn tht nhit qua xy l
5.5.3.1 Bung t s cp
Bung l c kch thc: L = 1,4 m B = 1,1 m H = 1,1 m.
Rc c nung nhit 800oC.
Tng v nc l dy 330 mm bng gch Samt A.
y gm 230 mm gch Samt A v 115 mm gch Diatomit. Nng lng nhit mt qua nc:
Nc l tm phng, nhit bn trong 800oC, nhit khng kh 30oC. Nhit
trung bnh ca lp gch xy nc coi nh l trung bnh cng ca nhit khng kh
v nhit mt trong l:
ttb = 420OC.
Theo ph lc VI Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, h s dn
nhit ca gch Samt A 420oC l 420 = 1,167 (W/m.).
Nhit lng mt qua nc l:
( )( )
)(645,333406,0
167,1
115,023,054,130800
06,0WF
Stt
Q
n
kkl =+
+
=+
=
(5 72)
F: din tch nc l, m2.
F = 1,4 m 54,11,1 = m (m2).
S: chiu dy nc, m.
tl, tkk: nhit mt trong l v nhit khng kh, 0C.
0,06 : nhit tr khi c trao i nhit mt ngoi tng ra mi trng
khng kh xung quanh, m2/W
n: h s dn nhit ca tng l, W/m..
Nhit lng mt qua tng v y l:
55
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
56/112
n tt nghip
Din tch ngoi ca tng v y l ( khng tnh tng pha trc v pha
sau )
)m(62,41,14,11,14,12BLHL2F
2
n =+=+= (5 73)Xem nh ng phn b nhit trong tng l l bc nht, nhit trung bnh
mi lp:
C4152
30800
2
ttt okkltb =
+=
+= (5 74)
Nhit trung bnh ca lp Samt:
C5,607
2
415800
2
ttt otbls =
+=
+= (5 75)
Nhit trung bnh ca lp diatomit:
C5,2222
41530
2
ttt otbkkd =
+=
+= (5 76)
H s dn nhit ca lp Samt st :
)o.m/W(095,15,60700065,07,0t00065,07,0 sS =+=+= (5 77)
H s dn nhit ca lp Diatomit dt :
215,05,222000314,0145,0000314,0145,0 =+=+= sd t (W/m.) (5 78)
Nhit mt qua tng
( ))(13,4419
06,0215,0
115,0
095,1
23,062,430800
WQt =++
=
(5 79)
Nhit lng mt qua th xy:
Qx = Q + Qt = 3334,645 + 4419,13 = 7753,775 (W) (5 80)
Trong :
Q: nhit lng mt qua nc bung s cp, W
Qt : nhit lng mt qua tng bung s cp, W
Nhit gi s mt qua nc, tng, y l l :
Q5 = 0,1(185957 + 40048330.B) = 0,1(185957 + 40094370.0,002) (5
81)
= 26605,366(W)
56
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
57/112
n tt nghip
Q5 > Qx : gi thit hp l.
5.5.3.2 Bung t th cp
Bung l c kch thc: L = 0,8 m B = 1,1 m H = 1,1 m.Rc c nung nhit 1200oC.
Tng v nc l dy 330 mm bng gch Samt A.
y gm 230 mm gch Samt A v 115 mm gch Diatomit.
Nng lng nhit mt qua nc
Nhit trung bnh ca lp gch nc: ttb = 620OC.
Theo ph lc VI Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, h s dn
nhit ca gch Samt A 620oC l 620 = 1,143 (W/m.). Nhit lng mt qua nc l
( )( )
)(48,284506,0
143,1
115,023,088,0301200
06,0WF
Stt
Q
n
kkl =+
+
=+
=
(5 82)
F: din tch nc l, m2. F = 0,8 m 88,01,1 = m (m2).
S: chiu dy nc, m.
tl, tkk: nhit mt trong l v nhit khng kh, 0C.
0,06 : nhit tr khi c trao i nhit mt ngoi tng ra mi trng
khng kh xung quanh, m2/W
n: h s dn nhit ca tng l, W/m..
Nhit lng mt qua tng v y l
Din tch ngoi ca tng v y l ( khng tnh tng pha trc v pha
sau )
)m(64,21,18,01,18,02BLHL2F 2n =+=+= (5 83)
Xem nh ng phn b nhit trong tng l l bc nht, nhit trung
bnh mi lp:
Ctt
tokkl
tb615
2
301200
2=
+=
+= (5 84)
Nhit trung bnh ca lp Samt:
57
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
58/112
n tt nghip
Ctt
t otbls 5,9072
6151200
2=
+=
+= (5 85)
Nhit trung bnh ca lp diatomit:
Ctt
t otbkkd 5,3222
61530
2=
+=
+= (5 86)
H s dn nhit ca lp Samt st :
29,15,90700065,07,000065,07,0 =+=+= sS t (W/m.) (5 - 87)
H s dn nhit ca lp Diatomit dt :
246,05,322000314,0145,0000314,0145,0 =+=+= sd t (W/m.) (5 - 88)
Nhit mt qua tng
( ))(47,4376
06,0246,0
115,0
29,1
23,064,2301200
WQt =++
=
(5 89)
Nhit lng mt qua th xy:
Qx = Q + Qt = 2845,48 + 4376,47 =7222 (W) (5 90)
Q: nhit lng mt qua nc bung th cp, W
Qt : nhit lng mt qua tng bung th cp, W
Nhit gi s mt qua nc, tng, y l
Q4 = 0,1(22617,48 + 40048330.B) = 0,1(22617,48+ 40048330.0,00344)
=16038,4(W) (5-91)
Q4 > Qx : gi thit hp l.
58
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
59/112
n tt nghip
Chng 6
X L KHI THI CA L T
6.1 Xc nh thnh phn, lu lng v nng cc cht trong khi thi.Chn phng php x l
6.1.1 Xc nh thnh phn, lu lng v nng cc cht trong khi thi
Khi thi l sn phm ca cht thi a vo l t. Mt l t tin tin, qu
trnh chy hon ton v c kim sot th lng kh nhim s rt t. Tuy nhin, rt
kh kim sot hon ton c qu trnh chy, khi thi l t rc cha nhng kh thi
c trng:
CO
Lng CO ph thuc s iu chnh v kim sot l t. Lng CO ny c th
khng ch ti thiu (gn nh hon ton) i vi nhng l t tin tin c s kim
sot tt qu trnh chy.
Bi
Do cc thnh phn tro sinh ra t cc qu trnh chy. Nng bi ph thuc
nhiu yu t: nguyn liu, ch cp gi, cu trc, nhit li vi l t hiu
qu cao th lng bi khong 550 650 mg/m3. C th gim lng bi bng b phn
lc.
SO2
Cht thi rn c x l thng cha t sulphur. Lng SO2 to ra ch yu
ph thuc nhin liu t. H thng x l theo phng php phun t c kh nng
loi b SO2 cao.
HClLng HCl ph thuc cht thi em t, ch yu l lng PVC trong cht
thi. H thng phun t c th loi b HCl.
NOx
Ph thuc nhit chy v thi gian lu chy ca l t. Thit b loi b NOx
rt t tin, thng ch lp t cc l t ln. Lng NOx t cht thi bnh vin
thng rt t.
59
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
60/112
n tt nghip
HF
Ph thuc thnh phn cht thi em t v thng khng c vn khi t
cht thi bnh vin. Tuy nhin khi c thit b x l c th gim thiu HF.Kim loi nng
Bnh thng hm lng kim loi nng trong khi thi ca l t rc y t rt
thp,di gii hn cho php v khng cn qua x l.
Dioxin
Dioxin c hnh thnh trong cc qu trnh chy c mt ca Clo. y l
nhng hp cht hu c c tnh c cao. Nhng l t vi nhit trn 1000oC mi
phn hy chng thnh CO2 v H2O. Hiu qu t dioxin ph thuc cc thng s: thigian lu chy, lng oxi. Khi t c cc thng s: nhit 850 1100oC, thi gian
lu chy l 1 giy, lng oxi trong kh chy 8 12%, lng dioxin cn li trong kh
thi rt thp.
Thnh phn, lu lng v nng kh thi c xc nh trong bng sau:
Bng 6.1: Thnh phn, lu lng v nng cc cht trong khi thi.
Thnh
phn
Kmol/s n.m3/s mg/n.m3
CO2 7,44.10-4 0,0166 244846,7H2O 5,721.10-4 0,0128 77021,7SO2 7,898.10-6 1,77.10-4 3780,6O2 1,949.10-4 4,365.10-3 46647,7
N2 4,416.10-3 0,099 924816,8HCl 3,543.10-5 7,936.10-4 9672,4CaO 2,083.10-8 4,666.10-7 8,7P2O5 2,208.10-7 4,946.10-6 181,7
Tng 5,97.10-3 0,1337 1,307.106
60
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
61/112
n tt nghip
6.1.2 Xc nh cc thnh phn cn x l
Bng 6.2: Nng cht nhim trc khi x l
Thnhphn
Nng (mg/m3)
TCVN 5939 2005(mg/m3)
Bi 600 400HCl 9672,4 200SO2 3780,6 500
6.1.3 La chn phng php x l
C hai phng php x l ch yu: x l t v x l kh.
X l khS dng ha cht dng bt (ph bin l dng vi bt) trung ho cc cht
nhim v ti lc (lc si hay lc tnh in) loi b cc mui v bi. Trc khi x
l, khi thi c lm mt n nhit theo nguyn l trao i nhit khng kh
khi thi hoc nc kh thi giai on ny c th thu hi nhit s dng.
Sau , phun bt vi trc tip vo dng kh thi, vi phn ng vi cc kh to mui
tr. Cc mui cng vi tro v bi c gi li b lc, sau x l bng chn lp.
Phng php x l kh n gin, kinh t v hiu qu x l kh cao. Tuy nhin,
phng php ny t s dng do chi ph cho ho cht kh ln, chi ph cho thit b gii
nhit v cc thit b ph.
X l t
Kh thi sau khi ra khi bung t i vo vng bo ho v thp lc, dung dch
lng c phun trc tip vo dng kh loi b cc cht nhim nh : SO 2, HCl,
v cc kim loi nng. ng thi kh thi c lm mt ti nhit 70oC, sau
c ht bng qut gi dn ti ng khi.
Hiu qu x l ca phng php t kh cao, tr s nhim vo mi trng
rt thp, t tiu chun. Tuy nhin phng php ny kh phc tp, chi ph u t v
vn hnh cao. Dung dch ho cht sau khi x l l ngun nhim dng lng, cn
phi thu gom vo h thng x l nc thi.
61
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
62/112
n tt nghip
T cc phn tch trn, phng php x l t, c th l phng php hp th
vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,5M c th ng thi x l HCl, SO2 v bi. Thit b hp th
l thp ra kh rng (xem nh kh thi c lm gii nhit trc khi vo thp).6.2 Thp gii nhit
6.2.1 Khi lng ring hn hp kh
[ ]trtrSOSO
trtrSOSOtrSOhh
PMPMPT
T
PT
TPM
PT
TPM
+
=
+
=+=
22
22
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,22
4,224,22
( 6 1 )
Ta c:
( )
1000
273273
4,222
2
+=
tn
PSO
SO
(6 2)
Trong :
t : Nhit vo thp gii nhit, t = 10000C
=+=+= )(1002,00846,00156,0222 kmolnnn dauDOSOracSOSO (6 3)
( ))(94,7)(01047,0
10002731000273
4,221002,0
2mmHgatPSO ==
+=
Ta c:
( )mmHgPPP SOtr 06,75294,776020 ==+= (6 4)
Trong :
trP : p sut ring phn ca kh tr
0P
: p sut ca hn hp kh iu kin tiu chun = 760 (mmHg)
[ ] ( )3/28,006,7522994,764760)2731000(4,22
273mkghh =++
=
Dng kh vo h thng lm mt gm c:
Nhit vo : tvo = 10000C.
Lng sn phn chy 10000C : )/(721,0)/(6,259533
10000smhmQ
C== .
Ti lng kh thi: )/(202,0)/(77,72628,06,259501000 skghkgG C === .
62
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
63/112
n tt nghip
Khi lng ring sn phm chy 10000C : )/(28,0 3mkg= .
Nhit dung ring sn phm chy 10000C : )./(29,1 0 CkgkJCP =
Nhit ra: tra = 1500C.6.2.2 Phng trnh truyn nhit khi cht kh chuyn ng ngc u
nhit thay i.
cptKFQ = (6 5)
Trong :
Q : Nhit lng, (Kcal).
F : Dit tch mt phn cch cht lng, (m
2
).K : H s truyn nhit, (kcal/m2.h.0C).
: Thi gian, (h).
cpt :Hiu s nhit trung bnh, 0C.
Dng kh vo : CTd01000
1= CTc
01501=
CTTT cdtb04 224 22 3871501000
11=== (6 6)
Tra bng (thng s vt l ca khi thi 3870C) :
)/(566,03
1 mkg= .
Ckgkcal
CkgkJCp 00 .
285,0.
185,11
==
)./(48,00
1 Cmhkcal= .
)/.(103)/.(100094,02923
1 mhkgmskg == .
)/(219,0)/(100608,0223
1 hmsmv == .
648,0Pr1 =
Dng nc vo : CTd030
2= CTc
0552=
Tra bng (thng s vt l ca hi nc bo ha 4240C) :
)/(2,9223
2 mkg= .
Ckgkcal
CkgkJCp 00 .
993,0.
174,42
==
63
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
64/112
n tt nghip
)../(544,00
2 Chmkcal= .
)/.(1085,1)/.(106,662826
2 mhkgmskg == .
)/(104,2)/(10659,0 23262 hmsmv == .
31,4Pr2 = .
Xt trong khong thi gian h1=
Nhit lng kh truyn cho nc :
)(03,1760601)1501000(285,077,726111
kcaltCGQ p === (6 7)
V pha nc :
)(03,1760601)3055(993,0222
21
2kcalGtCG
QQp ===
=
(6 8)
)/(045,709225993,0
03,1760602 hkgG ==
Phng trnh truyn nhit :
tKFQ =
Q = 176060,03 (kcal)
h1=
Tnh t :
13,207285,077,72611 == pCG
4,7042993,0045,709222 == pCG
12 12 ppCGCG >
Ctttcdd
094555100021
===
Cttt dcc012030150
21===
Hiu s nhit trung bnh :
C
t
ttt
t
c
d
cd 0400
120
945ln
120945
ln=
=
=
(6 9)
ng knh ca thit b trao i nhit
64
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
65/112
n tt nghip
D = tx(b - 1) + 4xd (6 10)
Trong :
d : ng knh trong ca ng dn nhit.Chn ng knh ng dn nhit l 60 (mm), b dy ng dn nhit vt liu
cch nhit l 2 (mm) = 2x10-3 (m).
Chn vt liu cch nhit l thp khng r, c h s dn nhit = 39
)../( 02 Chmkcal .
Chn cch sp xp ng theo vng trn.
Tra bng VII, trang 48 S tay qu trnh v thit b ha cht tp 2 NXB khoa hc v
k thut H Ni 1999.
S vng trn : 5
S ng trn ng xuyn tm : 11
S ng vng ngoi cng : 31
Tng s ng : 93
t : bc ng. Thng chn t = 1,5 2d. chn t = 1,7d = 1,7x 0,06 = 0,102 (m).
S ng trn ng xuyn tm, b = 11)(26,106,04)111(102,0 mD =+=
Chn D = 1,3 (m).
Tnh h s K :
++
=
21
111
K(6 11)
Trong :
1 : H s cp nhit t khng kh nng n thnh ng Chmkcal
02 ..
1 : H s cp nhit t thnh ng n nc Chmkcal
02 ..
H s cp nhit t cht kh nng n thnh ng : 1
14,033,06,06,0
1 PrRe
=d
DC td (6 12)
65
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
66/112
n tt nghip
Chn ng knh ng dn nhit : d = 60 (mm) = 0,06 (m).
Tng s trong thit b : n = 93
ng knh thit b: D =1,3 (m). i vi tm chn hnh vin phn : C = 1,72
ng knh tng ng : )(164,106,0933,1 2222 mdnDDtd ===
H s Rynn :
76,2705Re
219,006,014,393
6,25954
4
Re2
=
=
==
=fff
d
dn
Qd
A
Qd
(6 13)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )Chm
kcal02
14,0933,06,06,01
..6,9
103648,076,270506,0
048,0164,172,1
=
= (6 14)
H s cp nhit t thnh ng n nc: 2
14,033,06,06,02 PrRe
=
dDC td (6 15)
H s Rynn :
96,3233Re
104,2164,114,3
092,74
4
Re32
=
=
==
= f
td
tdf
td
f
td D
Dn
QD
A
QD
(6 16)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )Chmkcal
02
14,0833,06,06,02
..03,292
1085,131,496,323306,0
544,0164,172,1
=
= (6 17)
( )Chm
kcalK...
29,9
39
102
03,292
1
6,9
1
1
11
1023
21
=
++
=
++
=
(6
18 )
Din tch b mt trao i nhit
)(38,47
400129,9
03,176060 2m
tK
QF =
=
=
(6 19)
66
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
67/112
-
8/2/2019 bai_my hue
68/112
n tt nghip
6.2.4 Tnh b dy thn thp
Thng s ban u ca thp m ta bit nh sau:
ng knh : D = 1300 (mm) Chiu cao thp : H = 3000 (mm)
Khi ln ring ca pha lng : )/(1000 31 mkg=
Tc n mn : 0,05 (mm/nm)
H s bn mi hn : Thn hnh tr hn dc, hn tay bng h
quang in, hn gip mi 2 bn, ng knh thn ln hn 700. Do , h s
bn mi hn h =0,95 ( bng XII5.1.8, trang 362 S tay qu trnh v thit b
ha cht tp 2 Pts Trn Xoa NXB khoa hc v k thut H Ni 1999 ).
H s iu chnh : 1= (thit b thuc nhm 2 loi II) (Bng XII5.1.2, trang
356, S tay qu trnh v thit b ha cht tp 2 Pts Trn Xoa NXB khoa
hc v k thut H Ni 1999 ).
Tnh p sut lm vic trong thp
1PPP mt += (6 21)
Trong :
Pmt : p sut pha kh t
