.bahan kajian

MK. Perencanaan Lingkungan dan Pengembangan Wilayah

PRINSIP-PRINSIP PERENCANAAN LINGKUNGAN

PMPSLP-PPSUB Oktober 2011

soemarno

PERENCANAAN LINGKUNGANEnvironmental planning

Environmental Planning is the process of facilitating decision making to carry out development with due consideration given to the natural environmental, social, political, economic and governance factors

and provides a holistic frame work to achieve sustainable outcomes.

UNSUR-UNSUR PERENC. LINGKUNGAN

Environmental Planning concerns itself with the decision making processes where they are required for managing

relationships that exist within and between natural systems and human systems.

Environmental Planning endeavours to manage these processes in an effective, orderly, transparent and equitable

manner for the benefit of all constituents within such systems for the present and for the future.

Environmental Planning practices are the result of continuous refinement and expansion of the scope of such decision

making processes.

Some of the main elements of environmental planning are:

1. Social & economic development 2. Urban development 3. Regional development 4. Natural resource management & integrated land

use 5. Infrastructure systems 6. Governance frameworks

Ruang lingkup kajian Environmental planning :

1. land use, 2. socio-economics, 3. transportation, 4. economic and housing characteristics, 5. air pollution, 6. noise pollution, 7. the wetlands, 8. habitat of the endangered species, 9. ECOSYSTEM susceptibility, 10. coastal zones development, and 11. others, are referred to as an Integrated

environmental planning.

Environmental design

Environmental design is the process of addressing surrounding environmental parameters when devising plans,

programs, policies, buildings, or products.

Classical prudent design may have always considered environmental factors; however, the environmental movement

beginning in the 1940s has made the concept more explicit.

Environmental design

Environmental design can also refer to the applied arts and sciences dealing with creating the human-designed

environment. These fields include :

1. architecture, 2. city planning (or urban planning), 3. landscape architecture, and 4. interior design.

Environmental design can also encompass interdisciplinary areas such as historical preservation and lighting design.

Environmental design

In terms of a larger scope, environmental design has implications for the industrial design of products:

1. innovative automobiles, 2. wind-electricity generators, 3. solar-electric equipment, and 4. other kinds of equipment could serve as examples.

Currently, the term has expanded to apply to ecological and sustainability issues.

HABITAT LESTARI

A sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that produces food and shelter for people and other organisms, without resource

depletion and in such a way that no external waste is produced. Thus the habitat can continue into future time

without external infusions of resource. Such a sustainable habitat may evolve naturally or be produced under the

influence of man (such as a restored biosphere).

HABITAT LESTARI

A sustainable habitat that is created and designed by human intelligence will mimic nature, if it is to be successful. Everything within it is connected to a complex array of

organisms, physical resources and functions. Organisms from many different biomes can be brought together to fulfill

various ecological niches.Often the term refers to sustainable human habitats, which

typically involve some form of green building or environmental planning.

HABITAT LESTARI

A sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that produces food and shelter for people and other organisms, without resource depletion

and in such a way that no external waste is produced. Thus the habitat can continue into future time without external infusions of resource. Such a sustainable habitat may evolve naturally or be

produced under the influence of man (such as a restored biosphere).

HABITAT LESTARI

A sustainable habitat that is created and designed by human intelligence will mimic nature, if it is to be successful. Everything within it is connected to a complex array of organisms, physical resources and functions. Organisms from many different biomes

can be brought together to fulfill various ecological niches.Often the term refers to sustainable human habitats, which typically

involve some form of green building or environmental planning.

HABITAT LESTARI

In creating the sustainable habitats, environmental scientists, designers, engineers and architects must consider no element as a

waste product to be disposed of somewhere off site, but as a nutrient stream for another process to feed on. Researching ways

to interconnect waste streams to production creates a more sustainable society by minimizing pollution.

People are encouraged by seed companies to grow their “more efficient” crops which represent a small genetic pool. Fewer

farmers are now growing traditional varieties that have co-evolved to suit a particular locale. Biodiversity is a key element of a

sustainable habitat.

HABITAT LESTARI

People are encouraged by seed companies to grow their “more efficient” crops which represent a small genetic pool.

Fewer farmers are now growing traditional varieties that have co-evolved to suit a particular locale. Biodiversity is a key

element of a sustainable habitat.

HABITAT LESTARI

1. Permaculture2. Ecovillage

3. Integrated Pest Management4. Autonomous building

5. Alternative natural material6. Sustainable city

7. Sustainable Landuse8. Sustainable Farming, 9. Sustainable forestry

10.Sustainable gardening,11.Sustainable landscaping,

12.etc

PERENCANAAN LANDSKAP

Landscape planning is a branch of landscape architecture. Urban park systems and greenways of the type planned by

Frederick Law Olmsted are key examples of urban landscape planning.

Landscape designers tend to work for clients who wish to commission construction work. Landscape planners can look

beyond the 'closely drawn technical limits' and 'narrowly drawn territorial boundaries' which constrain design projects.

Landscape planners tend to work on projects which:In rural areas, the damage caused by unplanned mineral

extraction was one of the early reasons for a public demand for landscape planning.

PERENCANAAN LANDSKAP

1. Landscape architecture2. Landscape management

3. Landscape ecology4. Landscape institute

5. Landscape of agriculture6. Landscape urbanism

7. Urban design8. Green roof

9. Sustainable city10.Sustainable landscape architecture

LANDSKAP PERTANIAN

The primary purpose of agriculture is food production but concern for other objectives (eg wildlife, conservation,

biodiversity, recreation and scenery) have a long history and are of increasing importance in wealthy and urbanized

countries.

The was designed as a means of giving money to farmers to produce non-food environmental goods from farmland.

Landscape planners are involved with the preparation of agricultural landscape plans for the achievement of non-food

objectives from agricultural land.

PERMACULTURE

Permaculture is an approach to designing human settlements and agricultural systems that mimic the relationships found in

natural ecologies.Permaculture is sustainable land use design. This is based on ecological and biological principles, often using patterns that

occur in nature to maximise effect and minimise work.

Permaculture aims to create stable, productive systems that provide for human needs, harmoniously integrating the land

with its inhabitants.

PERMACULTURE

The ecological processes of plants, animals, their nutrient cycles, climatic factors and weather cycles are all part of the

picture. Inhabitants’ needs are provided for using proven

technologies for food, energy, shelter and infrastructure.

Elements in a system are viewed in relationship to other elements, where the outputs of one element become the

inputs of another.

Within a Permaculture system, work is minimised, “wastes” become resources, productivity and yields increase, and

environments are restored.

PERMACULTURE

Permaculture principles can be applied to any environment, at any scale from dense urban settlements to individual homes,

from farms to entire regions.

The first recorded modern practice of permaculture as a systematic method was by Austrian farmer Sepp Holzer in the

1960s, but the method was scientifically developed by Australians Bill Mollison and David Holmgren and their

associates during the 1970s in a series of publications.

PERMACULTURE

The word permaculture is described by Mollison as a portmanteau of permanent agriculture, and permanent culture.

The intent is that, by training individuals in a core set of design principles, those individuals can design their own environments and build increasingly self-sufficient human

settlements — ones that reduce society's reliance on industrial systems of production and distribution that

Mollison identified as fundamentally and systematically destroying Earth's ecosystems.

PERMACULTURE

While originating as an agro-ecological design theory, permaculture has developed a large international following.

This "permaculture community" continues to expand on the original ideas, integrating a range of ideas of alternative culture

, through a network of publications, permaculture gardens, intentional communities, training programs, and internet

forums.

In this way, permaculture has become a form of architecture of nature and ecology as well as an informal institution of

alternative social ideals.

PERMACULTURE: ELEMENT OF DESIGN

Permaculture principles draw heavily on the practical application of ecological theory to analyze the characteristics

and potential relationships between design elements.Each element of a design is carefully analyzed in terms of its needs, outputs, and properties. For example chickens need

water, moderated microclimate and food, producing meat, eggs, and feathers as well as manure which can help break up

hardsoil hardpan.

PERMACULTURE: ELEMENT OF DESIGN

Design elements are then assembled in relation to one another so that the products of one element feed the needs of

adjacent elements. Synergy between design elements is achieved while minimizing waste and the demand for human

labor or energy. Exemplary permaculture designs evolve over time, and can become extremely complex mosaics of

conventional and inventive cultural systems that produce a high density of food and materials with minimal input.

PERMACULTURE: ELEMENT OF DESIGN

Techniques and cultural systems are freely borrowed from organic agriculture, sustainable forestry, horticulture, agroforestry,

and the land management systems of indigenous peoples,

Permaculture's fundamental contribution to the field of ecological design is the development of a concise set of

broadly applicable organizing principles that can be transferred through a brief intensive training.

Modern permaculture

Modern permaculture is a system design tool.

It is a way of:1. Looking at a whole system or problem; 2. Observing how the parts relate; 3. Planning to mend sick systems by applying ideas learned from long-term sustainable working systems;4. Seeing connections between key parts.

In permaculture, practitioners learn from the working systems of nature to plan to fix the damaged landscapes of human agricultural and city systems. This thinking applies to the

design of a kitchen tool as easily to the re-design of a farm.

PERMACULTURE: CORE VALUES

Permaculture is a broad-based and holistic approach that has many applications to all aspects of life.

At the heart of permaculture design and practice is a fundamental set of ‘core values’ or ethics which remain

constant :

1. whatever a person's situation,

2. whether they are creating systems for town planning or trade;

3. whether the land they care for is only a windowbox or an entire forest.

PERMACULTURE: CORE VALUES

These 'ethics' are often summarized as;

Earthcare – recognising that Earth is the source of all life (and is possibly itself a living entity), that Earth is our valuable home, and that we are a part of Earth, not apart from it.

Agriculturalists traditionally exploit soil, plants and animals so intensely that serious internal (e.g. diseases, soil erosion, decrease of production

through the years) as well as external problems (e.g. pollution from fertilizers, human diseases originating from farm factories) occur.

Permaculturalists have introduced new ways of practicing agriculture, based on moderate yet problem-free rates of production. These ways

are fundamental in restoring a mutually beneficial (and healthy) relationship between people and the environmental factors

indispensable to their survival.

PERMACULTURE: CORE VALUES

These 'ethics' are often summarized as;

Peoplecare – supporting and helping each other to change to ways of living that do not harm ourselves or the planet,

and to develop healthy societies.

Fairshare (or placing limits on consumption) - ensuring that Earth's limited resources are used in ways that are

equitable and wise.

PERMACULTURE: OBREDIM design methodology

OBREDIM is an acronym for observation, boundaries, resources, evaluation, design, implementation and

maintenance.

1. Observation allows you first to see how the site functions within itself, to gain an understanding of its initial relationships. Some recommend a year-long observation of a site before anything is planted. During this period all factors, such as lay of the land, natural flora and so forth, can be brought into the design. A year allows the site to be observed through all seasons, although it must be realized that, particularly in temperate climates, there can be substantial variations between years.

2. Boundaries refer to physical ones as well as to those neighbors might place, for example.

3. Resources include the people involved, funding, as well as what can be grown or produced in the future.

PERMACULTURE: OBREDIM design methodology

OBREDIM is an acronym for observation, boundaries, resources, evaluation, design, implementation and

maintenance.

4. Evaluation of the first three will then allow one to prepare for the next three. This is a careful phase of taking stock of what is at hand to work with.

5. Design is a creative and intensive process, and must stretch the ability to see possible future synergetic relationships.

6. Implementation is literally the ground-breaking part of the process when digging and shaping of the site occurs.

7. Maintenance is then required to keep the site at a healthy optimum, making minor adjustments as necessary. Good design will preclude the need for any major adjustment.

PERMACULTURE: General Structure

An ideal permacultural system possesses the following structural features:

1. Large trees dominate but not saturate the area, i.e. there exist patches barren of trees.

2. Edges that create special favorable conditions exist. 3. Initially the system is in a state of controlled -possibly

ongoing- succession.

PERMACULTURE: Zones

Permaculture zones are a way of organizing design elements in a human environment on the basis of the frequency of

human use and plant or animal needs.Frequently manipulated or harvested elements of the design are located close to the house in zones one and two such as

herbs for the kitchen.

Whereas chickens, for example, like to be close for their security but need to be kept at a safe distance to reduce noise, destruction of delicate plants such as herbs and

vegetables and any risk of contamination. Less frequently used or manipulated elements, and elements that benefit from

isolation (such as wild species) are farther away.

PERMACULTURE: Holmgren's 12 design principles

Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability

1. Observe and interact - By taking time to engage with nature we can design solutions that suit our particular situation.

2. Catch and store energy - By developing systems that collect resources at peak abundance, we can use them in times of need.

3. Obtain a yield - Ensure that you are getting truly useful rewards as part of the work that you are doing.

4. Apply self-regulation and accept feedback - We need to discourage inappropriate activity to ensure that systems can continue to function well.

PERMACULTURE: Holmgren's 12 design principles

Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability

5. Use and value renewable resources and services - Make the best use of nature's abundance to reduce our consumptive behaviour and dependence on non-renewable resources.

6. Produce no waste - By valuing and making use of all the resources that are available to us, nothing goes to waste.

7. Design from patterns to details - By stepping back, we can observe patterns in nature and society. These can form the backbone of our designs, with the details filled in as we go.

8. Integrate rather than segregate - By putting the right things in the right place, relationships develop between those things and they work together to support each other.

PERMACULTURE: Holmgren's 12 design principles

Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability

9. Use small and slow solutions - Small and slow systems are easier to maintain than big ones, making better use of local resources and producing more sustainable outcomes.

10. Use and value diversity - Diversity reduces vulnerability to a variety of threats and takes advantage of the unique nature of the environment in which it resides.

11. Use edges and value the marginal - The interface between things is where the most interesting events take place. These are often the most valuable, diverse and productive elements in the system.

12. Creatively use and respond to change - We can have a positive impact on inevitable change by carefully observing, and then intervening at the right time.