bahan

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Hal: 12 Each modality had its own dispersion of errors around the mean estimates for differing landmarks. Identification errors below 1 mm are considered precise according to several reliability studies as defined by Richardson and others. The landmarks with 2D errors greater than 1 mm included the A-point, ANS, basion, condylion, L6 occlusal, midramus, orbitale, porion, ramus point and sigmoid notch, and were similar to the mean errors found in previous studies by McClure et al and Baumrind et al. In McClure’s study, poor reliability was also shown for the ANS, PNS and menton in the x-direction; U1 root, L1 root and pogonion in the y-direction; and basion, gonion, condylion, orbitale and Porion in the x- and y-directions. These are mainly due to projection and tracing errors inherent in 2D methodology. In 3D, the orbitale and condylion were imprecise in the x-direction, while the gonion, midramus and ramus point were imprecise along the y-direction. The x-direction of the condylion may depend on the observer’s ability to visualize the most superior and posterior point along the surface of the condyle in different slices. If the sagittal slice was too medial, then the posterior surface would be seen as more anterior in the x-direction than reality. The x-direction for orbitale may have varied due to an inadequate definition of whether the most inferior point should also be more posterior or anterior along the x-direction because of the surface width anteroposteriorly.

Transcript of bahan

Hal: 12

Each modality had its own dispersion of errors around the mean estimates for differing landmarks. Identification errors below 1 mm are considered precise according to several reliability studies as defined by Richardson and others. The landmarks with 2D errors greater than 1 mm included the A-point, ANS, basion, condylion, L6 occlusal, midramus, orbitale, porion, ramus point and sigmoid notch, and were similar to the mean errors found in previous studies by McClure et al and Baumrind et al. In McClures study, poor reliability was also shown for the ANS, PNS and menton in the x-direction; U1 root, L1 root and pogonion in the y-direction; and basion, gonion, condylion, orbitale and Porion in the x- and y-directions. These are mainly due to projection and tracing errors inherent in 2D methodology. In 3D, the orbitale and condylion were imprecise in the x-direction, while the gonion, midramus and ramus point were imprecise along the y-direction. The x-direction of the condylion may depend on the observers ability to visualize the most superior and posterior point along the surface of the condyle in different slices. If the sagittal slice was too medial, then the posterior surface would be seen as more anterior in the x-direction than reality. The x-direction for orbitale may have varied due to an inadequate definition of whether the most inferior point should also be more posterior or anterior along the x-direction because of the surface width anteroposteriorly.

These errors in 3D may possibly be resolved through better interpretation or manipulation of the CBCT multiplanar images by increasing observer experience. In the area of 2D reliability, studies have shown that variation is high regardless of observer experience, though the degree of error is similar among observers with the same background. The observers in this study were at the same level of experience for utilizing the 2D system. Because it was the first time the 3D software was used by any of the observers, there may have been a learning curve that influenced variation in certain landmarks. An example was the condylion in the x-direction, which may have been better visualized by improved interpretations of the various slices. Future studies on whether observer experience in using 3D software is a factor would need to be performed to further investigate this possibility.Setiap modalitas memiliki dispersi kesalahan sendiri di sekitar taksiran rata-rata untuk landmark yang berbeda. Identifikasi kesalahan di bawah 1 mm dianggap tepat menurut beberapa studi reliabilitas seperti yang didefinisikan oleh Richardson dan others. Kesalahan landmark 2D lebih besar dari 1 mm termasuk titik A, ANS, basion, condylion, L6 occlusal, midramus, orbitale, porion, titik ramus dan sigmoid notch, dan merupakan kesalahan rata-rata serupa yang ditemukan dalam studi sebelumnya oleh McClure et Al dan Baumrind et al. Dalam studi McClure, rendahnya reliabilitas juga ditunjukkan untuk ANS, PNS dan menton dalam arah x; Akar U1, akar L1 dan pogonion di arah-y; dan basion, gonion, condylion, orbitale dan porion dalam arah x dan y. Hal ini terutama disebabkan oleh kesalahan proyeksi dan tracing yang tak terpisahkan dalam metodologi 2D. Dalam 3D, orbitale dan condylion berada di posisi yang tidak tepat dalam arah x, sedangkan gonion, midramus dan titik ramus tepat sepanjang arah y. Arah x dari condylion kemungkinan bergantung pada kemampuan pengamat untuk memvisualisasikan titik paling superior dan titik posterior sepanjang permukaan kondilus pada potongan yang berbeda. Jika potongan sagital terlalu medial, maka permukaan posterior akan terlihat lebih anterior di arah x dari kenyataannya. Arah x untuk orbitale mungkin bervariasi karena definisi yang tidak tepat apakah titik paling inferior juga harus lebih posterior atau anterior sepanjang arah x karena permukaan lebar anteroposterior.Kesalahan ini dalam 3D mungkin dapat diselesaikan melalui interpretasi yang lebih baik atau manipulasi CBCT multiplanar images dengan meningkatkan pengalaman pengamat. Di area reliabilitas 2D, penelitian telah menunjukkan variasi yang tinggi terlepas dari pengalaman pengamat, meskipun tingkat kesalahan serupa di antara pengamat dengan latar belakang yang sama. Pengamat dalam studi ini berada di tingkat pengalaman yang sama untuk memanfaatkan sistem 2D. Sebab, pertama kalinya software 3D yang digunakan oleh banyak pengamat, telah memiliki learning curve yang mempengaruhi variasi pada landmark tertentu. Contohnya adalah condylion di arah x, yang visualisasinya mungkin menjadi lebih baik dengan diadakannya perbaikan interpretasi dari berbagai potongan. Fokus studi selanjutnya adalah pada apakah pengalaman pengamat dalam menggunakan software 3D merupakan sebuah faktor yang perlu diselidiki lebih lanjut untuk kemungkinan ini.