BAFS F.4 Notes

1

Introduction to Double Entry Accounting (複式簿記)

Reference: Chapter 1 – 6 (p. 1 – 58)

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(A) Introduction to Accounting Bookkeeping (簿記) vs. Accounting (會計)

– Bookkeeping: records the accounting data in the books.

– Accounting: provides important information to the owners and

managers of a firm. records data; classifying and summarises data;

communicates information.

– Users of accounting information: Internal: owners, managers, employees. External: lenders, suppliers, customers, competitors,

government, the public.

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(B) Accounting Equation Assets (資產) (Resources

in the business)

= Capital (資產)

(Resources supplied by the owner)

Liabilities (負債) (Resources supplied by outsiders)

+

e.g. Assets Bank Cash

Machinery Fixtures Stock

Debtors Motor Vehicles

Land Building

Capital

Capital: Chan

Capital: Lee

Liabilities Creditors

Bank overdraft Bank loan

Loan: Cheung


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Assets = Liabilities + Capital

Assets = Liabilities + Capital + Profit (Income – Expenses)

After making profit:

Examples of Income Sales,

Rental income, Commission received,

Interest received, Returns outwards

Examples of Expenses Purchases, Rent

Commission, Interest expenses,

Electricity, Wages and salaries,

Depreciation, Returns inwards


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Assets = Liabilities + Capital + Profit - Drawings

After drawings by the sole proprietor (owner):

Definition of Drawings (提取)

The sole proprietor may take cash, stock or other assets from the business for private use.


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Class work and Homework

Accounting equation (p. 14-16) – Class work: Ex. 2.6, 2.8, 2.10, 2.11,2.13 – Homework: Ex. 2.7X, 2.9X, 2.12X,2.15X


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(C) The Double Entry System Definition

– Every transaction are entered into two T-accounts, one in debit (Dr.) side and the other in the credit (Cr.) side.

Format of a T-account: Name of the T-account

Date Particular $ Date Particular $

Dr Cr


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5-steps (RC3D) for the double entry system: 1. Recognize the names of accounts 2. Classify the types of accounts (assets, liabilities,

capital, income, expenses or drawings) 3. Decide the increase or decrease of the accounts 4. Decide the debit or credit of the accounts 5. Draw up the T-accounts

Examples to apply the 5-steps: On January 1, 2008, Chan started the business

with $1000 cash.


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R C D D D

Cash Assets Increase Dr. Dr. Cash

Capital: Chan

Capital Increase Cr. Cr. Capital: Chan

Dr. Cr. Assets + - Liabilities - + Capital - + Incomes - + Expenses + - Drawings + -

Dr. Cash Cr. 2008 $ 2008 $ Jan 1 Capital: Chan 1000

Dr. Capital: Chan Cr. 2008 $ 2008 $

Jan 1 Cash 1000


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Double entry system – Supplementary Exercises (Worksheet) – Assets, liabilities and capital (p.25-27)

Class work: Ex. 3.6, 3.8-3.10 Homework: Ex. 3.7X, 3.11X, 3.12X

– The treatment of stock (p.37-40) Class work: Ex. 4.5, 4.8-4.10 Homework: Ex. 4.6X, 4,7X, 4.12X, 4.13X

– Revenue and expenses (p.48-50) Class work: Ex. 5.6, 5.8, 5.10 Homework: Ex.


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(D) Balancing the Account Close (balance-off) the accounts at the

end of each month. For examination, it may close the accounts

at the end of the year. 5 steps to balance-off an accounts:

1. Add the totals of debit and credit. 2. Find the difference between debit and credit.

(The difference Balance c/d) 3. Enter the Balance c/d on the side with smaller

total. 4. Enter the totals on both sides at the same level. 5. Bring the Balance c/d to the opposite side as

Balance b/d on the first day of next month.


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Balancing-off – Supplementary Exercises (Worksheet)

Double entry system and balancing-off) Class work: Ex. 7.6, 7.7, 7.9 Homework: Ex. 7.8X, 7.10X


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Final Accounts

References： Chapter 7 to 10 (P. 59-113)

2


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A Trial Balance (試算表)

A trial balance is a list of debit balances and credit balances in the books of accounts。 The total of debit balances and the total of credit balances are equal. If not, errors are needed to identitied. Trial balance is the basis for preparing final accounts (Trading and profit and loss A/C; Balance Sheet).


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Examples of Trial Balance： Leungs Company

Trial Balance for the year ended 31 December, 2008

$ $

Sales 1010 Returns inwards 10 Stock as at 1 January, 2008 100 Purchases 530 Returns outwards 20 Carriages inwards 10 Rental income 100 Commission received 50 Rent 120 Commission 30 Electricity 150 Rates 50


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$ $ Land and building 1000 Office Furniture 700 Fittings 500 Office equipment 500 Machinery 1000 Motor vehicles 500 Debtors 1500 Bank 400 Cash 80 Creditors 1000 Bank overdraft 500 Capital 3000 Drawings 100 Bank loan 1000 Loan－Mr. Cheung 600 7280 7280

Stock as at 31 December, 2008 is $120


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B Trading A/C

Net Sales－Cost of goods sold ＝ Gross profit / Gross loss

• Function: Calculate the gross profit or gross loss.

Net Sales = Sales – Returns inwards

Cost of goods sold = Opening stock ＋ (Net Purchases+Carriage inwards) - Closing stock

Net Purchases = Purchases – Returns outwards

Gross profit: Net Sales>Cost of sales

Gross loss: Cost of sales>Net sales


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Put the above formulas (算式) into a statement, a Trading A/C is formed. Trading A/c has vertical form and horizontal form.


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Examples of vertical form： Leungs Company

Trading A/C for the year ended 31 December, 2008

$ $ $ Sales 1010 Less：Returns inwards 10 Net Sales 1000 Less：Cost of goods sold Stock as at 1 January,2006 100 Add：Purchases 530 Less：Returns outwards 20 Net purchases 510 Add：Carriage inwards 10 520 620 Less：Stock as at 31 December, 2006 120 500 Gross profit 500


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Examples of horizontal form（T form） Leungs Company

Trading A/C for the year ended 31 December, 2008

$ $ $ Opening Stock 100 Sales 1010 Add：Purchases 530 Less：Returns inwards 10 Less：Returns outwards 20 Net Sales 1000 Net purchases 510 Add：Carriage inwards 10 520 620 Less：Closing stock 120 Cost of goods sold 500 Gross profit c/d 500 1000 1000


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C Profit and loss A/C

Gross profit＋Other income－Expenses＝Net profit / Net loss

•Functions: calculate the net profit / net loss.

Other income= rental income + commission income+…

Expenses=rent and rates+commission +electricity+ …

Net profit: Gross profit+Income>Expenses

Net loss: Expenses>Gross profit+Income


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Put the above formulas (算式) into a statement, a Profit and loss A/C is formed. Trading A/c has vertical form and horizontal form.


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Vertical form： Leungs Company

Profit and loss for the year ended 31 December, 2008

$ $ Gross profit 500 Add： Rental income 100 Commission income 50 650 Less：Expenses Rent 120 Commission 30 Electricity 150 Rates 50 350 Net Profit 300


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Examples of horizontal form (T form)： Leungs Company Profit and loss A/C

for the year ended 31 December, 2006 $ $ Rent 120 Gross profit b/d 500 Commission 30 Rental income 100 Electricity 150 Commission income 50 Rates 50 Net profit 300 650 650


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D Balance Sheet

*Assets＝Non-current assets＋Current assets **Liabilities＝Current liabilities＋Long-term liabilities ***Capital: Opening capital＋Net profit－Capital＝Closing capital

Assets*＝Liabilities**＋Capital***

Balance sheet is a statement to record the balances of assets, liabilities and capital at the end of the accounting period.


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D1 Non-current Assets

Non-current assets have a long life and are to be used in the business. The non-current assets is not bought for resale. E.g. Land and building, Furniture, Fixtures and fitting, Office equipment, Machinery, Motor vehicles…


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Non-current assets are listed in the order of “permanency” in the Balance Sheet are as follows:

Non-current assets Land and building Furniture Fixtures and fittings Office equipment Machinery Motor vehicles


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D2 Current assets

Current assets are likely to be converted into cash in the short term (i.e. within 1 year) or items having a short life. E.g. Stock, Debtors, Prepayment, Bank, Petty cash, Cash…


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Current assets are listed starting the most difficult to be turned into cash, and the last one is “Cash”:

Current assets Stock Debtors Prepayment Bank Cash


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D3 Long-term Liabilities

Long-term liabilities do not have to have in the near future (i.e. longer than 1 year) e.g. Bank loan, Loan: Mr. Cheung, Debentures…


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D4 Current liabilities

Current liabilities are to be paid in the near future (i.e. within 1 year). e.g.：Creditors, Accruals, Bank overdraft…

Current assets－Current liabilities＝Working Capital


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Balance Sheet has vertical form and horizontal form. The format of vertical is as follows:


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Leungs Company Balance Sheet

as at 31 December, 2008 $ $ $ Non-current assets Land and building 1000 Furnitures 700 Fixtures and fittings 500 Office equipment 500 Machinery 1000 Motor vehicles 500 4200


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$ $ $ Current assets Stock 120 Debtors 1500 Bank 400 Cash 80 2100 Less：Current liabilities Debtors 1000 Bank overdraft 500 1500 Working capital 600 4800


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$ $ $ Capital Capital as at 1 January, 2008 3000 Add：Net profit 400 3400 Less：Drawings 100 Capital as at 31 December, 2008 3300 Long-term Liabilities Bank loan 1000 Loan－Mr. Cheung 500 1500 4800


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Horizontal form （T form）： Leungs Company

Balance Sheet As at 31 December, 2006

$ $ $ $ Fixed assets Capital Land and buildings 1000 Capital as at 1 January, 2008 3000 Furniture 700 Add：Net profit 300 Fixtures and fittings 500 3300 Office equipment 500 Less：Drawings 100 Machinery 1000 Capital as at 31 December, 2008 3200 Motor vehicles 500 4200 Long-term Liabilities Current assets Bank loan 1000 Stock 120 Loan-Mr. Cheung 600 1600 Debtors 1500 Current Liabilities Bank 400 Creditors 1000 Cash 80 2100 Bank overdraft 500 1500

6300 6300


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Books of Original Entry (原始分錄簿)

and Ledgers (分類帳)

References： Chapter 11-14, 19

3


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A Introduction

Books to record all the T accounts. The expansion of the business, transactions increase，the numbers of T accounts are numerous. Thus the T accounts are classified into 3 Ledgers and 7 Books (Books of Original Entry).


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B Books of Original Entry

1 Sales Journal ( Day Book) 2 Purchases Journal (Day Book) 3 Returns Inwards Journal (Day Book) 4 Returns Outwards Journal (Day Book) 5 Cash Book【Explain later】 6 Petty Cash Book【Explain later】 7 Journal【Explain later】


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Transactions

Classifying the transactions

Credit Sales

Credit Purchases

Returns Inwards

Returns Outwards

Cash and cheque receipts

and payment

Others

Returns Inwards Journal

Sales Journal

Returns Outwards Journal

Purchases Journal

Cash Book/ Petty Cash

Book Journal

p. 116

Posting to the double entry accounts in the ledgers：

Sales ledger Purchases ledger General ledger


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C Ledgers

3 kinds of ledgers： Sales ledger－records each debtor’s T A/C Purchases ledger－records each creditor’s T A/C General ledger －records the rest of the accounts,

such as expenses, Fixed assets, capital, etc.


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D Sales Journal and Sales Ledger

D1 Sales Journal Record all credit sales There is no debit items in “Sales A/C”, so the “Sales A/C” transforms to a statement(表), i.e, Sales Journal.


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Examples of Sales Journal：

The credit sales transactions in January, 2008 of Green Co. are as follow： Jan 5, sold $500 goods on credit to Rabbit Co. and offered 1% trade discounts* to Rabbit Co. Jan 15, sold $100 goods on credit to Pepper Co. If Pepper Co. pays the debt within 1 month, Pepper can enjoy 2% cash discounts**。 Jan 28, sold $500 goods to Pump Co. and offered 1% trade discounts. If Pump Co. pays the debt within 1 weeks, Pump can enjoy 2% Cash discounts.

You are required to prepare： The Sales Journal to record the above transaction.


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*Trade discount: offered to customers to attract large-quantity transactions. Directly deducted from the list price, no double entry is required.

**Cash discounts: Encourage the early repayment of debts The entry is recorded at the time of repayment of debts.


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Sales Journal 2008 Particular Inv. No. $ Jan 5 Rabbit Co 495 15 Pepper Co 100 28 Pump Co 495 31 Transferred to sales A/C 1090 (in General Ledger)


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D2 Sales Ledger After recording each transaction in the Sales Journal, the transaction is posted to the Debtors A/C in the Sales Ledger. At the end of month or year, the total of the Sales Journal is posted to the “Sales A/C” in the General Ledger.


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Sales Journal （Record each credit sales）

Sales A/C Cr. $

Debtors: Rabbit Co. Dr. $

General Ledger Sales Ledger

Posting each sales transactions

Posting the total to the Sales A/C


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E Purchases Journal and Purchases Ledger E1 Purchases Journal

Record all credit purchases There is no credit items in “Purchases A/C”, so the “Purchases A/C” transforms to a statement(表), i.e, Purchases Journal.


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Examples of Purchases Journal： The credit purchases transactions of Cucumber Co. in February

2008 are as follows： Feb 6, bought goods $200 on credit from Celery Co., and received 1% trade discounts. Feb 17, bought $100 goods on credit from Carrot Co. If the debt is repaid within 1 week, 2% cash discounts is offered. Feb 27, bought $200 goods on credit from Spinach Co, and received 1% trade discounts. If the debt is repaid within 1 week, 2% cash discounts is offered.

You are required to prepare： The Purchases Journal to record the above transaction.


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Purchases Journal 2006 Particular Inv. No. $ Feb 6 Celery Co. 198 17 Carrot Co. 100 27 Spinach Co. 198 28 Transferred to Purchases A/C 496 (in General Ledger)


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E2 Purchases Ledger After recording each transaction in the Purchases Journal, the transaction is posted to the Creditors A/C in the Purchases Ledger. At the end of month or year, the total of the Purchases Journal is posted to the “Purchases A/C” in the General Ledger.


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Purchases Journal （Record the credit purchases）

Creditors: Celery Co Cr. $

Purchases Dr. $

Purchases Ledger General Ledger

Posting each purchases transaction

Posting the total to the Purchases A/C


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F Returns Inwards Journal (銷貨退回簿)

Customers (Debtors) demand to return goods to our company. When we accept the goods returned, we issue a 【Credit note】to the customers. Examples： Goods returned to Cucumber Co in March, 2006

are as follows： March 1, Rabbit Co. returned $50 goods to us (After deducted 1% trade discounts). March 10, Pepper Co. returned $10.

You are required to prepare： The Returns Inwards Journal to record the above

transaction.


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Returns Inwards Journal 2006 Particular Credit Note No. $ Mar 1 Rabbit Co. 50 10 Pepper Co. 10 31 Transferred to returns inwards A/C 60 (in General Ledger)


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Returns Inwards Journal

(Record each items in Credit Notes)

Debtors: Carrot Co. Cr. $

Returns Inwards A/C Dr. $

Sales Ledger General Ledger

Posting each returns transaction

Posting the total to the returns inwards A/c


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G Returns Outwards Journal

Our company demands to returns the goods to suppliers (Creditors). We issue a 【Debit note】with the goods returns to the suppliers. Examples： Cucumber Co returned goods in March, 2006

are as follows： March 1, returned $20 goods to Celery Co. (After deducted 1% trade discounts). March 5, returned $10 goods to Carrot Co.

You are required to prepare： The Returns Outwards Journal to record the

above transaction.


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Returns Outwards Journal 2006 Particular Debit Note No. $ Mar 1 Celery Co. 20 5 Carrot Co. 10 31 Transferred to returns Outwards A/C 30 (in General Ledger)


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Returns Outwards Journal

(Recording each items in Debit Notes)

Returns Inwards A/C Cr. $

Creditors: Celery Co. Dr. $

General Ledger Purchases Ledger

Posting each transaction in debit

notes

Posting the total to the Returns

Outwards A/C


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H Classification of T Accounts T字帳的分類

Accounts

Nominal Accounts 虛帳戶

Real Accounts 實帳戶 Creditors

(Purchases Ledger)

Debtors (Sales Ledger)

Records assets and

Liabilities in General Ledger

Records expenses, incomes,

and Capital in General Ledger

人名帳戶 Personal Accounts 非人名帳戶 Impersonal

Accounts


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Cash Book (現金簿)

References： Chapter 15-16(P.152)

4


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A Type of Bank Accounts (銀行帳戶的種類)

Mainly has two types (主要有兩類)： Current account (往來帳戶)－allows holders to

withdraw money and make payments to other people and firms with cheques. 處理經常性收支，通常以支票處理支出，也可用存款單存款。

Deposit account (存款帳戶)－Interest is given on money deposited in deposit account. Deposit account includes saving accounts and time deposit account. 處理不經常性收支，包括儲蓄存款帳戶和定期存款帳戶。


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B Two Columns Cash Book (雙欄現金簿)

Two columns are the “cash” and “bank” column. 雙欄是指現金及銀行存款兩欄。 Put the Cash A/C and Bank A/C together into one A/C. 將現金及銀行存款兩個T字帳結合為一個帳戶。 All cash transactions record in the cash column. 所有以現金收支之項目記錄在現金欄上。 All transactions of cheques record in the bank column. 所有有關支票及銀行存款之項目記錄在銀行存款欄上。


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Example of Two Column Cash Book 雙欄現金簿示例： Melon Company’s cash and cheques transactions in January,

2007 were as follows: 以下是西瓜公司於2007年1月份之現金及銀行存款之收支： Jan 1 Sole trader Mr. Ho invested $1000 cash. 1日1日東主何先生投資現金$1000 Jan 5 Deposited $900 cash into bank. 1日5日將現金$900存入銀行 Jan 10 Paid rent by $100 cheque. 1日10日以支票支付租金$100 Jan 15 Cash purchases $200 1日15日現金購貨$200 Jan 25 Cash Sales $300 1日25日現金銷貨$300 You are required to prepare 作業要求： Two column Cash Book 編制現金簿記錄以上項目。


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現金簿現金銀行存款現金銀行存款

2007年 $ $ 2007年 $ $

1月1日資本 1000 1月5日銀行存款900

1月5日現金 900 1月10日租金 100

1月25日銷貨 300 1月15日購貨 200

1月31日餘額轉下200 800

1300 900 1300 900

2007年

2月1日承上餘額 200 800


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Exercises 練習題：Ex. 16.8 Homework 家課：Ex.16.9X


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C Cash Discounts and Trade Discounts (現金折扣與營業折扣) 1 Trade discounts 營業折扣（或交易折扣）

Offered to attract large quantity purchase. 營業折扣是企業為吸引顧客大批購貨，而給予之折扣。

2 Cash discounts 現金折扣 Offered to encourage early repayment of debts. 現金折扣是企業為鼓勵客戶盡快付款而提出的優惠。 Two types of cash discounts 現金折扣分為兩類： Discounts allowed 銷貨折扣是企業向能在指定期間內支付貨款的客戶（應收帳款）所提供的折扣。 Discounts received 購貨折扣是企業在指定期間內付清貨款給供應商（應付帳款），而收取供應商給予的折扣。


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Accounting entries (記帳步驟)：

Debit 借 Credit 貸

Trade Discounts 營業折扣

No entry is required 不用記帳

Discounts Allowed 銷貨折扣

Discounts Allowed 銷貨折扣

Debtors – X Ltd. 應收帳款－X公司

Discounts Received 購貨折扣

Creditors – Y Ltd. 應付帳款－Y公司

Discounts Received 購貨折扣


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Example of Discounts Allowed銷貨折扣的示例：

On 5 January, 2006, Lemon Ltd. sold goods $10,000 on credit to Mr. Chan and gave him 5% trade discounts. If Mr. Chan could repay the debt within 1 week, he could enjoy 5% cash discount. Mr. Chan repaid the debt on 10 January.

2006年1月5日，檸檬公司賒銷貨物$10000給陳先生，並享有5%營業折扣；若陳先生於一星期內還款，便可享有5%現金折扣。陳先生於1月10日還款。

借：應收帳款－陳先生 $9500 貸：銷貨 $9500

借：現金 $9025 借：銷貨折扣 $475 貸：應收帳款－陳先生 $9500


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Example of Discounts Received購貨折扣的示例：

On 10 January, 2006, Lemon Ltd. purchased $800 goods on credit from Mr. Lam. If Lemon Ltd. could repay debts within 1 week, he could enjoy 2% cash discount. Mr. Lam repaid the debt on Jan. 15.

2006年1月10日，檸檬公司向林先生賒購貨物$800，若檸檬公司於一星期內還款，便可享有2%現金折扣。於1月15日還款給林先生。

借：購貨 $800 貸：應付帳款－林先生 $800 借：應付帳款－林先生 $800 貸：現金 $784 貸：購貨折扣 $16


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D Three Columns Cash Book 三欄現金簿

Three columns are cash, bank and discount.

三欄即現金、銀行存款及折扣，借項及貸項各三欄。 Discount column on the debit is “Discounts Allowed”

借項的折扣欄為銷貨折扣。 Discount column on the credit is “Discounts Received”

貸項的折扣欄為購貨折扣。


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Example of Three Columns Cash Book 三欄現金簿的示例：

The transactions in January 2008 of Coconut Ltd. are as follows:

以下為椰子公司2007年1月份的收支：

Jan 1 Balances: Cash $100, Bank $2000

1月1日承上餘額：現金$ 100；銀行存款$ 2000

Jan 5 Cash purchases $500 1月5日現金購貨$500。

Jan 10 Cash Sales $800 1月10日現金銷貨$800。

Jan 15 Deposited $400 cash to bank. 1月15日存現金$400入銀行。

Jan 20 Received a cheque from Mr. Lam for paying $2000 debt, and enjoyed 2% discount.

1月20日收取張先生$2000貨款，扣除2%折扣後，收取支票。

Jan 25 Paid Mr. Chan by cheque to settle $1500 debts and enjoyed 2% discount.

1月25日支付陳先生$1500貨款，扣除2%折扣後，以支票支付。

You are required to prepare 作業要求：

Three columns cash book. 編制三欄現金簿記錄以上事項。


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現金簿 2007年銷貨折扣現金銀行存款 2007年購貨折扣現金銀行存款

$ $ $ $ $ $ 1月1日承上餘額 100 2000 1月5日購貨 500

1月10日銷貨 800 1月15日銀行存款 400

1月15日現金 400 1月25日應付帳款 30 1470

1月20日應收帳款 40 1960 －陳先生

－張先生 1月31日餘額轉下＊2890

** 40 900 4360 ** 30 900 4360

2007年

2月1日承上餘額 2890

＊若銀行存款的餘額轉下在借項即為銀行透支。

**不用計算餘額轉下，只需作加總。


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Exercises 練習題：Ex. 16.10, 16.11 Homework 家課：Ex.16.12X, 16.13X


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Petty Cash Book and Imprested System 零用現金簿和定額制度

Reference: Chapter18 (p.194) 參考書目：第18章 (p. 210)


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A Petty Cash Book 零用現金簿

A petty cash book is a cash book for recording small cash payment.

是記錄小額現金收支項目的現金簿。


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B Imprested System 定額制度

The imprested system is a system by which the amount spent in a period would be reimbursed (補充) and the petty cash balance in the next period would be made equal to the original amount (cash float 定額備用金) started with.

指每月月底零用現金出納員可獲發與該月開支相同的金額，以保持與月頭之＜承上餘額＞相同。

e.g. The opening balance (cash float) was $100, the petty cash payment was $80, the reimbursed amount would be $80

例：承上餘額為$100，該月之零用支出為$80，於月結時便要補回$80。


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Example of Petty Cash Book 零用現金簿的示例：

p. 196-197 －18.2 (English version) p. 212-214－18.2 (中文版)


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Class work: Ex.18.6,18.8, Homework: Ex. 18.7X, 18.9X 練習題：Ex. 15.3, 15.4 家課：Ex. 15.5X, 15.6X


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Journal 日記簿

Reference: Chapter 19 (p.206)參考書目：第19章（p. 222）

6


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A Uses of Journal 日記簿的用途 • The entries, that are not recorded in

the other six books of original entries, would be recorded in the Journal.

凡不記在另外六本原始分錄簿的項目，均記在日記簿內。

• E.g. purchases or sales of fixed assets on credit, bad debts written off, corrections of errors, opening entries, closing entries.

例：賒購和賒銷固定資產、呆帳撇銷、錯誤更正、開帳分錄、結帳分錄…


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B Format of the Journal 日記簿的格式

Journal 日記簿 2007年 Particular 摘要 Dr.借方 Cr. 貸方

$ $ Jan 1 A/C name to be debited XX A/C name to be credited XX Narration 1月1日【借方帳名】 XX 【貸方帳名】 XX 【分錄說明：解釋以上之交易】


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B Format of the Journal 日記簿的格式 • Write the debit entry first and then

the credit entry. 先記借項，後記貸項。 • The amount of debit entry must equal

to the credit entry. 借項的總額要與貸項的總額相同 • The number of debit entries may not be

equal to those of credit entries. 借項的數目與貸項的數目不用相同


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C Examples of Journal 日記簿的示例 Record the following transactions of January 2007 in the Journal:

Jan 1 Mr. Cheung invested $30,000 cash to open Violet Company.

Jan 10 Purchased $4,800 machinery on credit from Chans Company.

Jan 20 Mr. Cheung brought $1,000 Furniture and $2,000 Office Fitting into the company.

將以下2007年1月項目記在日記簿內： 1月1日張先生投資$30000現金開設紫羅蘭公司。 1月10日向陳氏公司賒購機器乙，共$4800。 1月20日張先生再投資$1000傢俱及$2000辦公室設備。


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日記簿日期摘要借方貸方 2007年 $ $ 1月1日現金 30000 資本－張先生 30000 張先生投資現金開設公司 1月10日機器 4800 應付帳款 4800 向陳氏公司賒購機器乙部 1月20日傢俱 1000 辦公室設備 2000 資本－張先生 3000 張先生投資傢俱及辦公室設備


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Homework: Use Journal to record the entries: Ex. Class work: Use Journal to record the entries: 練習題：將以下練習以日記簿記錄各項目: Ex7.3, 7.4, 7.5 (p.78-79) 家課：將以下練習以日記簿記錄各項目: Ex.7.6X, 7.7X (p.80-81)


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Accruals and Prepayment 期末調整

(Accrued expenses, Prepaid expenses, Revenues in arrears, Revenues in advance) (應計費用、預付費用、應收收益、預取收益)

Reference: Chapter 20 (p.221) 參考書目：第二十章 (p.239)


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A Accrued Expenses 應計費用

Definition: Accrued expense is an expense which has been incurred, but has not yet been paid for.

定義：某一個會計年度內應付之費用，於年度終結時仍未支付。 E.g. The rent of Tai Tai Co.is $1,200 for a year, $1,100 rent was paid for the year ended 31 December 2008.

例子：大大公司一年之租金為$1200，該公司於２００8年１２月３１日止只支付了$1100。


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會計記錄

租金

$ $

銀行存款 1100 損益帳 1200

應計轉下 100

1200 1200


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Exercise 1 練習一

The rates of Siu Siu Co. for a year is $240,$220 rates was paid for the year ended 31 December 2008.

小小公司一年之差餉為$240，該公司於2008年12月31日止，只支付了$220。


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答案

差餉 $ $

銀行存款 220 損益帳 240 應計轉下 20

240 240


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B Prepaid Expenses預付費用

Definition: Prepaid expense is an expense to be

incurred in the following period, but which has been paid in advance. 定義：企業預付下年度之費用。 E.g. The annual rent for Tai Tai Co. is $2,400. $2,600 was paid for the year ended 31 December 2008. 例子：大大公司一年之租金為$2400，該公司於２００8年１２月３１日止，支付了$2600，請用適當的帳記錄以上項目。


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會計記錄

租金 $ $

銀行存款 2600 損益帳 2400 預付轉下 200

2600 2600


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Exercise 2 練習二

The annual rates for Siu Siu Co. was $360. $390 rates was paid for the year ended 31 December 2008

小小公司一年之差餉為$360，該公司於2008年12月31日止，支付了$390。請用適當的帳記錄以上項目。


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答案

差餉

$ $

銀行存款 390 損益帳 360

預付轉下 30

390 390


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練習三花式公司於２００４年１２月３１日止，支付了$5200租金及$330差餉。其中包括了一個月的預付租金及尚欠一個月差餉未付。請用適當的帳記錄以上項目。


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答案

租金

$ $

銀行存款 5200 損益帳 4800

預付轉下 400

5200 5200


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答案

差餉

$ $

銀行存款 330 損益帳 360

應計轉下 30

360 360


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C Revenue in arrears應收收益

Definition: Revenue in arrears / Accrued revenue

means other revenue earned by the firm which has not been received at the end of the period. 定義：某一個會計年度內應收之收益，於年度終結時仍未收到。


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Example: Annual rental income for Lee Wan Co. is $2,400. $2,200 rental income was received for the year ended 31 December 2008. 例子：利宏公司一年之租金收入為$2400，該公司於2008年12月31日止，收取了$2200，請用適當的帳記錄以上項目。


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會計記錄租金收入

$ $

損益帳 2400 銀行存款 2200

應收轉下 200

2400 2400


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Exercise 4 練習四 The rental income of Fa Fa Co. for the year

ended 31 December 2008 was $3,600. Only $3,300 was received.

花花公司於2008年12月31日止之佣金收入為$3600 ，只收取了$3300，請用適當的帳記錄以上項目。


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答案

佣金收入

$ $

損益帳 3600 銀行存款 3300

應收轉下 300

3600 3600


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D Revenue in advance 預取收益

Definition: Revenue in advance / Prepaid revenue is the

other revenue to be earned in the next period but which has been received in advance

定義：企業預先收取下年度之收益。 Example: Annual rental income of Woody Co. was $7,200. $7,800 rental income was received for the year ended 31 December 2008.

例子：木木公司一年之租金收入為$7200，該公司於2008年12月31日止，收取了$7800租金。請用適當的帳記錄以上項目。


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會計記錄

租金收入

$ $

損益帳 7200 銀行存款 7800

預取轉下 600

7800 7800


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Exercise 5 練習五 Annual rental income for View Co. was

$4,800. $5,200 rental income was received for the year ended 31 December 2008.

觀境公司一年之租金收入為$4800，該公司於2008年12月31日止，收取了$5200租金。請用適當的帳記錄以上項目。


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答案

租金收入

$ $

損益帳 4800 銀行存款 5200

預取轉下 400

5200 5200


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練習六卡歐公司於２００４年１２月３１日止，收取了$6500租金收入及$1820佣金收入。其中包括了下年度的一個月租金收入，但仍有$140的佣金未收。請用適當的帳記錄以上項目。


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答案

租金收入

$ $

損益帳 6000 銀行存款 6500

預取轉下 500

6500 6500


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答案

佣金收入

$ $

損益帳 1960 銀行存款 1820

應收轉下 140

1960 1960


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E Year-ended adjustment in the final accounts 期末調整於決算表的記錄

Profit and Loss A/C for the year ended 31 December 2008

$ $

Rent Rental income

Rates Commission received


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E Year-ended adjustment in the final accounts 期末調整於決算表的記錄

損益帳 2008年12月31日

$ $

租金租金收入

差餉佣金收入


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Amount recorded in the Profit and Loss 損益帳內所記錄之數目

This accounting period本會計年度

Last accounting period上會計年度

Accrued expenses 應計費用

Add 加已付之費用

Less 減已付之費用

Prepaid expenses預付費用

Less 減已付之費用

Add 加已付之費用

Accrued revenues應收收益

Add 加已收之收益

Less 減已收之收益

Prepaid revenues預取收益

Less 減已收之收益

Add 加已收之收益


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Balance Sheet(Extracted) as at 31 December 2008

$ Current Assets Prepaid expenses Accrued incomes Current Liabilities Accrued expenses Prepaid incomes


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資產負債表(摘要) 2008年12月31日

$ 流動資產預付費用應收收益流動負債應計費用預取收益


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Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure 資本支出和營業支出

Reference: Chapter 20 (p.221) 參考書目：第21章 (p. 258)


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A Reasons to distinguish Capital and Revenue Expenditure 分辦資本支出和營業支出的原因 Capital expenditure

– Recording as the cost of fixed assets

Revenue expenditure – Recording as expenses

資本支出 –記錄為固定資產的成本

營業支出

–記錄為費用


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B Capital Expenditures 資本支出

Definition: Capital expenditure is made when a firm spends money to buy fixed assets, and add value to an existing fixed asset.

定義：是公司購買或改良固定資產所要支付的費用；增加固定資產的價值。

e.g. cost of buying a lorry, the delivery charge of transporting fixed assets, the legal fee for purchasing building, other costs needed to get the fixed assets ready to use.

例子：購買貨車、運送購買的固定資產到公司的費用、買樓房所要支付的律師費、任何令固定資產達到可用狀態的費用


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The entry for Revenue expenditures: – Dr. Motor Vehicles Cr. Bank / Creditors

資本支出的記帳程序: – 借：汽車貸：銀行存款 / 應付帳款


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C Revenue Expenditures 營業支出 Definition: Revenue expenditure includes expenses needed for the day-to-day running of the business.

定義：營業支出指企業維持日常經營所要支付的費用 e.g.: rent, electricity, petrol for a van

例子：租金、電費、公司使用貨車時購買的汽油


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The entry for capital expenditures: – Dr. Motor expenses Cr. Bank / Creditors

營業支出的記帳程序: – 借：汽車費用貸：銀行存款 / 應付帳款


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Exercises Ex. 21.6 (p.242) Ex. 21.8 (p.243) Ex. 21.9 (p.243) 練習題 Ex. 22.3 (p.238) Ex. 22.5 (p.239) Ex. 22.6 (p.239)


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D Capital Income 資本收入

Definition: Capital income is receipts from the sale of fixed assets

定義：資本收益是企業出售固定資產所獲得的收入。

E.g. receipts from sales of motor vehicles (fixed assets)

例子：變賣汽車收取現金$1000


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E Revenue Income 營業收入

Definition: Revenue income is receipts from the sale of goods and services, plus other revenues from the operation of the business.

定義：營業收入指企業從銷售貨物和提供服務所獲得的收入，當中包括其他收入如佣金。

E.g. Sales, Revenue received, Commission received, Rental received

例子：銷貨、營業收入、佣金收入及租金收入


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Depreciation and Disposal of Fixed Assets

固定資產的折舊與變賣

References: Chapter 22 (p.244) - 23 (p.255)

參考書目：第22章 (p. 265)、第23章 (p. 277)

9


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A Definition of Depreciation 折舊的定義

Depreciation is cost allocation of fixed assets, consumed during its useful life. Depreciation is the expense of the company.

折舊指企業使用固定資產時所消耗的金額。折舊是企業的開支，與工資、電費等同為費用。


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B Causes of Depreciation 折舊的成因 Physical

deterioration, e.g. wear and tear, erosion, rusting, rot and decay. Economic factors, e.g. obsolescence, inadequacy. Time factor, e.g. amortization (patent); depletion (silver mines)

自然損耗，例：磨損、生銹、腐朽和自然侵蝕。經濟因素，例：陳舊過時、超負荷。時間因素，例：專利權；折耗，例：天然資源的消耗（如銀礦）


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C Methods for Calculating Depreciation 折舊的計算方法

1 Straight-line Method Calculating the average depreciation of the fixed assets. The depreciation is the same during the useful lives.

1 直線法計算固定資產平均每年的折舊每年的折舊是相同的


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1 Straight-line Method

1 直線法

折舊＝（成本*－殘值**）÷ 估計能使用的年期

*成本即購入固定資產時的價值。 **殘值即估計固定資產於折舊完畢後的價值。

或折舊＝（成本*－殘值**）× 折舊率

Depreciation ＝（Cost*－Residual Value**）÷ Estimated Useful life

OR Depreciation ＝（Cost*－Residual Value**）× Depreciation rate

*Cost is the acquisition cost of the fixed assets

**Residual value is the estimated value when scraping the assets


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2nd year

4th year

5th year

Depreciation 折舊

Repairs 維修費

1st year

3rd year


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e.g. 1: Apple Co. bought $2,000 furniture by cheque on 1 January 2006. The useful life is 5 years and the scrap value after 5 years is $100. Calculate the depreciation for 5 years.

例一：蘋果公司於2006年1月1日購買$2000傢俬，估計可使用5年及傢俬於5年後之價值為$100。試計算每年傢俬之折舊。

每年傢俬之折舊＝($2000－$100)÷5 ＝$380


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e.g. 2: Melon Co. bought $5,000 office fittings by cheque on 1 January 2006. The depreciation rate is 10% per annum (p.a). The residual value is $500. Calculate the depreciation for 5 years.

例二：西瓜公司於2006年1月1日購買$5000辦公室設備，折舊率為10%，其殘值為$500。試計算每年辦公室設備之折舊。

每年辦公室設備之折舊＝($5000－$500)×10% ＝$450


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2 Reducing balance Method

2 餘額遞減法以固定資產於上年度的帳面淨值*作基礎計算當年折舊的方法。

*帳面淨值 / 淨值 / 帳面值＝成本－累積折舊

Depreciation ＝（Cost－Accumulated depreciation)× Depreciation rate

Calculate the depreciation based on the Net Book Value of the fixed asset. Net Book Value = Cost －Accumulated depreciation

折舊＝（成本－累積折舊）× 折舊率


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e.g. 3: Lemon Co. bought $2,000 machinery by cheque on 1 January 2006. The depreciation rate is 10% p.a. and the scrap value is $200. Calculation the depreciation from 2006 to 2008.

例：檸檬公司於2006年1月1日購買$2000 機器，折舊率為10%，其殘值為$200。試計算機器之第一年至第三年的折舊。

機器之折舊：第一年＝$2000×10%＝$200 第二年＝（$2000－$200）×10%＝$180 第三年＝（$2000－$200－$180）×10% ＝$162


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1st

year 2nd year

3rd year

4th year

5th year

Depreciation 折舊

Repairs 維修費


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Ex.: Lime Co. bought $4,000 motor vehicles by cheque on 1 January 2007. The depreciation rate is 10% p.a. and the residual value is $400. Calculate the depreciation from 2007 to 2009.

(Using reducing balance method) 練習：青檸公司於2007年1月1日購買$4000汽車，折舊率為10%，其殘值為$400。試計算汽車之第一年至第三年的折舊。

汽車之折舊：第一年＝$4000×10%＝$400 第二年＝（$4000－$400）×10%＝$360 第三年＝（$4000－$400－$360）×10%＝$324


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3 Revaluation Method 重估法 Calculate low valued fixed

assets, e.g. Loose tools, Stationery. e.g. The details of the loose tools of Pepper Co. are as follows:

Opening balance of loose tools $500

Bought $1,000 loose tools during 2005

Closing balance of loose tools $400

Calculate the depreciation for loose tools in 2005

計算廉價的固定資產的折舊，例：工廠裏的小工具。例：青椒公司的工廠裏有不少小工具，以下是有關的資料：

期初工具$500 2005年度購買之工共

$1,000 期末工具$400 試計算該年的折舊。


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折舊計算為：期初工具存貨 $500 加：2005年度購買之工具 $1000 $1500 減：期末工具存貨 $400 2005年工具之折舊（損益帳） $1100


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Ex.: Cabbage Co used wooden containers for packing the products. The followings are the details:

Opening balance of wooden containers $800 Wooden containers bought during 2008 $2,000 Closing balance of wooden containers $900 Calculate the depreciation for 2008. 練習：椰菜公司內有不少用作包裝之木製容器，以下是有關

的資料：期初木製容器$800 2008年度購買之木製容器$2,000 期末木製容器$900 試計算該年的折舊。


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折舊計算為：期初木製容器存貨 $800 加：2005年度購買之木製容器 $2000 $2800 減：期末木製容器存貨 $900 2005年木製容器之折舊（損益帳） $1900


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4 Depletion Unit Method 單位耗減法 Used the raw material extracted from the fixed asset as a percentage to calculate the depreciation. Natural resources, such as oil well, gold mines, adopt this method to calculate depreciation.

按從固定資產所提取的原料，佔固定資產的百份比，來計算折舊。計算煤礦等固定資產的折舊，多採用這種方法。


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e.g. Narcissus Co. Bought a stone quarries by $10,000 cheque. It was estimated to extracted 1,000 tons stone. During 2008, the company extracted 50 tons stone. Calculate the depreciation for 2008.

例：水仙公司以$10,000購買石礦場，估計可採得1,000噸石礦，若該公司於2006年採得50噸石礦，試計算2008年度石礦場的折舊。

石礦場的折舊＝$10,000÷1,000噸×50噸＝$500


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Ex.: Lily Co. bought a coal mine by $20,000. It was estimated to extract 2,000 tons coal. During 2008, the company extracted 30 tons coal. Calculate the depreciation for 2008.

練習：百合公司以$20,000購買煤礦場，估計可採得2,000噸煤，若該公司於2008年採得30噸石礦，試計算2008年度石礦場的折舊。

石礦場的折舊＝$20,000÷2,000噸×30噸＝$300


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D Accounting treatment for depreciation 折舊的記帳法 1. Dr. Profit and loss Cr. Provision for

Depreciation 2. Balancing-off as

other accounts

1. 借：損益帳

貸：折舊準備

2. 如其他帳戶般結帳


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Examples for Depreciation John started business on 1 January 2006. The motor van were bought in cash as follows:

Motor Van Date Cost 1 1 Jan., 2006 $10,000 2 1 July, 2007 $15,000 3 1 Nov., 2007 $18,000 The depreciation is calculated at 20% p.a., using straight-

line method. The depreciation is charging on a monthly basis.

You are required to: Prepare the following accounts for three years starting

from 1 January 2006: (a) Motor van (b) Provision for

depreciation (c) Profit and loss (extracted) (d) Balance sheet

(extracted)


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E Disposal of Fixed Assets 變賣固定資產 After sales of fixed assets, it is need to calculate the profit or loss on disposal. Accounting entries:

1. Cancel the accounts of cost of the fixed asset (e.g. Motor vehicles)

Dr. Disposal: Motor vehicles Cr. Motor vehicles

企業變賣固定資產後，要計算有關之損益。記帳步驟：

1. 刪除已變賣的固定資產的成本（例：汽車）紀錄。

借：變賣帳－汽車貸：汽車


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2 Cancel the amount of accumulated depreciation in the Provision for Depreciation A/C.

Dr. Provision for depreciation: Motor vehicles

Cr. Disposal: Motor vehicles

3 Record the amount received from the disposal of fixed assets.

Dr. Cash / Bank Cr. Disposal: Motor vehicles

2 刪除相關之累積折舊紀錄。

借：折舊準備－汽車貸：變賣帳－汽車 3 記錄變賣固定資產所

得之金額。借：現金/銀行存款貸：變賣帳－汽車


P.146

24

4 Balancing-off: Calculate the profit or loss on disposal.

If Dr. is larger than Cr., there is loss on disposal

Dr. Profit and loss Cr. Disposal: Motor vehicles

Or

If Cr. Is larger than Dr., there is gain on disposal

Dr. Disposal: Motor vehicles Cr. Profit and loss

4 結帳－計算有關之損益。

若借方大於貸方汽車變賣損失

借：損益帳貸：變賣帳－汽車

或若貸方大於借方

汽車變賣利潤借：變賣帳－汽車貸：損益帳


P.147

25

e.g.: Plum Co. bought $500 machinery on 1 January 2006. The company used straight-line method to calculate the depreciation. The estimated useful life is 5 years and the scrap value is 50. On 1 January 2008, the company sold the machinery for $200. The end of accounting period is 31 December.

You are required to prepare the following accounts from 2006 to 2007:

(a) Machinery (b) Provision for depreciation (c) Disposal: Machinery (d) Profit and loss (extract) (e) Balance sheet (extract)

例：2006年1月1日，西梅公司以$500購買機器乙部。以直線法計算折舊，估計其殘值為$50及可用5年。該公司於2008年1月1日以$200售出機器。該公司於每年12月31日辦理年結。

作業要求：編制2006年、2007年及

2008年的以下帳戶： (a) 機器 (b)折舊準備 (c)變賣帳－機器 (d)損益帳（摘要） (e)資產負債表（摘要）


P.148

26

(a) 機器 2006年 $ 2006年 $ 1月1日銀行存款 500 12月31日餘額轉下 500

2007年 2007年 1月1日承上餘額 500 12月31日餘額轉下 500

2008年 2008年 1月1日承上餘額 500 1月1日變賣帳－機器500


P.149

27

(b) 折舊準備 2006年 $ 2006年 $ 12月31日餘額轉下 90 12月31日損益帳 90

2007年 2007年 12月31日餘額轉下 180 1月1日承上餘額 90 12月31日損益帳 90 180 180

2008年 2008年 1月1日變賣帳－機器180 1月1日承上餘額 180


P.150

28

(c) 變賣帳－機器 2008年 $ 2008年 $ 1月1日機器 500 1月1日折舊準備 180

1月1日銀行存款 200 12月31日損益帳* 120

500 500 *借方大於貸方變賣損失若貸方大於借方變賣利潤


P.151

29

(d) 損益帳（摘要） 12月31日止

2006年 $ 折舊準備 90

2007年折舊準備 90

2008年變賣損失－機器 120


P.152

30

(d) 資產負債表（摘要） 12月31日

2006年 $ 固定資產：機器 500 減：折舊準備 90 410 2007年固定資產：機器 500 減：折舊準備 180 320


P.153

Bad Debts and Provision for Bad Debts and Discounts Allowed

呆帳和呆帳及銷貨折扣準備

Reference: Chapter 24 (p. 277) 參考書目：第24章 (p.301)

10


P.154

A Bad Debts 呆帳 • Definition: It is the

amount of debt that the debtor is unable to repay.

• Accounting records: Dr. Bad Debts Cr. Debtors Dr. Profit and Loss Cr. Bad Debts

• 定義：呆帳是債務人無力償還的債務。

• 會計記錄：借：呆帳貸：應收帳款借：損益帳貸：呆帳


P.155

Example: 例子： • A Co. sold $100

goods to Mr. Lee. Mr. Lee was insolvent. A Co. decided to write off the debt.

• 甲公司向利先生銷貨$100，利先生無力償還債項。甲公司決定將該欠款撇消為呆帳。


P.156

Answer: 答案 Dr. Bad Debts $100 Cr. Debtors-Mr. Lee $100 Dr. Profit and loss $100 Cr. Bad debts $100

借：呆帳 $100 貸：應收帳款–利先生

$100 借：損益帳 $100 貸：呆帳 $100


P.157

• Exercise B Co. sold $200

goods to Mr. Cheung. Mr. Cheung became bankrupt. B Co. decided to write off the debts.

• 練習乙公司銷貨

$200給張先生，後來張先生破產了，乙公司決定將該欠款撇消為呆帳。


P.158

• Answer Dr. Bad Debts $200 Cr. Debtors: Mr.

Cheung $200 Dr. Profit and loss $200 Cr. Bad debts $200

• 答案借：呆帳 $200

貸：應收帳款–張先生

$200

借：損益帳 $200 貸：呆帳 $200


P.159

B Provision for Bad Debts 呆帳 • Definition: Provision

for bad debts is an expense that estimates the debts likely to be bad.

• Calculation of Provision for bad debts

(Debtors - Bad debts) X ?%

• 定義：呆帳準備顯示企業預計在資產負債表編制當日不能收回的應收帳款金額

• 呆帳準備的計算：扣除呆帳後的應收帳款X ?%


P.160

Calculation of Provision for Bad Debts

Year

ended 31 December

Debtors at the end of the year (before bad debts written

off

Bad

debts written

off

Provision for

bad debts (1%)

Increase / Decrease in

Provision for bad debts

Entries to record the Provision for

bad debts

$

$

$

$

$

20X5

30,400

200

20X6

28,700

400

20X7

45,900

600

20X8

15,300

300

302

283

453

150

+302

-19

+170

-303

Dr. Profit and loss 302 Cr. Provision for bad debts

Dr. Provision for bad debts

Cr. Profit and loss 19

Dr. Profit and loss 170 Cr. Provision for bad debts

Dr. Provision for bad debts Cr. Profit and loss 303


P.161

• Increase in Provision for bad debts:

Dr. Profit and loss Cr. Provision for bad

debts • Decrease in Provision

for bad debts: Dr. Provision for bad

debts Cr. Profit and loss

• 呆帳準備增加的會計紀錄：

借：損益帳貸：呆帳準備 • 呆帳準備減少的會計紀錄：

借：呆帳準備貸：損益帳


P.162

• Example 1 On 31 December 2008,

the balance of debtors is $1,020. $20 debts is needed to be written off. The rate of provision for bad debts is 3%.

• 例子〈一〉 2008年12月31日，應收帳款金額為 $1 020，其中$20為呆帳，企業估計呆帳準備為3%。


P.163

• Answer Dr. Bad Debts $20 Cr. Debtors $20 Dr. Profit and loss $20 Cr. Bad Debts $20 Dr. Profit and loss $30 Cr. Provision for bad

debts (Increase) $30

• 答案借：呆帳 $20 貸：應收帳款 $20 借：損益帳 $20 貸：呆帳 $20 借：損益帳 $30 貸：呆帳準備(增加)$30


P.164

• Example 2 On 31 December 2008,

the balance of debtors is $2,040. $40 debts is needed to be written off. The rate of provision for bad debts is 3%. The provision for bad debts for last year was $70.

• 例子〈二〉 2008年12月31日，應收帳款金額為$2 040，其中$40為呆帳，上年度之呆帳準備為$70，企業估計今年度之呆帳準備為3%。


P.165

• Answer Dr. Bad Debts $40 Cr. Debtors $40 Dr. Profit and loss $40 Cr. Bad Debts $40 Dr. Provision for bad

debts (Decrease) $10 Cr. Profit and loss $10

• 答案借：呆帳 $40 貸：應收帳款 $40 借：損益帳 $40 貸：呆帳 $40 借：呆帳準備(減少)$10 貸：損益帳 $10


P.166

C Bad Debts and Provision for Bad Debts Recording in Final Accounts 呆帳及呆帳準備於決算表的記錄

Profit and loss (extract)

$ $ Bad Debts Decrease in

Provision for bad debts

Increase in Provision for bad debts

損益帳(摘要)

$ $

呆帳呆帳準備(減少)

呆帳準備(增加)


P.167

Balance Sheet (extract)

$ $ Current asset Debtors Less: Provision for bad debts

資產負債表(摘要)

流動資產 $ $

應收帳款 (已扣除呆帳)

減:呆帳準備


P.168

The debtors for Chong Ho Co. on 31 December 2005 was $10,200. $200 debts would be written off. The company decided to provide 5% provision for bad debts on the debtors after deducting the bad debts.

You are required to prepare: (a) Provision for bad debts (b) Profit and loss (extract) (c) Balance sheet (extract)

2005年12月31日，創好公司的應收帳款為 $10 200，其中$200撇銷為呆帳。該公司決定把扣除了呆帳後應收帳款的5%。

作業要求：為創好公司編制2005年度以下帳戶：

(a)呆帳準備 (b)損益帳(摘要) (c)資產負債表(摘要)

Exercise 練習題 Download site: http://www.just.coms.hk

P.169

D Provision for Discount Allowed 銷貨折扣準備 • Definition:

Provision for discount allowed shows the estimated total amount which will be deducted when debtors pay their accounts within the credit period.

• 定義：銷貨折扣準備顯示債務人如在指定限期內付款而享有的現金折扣，企業將會少收的金額。


P.170

• Increase in Provision for discounts allowed:

Dr. Profit and loss Cr. Provision for

discounts allowed • Decrease in Provision

for discounts allowed : Dr. Provision for

discounts allowed Cr. Profit and loss

• 呆帳準備增加的會計紀錄：

借：損益帳貸：銷貨折扣準備 • 呆帳準備減少的會計紀錄：

借：銷貨折扣準備貸：損益帳


P.171

Example 例子 The debtors for Ka Ka Co.

was $4,000 on 31 December 2008. $200 provision for bad debts would be provided for 2008. The company made a provision for discounts allowed of 2% on the remaining debtors.

Required: Show the Provision for

discount allowed A/C to record the above transaction.

2008年12月31日，家家公司的應收帳款為$4000，以呆帳準備則為$200，銷貨折扣準備為2%。計算銷貨折扣準備，並記錄於帳戶內。


P.172

• Answer Dr. Profit and loss $76 Cr. Provision for bad

debts (Increase) $76

• 答案借：損益帳 $76 貸：銷貨折扣準備(增加)

$76

($4000-$200) X 2%


P.173

E Bad Debts Recovered 呆帳收回

• Definition: A debt written of in previous year to be recovered in later year.

• 定義：企業收回已撇消之呆帳。


P.174

Accounting records: 會計記錄： 1 Debts written off and

recovered in the same year Dr. Debtors Cr. Bad debts Dr. Cash / Bank Cr. Debtors

2 Debts written off and recovered in different year

Dr. Debtors Cr. Bad debts recovered Dr. Cash / Bank Cr. Debtors Dr. Bad debts recovered Cr. Profit and loss

1 呆帳於同一年撇銷及收回借：應收帳款貸：呆帳借：現金 / 銀行存款貸：應收帳款 2 呆帳於不同年度撇銷及收

回借：應收帳款貸：呆帳收回借：現金 / 銀行存款貸：應收帳款借：呆帳收回

貸：損益帳


P.175

Example: 例子：

$200 bad debts written off on 31 December 2006 was recovered and received cash on 1 July 2006.

2005年12月31日，已撇消之應收帳款$200於2006年7月1日收回現金。


P.176

Example: 例子： • Debts written off and

recovered in different year

Dr. Debtors $200 Cr. Bad debt $200

recovered Dr. Cash / Bank $200 Cr. Debtors $200 Dr. Bad debt $200

recovered Cr. Profit and loss 200

呆帳於不同年度撇銷及收回

借：應收帳款 $200 貸：呆帳收回 $200 借：現金 $200 貸：應收帳款 $200 借：呆帳收回 $200 貸：損益帳 $200


P.177

1

Bank Reconciliation Statement 銀行往來調節表


11


P.178

2

A Reasons for the Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement 編制銀行往來調節表的原因 Explain the reasons for

the differences between the balances of Cash Book and Bank Statement

The reasons include: Bookkeeper’s or

bank’s mistakes The time-lag of the

entries recorded

說明現金簿和銀行月結單的餘額不同的原因。

原因包括：銀行或簿記員的錯誤入帳時間的差距。


P.179

3

B. Example of Bank Statement 銀行月結單的例子

銀行月結單

借貸餘額

2005 $ $ $

1/12 承上餘額 400(貸)

15/12 支票 60 460(貸)

31/12 銀行服務費 20 440(貸)

Bank Statement

Dr. Cr. Bal.

2005 $ $ $

1/12 Bal. b/f 400 Cr

15/12 Cheque 60 460 Cr

31/12 Bank charges

20 440 Cr


P.180

4

C Causes for Differences in Balances between Cash Book and Bank Statement 使餘額不相同的項目

只記錄在現金簿內，而沒有記在銀行月結單內的項目：

1. 未兌現支票 — 指企業已發出給收票人的支票，但收票人仍未向銀行兌現。(支出)

2. 未記錄的存款 — 銀行已收取了存款，仍未記在銀行月結單上。(收入)

Recorded in Cash Book, but not recorded in Bank Statement ：

1. Unpresented Cheques — The drawee (收票人)has not yet presented (兌現) the cheque drawn by the firm into his bank. (Payment)

2. Uncredited Items / Bank lodgement not yet credited by bank — The firm has not yet presented (兌現) the cheque in the bank. / The deposited cheque has not yet appeared in the bank statement (Receipt)


P.181

5

只記錄在銀行月結單內，而沒有記在現金簿內的項目： 1. 貸項轉帳 – 客戶直

接把貨款存入企業的銀行帳戶內。(收入)

2. 拒付支票—支票已存入銀行，但最後銀行拒付支票上的款項。 (支出)

Recorded in Bank Statement, but not recorded in Cash Book:

1. Credit transfer - Direct money transfer to the firms’s bank account without using a cheque. (Receipt)

2. Dishonoured cheques – The drawer (發票人) may not have enough money in the current account causing the bank cannot pay money to the drawee, i.e. the firm. (Payment) [Dr.Debtors Cr.Bank]


P.182

6

3 銀行服務費 - 銀行直接從企業的帳戶扣除服務費。 (支出) 4 定期支付指示 – 與銀

行簽定協議書，定期支付某公司之帳項。 (支出)

5 自動轉帳 – 與定期支

付指示相似，用作交水電費等。(支出)

6 錯誤：現金簿錯誤、銀行月結單錯誤 (收入/支出)

3 Bank charges – Service charges of the banks have been deducted directly from the firm’s bank account. (Payment)

4 Standing Order – Instructions given by the firm to make regular payments to specified accounts with fixed amounts automatically. (Payment)

5 Autopay - Instructions given by the firm to let specified parties to collect money with variable amounts and from time to time (Payment)

6 Errors – Cash Book Error and Bank Statement (Receipts / Payment)


P.183

7

7 期票 - 支票發出時寫上一個較後的日期，不用記錄。若曾作記錄：借銀行存款、貸應收帳款，則須作出更正：借應收帳款、貸銀行存

款。 8 過期支票 - 支票發出已

超過六個月。若曾作記錄：借應付帳款、貸銀行存款，則須作出更正：借銀行存款、貸應付帳款。

7 Post-dated cheque – the date written on the cheque is after the particular date when it is drawn. No transaction needs to be made. If the firm recorded the entries: Dr. Bank Cr. Debtors. The correcting entries is Dr. Debtors Cr. Bank

8 Stale Cheques –

Cheques have not presented more than 6 months. If the entries was recorded, the correcting entries is Dr. Bank Cr. Creditors


P.184

8

D Methods for the Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement 編制銀行往來調節表的方法 (1)Updated the Cash Book and

then prepared the Bank Reconciliation Statement Enter the following items

in the Cash Book: Credit transfer, Dishonoured cheques, Bank charges, Standing Order, Autopay, Post-dated cheque, Stale Cheques

Prepare the Bank Reconciliation Statement with the remaining items: Unpresented Cheques , Uncredited Items / Bank lodgement not yet credited by bank

(1) 編制銀行往來調節表前先補登現金簿將貸項轉帳、定期

支付指示、銀行服務費、自動轉帳及拒付支票補登在現金簿上；

再編制銀行往來調節表。


P.185

9

Updated Cash Book 先補登現金簿現金簿

$ $ 承上餘額拒付支票

貸項轉帳銀行服務費

交易賒帳定期支付指示

自動轉帳

餘額轉下

Cash Book

$ $ Balance b/f Bank charges

Credit transfer

Dishonoured cheques Standing order Autopay

Balance c/f


P.186

10

Prepare Bank Reconciliation 再編制銀行往來調節表: Statement

Bank Reconciliation Statement 31 December 2006

$ Adjusted Cash Book Balance Add: Unpresented cheques

Less: Uncredited items

Balance as per Bank Statement

銀行往來調節表 2006年12月31日

$

現金簿餘額(調整後)

加：未兌現支票

減：未記錄存款

銀行月結單餘額


P.187

11

(2) Prepare the Bank Reconciliation Statement only, begin with the Cash Book balance Prepare the Bank

Reconciliation Statement with all the items.

(2) 只編制銀行往來調節表，由現金簿餘額開始將沒有記在銀行

月結內的項目及沒有記在現金簿內的項目放在銀行往來調節表。


P.188

12

Bank Reconciliation Statement 31 December 2006 $ $

Balance as per Cash Book Add: Unpresented Cheques Credit transfer

Less: Uncredited items Standing order Bank charges Autopay Dishonoured cheques Balance as per Bank Statement


P.189

13

銀行往來調節表 2006年12月31日 $ $

現金簿餘額加：未兌現支票貸項轉帳交易賒帳

減：未記錄存款定期支付指示銀行服務費自動轉帳拒付支票銀行月結單餘額


P.190

14

(3) Prepare the Bank Reconciliation Statement only, begin with the Bank Statement balance Prepare the Bank

Reconciliation Statement with all the items.

(3) 只編制銀行往來調節表，由銀行月結單餘額開始將沒有記在銀行

月結單內的項目及沒有記在現金簿內的項目放在銀行往來調節表。


P.191

15

Bank Reconciliation Statement 31 December 2006 $ $

Balance as per Bank Statement Add: Uncredited items Standing order Bank charges Autopay Dishonoured cheques

Less: Unpresented cheques Credit transfer Balance as per Cash Book


P.192

16

銀行往來調節表 2006年12月31日 $ $

銀行月結單餘額加：未記錄存款定期支付指示銀行服務費自動轉帳拒付支票

減：未兌現支票貸項轉帳交易賒帳現金簿餘額


P.193

17

Summary: 小結： (2) Begin with Cash

Book Balance 現金簿餘額開始

(3) Begin with Bank Statement Balance 銀行月結單餘額開始

Unpresented Cheque未兌現支票

+ −

Credit transfer 貸項轉帳

+ −

Uncredited items 未記錄的存款

− +

Standing order 定期支付指示

− +

Bank charges 銀行服務費 − + Autopay 自動轉帳 − +

Dishonoured cheques 拒付支票

− +


P.194

Corrections of Errors (1): Errors not affecting the Trial Balance

agreement 錯誤更正(1)：不會影響試算表的平衡

Reference: Chapter 25 (p.295) 參考書目：第25章 (p.319)


P.195

A Two Types of Errors: 錯誤可分為以下兩類：

(1) Errors not affecting the Trial Balance agreement

• The errors result in the same amounts in debit and credit sides.

• For example, both debit and credit sides are omitted.

(1) Errors affecting the Trial Balance agreement

• Different amounts are entered in debit and credit side.

• For example, only debit entry is recorded and credit entry is omitted.

(1) 不影響試算表平衡的錯誤 - 這些錯誤不會影響試算表

的借方和貸方總額相等，例某宗交易之借貸項都漏記了。

(2) 影響試算表的平衡的錯誤 - 這些錯誤影響試算表的借

方和貸方總額相等，例某宗交易只記借項，而沒有記貸項。


P.196

B Six Kinds of errors not affecting the agreement of Trial Balance 不影響試算表平衡的錯誤 (共有六類)： (1) Errors of commission (2) Errors of principles (3) Errors of original entry (4) Errors of Omission (5) Compensating errors (6) Complete reversal of

entries

(1) 帳戶調亂錯誤 (2) 原則性錯誤 (3) 原始分錄錯誤 (4) 遺漏錯誤 (5) 抵銷錯誤 (6) 顛倒入帳


P.197

C Definitions and Examples of Errors not affecting the Trial Balance agreement 不影響試算表平衡的錯誤之解釋及例子

(1)Errror of Commission: • entered in a wrong

person’s A/C • Sales to Mr Cheung

recorded in Mr. Chen’s A/C e.g. 1 On 1 May 2009, credit sales

of $500 to A Co. wrongly recorded in B Co.

(1)帳戶調亂錯誤 • 誤記在另一人名帳內 • 例甲公司誤記在乙公司。

例(1)： 2009年5月1日，賒銷

$500給甲公司，但誤記在乙公司的帳戶內。


P.198

會計記錄：

日記簿 2009年

借方 $

貸方 $

5月1日應收帳款- 甲公司

500

應收帳款- 乙公司

500

Correcting Entry: Journal

2009

Dr. $

Cr. $

May 1 Debtors- A Co.

500

Debtors- B Co.

500


P.199

(2)Errors of Principle • entered in the wrong type

of A/C • Motor expenses A/C

wrongly entered in the Motor Car A/C

e.g. 2 On 1 June 2009, purchases

$1,000 machinery wrongly recorded in the purchases A/c

(2)原則性錯誤 • 誤記在另一類的帳戶 • 例資產帳誤記在費用帳。

例(2)： 2009年6月1日，購買

$1000機器，但誤記在購貨帳內。


P.200

會計記錄：

日記簿 2009年

Dr. $

Cr. $

6月1日機器 1000

購貨 1000


2009

Dr. $

Cr. $

June 1 Machinery 1000

Purchases 1000


P.201

(3)Errors of Original Entry • Incorrect amounts

entered in the debit and credit of ledger accounts

e.g. 3: On July 1 2009, credit

sales $500 to C Co., both debit and credit recorded as $5000.

(3) 原始分錄錯誤 • 借方與貸方同時記錄了錯

誤的金額。

例(3)： 2009年7月1日，賒銷

$500貨物給丙公司，但借方與貸方均記為$5000。


P.202

會計記錄：

日記簿 2009年

Dr. $

Cr. $

7月1日銷貨 4500

應收帳款- 丙公司

4500


2009

Dr. $

Cr. $

July 1 Sales 4500

Debtors – C Co

4500


P.203

(4) Errors of Omission • Both debit and credit are

not recorded. e.g. 4: On 1 August 2008, credit

purchases of $300 from D Co. are omitted in the ledger.

(4)遺漏錯誤 • 借方與貸方完全漏記。

例(4)： 2008年8月1日，向丁公

司賒購貨物$300，但未把交易記錄於帳簿內。


P.204

會計記錄：

日記簿 2008年

Dr. $

Cr. $

8月1日購貨 300

應付帳款- 丁公司

300


2008

Dr. $

Cr. $

Aug. 1 Purchases 300

Creditors- D Co.

300


P.205

(5) Compensating Errors • An error in debit side are

set off an error in credit side.

e.g. 5 On 30 September 2008,

the total purchases overcasted by $100 and the total sales also overcasted by $100.

(5)抵銷錯誤 • 借貸兩方錯記相同金額，

但互相抵銷。

例(5)： 2008年9月30日，購貨總

額多計了$100，而銷貨總額也多計了$100。


P.206

會計記錄：

日記簿 2008年

Dr. $

Cr. $

9月30日銷貨 100

購貨 100


2008

Dr. $

Cr. $

Sept. 1 Sales 100

Purchases 100


P.207

(6)Complete Reversal of Entries • The debit entry wrongly

recorded in credit and the credit entry wrongly recorded in debit at the same time.

e.g. 6: On 1 October 2008, received

$500 from C Co., the entry wrongly debited the C Co. and credit the cash book.

(6)顛倒入帳 • 借方與貸方錯誤對調入帳。

例(6)： 2008年10月1日，收取丙

公司$500現金，但借記了丙公司的帳戶和貸記了現金簿。


P.208

會計記錄：

日記簿 2008年

Dr. $

Cr. $

10月1日現金 1000

應收帳款 -丙公司 ($500x2)

1000


2008

Dr. $

Cr. $

Oct. 1 Cash 1000

Debtors- C Co. ($500x2)

1000


P.209

1

Corrections of Errors (2): Errors affecting the Trial

Balance agreement 錯誤更正(2)：影響試算表平衡錯誤



P.210

2

A Reasons affecting the Trial Balance agreement 影響試算表平衡錯誤出現的原因

1. Incorrect addition in any account

2. Omit one of the entry (debit / credit)

3. The amount in debit is different in the credit side

1. 帳戶的總額相加時出錯 2. 只做了借方而漏記了貸

方或只做了貸方而漏記了借方

3. 記錄在借方與貸方之金額不相同


P.211

3

B Suspense Account 暫記帳戶 • A suspense

account is an account showing a balance equal to the difference in the trial balance totals.

• 如試算表之總額不相同，將借方與貸方差異的餘額記入暫記帳戶內。


P.212

4

C The Effects of Errors on Profits 錯誤對利潤的影響

• If the errors effect the items (i.e. Income, Expenses, Stock) in the Trading and Profit and Loss A/C, these items are needed to be adjusted in the “Statement of Corrected Profit”

• 假若錯誤的帳戶是記在購銷損益帳內的項目，例：收益、費用及存貨等，這些項目需在純利調整表內調整純利。


P.213

5

Example: On 31 December 2008, there is a shortage of $77 on debit

side of Trial Balance. A suspense account was opened for the difference. In 8 January 2009, the following errors made in 2008 was found:

(i) Cheque $150 issued to Mr. Kwan only recorded in Cash Book, but omitted in Mr. Kwan’s ledger account. (ii) Purchases undercasted by $20.

(iii) $93 cheque received from Mr. Sun recorded in the Cash Book, but omtted in Mr. Sun’s ledger account.

You are required to prepare： (a) Journal to correct the above errors; (b) Suspense account (c) Statement correcting the net profit ( Net profit is $2200)


P.214

6

例:2008年12月31日的試算表借方淨差為$77。企業把差額$77記入暫記帳戶的借方。企業找出去年帳戶內的全部錯誤：

(i)企業簽發支票$150給關君，但該筆款項只記入了現金簿，而漏記入關君的帳戶內。

(ii)購貨總額少計了$20。 (iii)企業收到宋君的支票$93，並把款項記入了現金簿而漏記入宋君的帳戶內。

作業要求： (a)編制日記簿記錄上述錯誤 (b)暫記帳 (c)列表更正純利(純利為$2200)


P.215

7

(a) Journal 2008

Dr. $

Cr. $

Jan. 8 (i)

Creditor – Mr. Kwan 150

Suspense 150 (ii) Purchases 20

Suspense 20 (iii) Suspense 93

Debtor – Mr. Sun

93


P.216

8

(a) 日記簿 2008年

借方 $

貸方 $

1月8日 (i) 應付帳款-關君 150 暫記帳 150

(ii) 購貨 20 暫記帳 20

(iii) 暫記帳 93 應收帳款-宋君 93


P.217

9

(b) Suspense A/C

2008 $ 2008 $

Jan. 8

Balance b/f 77 Jan. 8

(i) Creditor - Mr. Kwan

150

(iii) Debtor - Mr. Sun

93 (ii) Purchases 20

170 170


P.218

10

(b) 暫記帳

2008年 $ 2008年 $

1月8日承上餘額 77 1月8日應付帳款-關君

150

應收帳款-宋君 93 購貨 20

170 170


P.219

11

(c) Statement correcting net profit for the year ended 31 December

2008 $

Net profit before corrections 2200

Add : Purchases undercast 20 Net profit after corrections 2180


P.220

12

(c) 純利更正表2008年12月31 $

更正前純利 2200

減：購貨少計 20 更正後純利 2180


P.221

Control Accounts

Reference: Chapter 27 (p. 338)


P.222

A Functions of Control A/C

Locate errors; Provide a summary of the total of debtors and creditors; Cross-check to avoid fraud.


P.223

B Revision

Books of original entries and Ledgers 7 books: Sales journal, Purchases journal, Returns inwards journal, Returns outwards journal, Cash book, Petty cash book, Journal 3 ledgers: Sales ledger, Purchases ledger, General ledger

Original documents 7 books 3 ledgers

Posting


P.224

Original documents

Sales / Purchases Journals (7 books)

General ledger Sales and

Purchases a/c

Sales / Purchases ledgers

Debtors / Creditors a/c

Trial Balance

Double entry system

Sales ledger control account Purchases ledger control account

For memorandum purposes

posting extracting


P.225

C Sales Ledger Control a/c Sales Ledger Control a/c

2008 $ 2008 $

Dec 1 Balance b/f (a) Dec 1 Balance b/f (h)

31 Sales (b) 31 Returns inwards (i)

31 Cash / Bank (Refund) (c) 31 Cash / Bank (j)

31 Bank(Dishonoured cheques) (d) 31 Set-off (k)

31 Interest received (e) 31 Discounts allowed (l) 31 Bad debts recovered (f) 31 Bad Debts (m)

31 Balance c/f (g) 31 Balance c/f (n)

X X


P.226

Items Sources (a) Total of opening debit balances of debtors (b) Total credit sales (c) Cash refund to a customer (d) Dishonoured cheques (e) Interest charged by us on overdue debts (f) Bad debts recovered (g) Total of closing credit balances of debtors (h) Total of opening credit balances of debtors (i) Returns inwards (j) Cash or cheques received from debtors (k) Balances in sales ledger set off against credit

balances in purchases ledger

(l) Discounts allowed (m) Bad debts written (not provision for bad debts)

(n) Total of closing debt balances of debtors

Sales ledger Sales journal

Cash book Cash book Journal Journal

Sales ledger Sales ledger

Returns inwards journal

Cash book

Journal

Cash book Journal

Sales ledger


P.227

D Purchases Ledger Control a/c Purchases Ledger Control a/c

2008 $ 2008 $

Dec 1 Balance b/f (a) Dec 1 Balance b/f (g)

31 Returns outwards (b) 31 Purchases (h)

31 Cash / Bank (c) 31 Cash / Bank (i)

31 Set-off (d) 31 Bank (j)

31 Discounts received (e) 31 Interest expenses (k) 31 Balance c/f (f) 31 Balance c/f (l)

X X


P.228

Items Sources (a) Total of opening debit balances of creditors (b) Returns outwards (c) Cash or cheques paid to creditors (d) Balances in purchases ledger set off against

debit balances in sales ledger (e) Discounts received (f) Total of closing credit balances of creditors (g) Total of opening credit balances of creditors (h) Total credit purchases (i) Cash refund from suppliers who have

overcharged us (j) Dishonoured cheques returned from creditors (k) Interest payable on overdue debts (l) Total of closing debt balances of creditors

Purchases ledger

Cash book

Cash book

Journal

Purchases ledger Purchases ledger

Returns outwards journal

Purchases journal

Cash book

Cash book Journal

Purchases ledger


P.229

NON-PROFIT MAKING ORGANIZATION 非牟利機構

Reference:

Chapter 28 (p. 359)

參考書目：第28章 (p. 385)

1


P.230

A Non-profit Making Organization 非牟利機構

2

Example, club and association.

The establishing goal is not for profit making.

As there is no gain or loss, trading and profit and loss account is not needed. A “receipts and payment account” and “Income and expenditure account are prepared.

例如：俱樂部、協會和社會服務團體等。

成立的目的並非為賺取利潤。

因為不涉及利潤或虧損，所以不會編制購銷損益帳，以現金收支帳和收益與費用帳代替。


P.231

B Receipts and Payment Account 現金收支帳

3

現金收支帳記錄現金收入及支出。

與現金簿相似。

A summary of actual receipts and payments

Similar to Cash Book


P.232

Format of Receipts and Payment A/C

Oriental Club

Receipts and Payment A/C

for the year ended 31 December 2009

Receipts： $ Payments： $

Opening cash and bank balance

XXX Wages of the stadium XX

Subscriptions received in 2009

XXX Stadium repairs XX

Rental income XX Closing cash and bank balance

XXX

4


P.233

現金收支帳的格式

東方俱樂部現金收支帳

2009年12月31日止收入： $ 支出： $

期初銀行存款餘額球場工人工資

本年度收取之會費體育館維修費

租金收益期末銀行存款餘額

5


P.234

C Income and Expenditure A/C 收益與費用帳

6

An account used to calculate the surplus (net profit) or deficit (net loss).

Similar to a profit and loss account.

The income and expenses recorded subject to the year-ended adjustment, i.e. accruals and prepayment.

計算會計年度的盈餘﹝純利﹞或赤字﹝淨損失∕純損﹞的帳戶。

與損益帳相似。所記錄之收益與費用已作期末調整﹝即應計費用、預付費用等…﹞


P.235

Format of Income and Expenditure A/C

Oriental Club

Income and Expenditure A/C


Income： $ $

Subscriptions XX

Rental income XX XXX

Less: Expenditures

Wages of the stadium XX

Stadium repairs XX XX

Surplus XX 7


P.236

收益與費用帳的格式

東方俱樂部

收益與費用帳

2009年12月31日止

收益： $ $

會費 XX

租金收益 XX XXX

減：費用

球場工人工資 XX

體育館維修費 XX XX

盈餘 XX 8


P.237

D Bar Trading Account 酒吧購銷帳

9

If a non-profit making organization involves activities making profit, a bar trading A/C is used to calculate the profit or loss.

E.g. a bar operated in a golf club.

Expenses related to the bar operation are recorded in the Bar Trading A/C (not in the Receipts and Payment A/C

若非牟利機構內有些部門的經營牽涉利潤或虧損，便要編寫購銷帳。

例：哥爾夫球會內設有酒吧，便要開設酒吧購銷帳。

與酒吧經營有關費用應記錄在酒吧購銷帳，而不是記錄在收益與費用帳內。


P.238

Format of Bar Trading A/C

10

Oriental Club

Income and Expenditure A/C


$

Bar Taking 1000

Less：Cost of goods sold

Opening bar stock 100

Add：Bar purchases 500

600

Less：Closing bar stock 150 450

Gross profit 550

Less：Wages of bartender 150

Profit to Income and Expenditure A/C 400


P.239

酒吧購銷帳的格式

11

南方俱樂部

酒吧購銷帳

2006年12月31日止

$

酒吧銷貨 1000

減：酒吧銷貨成本

酒吧期初存貨 100

加：酒吧購貨 500

600

減：酒吧期末存貨 150 450

酒吧毛利 550

減：酒吧工資 150

利潤轉至收益與費用帳 400


P.240

E Balance Sheet 資產負債表

12

The balance sheet is similar to that of profit making organization, except the capital.

In non-profit making organization, the capital is called the Accumulated Fund.

Accumulated Fund + Liabilities = Assets

除了資本外，與獨資經營公司的資產負債表相似。

在非牟利機構內的資本稱為累積基金。

累積基金＋負債＝資產


P.241

Format of Balance Sheet

13

Oriental Club

Balance Sheet as at 31 December 2009 $

Fixed Assets Property 10,000

Current Asset

Bar Stock 1,000

Cash 1,000

2,000

Less: Current Liabilities

Bar Creditors 1,000 1,000

11,000

Financed by:

Accumulated fund as at 31 December 2008 10,600

Add Surplus 400

11 000


P.242

資產負債表的格式

14

東方俱樂部資產負債表 2005年12月31日

固定資產： $

俱樂部物業 10,000

流動資產：

酒吧存貨 1,000

現金 1,000

2,000

減：流動負債

酒吧應付帳款 1,000 1,000

11,000累積基金:

期初累積基金 10,600

加：盈利 400

期末累積基金 11,000


P.243

F Subscription 會費

15

If there is no subscription in arrear or in advance, the amount of subscription in the Receipts and payment A/C will be recorded in the Income and Expenditure A/C

If there are subscription in arrear and advance presented, the following adjustments are to be made:

Subscription (in I & E) = Subscription (in R & P) + In arrear (this year) - In advance (this year) - In arrear (last year) + In advance (last year)

如果沒有應收會費或預收會費，記錄在“現金收支帳”的會費全數記在“收益與費用帳”內。

如有應收會費或預收會

費，需要作期末調整。會費〈收益與費用帳內的數目〉＝會費〈現金收支帳內的數目〉＋本年度的應收會費－本年度的預收會費－上年度的應收會費＋上年度的預收會費


P.244

Subscription in Arrear and in Advance 應收會費與預收會費

16

At the year ended, the subscriptions in arrear and subscriptions in advance of the year are to be recorded in the Balance Sheet.

Subscription in arrear is Current Assets

Subscription in advance is Current Liabilities

會計年度終結時，本年度的應收會費及預收會費必須記錄在資產負債表內

應收會費屬流動資產預收會費屬流動負債


P.245

G Donations and Entrance Fees 捐贈及入會費

17

Donations are income and are recorded in the Income and Expenditure A/C

Entrance fees are income and received when the member joined the organization. Also recorded in the Income and Expenditure A/C

捐贈為收益，記錄在“收益與費用帳”內。

入會費也為收益，記錄在收取那年度的“收益與費用帳”內。


P.246

H Life Membership 終身會籍

18

Member can pay a lump sum of subscription in one times and enjoy the membership in his lifetime.

Life membership is an income, it needed to spread the life membership into several years. So it needed to credit the Income and Expenditure A/C for several years

會員只需支付一筆款項，便可成為非牟利機構的永久會員。

所收的會費會分攤作為數年之收益。


P.247

1

Manufacturing Accounts 製造成本帳

Reference： Chapter 29 (p. 385) 參考書目：第35章

(p. 424)

16


P.248

A “Manufacturing Company” (製造業) and “Manufacturing Accounts” (製造成本帳) • Trading company purchases

goods for resale; manufacturing company manufactures goods for sales.

• The final accounts for manufacturing company are almost the same as trading company. An additional account, Manufacturing Account.

• 獨資經營的零售業及非牟利機構的決算表已經認識了，本課的主題為製造業。

• 製造業是自行製造貨品售賣，而零售業是從製造商購買製成品而銷售取利。

• 製造業的決算表大致上與獨資經營公司的決算表相同，但在編制購銷損益帳前，要先編制製造成本帳。

2


P.249

B Manufacturing Accounts

• Manufacturing accounts is used to calculate the “Production cost of goods completed”.

• 製造成本帳計算《製成品的製造成本》的帳戶。

3

“Prime cost” ＋ “Factory overhead” ＋“Opening work-in-progress” －“Closing work-in-progress” “Production cost of goods completed ”

〈主要成本〉＋〈間接成本〉＋〈期初在製品〉－〈期末在製品〉《製成品的製造成本》


P.250

C Prime Cost (Direct Cost)

4

﹝直接材料﹞ ＋ ﹝直接人工﹞ ＋ ﹝直接費用﹞ 主要成本

Direct materials ＋ Direct labour ＋ Direct expenses Prime cost


P.251

C1 Direct Material (Cost of raw material consumed) C1 直接材料 (原料耗用成本)

5

期初原料存貨 5000 加：購料 50000 加：購料運費 1000 51000 減：購料退出 2000 49000 54000 減：期末原料存貨 3000 原料耗用成本 51000

Stock of raw materials as at 1 Jan 20X7 5000 Add：Purchases of raw material 50000 Less： Returns Outwards 2000 Net Purchases 48000 Add： Carriage inwards 1000 49000 54000 Less：Stock of raw materials as at 21 Dec 20X7 3000 Cost of raw materials consumed 51000


P.252

C2 Direct Labour 直接人工

• Wages for workers directly participate in manufacturing the products.

• 操作機器生產貨品的技術工人的工資便是直接人工。

6

C3 Direct Expenses 直接費用 • Cost can be allocated to the

units of good manufactured. • E.g. royalties , and

subcontracting costs

• 生產貨品時直接消耗的費用，便是直接費用。

• 例如：專利稅，分包成本


P.253

D Factory Overhead (Indirect Cost) 間接成本 • Costs cannot be easily

traced to the manufactured items; costs occurred indirectly during production.

• E.g., wages of cleaners, rent and rates of the factory, wages of foremen, depreciation of the factory plant and machinery …

• 工廠所消耗的費用，但與產品的生產過程無直接關係。

• 例如：清潔工人的工資、工廠的租金和差餉、機器的折舊…

7


P.254

E Other 其他 • Administrative expenses

(e.g. wages of the management, rent of the office, depreciation of office equipment)

• Selling and distribution expenses (e.g. wages and commission of the salesmen, carriage outwards, depreciation of delivery van, advertising expenses. …)

• Administrative expenses and Selling and distribution expenses are recorded in the Profit and Loss Accounts.

• 行政費用(包括管理人員的工資、辦公室的租金及折舊等)

• 銷售、分銷費用(包括營業員的工資及佣金、銷貨運費、貨車的折舊、廣告費…)

• 行政費用及銷售、分銷費用是記錄在損益帳內。

8


P.255

9

F Format of Manufacturing Account Miu Miu Clock Co. Manufacturing A/C

for the year ended 31 December 20X7 $ $ Stock of raw materials as at 1 Jan 20X7 5000 Add：Purchases of raw materials 50000 Add：Carriage inwards 1000 51000 Less：Returns Outwards 2000 49000 54000 Less：Stock of raw materials as at 31 Dec 20X7 3000 Cost of raw material consumed 51000


P.256

10

$ $ Cost of raw materials consumed 51000 Direct expenses 10000 Direct labour 20000 Prime Cost 81000 Factory Overhead： Factory electricity 15000 Indirect wages 5000 Depreciation of machinery 8000 Factory rent 20000 48000 129000


P.257

11

$ $ 129000 Add：Work-in-progress as at 1 Jan 20X7 20000 149000 Less： Work-in-progress as at 31 Dec 20X7 25000 Production cost of goods completed c/d 124000


P.258

F 製造成本帳的格式妙妙鐘錶製造廠

製造成本帳 2007年12月31日止

$ $ 期初原料存貨 5000 加：購料 50000 加：購料運費 1000 51000 減：購料退出 2000 49000 54000 減：期末原料存貨 3000 原料耗用成本 51000


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$ $

原料耗用成本 51000 直接費用 10000 直接工資 20000 主要成本 81000 間接成本：電費 15000 間接工資 5000 機器折舊 8000 工廠租金 20000 48000 129000


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$ $

129000 加：期初在製品 20000 149000 減：期末在製品 25000 製成品的製造成本

124000


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15

G Trading Account in Manufacturing company

Miu Miu Clock Co. Trading A/C

for the year ended 31 December 2007 $ $ Sales 300000 Less:：Cost of goods sold Stock of finished goods as at 1 Jan 20X7 50000 Add：Production cost of goods completed 124000 174000 Less: Stock of finished goods as at 1 Jan 20X760000 114000 Gross profit 186000


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G 製造業的購銷帳妙妙鐘錶製造廠

購銷帳 2007年12月31日止

$ $ 銷貨 300000 減：銷貨成本期初製成品存貨 50000 加：製成品的製造成本 124000 174000 減：期末製成品存貨 60000 114000 毛利 186000


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17

H Balance Sheet (extracted) in Manufacturing Company

Miu Miu Clock Co. Balance Sheet (extracted)

as at 31 December 2007 $ $ Current assets： Stocks─Raw material 3000 ─Finished goods 60000 ─Work-in-progress 25000 Debtors 80000 Bank 70000 Cash 20000 58000


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H 製造業的資產負債表(摘要) 妙妙鐘錶製造廠

資產負債表(摘要) 2007年12月31日

$ $ 流動資產：存貨─原料 3000 ─製成品 60000 ─在製品 25000 應收帳款 80000 銀行存款 70000 現金 20000 258000


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BAFS F.4 Notes

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Transcript of BAFS F.4 Notes