Intro

WILLIAMWOOD HIGH SCHOOL

HIGHER

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Analysis and Development of Performance

Course Notes

Preparation of the Body

Badminton

Name:____________________________

Teacher:____________________________

Table of Contents

Page2Table of Contents

Page3Cycle Of Analysis

Page4Introduction

Page 5Demands of Performance

Page6Fitness Requirements of the Game

Page 13Gathering Information

Page14The Importance of Gathering Information

Page 15Standardised Tests why they are appropriate and relevant.

Page 16Cooper Test Cardio-respiratory Endurance

Multi-stage fitness test.

Flexibility Shoulder/Wrist Test

Illinois Agility Test

Coordination Test

SCAT Test

Page22Fitness Tests Results

Page23Time Delay Sheet Information

Page24The Importance of the Time Delay Sheet

Page25Interpretation of Results of Time Delay Sheet

Page26Methods of Training

Page 27The Importance of Setting Goals

Page28(Outwith the Activity Why Appropriate)

Page 29Circuit Training (Outwith Activity)

Page30Programme of Work (Monitoring Training)

Page31Methods of Training (Within Activity) Skill Related Circuit

Page32Benefits of Both Methods of Training

Page33Principles of Training

Page35Effects of Training on Whole Performance

Page 36Future Development Needs

Page37Monitoring and Evaluating

Page38Monitoring Performance WHY and HOW

Page39Phases of Training

Page40The Training Year

Page41Breakdown of Phases of Training

Page 42 Homework Questions

Appendix 1Arrangements Document

Appendix 2Time Delay Sheet

The Cycle of Analysis

The Cycle of Analysis is a popular approach that is useful for analysing and developing your performance as part of your performance improvement programme. Using the Cycle of Analysis, you collect information about your performance in an organised way. In this way you identify and assess specific aspects of your performance.

Study the four stages of the Cycle of Analysis in diagram 1. These four stages can be applied effectively to badminton to help develop and improve your performance.

HIGHER GRADE PREPARATION OF THE BODY BADMINTON

The aim of this booklet is to provide you with the detailed information to assist you throughout the Preparation of the Body course. It is important that you are prepared to undertake your own research to complement the information found in this booklet.

All information in this booklet links directly to the Key Concepts which are the Learning Outcomes of the Higher Course. All questions in the final exam relate to these key concepts and key features. It is important that you are aware of these and how they relate to one another. A copy of the key concepts/key features is at the back of the booklet.

DEMANDS OF

PERFORMANCE

Fitness Requirements for Badminton

Physical Demands of the Game

Understanding the physical demands of the game is essential for the development of badminton specific fitness training programmes. Only through understanding the physical demands of the game can we begin to identify the aspects of physical fitness important to performance.

Badminton is an extremely demanding sport. At the top level players are often required to perform at their limits of cardio-respiratory endurance, power, flexibility, agility, speed, and strength. They must also have balance, coordination and a sense of movement anticipation. On top of all of this, players must maintain a high state of concentration in order to meet the tactical / mental demands of dealing with their opponents.

PHYSICAL FITNESS

Cardio Respiratory Endurance

Badminton players must have good cardio respiratory endurance in order to perform skills at a high standard throughout the game. A performer has to have the energy to move all over the court playing a variety of strokes throughout the rally. A singles match lasts on average 30-40 minutes with periods of high intensity work and an opportunity for rest between rallies

Cardio Respiratory Endurance (Stamina)

Cardio-Respiratory Endurance or Stamina is whole body activity, sustained for a pro-longed period of time. It is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles throughout the game.

A high level of Stamina is needed in Badminton to:

Allow my skill level to remain high throughout the length of the game. Without it, fatigue will set in and my skill level will drop. This will lead to my range of shots becoming less accurate or weaker and my play becoming predictable allowing a stronger opponent to take advantage.

Allow me to continually move around the court for the entire game (approximately 30-40 minutes).

Play an attacking game. I need stamina to continually play high clears, smashes and drop shots as well as defending effectively ensuring defensive clears and lifts are high and deep to the back of the court.

Maintain effective court movement skills. Throughout a game of singles I have to constantly change direction and move from front to back, side to side and diagonally cross-court.

Fitness Requirements for Badminton (cont.)

Flexibility

Badminton players require flexibility mainly in the shoulders, spine and hips. Flexibility is the range of movement at a joint and this allows a badminton player to stretch, reach and lunge for the shuttle from the net, to the backline and cross court using a variety of skills.

A high level of Flexibility is needed in Badminton:

To get maximum movement in the shoulder joint for the preparation, action and recovery stage of strokes such as clears, smashes and backhand play.

To have good movement in the hips for lunging at the net to play tight net, net kills and hairpin shots on both forehand and backhand sides thus reserving energy for later in the game.

To allow me to protect my weaker backhand play. For example I must have good flexibility in the shoulders, spine and hips to play attacking round the head shots.

Particularly in the wrist joint where it is necessary for effective smashes and net shots.

As I often have to stretch and reach for shots, good flexibility in all joints is required to be a successful performer.

Skill Related Fitness

Closely linked to physical fitness is skill related fitness. This is the ability of the player to perform successfully within a game situation. Relevant skill related fitness requirements for badminton are agility, movement anticipation, balance and coordination.

Agility

Agility is a combination of speed and flexibility.

A badminton player who has good agility has the ability to change position and direction quickly and efficiently throughout the game. He/she may have to play high/low shots on the forehand and backhand from front to rear court with changes of pace and disguise. For example a player may choose to move in order to play a round the head smash to cover a weakness such as a high backhand shot.

A high level of Agility is needed in Badminton:

To allow me to change my body position and direction quickly and efficiently throughout the game.

To allow me to play both high forehand and backhand shots by taking them early so allowing my opponent less time to react.

So that I can change direction quickly to all main areas of the court (8 point union jack).

To allow me to get to the shuttle quickly and in the correct position to play the shot effectively.

As I can de-motivate my opponent by getting to the shuttle early and have a variety of strokes to play, thus not becoming predictable.

To allow me to return to base after every shot ensuring I am in the ready position for wherever on court my opponent decides to send the shuttle to.

To react quickly to my opponents tactical play.

Co-ordination

Co-ordination in badminton requires you to control different groups of muscles smoothly and fluently. To perform in a coordinated way, groups of muscles need to work in a certain order to create an effective action. A well co-ordinated player is able to cope with the constantly changing positions on court and complex skills such as round the head smashes and tight cross court net shots. A good player has to have good co-ordination to play effective disguised shots thus confusing the opposition.

Good co-ordination is needed in badminton to allow:

Me to perform my skills effectively while moving round the court.

Movement to all areas of the court ensuring all parts of my body are working smoothly when striking the shuttle.

Quick and controlled changes in body shape and position so that I can play disguised shots and skills such as round the head smashes.

Mental Aspects of Fitness

The most successful sportswomen/men within any activity not only have high levels of physical and skill related fitness but also have very high levels of mental fitness. In badminton, aspects of mental fitness required for effective performance are level of arousal, the ability to manage your emotions and to use rehearsal in performance.

Level of Arousal

Your level of arousal affects how well you perform. In order for you to perform at your best your level of arousal must be just right. Things that can affect arousal levels are: fatigue, concentration and stress. If performers are tired or have their mind on other things they will have low levels of arousal and their performance will be affected as a result. If players are anxious to succeed or put too much pressure on performance then over arousal can also have a negative effect on performance increasing heart rate, blood pressure and muscle tension. Stress can also lead to poor decision-making, inappropriate focus and a break down of skilled performance.

If I am tired or have my mind on other things my levels of arousal will be too low and my performance may be poor.

If I am anxious to succeed or put too much pressure on my performance, then my level of arousal will be too high and my performance may be poor.

My level of arousal will affect my heart rate, blood pressure and

muscle tension which are all important for a good performance.

If I am stressed this can lead to poor decision-making, lack of focus and a breakdown of skilled performance.

MANAGING YOUR EMOTIONS

This is important in badminton as it is vital to remain in control of your emotions when under pressure in a match. If you allow yourself to get uptight and nervous this can affect your ability to concentrate and remain focused on the game. You can loose your temper and allow your emotions to adversely affect your game. Conversely if you are too laid back and relaxed you may not have enough determination and competitive spirit to win.

Managing Emotions

Badminton is a hard, fast game where emotions can run high. Managing emotions in badminton singles is important because it allows you to control your feelings in demanding situations e.g.

When the score is close eg 19 all.

When my opponent is putting me under pressure

When I am attacking

When dealing with disguised shots from my opponent.

When I feel a line call was unfair.

When I am playing in front of an audience

Managing your emotions in singles allows you to focus on your game as you have no partner to help you and you have to focus on working to your strengths while covering your weaknesses particularly when your opponent is putting you under pressure. Controlling your emotions and staying calm and focused will allow you to maintain a high level of skill and will have a positive effect on performance. This can also intimidate your opponent.

In doubles you may have to manage your emotions if your partner is making mistakes and your are loosing points. You must try to stay focused and help her/him through a difficult period. Similarly if you make mistakes you must not let it get to you so that you continue to play badly and let your partner down.

REHEARSAL

In badminton it is important to go over your game plan before you go on court. If you know your opponents strengths and weaknesses you can go over in your mind how you are going to play the game and which tactics you are going to use. When playing in front of a crowd it is important to focus the mind on the performance and away from things that distract and cause anxiety. These techniques include goal setting, mental imagery and self talk. Goal setting involves setting realistic and achievable targets for performance and training. It gives more purpose to training and gives focus for competitive matches. Mental imagery and rehearsal involves taking time to imagine how you would like to perform before a game or just before you play a shot.

Examples of rehearsal

When serving I can go over in my mind where I am going to place the shuttle in order to force a weak return from my opponent taking into account the height and skill level of my opponent. I can imagine performing the serve with perfect technique and a winning end result. This helps to develop confidence and improve focus.

Before the game I can go over in my mind how I am going play against a specific opponent. If he/she has a powerful smash I will rehearse in my mind how I will play drop shots and a low driving game to avoid giving an attacking opportunity to my opponent.

GATHERING

INFORMATION

GATHERING INFORMATION

The Importance of Gathering Information

Why Gather Information?

It provides me with information on my strengths and weaknesses and what aspects of fitness I need to improve.

It gives me information on my fitness level and needs.

It allows me to plan my training programme so that it is specific to me and at the correct level.

It allows me to set realistic and achievable short and long term targets/goals.

I can compare myself to national norms.

Gives me a level to compare my results to after I have completed my training programme to see if my training has been effective and I have improved.

In order to improve levels of fitness within an activity I must first determine what my current level of fitness is. I can do this using:

1. Standardised tests (outwith the activity)

2. Match analysis time delay sheet (within the activity)

Standardised fitness tests

Outwith Activity

Standardised fitness tests have a set structure. This means that whoever is carrying them out and wherever they are doing them, the tests must follow exactly the same protocol and procedures. This is vital to ensure the validity and reliability of the tests.

Why are the methods appropriate and relevant?

Set rules and procedures (criteria) mean they can be easily reproduced.

The potential for human error is minimal and the environment is constant which means the results are both valid and reliable.

Criteria allows me to directly compare myself to others in the class and national norms.

Identifies strengths and weaknesses within my performance.

Provides a starting point for my training programme to ensure I am training at the correct level.

Allows me to set realistic and achievable training goals.

Provides a permanent record of my fitness levels at the start, during and end of training so they can be used to draw comparisons and conclusions.

They are constant and measurable

Comparison of Standardised Test Results

Compare with previous tests

Compare with national norms

My results in relation to class.

Methods of Gathering InformationStandardised Tests

12-Minute Cooper Test (Cardio-Respiratory Endurance)

The test comprises of measuring how far an athlete can run/walk in twelve minutes using a 400m athletics track. The teacher starts the test and blows the whistle to stop after 12 minutes. This test should be run at a steady, constant pace that you can maintain for the full duration. A partner should record the total distance covered to the nearest 100 metres.

Your score: _________ metres

ANALYSIS

Class Average:_________ metres

Class Best:_________ metres

Age

Excellent

Above Average

Average

Below Average

Poor

Male 13-14

>2700m

2400-2700m

2200-2399m

2100-2199m

2000m

1900-2000m

1600-1899m

1500-1599m

2800m

2500-2800m

2300-2499m

2200-2299m

2100m

2000-2100m

1700-1999m

1600-1699m

3000m

2700-3000m

2500-2699m

2300-2499m

2300m

2100-2300m

1800-2099m

1700-1799m

3700m

3400-3700m

3100-3399m

2800-3099m

3000m

2700-3000m

2400-2999m

2100-2399m

>2100m

Flexibility

Static Flexibility Test - Shoulder & WristObjective

The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the performer's shoulder and wrist flexibility.

How to conduct the test

Starting position

Lay prone on the floor with the arms fully extended holding a stick

Movement

Raise the stick as high as possible, keeping the nose on the ground

Measure the vertical distance the stick rises from the floor to the nearest centimetre

Repeat the test 3 times and record the best distance

Measure the arm length from the shoulder to the tip of the longest finger

Subtract the best score from the arm length

Rating

Men

Women

Excellent

>12.50

>11.75

Good

12.50 - 11.50

11.75 - 10.75

Average

11.49 - 8.25

10.74 - 7.50

Fair

8.24 - 6.00

7.49 - 5.50

Poor