bacterial transduction
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Transcript of bacterial transduction
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Transduction
BY: Vikas Kumar
Contents• Historical
• Transduction
• Mechanism • Bacteriophages and its life cycles
• Type of transduction• Generalized Transduction
• Specialized Transduction
• Significance 2
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historicalLederberg & Zinder• Transduction was first discovered in 1952 by Joshua
Lederberg and Norton Zinder
Joshua Lederberg Norton Zinder
How transduction was discovered
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• Studied in Salmonella typhimurium
• Plated two auxotrophic strains (LA-2 and LA-22) individually on minimal medium, no cells grew.
• Plated a mixture of the two auxotrophic strains on minimal medium, cells grew into colonies.
• Thus, genetic exchange was taking place between the two cell types.
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Unexpected discovery
U-tube Experiment
• Performed U-tube experiment .
• Found that part of the cells on one side of the U-tube were prototrophs (could
grow in minimal medium).
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U-tube Experiment
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Transduction
Definition - Unlike transformation in which the naked DNA is transferred in transduction DNA is carried by a bacteriophage.
or
In transduction, DNA is transferred from cell to cell through the agency of viruses
NOTE :- All phages can be transducer and not all bacteria are transducible
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Transduction has been found to occur in a variety
of prokaryotes, including certain species of the
Bacteria: Desulfovibrio, Escherichia,
Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Rhodobacter,
Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and Xanthobacter, as
well as Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum.
EXAMPLES OF BACTERIA
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Mechanism of Transduction
Bacteriphage
• Firstly Descovered in 1915 by Fredrick Twort and two years later by
Felix d’Herelle.
• Means bacteria eater.
• A virus that infects certain type of bacteria and replicates within them
Types of bacterio-phage
Virulent: capable of causing infection and eventually destruction and death of the bacterial cell. These follow the lytic cycle. e.g. T4 host E.coli.
Temperate: does not cause destruptic infection instead phage DNA is incorporated into bacterium DNA and is replicated with it and after some cycle become virulent cause lysis.
• e.g. lambda phage.10
Life cycle of bacteriophage
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Transduction
• There are two types of transduction:
– Generalized transduction: A DNA
fragment is transferred from one bacterium
to another by a lytic bacteriophage that is
now carrying donor bacterial DNA due to an
error in maturation during the lytic life cycle.
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Generalised Transduction
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1. A lytic bacteriophage adsorbs to a susceptible bacterium.
2. The bacteriophage genome enters the bacterium. The genome directs the bacterium's metabolic machinery to manufacture bacteriophage components and enzymes
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3. Occasionally, a bacteriophage head or capsid assembles around a fragment of donor bacterium's nucleoid instead of a phage genome by mistake.
steps in Generalised Transduction (cont’d)
4. The bacteriophages are released.
steps in Generalised Transduction (cont’d)
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5. The bacteriophage carrying the donor bacterium's DNA adsorbs to a recipient bacterium
6. The bacteriophage inserts the donor bacterium's DNA it is carrying into the recipient bacterium .
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steps in Generalised Transduction (contd)
7. The donor bacterium's DNA is exchanged for some of the recipient's DNA.
• Specialized transduction:• A DNA fragment is transferred from one
bacterium to another by a temperate
bacteriophage that is now carrying
donor bacterial DNA due to an error in
spontaneous induction during the
lysogenic life cycle.• In specialized transduction the phage
inserts its genome at the specific site.
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Specialised Transduction
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1. A temperate bacteriophage adsorbs to a susceptible bacterium and injects its genome .
2. The bacteriophage inserts its genome into the bacterium's nucleoid to become a prophage.
Steps in Specialised Transduction (cont’d)
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3. Occasionally during spontaneous induction, a small piece of the donor bacterium's DNA is picked up as part of the phage's genome in place of some of the phage DNA which remains in the bacterium's nucleoid.
4. As the bacteriophage replicates, the segment of bacterial DNA replicates as part of the phage's genome. Every phage now carries that segment of bacterial DNA.
Steps in Specialised Transduction (cont’d)
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5. The bacteriophage adsorbs to a recipient bacterium and injects its genome.
6. The bacteriophage genome carrying the donor bacterial DNA inserts into the recipient bacterium's nucleoid.
Significance of transduction
• It transfers genetic material from one bacterial cell to another and alter the genetic characteristics.
• For example: In specialised transduction the gal gene, a cell lacking ability to metabolize galactose could aquire the ability .
• It shows the evolutionary relationship between the prophage and host bacterial cell.
• Prophage can exist in a cell for a long period suggests a similar possible mechanism for the viral origin of cancer.
• It provides a way to study the gene linkage.
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THANKS
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