To our presentationon

BACTERIAL METABOLISM

Submitted To,MD. Rafiqul IslamAssistant ProfessorDept. of Pharmacy Jessore University Of Science And Technology

Submitted by,1. Most. Nilufar Yeasmin (151036)2. Chinmoy sen (151038)3. Md. Jamiul Hassan (151039)4. Hasan Billah (151040)5. Nusrat Sarmin Sarna (151041)6. Tanzir Ahmed (141021)7. Md. Ahsan Abid (141031)8. Sumaiya Naznin (141035)

Prepared by Tanzir Ahmed

Microbial Metabolisms• Introduction• Biogenesis• Anabolism• Catabolism•Metabolic Versatility of Organisms• Enzymes• Energy production by aerobic & anaerobic processes• Fermentation process

Introduction of Microbial Metabolisms• The term metabolism denotes all chemical reactions & physical

workings occurring in a cell. • Energy production from metabolism helps a bacterial cell to be

extensive and varied.• Energy which produces from metabolism system is required for

synthesis of enzymes, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and other chemical components.• Energy is also required for repair damage of cell.

2 Types of Metabolism

• Anabolism - biosynthesis• building complex molecules from simple ones• requires energy (ATP)

• Catabolism - degradation• breaking down complex molecules into simple ones• generates energy (ATP)

How the organism obtains carbon for synthesizing cell mass

• Autotrophic- carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2)• Heterotrophic-carbon obtained from organic compounds.• Mixotrophic- carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by

fixing carbon dioxide.

How organism obtains reducing equivalents used in biosynthetic reactions• Lithotrophic- reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic

compounds• Organotrophic-reducing equivalents are obtained from organic

compounds

How the organism obtains energy for living and growing• Chemotrophic-energy is obtained from external chemical compounds• Phototrophic-energy is obtained from light.

Enzyme• Enzymes are proteins

• They have a globular shape

• A complex 3-D structure

What is Enzyme??• Enzymes are substances present in the cell in minute amounts and

capable of speeding up chemical reactions associated with life processes.• Any impairment of enzyme activity is reflected by some change in the

cell or even by death.• Different enzymes need for different reaction.

Reaction of Enzymes

Types of Enzyme• Simple enzymes – consist of protein alone• Conjugated enzymes or holoenzymes – contain protein and

nonprotein molecules• apoenzyme –protein portion• cofactors – nonprotein portion

• metallic cofactors – iron, copper, magnesium • coenzymes -organic molecules - vitamins

Transfer reaction of Enzyme1. Oxidation-reduction reactions – transfer of electrons2. Aminotransferases – convert one type of amino acid to another by

transferring an amino group3. Phosphotransferases – transfer phosphate groups, involved in

energy transfer4. Methyltransferases – move methyl groups from one molecule to

another5. Decarboxylases – remove carbon dioxide from organic acids

Inhibitor• Inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the rate of enzymic reactions. • They are usually specific and they work at low concentrations.• They block the enzyme but they do not usually destroy it. • Many drugs and poisons are inhibitors of enzymes in the nervous

system.

Competitive Inhibitor

What is Fermentation• Fermentation is a specific type of heterotrophic metabolism that uses

organic carbon instead of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.• Bacteria produce energy by fermentation.• The lactic fermentation is a typical example: Streptococcus lactis

Fermentation • Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the

absence of oxygen• Uses organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors• Yields a small amount of ATP• Production of ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on glucose• Formation of acid, gas & other products by the action of various

bacteria on pyruvic acid

Fermentation Process GlucoseLactoseMannitol

Pyruvic AcidFermentation

Enzymes

Lactic acid

Ethanol

2,3-Butanediol

Mixed Acids

What is Aerobic processes

• It is the normal respiration in plants and animals• In this process Carbohydrates break down• Produce CO2

, water and energy.

Aerobic process is in four steps

• Glycolysis

• Formation of Acetyle Co-A

• Krebs Cycle

• Electron transport system

Glycolysis• Features of glycolytic pathways

• Partial oxidation of glucose to form pyruvic acid• A small amount of ATP is made• A small amount of NAD is reduced to NADH

Formation of Acetyle Co-A

• Each molecule of Pyruvic acid converts into One molecule of Acetyle Co-A• Produces a 2-carbon compound• Yields one molecule CO2

• Produces One molecule of NADH2

Krebs Cycle• Every molecule of Acetyle Co-A produces 2 molecules of CO2

• 3 molecules of FADH2

• 1 molecule of GTP

Electron Transport System• NADH2 and FADH2 produced• Being oxidized produce ATP and water

Anaerobic Process• It does not require any O2

• It occurs in Bacteria• It occurs in two steps• The process is utilized in Lactic Acid fermentation

Differences Between Aerobic and Anaerobic

Characteristics Aerobic Anaerobic

Oxygen Require Oxygen Do not require oxygen

Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid oxidized completely Pyruvic acid oxidized incompletely

Production of ATP 38 ATP 2 ATP

End Products 6 molecules of CO2 and 6 molecules

of water2 molecules of ethanol and 2 molecules of CO2

For Listening….

The End