Bacteria
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Transcript of Bacteria
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Bacteria
Kingdoms Archaea & Eubacteria
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Two Kingdoms of Bacteria• Two Kingdoms
– Archaea (Archaebacteria)- Extreme Bacteria– Eubacteria- True Bacteria
• Why seperated into two kingdoms?– Cell wall of peptidoglycan- Eubacteria
Cell wall of unique lipids- Archaea• Different RNA base sequences• React differently to antibiotics
• Eubacteria-susceptible Archaea- resistant
• Why were they at once one kingdom (Monera)• Similar size and shape• Prokaryotic
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Archaebacteria TypesArchaea Type Environment
Mesophiles 20-45 C
Thermophile Above 60 C
Acidophile pH 1-2
Alkophile Ph9-11
Halophiles 5-20% salt
Psychrophiles Below 15 C
Barophiles High Pressure
Methanogens Swamps; intestines of organisms
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Archaebacteria
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Archaebacteria Locations
Salt Lake in Kenya- The red color of the lake is caused by halophiles
Heat Vent in Yellowstone the red on the rocks is thermophiles
Methanogens located in swamps & intestines of organisms
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Evolution of Archaea
Archaea diverged totally separate from other bacteria and from eukaryotes
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Eubacteria• Defining Characteristics
– Prokaryotic unicellular– Cell Wall of Peptidoglycan – Most heterotrophic; some autotrophic– Smaller ribosomes and circular chromosomes
• Placed into three main groups:– Heterotrphic (absorb nutrients or are saprobes)– Autotrophic-photosynthetic- Cyanobacteria– Autotrophic-chemosynthetic
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Cyanobacteria
Chlorophyll is not contained in chloroplasts but rather is located in the cytoplasm
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Eubacteria Shapes
CocciSpirilla
Bacilli
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Eubacteria Arrangement
Strept Staph
Diplo
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Bacteria Structure
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Gram Positive vs Gram Negative• Appear Purple when
stained• Retain the violet Gram
stain• Thick peptidoglycan cell
wall• Some produce endospores• Produce exotoxins• Exp: Streptococcus;
Staphalococus; Lactobacilli; Clostridium botulinum and tetani; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Appear Pink when stained• Lose the violet Gram stain and
pick up the pink counterstain (Safranin)
• Thinner peptidoglycan cell wall• Additional Membrane outside
cell wall• Produce endotoxins• Exp: E. coli; Enteric bacteria;
nitrogen-fixing bacteria; chemoautotrophs; Salmonella; Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Gram Positives and Negatives
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Bacteria Respiration• Obligate aerobes
– Must have oxygen in order to survive– M. tuberculosis
• Faculative anaerobes– Flourish in conditions without oxygen but can
survive with oxygen
• Obligate anaerobes– Are poisoned in the presence of oxygen– Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum;
syphilis
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Endospores• Produced by some bacteria when in
unfavorable conditions- dormant state
• Hard outercovering that is resistant to drying out, chemicals, and boiling.
• When encountering favorable conditions it resumes growth and reproduction
• Clostridium botulinum; C. tetani
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Bacteria Reproduction• Binary fission- asexual method in which
chromosome is copied; cell grows; cell divides w/ one chromosome copy in each cell– Very rapid process- 20 min!
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Conjugation • Process in which one bacterium transfers all or
part of its chromosome to another cell through the pili.
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Other reproductive methods• Transformation- bacteria cell takes in DNA
from external environment. New DNA is substituted into the chromosome
• Transduction- Virus obtains fragment of DNA from host bacteria and when it infects another bacteria it releases the fragment into the new bacteria
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Toxins• Endotoxins-
– produced by Gram negative bacteria– Not released until the bacteria is dead– Cause fever, body aches, weakness and can
damage blood vessels
• Exotoxins– Produced by Gram positive bacteria– Produced while bacteria is living– Affect nerve and muscle tissue