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1- .
2- .
3- .
4- .
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MicrobiologyLouis Pasteur
Robert K och.
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- Microbiology
.
Micro
Biology .
.1
Bacteriology, Mycology, phycology, virology, protozology
.2 ) ( Soil
microbiology, Air microbiology, Food microbiology, industrialmicrobiology, water microbiology
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.1 .
.2
.3
.
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EventScientistYear
Mucor
Robert Hooke.1664
Anton van Leeuwenhoek .1632-1723
Ferdinand Julius Cohn
(German botanist).1872
The concept of spontaneous generation theory: 122-184 . .
.1 .
.2 .
.3autoclave .
.4 .
.5 Fowl cholera, anthrax .
.6 .
The French chemist Leuis Pasteur
1822-1895
.1
.2 .3
.4
German physician Robert K och.1843-1910
.Angelina Fannie and Walther Hesse in K och's laboratory.
1882
]Hans Christian Gram.[1884
Julius R .Petri.1884
2- :Historical roots of microbiology
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:
925-865 .
1038-980 .
1106-1030 .
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Microbiology
Louis Pasteur
Robert K och.
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Classification
(Naming- describing and classifying) : ± ± ± - ± ± .
K ingdom- Phylum- Class- Order-Family- Genus-S pecies
Binomial system nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus (1778- 1707)
Binomial system nomenclature :
Genus name Capital letter S pecies name Small letter .
Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
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1- Two kingdoms system of classification
:
Plantae
) (
Animaliae
) (.
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(Haeckel¶s system) Three kingdoms system of classification
(1866) Ernest Haeckel
Animaliae
Protista
Plantae
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(Copeland¶s system) Four kingdoms system of classification
* (1956) Copeland
Monera (bacteria qnd cyanobacteria)
AnimaliaeProtista
Plantae
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:
(Whittaker¶s system) Five kingdoms system of classification
* (1969) Whittaker
, .
Fungi
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Six kingdoms system of classification Molecular biology techniques TwodomainsArchaebacteria) Eubacteria(
EubacteriaArchaebacteria
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.
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*
Euk aryote Prok aryote
.1-
.2
.3 D NA
.4
.5
.6
.1
.2
.3 D NA
.4D NA
.5
.6
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:
.1 Physical factors
- -- ± ± ± ± ± ±
.
.2 Chemical factors . Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal
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1- Temperature
:
.
1- :
:
:
: . :
1- )10 (% .)0.5 ) ( (
2- ) (
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2-
: ) (
Coagulation
Denaturation
) (
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:
.1Minimum temperature :
.2Optimum temperature :
.3Maximum temperature:
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:
Psychrophilic bacteria Mesophilic bacteria )1047° (
Thermophilic bacteria )4080° (
:
Thermal death point
24 Death time
Hyperthermophilic bacteria
80° *
)-535° (
* :
)-5 20° (
Psychrotolerant
)25-30° (
d1
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Slide 22
d1 dr.sana, 10/21/2008
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:
.1 pH
)6-8(
)3-5(
.2 Coagulation
.3 )
(
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pH:
Acidophilic bacteria Alk alophilic bacteria
:
Neutrophilic bacteria
*
:
*
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:
Aerobic Anaerobic
Facultative aerobic
: E.coli
Obligate aerobic
.
: Bacillus
spp.
Facultative anaerobic
Lactobacillus
Corynebacterium
Obligate anaerobic
Clostridium .
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:
2O2-
:2H+ superoxide dismutase H2O2 +O2+2O2-
(Strong oxidizing agent) Catalase
H2O +O2
Catalase Hydrogen H2O2 peroxide .
superoxide dismutase
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:
.1: K olle flask- Roux bottles ± Shaker incubator
.2
) ( ) (
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)
(
:
Available (Free) , Non-available ( bounded)
70-80%
)
(
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.1
.2 ) (/ )(
.3 ) ³ =1´(
.4
.5 ) = (0.9
.6 =0.8
.7 0.7
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0.7 :
.1 ) (
.
.2 <
.3 <
.4 )Gram +ve(< )Gram -ve(
.5 <
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)(
.
:
.1 ) (
.2
.
.3
Plasmolysis
Osmophilic)
(
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Halophilic bacteria :
. :.1
.2
.3
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.
) + Hydrostatic pressure(
Baratolerant
:
.1
.2
.3 1000 . :
.1
.2
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) (
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R adiation
1- Visible spectrum
)7600-3800Å(
:
.1 :
) (
.2 ) (
Superoxide
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2- Non-visible spectrum
Long wave length radiation
Infra red
)
Short wave length radiation
UV rays
.2
)2500-3800(Å
)
Ionized radiation
D NA
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:
.1 :Bacteriostatic agents
.2 Bactericidal agents:
:
.1 ) (
.2
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:
.1 ) ( Antiseptic
.2 : Disinfectants
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1- :
2-5%
) OH
(
2-:
)( 37%
3-
50-70%
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4-
,5-
: * )
( * )
( *
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:
.1
.2
.3
.4
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:
:
1-Acids.a )(HCl- H2SO4
H+ .b
.c
.d
..e
2-Alk alies .a OH-
.bBa(OH)2 NaOH .c NaOH
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.1
.2
.3 .4
.5
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Hg Cl2
1
1%
600
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) - (
,
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Bacteriology
.
Monera
Prokaryotic organisms:Bacteria
ArchaebacteriaEubacteria
Cyanobacteria
Blue green algae
Bacteria
Methanogens .
CO2
.
Halophiles
Thermophiles
.
.
pH=2.
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Binary fission
:
B t i l h l
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.1 Bacterial colonies
Bacterial morphology
CIRCULAR FILAMENTOUS (Fimbriate)IRREGULAR
E
NTIR E
Colony Margin
Colony Form
FILAME
NTOUSUNDULATE
Colony Elevation
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Qm= 10-6 m)(
)1-5Qm( )0.2-0.5 µm(
Nanobacteria (0.1 µm in diamter ).
:
.1
.2 (S/V)
.3 (metabolic rate a 1/size2),
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R=1Qm
Surface area=4Tr 2
=12.6Qm
Volume= ¾Tr 3
= 4.2 Qm3
Surface/volume= 3
R=2Qm
Surface area=4Tr 2
=50.3Qm
Volume= ¾Tr 3
= 33.5 Qm3
Surface/volume= 1.5
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Shape of bacteria
.
singular .
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Cocci ( singular: coccus),
the Latin coccinus ( scarlet) and the Greek (kokkos)
S pherical oval
Coccobacilli Mor axell a N eisseria
-1 Monococcus:
ex: Micrococcus
2- Pairs or Diplococci
) (
ex: Diplococcus pneumonia
3- Streptococci ( bead-like chains)
ex: St rept ococcus lact is
Types of arrangement
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4-Tetrad
ex: Micrococcus t et ragenia
5- Packets of eights or cubes
ex: S arcina lut ea
6- Staphylococci ( grape like clusters)
ex: St aphylococcus aureus
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Cylindrical in morphology called rod ±shaped bacteriaBacilli Bacillus short rods ( Escherichia, Pseudomona s) Long rods ( Bacillus)
Trichome
types of arrangement : Monobacillus
ex: S almonell a typhi
Diplobacilli
ex: Clostridium tet ani
Streptobacilli
ex: Bacillus anthr acis
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Curv
ed rods or spiral-shaped bacteria, div
ided into: Vibrion(Comma Shape)
) (
ex: V ibrio choler a
Cork -screw shape)(Spirillum
) (
ex: S pirillum minus
Spirochaete
ex: T reponema pallidum
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: Ar t hrobact er globiformis
: Rhizobium spp
) (
T, Y, L, X shape
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External structures
(Variant components or Non-Essential components)
Internal structures
(Non-variant components or Essential components)
1. Capsule or Slime layer
2. Cell wall
3. Flagella
4. Pili
1. Cytoplasmic membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Ribosome
4. Mesosome
5. Stored materials
6. Genetic material
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Plasmid
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Slime layer Viscus Capsule
Polysaccharides polypeptides, phospholipids.
:
.1 Mucoid colony
.2 Rough colony
:.1 ) Virulence()
(.2
.3
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)10-20 ( 20%
:
.1
.2
.3
.1 Peptidoglycan Mucopeptide or
Murein .2
Methanobacterium Pseudomurein
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.1 Differentiated stain (gram stain)
.2 )Gram +ve(
.3
)Gram -ve. (
.4
.5
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enters bacterial cell & forms iodine-crystal violet complexes
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Gram Negative Gram PositiveProperty
10-15 nmnm20-25 Thickness of wall
21Number of layers in wall
)10-20% (
)<50% (
Peptidoglycan content
-+Teichoic acid in wall
)20 % ( )2% (Lipid and lipoprotein content
+-Proplasmic space
A summary of the differences between Gram positive and Gram negative cell walls.
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)250-300( pilin )
(
fimbria
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Movement of bacteria:
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Movement of bacteria:
:.1 gliding motion)( Myxobacteria
.2 Rotatory motion S pirochaetes
axial fibrils Endo flagella
. ..3
Flagella (singular: Flagellum) :
.1 )Atricous(
.3 )Tricous(-
.
:
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:
)monotrichous( .
)lophotricous( .
)amphitrichous( .
)Peritrichous(
:
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.1 basal body ) )S, M(
(L, P)
.2Hook :
.3Filament:
)flagelin(
.
.
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Cytoplasmic membrane
S f l i b
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Structure of cytoplasmic membrane
.1 10
.2 10-8
.3 ) 2-3 ( Phospholipids
4-5
.4 60-70 20-30 2-5 (Glycolipids and glycoproteins)
R NA
.5 :
Integral proteins
proteins peripheral
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Integral membrane protein
protoplast
Cell free of residual cell wall material
Spheroplast:
Cell contains pieces of cell wall material
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.1 :permeable barrier-Semi
.2 : polymes cell wall ± capsule
.3 :bioenergetic function:
.4 .5
.6 :
.7
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peripheral
bodies or chondrioides
:.1
.2 chromatophores
.3
.4 ) (
.5
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70-80 50
R NA
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:
- glycogen granules- Lipid granules
- (
- Sulfur granules
- Protein granules - volutin inorganic phosphate
50
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) (
Gas vacuoles cell sapvacuoles
:
- ) (
± :
-
-
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.1
.2 10-20
.3 40%
.4 5 50 .5
.6 %) :60(rR NA%)40( protein
.7
(Flagellum)
(Cytosol)
[Nucleoid (DNA)]
(Cell membrane)
(Cell wall)
(Pilli)
(Capsule)
(Ribosome
s)
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Chromatophores
Cyanobacteria and Nitrobacter
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D NA Bacterial chromatin or nucleoplasm
circular chromosome 2 10
1-2 ) 1000 (
D NA Extrachromosomal D NA
F- factor
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.1
.2
.3 :
.4 120 ) (
115-120 15-20 85-60 30 .
.5
..6 : Endospores
S porosarcina
Cysts )(Azotobacter
Myxospores My xococcus Conidiospores or sporangiospores
Actinomycetes
Exospores
:
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OvaleS pherical
TerminalSub-terminalCentral
:
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:
:.1 Binary fission
(a
( b
(c
(d
2-Fragmentation
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Actinomycetes
3-Budding
Rhodopseudomona s
4- Conidio spores
Actinomycetes
Sporangiospores
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Actinoplanes S porangium
Sexual reproduction .1 Bacterial conjugation.2 E. coli F- F+
Fertility factor
.3F+ :
.4-F : F+
.5 ) ( ) (
.6
.7 F+
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mass and cell number : an increase in cellgrowthnumber : an increase in cellReproduction
:
) -
- - (
:(g) Generation time (doubling time)
) (
Cell number (N) = No( initial cell number) x 2n(number of generation during
exponential growth)
) ( growth curve
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:
.1 Lag phase
.2 Exponential phase (Log phase )
.3 Stationary phase
.4 Death phase
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:
.1
.2 )-( .3 R NA ) R NA (
.4
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(1
(2 .
(3
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) - ± (
)
(
:
.1
.2
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.1
.2
.3
.4
.5 :
.6
.1 ) (
.2
.3
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:
:
* * .
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: .1Turbidostat
.1Chemostat Flow rate
.1
.2
.3