Unit 5: The French Revolution

Background to the Revolution

France on the Eve First Estate

Clergy; 130,000 people; 10% of land

Exempt from taxation Second Estate

Nobility, 350,000 people, 30% of land

Nobles of Robe vs. Nobles of Sword Businesses, local governments,

military, etc Exempt from taxation

Third Estate Commoners, 97% people Divided▪ Peasants (80%)▪ Skilled artisans (11%)▪ “Upper” third state: Bourgeoisie

(8%)

By my 9 year old cousin…

Socio-Economic Data

01020304050607080

% of Income Spent on Bread

17871788

Unit 5: The French Revolution

Causes of the Revolution

What caused it? Old View: Marxist: Third Estate vs. First

& Second Estate Other Issues:

(1) Frustrated by privileges & order of old (Acien) regime

(2) Political Grievances (3) Ideas of the Philosophes: widely

circulated among urban Bourgeoisie (4) Failure of make Reforms:

Parlements (legal courts) pushed own agenda

(5) Financial Crisis: ▪ 1788: HALF of budget on interest▪ Charles de Calonne: Call Estates-

General (1614) to revise tax laws▪ Representatives from 3 Estates▪ Issue Gov’t no major reform--

immediate solution

Estates General to Nat’l Assembly

First Estate: 300 Reps Second Estate: 300 Reps

(young, urban, Enlightened) Third Estate: 600 Reps (young,

bourgeois, legal, Enlightened) Cahiers de doleances (local

grievances): constitutional government, abolish financial privileges of 1st & 2nd

Division: Vote by Order or Vote by Person? 3rd Estate* withdraws &

becomes the National Assembly & constitutionalize

June 20, 1789: Oath of the Tennis Court

Urban Revolution July 14, 1789: Storming of the Bastille

Louis XVI orders troop increases throughout Paris (inflame) Organized attacked a royal armory (Bastille) Rioting in Paris

The Great Fear (July 19- August 3) 5 major areas throughout France (forced churches, local

offices to burn records) Agrarian Rebellions: Droughts had forced grain high (80% of

food) Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen

August 26, 1789 Charter of basic liberties End to exemptions, equal rights, equal opportunity Declaration of Rights of Women (…ignored by the National

Assembly)

National Assessmbly October 5, 1789: Women (1,000s) march from Paris to

Versailles National Guard demand Louis XVI returns to Paris

LXVI forced to accept National Assembly demands Catholic Church viewed as Ancien July 1790: Civil Constitution: bishops & priests elected by

people; paid by state; 46% refused to agree; enemy of Rev

1791: National Assembly creates new constitution: Gov’t Structure:

Constitutional Monarchy w/ Legislative Assembly (French Parliament)

Voting IS LIMITED to PROPERTY OWNERS KING WAS NECESSARY TO THE STATE

Opposition Jacobins: radical party based in Paris

Called for a REPUBLIC (abolition of the monarchy) Begin to petition Nat’l Assembly orders troops to break up (50 Jacobins

KILLED) Opposition: Austria & Prussia-restore monarchy

France declares war (Aug 1792) Why? Conservatives: Restore old order;

Reactionaries: expand Result: Early defeats led to chaos▪ Radicals emerge begin scapegoating ▪ Take Nat’l Assembly and King hostage▪ Sans-culottes & revolutionary groups emerge

Crane Brinton’s Anatomy of a Revolution

“Untouchables rarely revolt.”-Brinton, 1938

Parts 1-3Impossible

Gov’t Demands

Unsuccessful Attempts

Revolutionaries Gain Power

Parts 4-6

Unity Dissolves

Moderates Gain Power,

but Fail

Lunatic Fringe Gains

Control

Parts 7-9Strong

Individual Emerges

Extremists Create

“Heaven on Earth”

Period of Terror

Part 10

Moderates Regain Power

Radical Revolution

Domestic Crises Radicals:

(1) Revenge on domestic (Royalists) and foreign enemies

(2) Created Nat’l Convention (September 1792)▪ (a) Purpose: (1) Draft NEW constitution (2) serve as

sovereign body▪ (b) Composition: Young, wealthy, lawyers, anti-King▪ (c) Results: (1) abolish monarchy, establish

republic; (2) Split: Girondins (fearful of radical Parisian mobs, keep King alive) vs. Mountain (supported radical Parisian mobs, kill King)

January 21, 1793: King Louis XVI assassinated Radicals in Paris push for more extreme gov’t reforms

Invade Nat’l Convention & arrest leading Girondins

Foreign Crises Alliance of Monarchial Nations band together

to suppress rebellion Great Britain, Prussia, Austria National Convention creates organization

to prevent foreign subversion:▪ (1) Committee of Public Safety:

Robespierre▪ Organized Reign of Terror: Courts

established to protect Republic from internal, foreign enemies (Royalists, peasants, Marie Antoinette)▪ Expunge France from “enemies of

liberty” & create “republic of virtue”▪ (2) Nation in Arms: CPS declared

universal mobilization (1.2 million soldiers) pushed coalition back across Rhine into Prussia

Decline of the CPS CPS (Robespierre) grows distrustful of Parisian Radicals

and executes leaders Effects:▪ (1) CPS becomes distrustful of Robespierre (July 28,

1794)▪ (2) Thermidorean Reaction:▪ (a) Nat’l Convention disbanded CPS▪ (b) Churches allowed to reopen▪ (c) New Constitution written (Conservative) (1) Legislative: Bi-Cameral National Assembly (2) Executive: Directory (5 directors)

▪ (3) Radical Revolution OVER

Age of Napoleon

Geez, I was probably 5’7 which is normal for the 18th ce…

•While on a campaign in Egypt, Napoleon learned that Joséphine was having an affair and wrote a distraught letter to his brother. The letter was intercepted by the British and published in newspapers, causing Napoleon great embarrassment.

• Some speculate that Napoleon had a photographic memory and could instantly recall vast amounts of information, such as troop numbers and map details

• Napoleon jailed 13 Catholic cardinals for not attending his second marriage. And Napoleon’s officers kidnapped Pope Pius VII and held him captive for five years. • The former Emperor, who gave the country its Napoleonic Code, is still much revered – in a way. It’s illegal for anyone to name a pig Napoleon in France.

Age of Napoleon Dominated European politics 1799-

1815 Enigma

Brought French Revolution to an end “Child of the Revolution” who upheld

some principles Born in Corsica (1769) Prestigious military school in France

(1785-leuitenent) Reputation (not well liked) Rousseau & military campaign

Oct 1795: saves Nat’l Con from Parisian mobs

May 1797: Defeats Austrians in Italy Tough on officers Gentle to rank-and-file soldiers

Age of Napoleon Put in command of army to invade

Great Britain. Indirectly: attack India British cut off supply lines;

Napoleon returns to Paris

Napoleon leads coup (1799): New Republic Bicameral Legislature Three Consuls (Napoleon as first)

Had enormous control; made military & political appointments 1802: Made Consul for Life 1804: Emperor Napoleon I

Domestic Policy (1) Catholic Church

Say religion as a “necessity” to maintain morality

Concordat of 1801: ▪ (1) Catholicism is re-allowed in

France (limited power)▪ (2) Church lands NOT returned▪ (3) State had the right to pay,

appoint, etc.

(2) Napoleonic Code Codification of laws: Equality of citizens before law;

religious; property rights; no serfdom

Domestic Policy (2) Napoleonic Code (cont’d)

Undid legislation that effected families Women, rights & divorce

(3) French Bureaucracy Divided into 83 districts (Prefects=state) Tax collection=employed by state (no exemptions) Create nobility based on rank, not birth

(4) Increased Despotism Shut down 60 newspapers-all manuscripts gov’t approval Mail opened by gov’t police Books are banned Phones are tapped

Napoleon’s Empire

Napoleonic Conflict 1799: France vs. Austria, Great Britain, Russia

Napoleon pursues…peace?! Amiens (March 1802): Temporary Settlement

1803: France vs. Third Coalition (Great Britain, Russia, Austria, & Prussia) Napoleon vastly successful Able to expand French empire

Grand Empire French Empire; Dependent States; Allied States Rule▪ (1) Obedience before him ▪ (2) Destroyed special privileges

Napoleonic Conflict Collapse?

(1) Problem of Great Britain▪ British controlled European seas (more advanced

Navy)▪ Napoleon’s Continental System ▪ Prevent British goods from reaching continent▪ Ultimately failed

(2) Nationalism▪ Common language, religion, nat’l symbols became big

during Revolution▪ France turned into the aggressor, European countries

resist

Fall of Napoleon 1812: Napoleon invades Russia; force Continental System

600,000 troops Russians rarely engage; retreat; scorch fields October: begins “Great Retreat”: 40,000 make Poland

April 1814; defeated & sent to exile in Elba Louis XVIII (brother to Louis XVI) Napoleon slips back in March 1815

June 1815: Leads attack against Belgium Crushed at Waterloo Saint Helena

Napoleon

Napoleon had a greater impact on European history

than Martin Luther.

Napoleon upheld more of the

Revolution than he destroyed.

GRADING NapoleonCategory Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

Napoleon’s Rise to Power

Domestic Policy

Napoleon’s Grand Empire

Engagement in Foreign Wars

Upholding Revolutionary

Values

FINAL

FRQ Reminders Section II of the AP Exam

Part B (35 mins) Part C (35 mins)

You NEED to write 2 ½ pages You NEED to understand what the question wants you to do Question: Choosing TWO, analyze the extent to which Frederick

the Great of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, Catherine the Great of Russia advanced and did not advance Enlightenment ideals.

You NEED to write a thesis that answers all parts of the question with specific information Bad: Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria

were influenced by the Enlightenment and tried to reform their respective countries using Enlightenment ideas. In some cases they were successful, in some cases they were unsuccessful.

FRQ Reminders You NEED to write a thesis that answers all parts of the

question with specific information (cont’d) Good: Although Frederick the Great enacted some

change, granting civil rights for citizens, his dependence on the Prussian aristocracy hindered him from abolishing the oppressive serfdom system. Joseph II granted certain freedoms, such as religious toleration, but his far reaching reforms were unable to cause lasting change.

Suggestion: When asking about TWO people, try to speak of them individually in your thesis.

Avoid “non-academic phrases” You NEED proper nouns

Toleration Patent, Junkers, General Directory, Instruction, Assembly

DoBQ DAY 2!!! While you are (1) scoring the responses as a

group…

(2) Underline the thesis in BLUE

(3) Underline the POV in GREEN

(4) Underline the use of docs in RED

SCORING THE DoBQGroup 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

Napoleon upheld more of the

Revolution than he destroyed.

Napoleon had a greater impact on European history

than Martin Luther.

2008 Form B

Explain the reasons for the adoption of a new calendar in

revolutionary France and analyze the reactions to it in the period

1789-1806

2008 Form B

Explain the reasons for the adoption of a new calendar in revolutionary France and analyze the

reactions to it in the period 1789-1806

Reasons for the adoption Reactions