BABYSCAN - 不要で必要(2014.08.31 icrpダイアログ)
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Transcript of BABYSCAN - 不要で必要(2014.08.31 icrpダイアログ)
hayanoAug 31, 2014, ICRP 9th dialogue seminar, Date city
BABYSCAN - unnecessary yet necessary ベビースキャン - 不要で必要
Ryugo S. Hayano 早野 龍五Physics department, The University of Tokyo
“antimatter” at CERN Team leader since 1997
ジュネーブのCERN研究所で「反物質」の研究をしている実験物理学者
No past experience in Radiation Protection nor Risk Communication2011年3月以前に放射線防護 リスクコミュニケーションの経験皆無
Photo CERN
Courtesy, NHK World
This is how the BABYSCAN looks like
福島
郡山
伊達
MinamisomaJuly, 2014
IwakiMay, 2014
HirataDec, 2013
FukushimaDai-Ichi
Three BABYSCAN units so farGoogle Map
Three BABYSCAN units so far
← U
nit #
1, H
irata
← U
nit #
2, Iw
aki
← U
nit #
3, M
inam
isom
a受診者数 total=924
年月
2014ê1 2014ê3 2014ê5 2014ê7 2014ê90
200
400
600
800
1000
Date
Totalnumberofbabiesscanned
Babyscan 1+2+3
福島
郡山
伊達
FukushimaDai-Ichi
受診者の分布 n=924 (円の面積が受診人数に比例, 福島県外からの受診者 89)
HirataDec, 2013
IwakiMay, 2014
MinamisomaJuly, 2014
Google Map
n=293
n=184
~1000 “babies” (<130 cm) measured so far
‣ Detection limit for 134,137Cs < 50 Bq/BODY検出限界 全身で 50Bq (実際はもっと低い)
‣ 134,137Cs not detected from any of the ~1000 babies セシウム検出者は皆無
‣ Results are shown and explained on the spot (time consuming, but essential) その場で結果説明
‣ BABYSCAN is a communication device コミュニケーションのためのツールという側面が大事
BABYSCAN is unnecessary
(for radioprotection) ベビースキャンは科学的には不要
1
Fukushima-Pref. statistics
As of Aug 29, 2014June 2011 - July 2014
CED <1 mSv 1-2 mSv 2-3 mSv >3 mSv
福島県の公開データ:内部被曝はほぼ全員が1mSv未満
← These are mostly from early exposures (>1mSvのほとんどは初期被ばく)
Actual int. dose << Fukushima-Pref. statistics
As of Aug 29, 2014June 2011 - July 2014
CED <1 mSv 1-2 mSv 2-3 mSv >3 mSv
でも実際に詳しく測ってみると,もっと低いn=11026,n
nd =9686H88.0%L
050
100150
2000 50
100
150
137CsconcentrationHBqêkgL
Frequency
Allsubjects:Oct2011-Feb
2012
n=21785,nnd =21573H99.0
%L
050
100150
2000 10 20 30 40
137CsconcentrationHBqêkgL
Frequency
Allsubjects:Mar2012-Nov
2012
n=7045,nnd =6558H93.0
%L
050
100150
2000 10 20 30 40 50 60
137CsconcentrationHBqêkgL
Frequency
ChildrenHage£15L:Oct2011-Feb
2012
n=15108,nnd =15096H100.0
%L
050
100150
2000 2 4 6 8 10
137CsconcentrationHBqêkgL
Frequency
ChildrenHage£15L:Mar2012-Nov
2012
99% were NDNOT shown in this graph
~ 1mSv/y
Internal radiocesium contamination of adults and children in Fukushima7 to 20 months after the Fukushima NPP accident as measured by
extensive whole-body-counter surveys
By Ryugo S. HAYANO,*1,† Masaharu TSUBOKURA,*2 Makoto MIYAZAKI,*3
Hideo SATOU,*4 Katsumi SATO,*4 Shin MASAKI*4 and Yu SAKUMA*4
(Communicated by Toshimitsu YAMAZAKI, M.J.A.)
Abstract: The Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP accident contaminated the soil of densely-populated regions in Fukushima Prefecture with radioactive cesium, which poses significant risksof internal and external exposure to the residents. If we apply the knowledge of post-Chernobylaccident studies, internal exposures in excess of a few mSv/y would be expected to be frequent inFukushima.
Extensive whole-body-counter surveys (n F 32,811) carried out at the Hirata Central Hospitalbetween October, 2011 and November, 2012, however show that the internal exposure levels ofresidents are much lower than estimated. In particular, the first sampling-bias-free assessment of theinternal exposure of children in the town of Miharu, Fukushima, shows that the 137Cs body burdensof all children (n F 1,383, ages 6–15, covering 95% of children enrolled in town-operated schools)were below the detection limit of 300Bq/body in the fall of 2012. These results are not conclusive forthe prefecture as a whole, but are consistent with results obtained from other municipalities in theprefecture, and with prefectural data.
Keywords: Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP accident, radioactive cesium, whole-body counting,committed effective dose
1. Introduction
The severe accident involving the FukushimaDai-ichi nuclear power plant (NPP),1) triggered bythe Great East Japan Earthquake and resultingTsunami on March 11, 2011, dispersed large amountsof radionuclides, which were deposited on soil andwater in Fukushima Prefecture and surroundingregions of Japan. A recent airborne monitoringsurvey2) carried out by the Japanese government
(Fig. 1) shows that the surface deposition densityof 137Cs amounts to 60 k–300 kBq/m2 in suchdensely populated cities as Fukushima (population!280; 000) and Koriyama (population !330; 000).
Post-Chernobyl accident studies show that thelevel of internal radiation exposure of residents fromingestion of contaminated foodstuffs is nearly propor-tional to the deposition density; according to theUNSCEAR 1988 report on the exposures from theChernobyl accident,3) the mean transfer factor from137Cs deposition density (kBq/m2) to first-yearcommitted effective dose (µSv/y) for adults is about20. If this also applies to the Fukushima Dai-ichicase, the committed effective dose (CED) wouldbe about 2mSv (i.e., average daily intake of 137Cs!400Bq/day, or body burden of !60; 000Bq/body,or body concentration of !800900Bq/kg) for adultsliving in the region where the 137Cs deposition densityis "100 kBq/m2 (typical of Fukushima City).
Note that the airborne monitoring surveys4)
and the soil sample analyses5) have shown that theratios of deposition amounts of 134Cs (half life
*1 Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,Japan.‡
*2 Division of Social Communication System for AdvancedClinical Research, Institute of Medical Science, The University ofTokyo, Tokyo, Japan.‡
*3 Department of Radiation Health Management,Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.‡
*4 Hirata Central Hospital, Fukushima, Japan.‡† Correspondence should be addressed: R. Hayano, Depart-
ment of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]).
‡ Research institute of radiation safety for disaster recoverysupport, Hirata village, Fukushima, Japan.
Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 89 (2013)No. 4] 157
doi: 10.2183/pjab.89.157©2013 The Japan Academy
૨ᢿᅹܖႾƴǑǔᇹ�ഏᑋᆰೞȢȋǿȪȳǰƷኽௐᲢᅦᇹɟҾ܇щႆᩓƔǒ��MOחϋƷעᘙ᩿ǁƷ
ǻǷǦȠ���ƷආბᲣ
Кኡ�
8
137Cs deposition Bq/m2
(2011/11/5)
Chernobyl studies infer- 100kBq/m2 of 137Cs on soil + 134Cs contribution → internal exposure 5 mSv/y ?
土壌汚染→食品汚染→年に5mSv
ぐらい?と当初は思っていたが 実際はもっともっと低い
Results of the Fifth Airborne Monitoring Survey by MEXT(Deposition amount of cesium 137 on the ground surface
within a 80 km radius of the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP)(As of June 28, 2012)
Attachment 4
Background image: Denshi Kokudo
LegendDeposition amount of Cs-137
(Bq/m2) Compensated value as of June 28,2012
Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP
Areas where readings were not obtained
FukushimaCity
Iitate
Miharu
Koriyama
Hirata Central Hospital
Minamisoma
Fukushima Dai-iciNPP
20 km
30 km
Deposition amount of Cs-137 (Bq/m2)
as of June 28, 2012
80 km
n=11026, nnd=9686 H88.0 %L
0 50 100 150 2000
50
100
150
137Cs concentration HBqêkgL
Frequency
All subjects: Oct 2011-Feb 2012
n=21785, nnd=21573 H99.0 %L
0 50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
137Cs concentration HBqêkgL
FrequencyAll subjects: Mar 2012-Nov 2012
n=7045, nnd=6558 H93.0 %L
0 50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
137Cs concentration HBqêkgL
Frequency
Children Hage£15L: Oct 2011-Feb 2012n=15108, nnd=15096 H100.0 %L
0 50 100 150 2000
2
4
6
8
10
137Cs concentration HBqêkgL
Frequency
Children Hage£15L: Mar 2012-Nov 2012↑
10Bq/kg
137Cs concentration (Bq/kg)
≈1mSv/yincluding 134Cs
↓
13
99% (children 100%) were below the detection limit
“long tail” ↓
Hirata Central Hospital (near Koriyama c.) using the 2nd FASTSCAN installed in Fukushima after the accident
Hayano et al., Internal radiocesium contamination of adults and children in Fukushima 7 to 20 months after the Fukushima NPP accident as measured by extensive whole-body-counter surveys, Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Vol. 89, 157-163 (2013)
Bq/m2 (mean 80,000Bq/m2). Some Miharu residentsare therefore potentially at high risk of internalexposure. We conducted two WBC screenings ofchildren in Miharu. The first screening was con-ducted between November 24, 2011 and February 29,2012, and included 1494 children; the second was
conducted between September 3, 2012 and November8, 2012, and included 1383 children. Coverage was94.3% and 95.0% respectively (Table 4).
The results of the second screening show that inthe fall of 2012, none of the 1383 children had adetectable level of radioactive cesium. In view of the
Table 3. The four highest 137Cs body burdens detected among Fukushima residents as of November, 2012
Age Sex Resident of Firstmeasurement
137Cs(Bq/body)
137Cs(Bq/kg)
Secondmeasurement
137Cs(Bq/body)
137Cs(Bq/kg)
74 M Nihonmatsu 2012.8 12,270 183.7 2012.11 6,177 91.970 M Kawamata 2012.7 7,032 111.6 2012.11 2,547 40.674 F Nihonmatsu 2012.8 4,830 69.4 2012.11 2,139 30.366 F Kawamata 2012.7 4,300 69.6 2012.11 1,485 23.9
Table 4. The statistics of Miharu-town school children (ages 6–15) WBC measurements. The numbers of children enrolled in schoolswere published by the school board of Miharu town, which may not match the actual numbers of children attending schools when theWBC measurements were carried out
Enrolled inAugust 25, 2011
Measured inWinter 2011
Coverage 137Csdetected
Enrolled inApril 1, 2012
Measured inFall 2012
Coverage 137Csdetected
1,585 1,494 94.3% 54 1,456 1,383 95.0% 0
n=11026, nnd=9686 (88.0 %)
0 50 100 150 2000
50
100
150
137Cs concentration (Bq/kg)
Fre
quen
cy
All subjects: Oct 2011–Feb 2012
n=21785, nnd=21573 (99.0 %)
0 50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
137Cs concentration (Bq/kg)
Fre
quen
cy
All subjects: Mar 2012–Nov 2012
n=7045, nnd=6558 (93.0 %)
0 50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
137Cs concentration (Bq/kg)
Fre
quen
cy
Children (age≤15): Oct 2011–Feb 2012
n=15108, nnd=15096 (100.0 %)
0 50 100 150 2000
2
4
6
8
10
137Cs concentration (Bq/kg)
Fre
quen
cy
Children (age≤15): Mar 2012–Nov 2012
Fig. 6. 137Cs concentration for all subjects (top) and for children only (bottom), in 1Bq/kg increments. The right-hand panels are for theperiod when a change of clothes was instituted for all subjects to minimize spurious readings from surface contamination. Note thedifferent ordinate scale for each panel. Nonexposed (non-detected) subjects are excluded from the plot.
Internal radiocesium contamination of adults and children in FukushimaNo. 4] 161
people in the “tail” are rare (~ 0.01%)
多くの放射性セシウムを摂取した事例 y初回と2回目の計測の間隔は 約3ヶ月
y測定値が半減 = 成人の生物学的 半減期に一致
y追加摂取をして いないことの 証明が可能
31
←after receiving advice, the Cs concentration decreased as expected原因食材を探し,それを食べないようにアドバイスし,3ヶ月後に再測定importance of communication
74 M 70 M 74 F 66 F
1st ~3mo later14
BUT
15
December 9, 2011, ASAHI, quoting Bandazhevsky
20-30 Bq/kg (in body) dangerous… ?
朝日新聞 2011年12月9日
プロメテウスの罠 学長の逮捕(2)より
バダジェフスキーは警告する。 「1キロ当たり20~30ベクレルの放射能は、体外にあれば大きな危険はありません。それが内部被曝で深刻なのは、全身の平均値」だからです。心筋細胞はほとんど分裂しないため放射能が蓄積しやすい。子供の心臓は全身平均の10倍以上ということもあるのです」
FASTSCAN: most commonly used WBC
FASTSCAN detection limit ~ 300 Bq/body
60 kg ~ 5 Bq/kg
15 kg ~ 20 Bq/kg 10 kg ~ 30 Bq/kg
(+ small children cannot stand for 2 min)
1号機,2011年9月 南相馬 1st unit, September 2011, Minamisoma 2号機,2011年10月 ひらた 2nd unit, October 2011, Hirata … 現在は県内で約60台! now about 60 such units in use in Fukushima
大づかみの数値です
?
AND
18
WBC surveys of children insufficient?
- We say: measure parents!お母さん測れば十分vs
- Mothers say: please measure our childrenこの子を測ってください
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
645
Journal of Radiological Protection
BABYSCAN: a whole body counter for small children in Fukushima
Ryugo S Hayano1, Shunji Yamanaka2, Frazier L Bronson3, Babatunde Oginni3 and Isamu Muramatsu4
1 Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan2 Department of Mechanical and Biofunctional Systems, Institute of Industrial Sci-ence, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan3 Canberra Industries, Inc., 800 Research Parkway, Meriden, CT 06450, USA4 Canberra Japan KK, 4-19-8 Asakusabashi, Taito-ku, Tokyo 111-0053, Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 22 February 2014, revised 23 June 2014Accepted for publication 24 June 2014Published 13 August 2014
AbstractBABYSCAN, a whole body counter for small children with a detection limit for 137Cs of better than 50 Bq/body, was developed, and the first unit has been installed at a hospital in Fukushima, to help families with small children who are very much concerned about internal exposures. The design principles, implementation details and the initial operating experience are described.
Keywords: Fukushima Dai-ichi accident, radioactive caesium, whole-body counting, radiological protection
1. Introduction
The Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP accident [1] contaminated the soil of densely-populated regions of Fukushima Prefecture with radioactive caesium, which poses risks of internal (and external) exposures to the residents. If we apply the knowledge of post-Chernobyl accident studies [2], internal exposures in excess of several mSv y−1 would be expected to be frequent in Fukushima.
Extensive whole-body-counter surveys of 21 785 residents in highly-affected Fukushima municipalities, however, showed that their actual internal exposure levels are much lower than estimated [3]; in 2012–2013, the 137Cs detection percentages (the detection limit being ∼300 Bq/body) are about 1% for adults, and practically 0% for children (age 6–15). These results are consistent with those of many other measurements and studies conducted
R S Hayano et al
BABYSCAN: a whole body counter for small children in Fukushima
Printed in the UK
645
JRP
© 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd
2014
34
J. Radiol. Prot.
JRP
0952-4746
10.1088/0952-4746/34/3/645
Paper
03
645
653
Journal of Radiological Protection
Society for Radiological Protection
IOP
0952-4746/14/030645+9$33.00 © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK
J. Radiol. Prot. 34 (2014) 645–653 doi:10.1088/0952-4746/34/3/645
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
2
Development
Hirata, Iwaki, Minamisoma 3 units have been deployed
最近出したBABYSCANの技術面の論文
BABYSCAN - highly sensitive WBC
‣ 遮蔽: 6 t of shielding (low background)
‣ 検出器:4 large NaIs (high detection efficiency)
‣ 4分寝て測定:children (height<130 cm) lie on the bed for 4 minutes
‣ 検出限界全身で50Bq未満:detection limit < 50 Bq/body
BABYSCAN, fully assembled but for the ergonomic cover (NOT a baby-friendly device, yet)
完成間近のBABYSCANはこんな姿(赤ちゃん入れるには相応しくない)
BABYSCAN: design is an important element
GFRP outer cover
CFRP inner cover
NaI (3”x5”x16”) x 4
Top shield(10cm iron)
Rear shield(10cm iron)
Bottom shield(15cm iron)
Front shield(13cm iron)
Bed
The massive iron shielding is enclosed within a soft plastic cover Designed by Prof. Shunji Yamanaka, U. Tokyo
Hayano et al., BABYSCAN: a whole body counter for small children in Fukushima, J. Radiol. Prot. 34 (2014) 645
コミュニケーションのためには,デザインは大切
工業デザイナー 東京大学 山中俊治先生にチームに加わっていただいた
BABYSCAN detection limit
← Detection limit <50 Bq/BODY 検出限界は全身で50Bq未満
Detection limit < 3Bq/kg → 検出限界は3Bq/kg未満
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Cs-137MDABqêkg
Hirata+Iwaki Babyscan n=741
BABYSCAN and 40K
Q: is it really necessary to achieve such high sensitivity? A: yes - helps a lot in “communication”
天然放射性物質 40Kが きちんと測定できている
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K-40Bqêbo
dyBabyscan 1+2+3 n=924
Communication is the key
Dr. Masaharu Tsubokura, Minamisoma
‣ Minamisoma: >1000 families are on the waiting list ‣ the 40K result is helpful in explaining the result
特に気にしていない40%
気になることがある60%
南相馬市立総合病院でBABYSCANを受診した保護者2014ê7ê22-8ê22, n= 183
甲状腺
プール
土,外遊び,マスク
食物
水
0 20 40 60 80 100%
気になると答えた方は何を気にしているか(複数回答)
Result of talking to the parents of 183 babies (Minamisoma, 1 mo.)
Have concerns
Not much worried
この結果からは,水を気にしている方は全体の1/5ぐらいに見えるが…
water
food
playing outside
swimming pool
thyroid
July 2014 - Aug 2014
Minamisoma南相馬市立総合病院
Muchconcerned
Concerned Not muchconcerned
Not at allconcerned
0
20
40
60
80
100In 2013, we were...
Muchconcerned
Concerned Not muchconcerned
Not at allconcerned
0
20
40
60
80
100In 2014, we are...
waterricemeatfishvegetablemushroommilkoutdoor
when asked to fill in a questionnaire sheet…BABYSCAN 受診時の問診票の分析より面接の結果と,書面記入の結果はかなり異なる
Muchconcerned
Concerned Not muchconcerned
Not at allconcerned
0
20
40
60
80
100In 2013, we were...
Muchconcerned
Concerned Not muchconcerned
Not at allconcerned
0
20
40
60
80
100In 2014, we are...
waterricemeatfishvegetablemushroommilkoutdoor
とても不安 全く気にしない Minamisoma南相馬市立総合病院
July 2014 - Aug 2014
Conclusions‣ Despite soil contamination, the internal exposures of ~100%
children are below the WBC detection limit 福島の内部被ばくは低く,子どもはほぼ100%が不検出
‣ The distribution however has a long tail (senior citizens, extending to ~1 mSv/y) due ALWAYS to consumption of untested wild foodstuffまれに1mSv/年ぐらいの高齢者がおられるが原因は特殊な食生活
‣ Parents with small children are very much concerned about internal exposures - this motivated us to develop BABYSCANしかし子どもの内部被ばくへの心配は根強い
‣ BABYSCAN is an important communication tool (but how to cope with the unspoken uneasiness?) コミュニケーション装置としての意味が重要.しかし不安が即座に解消されるわけではない…