Babylonians develop system of
Transcript of Babylonians develop system of
Babylonians develop system of
government-write Hammurabi’s code
The Bible:• Hebrews are freed from
slavery by Cyrus the Great
• Hebrew prophets
developed the idea of all
people being equal,
created in the image of
God.
• The idea caring for the
weaker members of society.
• Wrote Torah, discussing
issues of human worth and
equality
The ancient Greeks and Romans were the first civilizations in history to create governments based on Democracy
DEMOS = PEOPLEKRATIA = RULE
• Athens created a direct democracy in 508 B.C.
• Rome later developed an indirect democratic system.
Romans write down constitutional
principles on Twelve Tablets
Catholic Church redefines power and
authority
The Magna Carta
• British Document
• King John forced to recognize his
power was limited by the Barons
• First step toward limited government
John ruled England from 1199 to 1216. He faced the following problems:
1. He quarrelled with the Pope about how to run the Church.
2. John went to war twice against the French king. He lost almost all the land that his father had gained in France!
3. John raised taxes in England to pay for the wars. This upset his BARONS! He ordered them to pay far more tax than earlier kings had done!
How did Barons strike back?
• In 1214 many barons rebelled against John.
• In 1215 the barons forced John to grant a charter,
which was the first time anyone had expected an
English king to obey a set of rules.
King John
The Magna Carta
I, King John, accept that I have to govern according to the law.So I agree:
1. Not to imprison nobles without trial
2. That trials must be in courts; not held in secret by me
3. To have fair taxation for the nobles
4. To let freemen travel wherever they like
5. Not to interfere in Church matters
6. Not to seize crops without paying for them
…. and lot more things too!!
It was his lifelong conviction that what was needed to regenerate Europe was sound learning applied frankly and fearlessly to the administration of public affairs in Church and State.
Wrote “In Praise of Folly” Believed strongly in human rights,
equality, and human freedom "laid the egg that Luther hatched“ Contemporary of Martin Luther and
Machiavelli
Luther leads reformation of Catholic Church, nailed 95 Theses to door of the church in Wittenburg, Germany
His letter to the Pope entitled “Freedom of a Christian”, which is what finally got him excommunicated (thrown out of the Church), stated that "there is no basic difference in status and dignity ... between laymen and priests, princes and bishops, religious and secular. Before God all are equal.”
Theologian, pastor and political reformer during Protestant Reformation
Calvin takes reformation further Founded Geneva, Switzerland, to be
a self-governing theocracy Believed in public education,
support for the poor, predestination, free will, individual responsibility and equality
Calvinists in France called Huguenots, in Scotland called Presbyterians, in England and the American colonies called Puritans
The Mayflower Compact was the first self-governing document of
Plymouth Colony. It was written by English Calvinist colonists
(Puritans), later known to history as the Pilgrims, who crossed the
Atlantic aboard the Mayflower. They were a separatist group seeking
freedom of religion to practice Christianity according to their own
determination and not the will of the English Church. It was signed on
November 11, 1620 by 41 of the ship's one hundred and two
passengers,in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod
The Mayflower Compact
Meanwhile, back in ENGLAND, English
Revolution is starting. The Petition of
Right sets out specific liberties that the
king is prohibited from infringing. It was
passed by Parliament in May 1628, in
response to abuses by the King, and
agreed to by Charles I
1. taxes can be levied only by Parliament
2. martial law can’t be imposed in time
of peace
3. prisoners may challenge their
imprisonment through the writ of
habeas corpus.
4. ban on the housing of troops is
reflected in the Third Amendment to
the United States Constitution.
The Petition of Right
The Bill of RightsPassed by Parliament in December 1689,
signed by William and Mary, protected
English Citizens, it defined certain rights to
which subjects and permanent residents of a
constitutional monarchy were thought to be
entitled in the late 17th century.
1. subjects' right to petition the monarch
2. the right to bear arms
3. restates requirements of the Crown to seek
the consent of the people, as represented in
parliament
Gave colonists a shared
national religious experience
Preachers felt that people
needed to be concerned with
inner emotions as opposed to
outward religious behavior
People in New England could
read and interrupt the Bible
on their own
Puritan Minister who
used raw emotional
sermons to reach all
classes of colonists
Preached that “good
works” and “godly lives”
would bring you
salvation
Birth of deep religious
convictions in the
colonies
New churches built to
accommodate new
members
Colleges founded to
train new ministers
Encouraged ideas of
equality and right to
challenge authority
Birth of charity and
charitable
organizations
Spread of ideas of
self-government
A movement in the
1700’s that rejected
traditional ways of life
and looked for a more
rational and scientific
way to explain the
world we live in
It was an emphasis on
the sciences and reason
to explain things
Generally we are good and our environment influences us
The use of science and reason could answer life’s mysteries
Science and reason could also answer man’s questions concerning government and himself
Great surge of literacy
in the colonies
Newspapers and book
publications increase
Schools are
synonymous with new
towns and villages
Deism, God is the great
clock maker
People are born with
natural rights
Government has an
obligation to protect
those natural rights
Kings have no right to
govern people,
people empower
government
John Locke 1632-1704• Life, Liberty and Property
• The right to alter or abolish
Baron de Montesquieu 1712-1778• separation of powers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1689-1755• Social contract
• Consent of the governed
Voltaire 1694-1778• freedom
Born in Boston, Massachusetts
Educated at Harvard
Enters politics after he fails in his business
venture
Serves in both the 1st and 2nd Continental
Congresses
A leading political organizer against the
British in the colonies
He is a leader in the Boston Tea Party and
of the Sons of Liberty
At the Boston Massacre it
is believed that he
played a major hand in
inciting the Sons of
Liberty to antagonize
British troops
He will sign the
Declaration of
Independence
Born in Boston,
Massachusetts leaves
school to help father in
his business as a
soapmaker
Printer in Philadelphia
and later an editor for the
Pennsylvania Gazette
Writes Poor Richard’s Almanac which
becomes popular for it’s American proverbs
Scientist, writer, businessmen, statesman,
publisher, represented American
Enlightenment and inventor
Responsible for helping get the French to join
the colonies against the British
A Virginia plantation owner
He will write many political
pamphlets that criticize British
policies in the colonies
Served in the Virginia House of
Burgesses several terms
He will attend both Continental Congresses
He will write the Declaration of Independence in 1776
He is the third President
Educated at Harvard Delegate from Massachusetts to
the Continental Congress On the Declaration writing
committee with Thomas Jefferson Not a popular leader like his
second cousin, Samuel Adams. Instead, his influence emerged through his work as a constitutional lawyer and his intense analysis of historical examples
The second President of the United States (1797–1801)
We can call George Washington the
Poster Child of the Revolution.
Commander in Chief of the Continental
Army
1st President of the United States
Presided over Committee to write
Constitution
English Quaker who
arrives in the colonies in
1775
Writes Common Sense in
1776 , a political pamphlet
that criticizes the British
monarch, supports colonial
rebellion and justifies
starting a new government
Common Sense will
push colonies to rebel
Writes American Crisis,
which inspires colonial
soldiers to continue
fighting against the
British
Having been instrumental in the drafting
of the Constitution, he is called Father of
the Constitution.
Wrote the Bill of Rights
4th President