Babyhood

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Prepared by: Althea Gwen Lopez BSEDE-II

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OBJECTIVESAt the end of the discussion, students will know the following:

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1.2.3.4.

WHAT IS BABYHOOD?

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Babyhood extends from the end of the second week of life to the end of the second year. It is often referred to as INFANCY.

Definition

Characteristics

Developmental Tasks

Patterns of Filipino Physical

Development

Motor Development

Speech Development

Emotional Development

Hurlock (1982) – Infancy, compared to babyhood, is characterized by extreme helplessness.

● The term baby may likewise suggest a helpless individual; hence, the word toddler has been increasingly used to mean a baby that has achieved enough control of his body to permit relative independence, (such as moving, feeding himself, etc.).

WHAT IS BABYHOOD?

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CHARACTERISTICS OF BABYHOOD◊ It is the true foundation age.

- Babyhood establishes many behavior patterns, attitudes, and emotional expressions. Thus, the established patterns in this time persist regardless whether good or bad, beneficial or harmful.

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◊ It is an age of rapid growth and change.

- Rapid growth in both physical and psychological aspects of a baby is observed especially during the first year. Accompanying changes in body proportions are growth in height and weight, which likewise are paralleled by intellectual growth and change.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BABYHOOD

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◊ It is an age of increasing independency.- Babyhood enables the baby to sit, stand, and walk and to manipulate objects as the result of rapid development of body control due to increased independence. With this comes an attitude against being “babied”. This protest, which takes the form of angry outbursts and crying, developing into negativism.


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◊ It is an age of heightened individuality.- Babies are afforded the chance to develop themselves along the lines of their interest and abilities through increased independence.


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◊ It is the foundation period of socialization.- Young babies are very egocentric but later the attitude diminishes, they show a desire to belong to the group as evidenced by their not wanting to be left alone, by demonstrating attention-seeking behavior and they also manifest attachment behavior by developing a strong emotional ties with people they associate with.


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◊ It is the foundation period for sex-role typing.- Babies are already subjected to sex-role typing right after their being brought into this world by being addressed in clothes with colors appropriate to their sex, or being given toys, and etc., not absolutely.


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◊ It is an appealing age.- Babies’ bodies may be disproportionate but it is this characteristic that makes them appealing. Gradually, as babies become capable of doing things for themselves and their appearance becomes less appealing, they start giving adults a hard time since the former become less easy to manage and more resistant to help from the latter.


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◊ It is the foundation period for creativity.- Babies nonetheless learn to develop interests and the attitudes that will lay the foundations for creative behavior and for community and for conformity as well as nonconformity to patterns set by others while they are incapable of doing anything and not able to exercise control over their environment.


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◊ It is a hazardous age.- Illnesses and accidents which often lead to permanent disabilities or even death are the most common physical hazard. Meanwhile, when poor foundations of the various behavior patterns are established, results to serious psychological hazards.


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DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS OF BABYHOOD

Learning to walk Learning to take solid foods Having organs of elimination under partial control Achieving reasonable physiological stability especially in

hunger rhythm and sleep Relating emotionally to parents and siblings Learning the foundations of speech Learning sex differences Getting ready to read Learning to distinguish between right and wrong and

developing a conscience

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Patterns of Filipino Physical Development During Babyhood

• WEIGHTAt birth, male infants are heavier by 0.11 kgs. Than the females. The mean weight of males at birth is 3.05 kgs. While that of females is 2.94 kgs. From birth up to the end of the first year of life, the males are heavier than the females, gaining 6.07 kgs. And 5.33 kgs., respectively. The mean birth weight during the second year of life is much very less, 35% and 45% of the average weight gain for males and females, respectively. There is a trend of decelerating growth during the first year and this continues through the second year.

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• HEIGHTThe mean length for males and females at birth is 48.85 cms. And 48.14 cms., respectively. Generally, males are longer than females from birth to one year of age from 0.71 cms. at birth to 2.05 cms. at 11 months. The period of most rapid growth during the second year of life occurs during the first quarter (12-15 months) for both males and females and the slowest during the third quarter (18-21 months) for the males and the fourth quarter (21-24 months) for the females. The total growth for the second year of life for both sexes indicating further a decelerating growth rate in length.

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• TEETHIn general, the lower central incisors tend to precede the upper central incisors and the upper lateral incisors to precede the lower laterals.

The first tooth to erupt is the lower central incisor followed by the upper central, upper lateral, and lower lateral incisors.

The lower and upper molars generally erupt during the first half of the second year of life; the cuspids, in the second half.

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Motor Development in Babyhood

Maturation and learning work in harmony in the development of muscle control. Babies are able to use their bodies in a coordinated manner due to the development and maturation of their muscles, bones, and nerve structures as well as the changes the changes in body proportions.

Development of control over the muscle undeniably follows a definite and predictable pattern which hold that development proceeds from head to foot and from trunk to extremities.

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→ 1-2 Months – The tonic-neck reflex predominates when the baby is on supine position.

→ 3 Months – On the verge of turning to prone position.

→ 4 Months – Can turn to prone from supine position. On supine position the arms are seen in symmetrical posture, although the turn position is still seen briefly.

→ 6-7 Months – Can roll stomach to stomach.

→ 8 Months – Can also alternate from prone to sitting position and back to prone from sitting

position; can cruise by crawling.Click to proceed

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→ 9 Months – Can pull himself to standing position by holding on to rail.

→ 10-11 Months – Has mastered seating position, i.e., can pivot around in a steady manner. While holding on to rail or chair he can cruise and lower himself from standing to sitting position; can creep with high speed; can walk when his two hands are held by an older person.

→ 12 Months – Can walk in a steady manner with one hand held.

→ 15 Months – Can push a chair around, climb it, and get down from it as well. Click to

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→ 18 Months – Runs but falls now and then; can climb stairs by creeping.

→ 21 Months – Can squat while playing on the floor; progresses in climbing the stairs by assuming the upright position and holding on to the banisters.

→ 24 Months – Can walk backward three or more steps; can walk on his toes and run without falling; can walk nimbly with arms swinging at his side; can climb stairs with both feet on the same tread before stepping.

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Fetal posture(newborn)

Chin up(1 month)

Chest up(2 months)

Reach(3 months)

Sit with help(4 months)

Sit on lap,grasp object(5 months)

Sit in high chair,grasp dangling object(6 months)

Sit alone(7 months)

Stand with help(8 months)

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Stand holding furniture(9 months)

Crawl(10 months)

Walk with help(11 months)


Pull up(12 months)

Climb(13 months)

Stand alone(14 months)

Walk alone(15 months)

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Sequence of Infant Growth

Physical growth during infancy is gradual series of maturational changes that

allow better control of actions and perceptions.

Although there are differences among babies

from different ethnic origin in terms in temperament,

reactions, and rate of development.

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Babyhood Skills

1. Hand Skills – self-feeding, self-dressing, and play skills.

2. Leg Skills – jumping, climbing stairs, swimming by kicking legs, and splashing with arms.

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Pediatricians, and child psychologists suggest that

babies simply need touch, face-to-face contact, and brightly

colored toys they can manipulate for optimal physical

and motor development.

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Babyhood SkillsDefinition

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Speech Development in Babyhood

Babies, to be able to communicate with others, must be able to comprehend what the others are trying to communicate to them and to communicate to others in terms or ways they can comprehend. Spoken language is the most efficient since it is least likely to be misunderstood.

The foundations of both aspects of communication – comprehension and ability to communicate – are laid during the babyhood years though ability in the former is generally greater than that in the latter. Click to

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The Course of Language Development

Age (in months) Vocalization and Language

4 Coos and chuckles

6 to 9 Babbles; produces sounds such as “ma” or “da”; reduplication of sounds common.

12 to 18 A small number of “words”; follows simple commands, and responds to “no”.

18 to 21 Form about 20 words at 18 months to about 200 words at 21; points to many objects; comprehends simple questions; forms two-word phrases.

Vocabulary of 300 to 400 words; has two-to-three-word phrases; uses prepositions and pronouns.

24 to 27

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The Course of Language Development

Age (in months) Vocalization and Language

30 to 33 Fastest increase in vocabulary; three-to-four-word sentences are common; word order, phrase structure, grammatical agreement approximate language of surroundings, but many utterances are unlike anything an adult would say.

36 to 39 Vocabulary of 1,000 words or more; well-formed sentences using complex grammatical rules, although certain rules have not yet been fully mastered; grammatical mistakes are much less frequent; about 90% percent comprehensibility.

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PRESPEECH FORMS OFCOMMUNICATION

1. Crying – Hurlock (1982) considers it to be the very first piece of human behavior that has a social value.

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2. Cooing and Babbling – It begins during the second and third month of life, reaches its peak at around the eighth month, and completely disappears as babyhood draws to a close. Click to

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3. Gesturing – This develops and is used by

the baby not to supplement, but to

substitute for his speech.

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PRESPEECH FORMS OFCOMMUNICATION4. Emotional

Expressions – This is undeniably one of the

most effective prespeech forms of

communication.

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The appearance of true language, i.e., the first word, normally takes place at the age of about 10-15 months. During the second year of life there is an accumulation of single-word and two-word utterances.

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DEVELOPMENT OFUNDERSTANDING

Babies acquire through maturation and learning an understanding of what they observe and this depends largely on two factors: their level of intelligence and their previous experiences.

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DEVELOPMENT OFUNDERSTANDING

Among the important concepts that develop in babyhood are those related to:1. Space2. Weight3. Time4. Self5. Sex-role6. Social7. Beauty8. The Comic Click to

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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENTIN BABYHOOD

According to Dr. Fernando Hofilena (1983), in his article “How Babies Learn to Love,” it is at feeding time that the baby receives the earliest lesson in love, along with the earliest stimulation of his intellect.

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When a relaxed and happy mother cradles the baby in her arms and feeds him, she does not only deliver calories into a growing organism but nourishes him with “the milk of human kindness.”

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Separation for a significant period from the mother especially at six months of age, during which babies have already

formed a strong bond with a mothering figure, may lead to the initial reaction of protest: crying, searching, almost panic

behavior, and a great deal of motor activity involving both arms and legs.

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DEVELOPMENTOF SOCIALIZATION

Roopnarine and Honig (1985) suggested ways by which parents and other adults can help kids who have trouble finding playmates and making friends:

1. Use positive disciplinary techniques. Give rewards, make rules and their reasons clear, and encourage cooperation in nonpunitive ways.

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2. Be models of warm, nurturing, attentive behavior, and work to build kids’ self-esteem.

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3. Show presocial behavior yourself, and praise signs of children’s budding empathy and responsiveness.

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4. Make a special effort to find a play group for kids if they do not often have an opportunity to be with other children. Social skills grow through experience.

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5. Encourage “loners” to play with small groups of two or three kids at first, and give them ample time to get acquainted before getting involved.

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6. Teach “friendship skills” indirectly through puppetry, books about animals, etc. and children who have learned to make friends.

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PLAY INTERESTS

Toddlers show a presumably definite social interest in one another; they communicate somewhat effectively, and attempt cooperative play.

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PLAY INTERESTS

Babies generally begin to play around each other at 1 ½ or 2 ½ years of age and are likely to grab things from each other without much fanfare.

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PLAY INTERESTS

When a child reaches the stage when he begins to enjoy playing with others, at around age three, you can help to make a game of sharing.

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FUNCTIONS AND VIRTUESOF PLAY

Frank and Theresa Caplan (1995) in their book Power of Play consider it abnormal for a child not to play, since playing is a valuable way for a child to absorb information, learn skills, and aid his personal development.

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The following are considered to be the merits of play:1. It aids growth.2. It is a voluntary activity.3. It gives freedom of action to a child.4. It provides an imaginary world that a

child can master.5. It has elements of adventure of it.

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The following are considered to be the merits of play:6. Through it, language can be built up.7. It has a unique power of building interpersonal relations.8. It offers opportunities for mastery of the physical self.9. It furthers interest and concentration.10. It allows the child to investigate the material world. Click to

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The following are considered to be the merits of play:11. It is a way of learning adult roles,12. It refines a child’s judgment.13. It is a dynamic way of learning.14. Academics can be structured into it.15. It is vitalizing, in that through it the

child gets a relief from the sense of powerlessness.

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Meanwhile Gracianus R. Reyes (1995), in his article entitled “Child’s Play A Potent Tool for Education,” gave out tips on choosing toys for tots:1. Look for toys made on non-toxic

materials.2. Buy toys that are affordable and

durable.

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3. Select toys that are safe, those that toddlers will not choke on or get cut or scratched from handling.4. Choose toys that whet the imagination and creativity of toddlers.5. Give the toddler construction toys which will develop his desire to construct rather than the urge to destroy.

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6. Never force a toy on a toddler just because the instructions in the accompanying brochure say that the toy is fit for his particular age. He may need to play with a toy of a higher intelligence level or of a lower one.

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PLAY PATTERNSOF BABYHOOD

1. Sensorimotor Play2. Exploratory Play3. Imitative play4. Make-Believe/Fantasy Play5. Games6. Amusements

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MORAL DEVELOPMENTIN BABYHOOD

Babies are neither moral nor immoral but nonmoral since they have not yet formed a scale of values and a conscience.

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MORAL DEVELOPMENTIN BABYHOOD

Learning to behave in a manner considered morally appropriate is a long and slow process for babies. However, they do manifest what Jean Piaget calls morality by constraint – automatic disobedience to rules without reasoning or judgment. This lasts until the age of seven or eight.

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INTEREST INSEXUALITY

According to Barbara Rutter (1996), sensitivity to sexual stimulation is present at birth, and that erections are often noted in newborn males when excited, even while struggling for their first breath. Fondling of one’s genitals may appear at age 2-4.

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INTEREST INSEXUALITY

Rutter adds that sexual pleasure is quite secondary to the pleasure they derive from the satisfaction of their needs for food, sleep, and tactile comfort.

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Moral Development

Prepared by: Althea Gwen Lopez BSEDE-II

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Babyhood

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