BAB II KAJIAN PU S xTAKAetheses.uin-malang.ac.id/2060/6/05610103_Bab_2.pdf8 BAB II KAJIAN PU S xTAKA...
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8 I I B A B N A I J A K A K A T x S U P . 1 . 2 u l u h a d r e T n a i t i l e n e P h a l a s a m n a g n e d n a t i a k i k i l i m e m g n a y a y n m u l e b e s n a i t i l e n e p a p a r e b e B n a i t i l e n e P . i n i t u k i r e b n a k r a p a p i d n a k a i n i n a i t i l e n e p m a l a d - t u b e s r e t n a i t i l e n e p e f e r n a h a b i a g a b e s n a k a n u g i d n a k a a g u j r a t n a h u r a g n e p i m a h a m e m k u t n u i s n e r i n i n a i t i l e n e p m a l a d l e b a i r a v . n a r a s a m e P i g e t a r t S h u r a g n e P “ l u d u j r e b g n a y , 1 1 0 2 . k o r a b u M l u r u N a d a P n a a y a i b m e P k u d o r P n a k a n u g g n e M m a l a D h a b a s a N n a s u t u p e K p a d a h r e T ” g n a l a M g n a b a C h a i r a y S ) I R B ( a i s e n o d n I t a y k a R k n a B n a k l u p m i s i d t a p a d : t u k i r e b i a g a b e s i j u n a g n e d a d n a g r e b r a e n i l i s e r g e r n a k a n u g g n e m n a i j u g n e p l i s a H F r a s a p t e g r a t n a u t n e n e p , ) 1 X ( r a s a p i s a t n e m g e s a w h a b n a l u p m i s e k n a k l i s a h g n e m n a t l u m i s a r a c e s k i a b h u r a g n e p r e b ) 3 X ( k u d o r p g n i n o i t i s o p n a u t n e n e p n a d ) 2 X ( p u a m k u d o r p n a k a n u g g n e m m a l a d h a b a s a n n a s u t u p e k p a d a h r e t l a i s r a p a r a c e s n u F i a l i n h e l o n a k k u j n u t i d t u b e s r e t l a H . g n a l a M g n a b a C h a i r a y S I R B i d n a a y a i b m e p r a s a p i s a t n e m g e S . l e b a t t n a d l e b a t F i r a d r a s e b h i b e l g n a y g n u t i h t n a d g n u t i h n a y l e b a i r a v n a k a p u r e m ) 1 X ( n a s u t u p e k p a d a h r e t n a n i m o d g n i l a p a y n h u r a g n e p g . 8 8 9 , 1 > 7 8 9 , 8 u t i a y , l e b a t t i r a d r a s e b h i b e l g n u t i h t i a l i n n a g n e d h a b a s a n n a u t n e n e p h a l a d a n a t u r u r e b a r a c e s n a n i m o d g n i l a p h u r a g n e p r e b g n a y a y n t u k i r e B d , 8 1 7 , 2 r a s e b e s g n u t i h t n a g n e d ) 3 X ( k u d o r p g n i n o i t i s o p n a i d u m e k u r a b n a . 7 2 3 , 2 r a s e b e s g n u t i h t n a g n e d ) 3 X ( r a s a p t e g r a t n a u t n e n e p
Transcript of BAB II KAJIAN PU S xTAKAetheses.uin-malang.ac.id/2060/6/05610103_Bab_2.pdf8 BAB II KAJIAN PU S xTAKA...
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II BAB
NAIJAK AKATxSUP
.1.2 uluhadreT naitileneP
halasam nagned natiak ikilimem gnay aynmulebes naitilenep aparebeB
naitileneP .ini tukireb nakrapapid naka ini naitilenep malad - tubesret naitilenep
efer nahab iagabes nakanugid naka aguj ratna huragnep imahamem kutnu isner
ini naitilenep malad lebairav .
narasameP igetartS huragneP“ ludujreb gnay ,1102 .korabuM luruN
adaP naayaibmeP kudorP nakanuggneM malaD habasaN nasutupeK padahreT
”gnalaM gnabaC hairayS )IRB( aisenodnI taykaR knaB naklupmisid tapad
: tukireb iagabes iju nagned adnagreb raenil iserger nakanuggnem naijugnep lisaH
F rasap tegrat nautnenep ,)1X( rasap isatnemges awhab nalupmisek naklisahgnem
natlumis araces kiab huragnepreb )3X( kudorp gninoitisop nautnenep nad )2X(
puam kudorp nakanuggnem malad habasan nasutupek padahret laisrap araces nu
F ialin helo nakkujnutid tubesret laH .gnalaM gnabaC hairayS IRB id naayaibmep
rasap isatnemgeS .lebat t nad lebat F irad raseb hibel gnay gnutih t nad gnutih
nay lebairav nakapurem )1X( nasutupek padahret nanimod gnilap aynhuragnep g
.889,1>789,8 utiay ,lebat t irad raseb hibel gnutih t ialin nagned habasan
nautnenep halada naturureb araces nanimod gnilap huragnepreb gnay ayntukireB
d ,817,2 rasebes gnutih t nagned )3X( kudorp gninoitisop naidumek urab na
.723,2 rasebes gnutih t nagned )3X( rasap tegrat nautnenep
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nasutupeK rotkaF sisilanA “ ludujreb gnay )1102( ahilohS ummU
aisenodnI talamauM knaB adap idutS( hairayS naknabreP id gnubaneM habasaN
,)ayabaruS gnabaC iagabes naklupmisid tapad : tukireb sisilana lisah nakrasadreB
IMB id gnubanem malad habasan nasutupek ihuragnepmem gnay rotkaf 7 ,rotkaf
,ispesrep ,isomorp ,nawayrak/gnaro :utiay tubesret rotkaf 7 .gnalaM gnabaC
ie ikilimem nawayrak/gnaro rotkaF .nopser nad ,pakis ,sesorp ,tapmet eulav neg
irebmem malad nanimod gnilap gnay rotkaf idajnem aggnihes 287.5 rasebes
gnalaM gnabaC IMB id gnubanem habasan nasutupek malad huragnep .
)2102( mamU luqifayS.M ludujreb gnay knaB xiM gnitekraM igetartS
halmuJ naktakgnineM malaD aP idutS( habasaN hairayS taykaR natiderkreP knaB ad
) utaB atoK inajniR imuB awhab naksalejnem malad utaB inajniR imuB SRPB .TP
habasan halmuj naktakgninem :arac nagned nakrawatid gnay kudorP SRPB .TP
ab nakgnutnugnem gnay lisah igab narawat nagned taubid utaB inajniR imuB ig
tanim naktakgninem tapad nakparahid ,nagnir gnay nataraysrep nagneD .habasan
.nakrawatid gnay kudorp naka kiratret hibel kutnu habasan nolac nad habasan
agraH habasan nolac nupuam habasan adapek nakrawatid gnay nagnutnuek uata
ueK .nakgnutnugnem tagnas kahip aratna lisah igab nagned helorepid nagnutn .TP
habasan nolac nupuam habasan nagned utaB inajniR imuB SRPB .
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1.2 lebaT
uluhadreT naitileneP lisaH
.oN amaN luduJ igolodoteM nad ataD lebairaV sineJ lisaH
.1 orabuM luruN k)1102(
igetartS huragneP narasameP
padahreT nasutupeK
malaD habasaN nakanuggneM
kudorP adaP naayaibmeP taykaR knaB )IRB( aisenodnI gnabaC hairayS
gnalaM
nalupmugnep kinkeT nakukalid atad kinket nakanuggnem nad isatnemukod
nakgnades ,renoiseuk gnay sisilana ledom iserger nakanugid .adnagreb raenil
nakukalid ,aynmulebeS nad satidilav naijugnep iju atreseb ,satilibailer padahret kisalk ismusa
atad .naitilenep
S ,)1X( rasap isatnemge rasap tegrat nautnenep
nad ,)2X( gninoitisop nautnenep
3X( kudorp lepmaS .) nakanugid gnay
001 kaynabes gnay nednopser nagned nakutnetid evisoprup edotem
.gnilpmas
naijugnep lisaH nalupmisek naklisahgnem rasap isatnemges awhab
rasap tegrat nautnenep ,)1X( nautnenep nad )2X( )3X( kudorp gninoitisop
aces kiab huragnepreb arnatlumis
laisrap araces nupuam habasan nasutupek padahret
kudorp nakanuggnem malad hairayS IRB id naayaibmep isatnemgeS .gnalaM gnabaC
rasap lebairav nakapurem )1X( gnilap aynhuragnep gnay
nasutupek padahret nanimod habasan
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.2 ahilohS ummU)1102(
rotkaF sisilanA habasaN nasutupeK id gnubaneM hairayS naknabreP knaB adap idutS( aisenodnI talamauM
)ayabaruS gnabaC
halada ini naitilenep sineJ fitatitnauk naitilenep sinej nakanuggnem nagned
.ievrus edotem
gnay atad sisilana kinkeTtidilav iju nakanugid nad sa
sisilana atres satilibaer iju.rotkaf
sisilana lisah nakrasadreB gnay rotkaf 7 ,rotkaf nasutupek ihuragnepmem id gnubanem malad habasan rotkaf 7 .gnalaM gnabaC IMB ,nawayrak/gnaro :utiay tubesret ,tapmet ,ispesrep ,isomorp
.nopser nad ,pakis ,sesorp nawayrak/gnaro rotkaF rasebes eulav negie ikilimem rotkaf idajnem aggnihes 287.5 malad nanimod gnilap gnay malad huragnep irebmem id gnubanem habasan nasutupek
.gnalaM gnabaC IMB
.3 luqifayS .M)3102( mamU
gnitekraM igetartS hairayS knaB xiM
malaD naktakgnineM
halmuJ habasaN knaB adaP idutS( taykaR natiderkreP imuB hairayS
) utaB atoK inajniR
ini naitilenep malaD nakanuggnem itilenep fitpirksed edotem utiay fitatilauk
nakrabmaggnem awitsirep nahalasamrep nednopsar iulalem kiab
al atad rebmus nupuata ni nagned tiakret gnay( taykaR natiderkreP knaB inajniR imuB hairayS
utaB atoK .)
naksukofmem itileneP halasam adap aynnaitilenep aynnagnubuh ada gnay narasamep igetats nagned
kudorp kudorp narasamep taykaR natiderkreP knaB atoK inajniR imuB hairayS
utaB ad naktakgninem malhabasan halmuj ,
gnay anamiagabes naijak malad nakiaruid sugilakes gnay sata id iroet iroet nasadnal nakapurem
.ini naitilenep malad
utaB inajniR imuB SRPB .TP halmuj naktakgninem malad
arac nagned habasan : kudorP nakrawatid gnay SRPB .TP
taubid utaB inajniR imuB lisah igab narawat nagned igab nakgnutnugnem gnay nataraysrep nagneD .habasan tapad nakparahid ,nagnir gnay habasan tanim naktakgninem hibel kutnu habasan nolac nad gnay kudorp naka kiratret
agraH .nakrawatid uatanutnuek nakrawatid gnay nag
nupuam habasan adapek tagnas habasan nolac nagnutnueK .nakgnutnugnem lisah igab nagned helorepid
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kahip aratna imuB SRPB .TP habasan nagned utaB inajniR
habasan nolac nupuam
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.2.2 iroeT naijaK
1.2.2 narasameP igetartS
igetartS naitregneP .l
sinsib nagniasrep ipadahgnem malad naahasurep haubeS aynkiabes
igetarts iaynupmem - raga nakparetid gnay igetarts asib tubesret naahasurep
nagned gniasreb upmam nad nahatreb nagned ufi nialeS .aynsinsib gniasep arap
haubes nakpatenem raga rotkaf aparebeb nakitahrepmem aguj naahasurep igetarts
asib .raneb nagned naahasurep nakajibek nakpatenem
ts irad naitregnep nupadA rakap arap ilakes kaynab igetar halet gnay
,ayntapadnep macam iagabreb nakirebmem :aynaratnaid
igetartS :awhab nakataynem ,)76:1002( nawarl nad atsawS" utaus halada
naujut iapacnem kutnu nakamatuid gnay anacner atsawS .")naahasurep( tubesret
N2( nawarI nad ")76:,1 "
:awhab nakakumegnem )2,1 5991( mailliW nad ecnerwaL
asid gnay ,anacner utaus halada igetartS t nad huruleynem ,naku gnay udapret
nagned naahasurep igetarts naluggnuek naktiagnem nad nagnukgnil nagnatnat
nakitsamem kutnu gnacnarid gnay awhab t nauju iapacid tapad naahasurep amatu
iulalem ."naahasurep helo tapet gnay naanaskalep
)31:0991 nidalaS iffalnd mailliW turuneM" nakgnadeS m :awhab nakatayne
gnay rasad anacner haubes halada igetartS isasinagro nakadnit utaus irad saul
aus kutnu t u t ."nauju
b iraD id isinifed aparebe naahasurep haubes halsalej sata malad
gnay igetarts ikilimem surah aynsinsib ador naknalajnem helo nakukalid surah
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haubes iapacret asib raga naahasurep haubes ,kiab nagned naahasurep naujuf
naahasurep haubes alibapa anerak tabikareb naka akam igetarts ikilimem kadit
tinu paitesid kadit aggnihes ,naujut nad hara nagnalihek naka aynisasinagro
.aynnial gnay tinu nagned tinu utas aratna satinorknis nilajret
narasameP igetartS naitregneP .2
naahasurep irad isgnuf utas halas nakapurem narasameP tapad kadit gnay
isgnuf nagned nakhasipid - nial gnay isgnuf gnires nad metsis utaus iagabes
u iagabes paggnaid j kabmot gnu naujut nahurulesek nad nalisahrebek kitit
.naahasurep
regnep nakisinifednem malaD narasamep igetarts nait ilha arap ilakes kaynab
nakirebmem gnay narasamep nemejanam : aynaratnaid ,ayrutapadnep
akigol :halada narasamep igetahs )39 :7991( reltoK turuneM" nad narasamep
tapad nakparahid sinsib tinu uti nakrasadreb narasas iapacnem - narasas
igetarts aynrasad adaP ."narasamep aynnatiak malad hara nakirebmem narasamep
lebairav nagned - ap isatnemges itrepes lebairav ,narasas rasap isakifitnedi ,ras
naruab ayaib nad narasamep naruab nemele ,gninoitisop igetarts idaJ .narasamep
b nakapurem narasamep nad largetni naiga hara nakirebmem gnay sinsib igetarts
isgnuf aumes adap .isasinagro ufaus nemejanam
yfoS turuneM" nakgnadeS na awhab nakataynem )451:9991( igetartS
gnay anacneR :halada aynrasad adap narasamep nad udapret ,huruleynem
p gnadib malad utaynem gnay narasame nataigek gnatnet naudnap nakirebmem
naknalajid naka gnay utaus naahasurep naujut ayniapacret tapad kutnu
."naahasurep
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kutneB .3 - narasameP igetartS kutneB
kutneb nrumu araceS - gnay narasamep igetarts kufneb malad hupmetid
ada )361:9991( nayfoS turuneM" naahasurep 4 inkay :
.a adebmem kadit gnay narasamep igetartS - ( rasap nakadeb detaitnereffiD nU
gnitekraM )
iagabes rasap paggnagnem naahasurep ini igetarts nagneD utaus
em aynah naahasurep aggnihes ,nahurulesek nakitahrepm nenrusnok nahutubek
uti anerak helO .nrumu araces nad naklisahgnem aynah naahasurep
as nakrasamem t macam u .ilebmep aumes kiranem ahasureb nad ajas kudorp
adebmem gnay narasamep igetartS .b - ( rasap nakadeb gnitekraM detaitnereffiD )
getarts nagneD nahutubek inayalem aynah naahasurep ini i aparebeb
kudorp sinej nagned utnetret nemusnok kopmolek idaJ .alup utnetret
nesudorp uata naahasurep m naklisahgne gnay kudorp nakrasamem nad
adebreb - nemges pait kutnu adeb igetabs nakanuggnem gnay naahasureP .rasap
naujutreb ini crepek labetrepmem kutnu utnetret nemusnok kopmolek naaya
aggnihes ,nakrasapid nad naklisahid gnay kudorp padahret naka aynnailebmep
gnalureb nakukalid - nagneD .gnalu naahasurep nalaujnep nakparahid naikimed
it hibel naka n igg orp nakududek nad uata tauk hibel naka naahasurep kud
.rasap nemges paitesid patnam
.c I )sigetarts nemejanam nakadniT( igetartS isatnemelpm
nuneM r ,nanuhat fitkeybo nakpatenem kufnu naahasurep tu ipakgnelid
nad nawayrak isavitomem ,nakajibek nagned ayad rebmus isakolagnem
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es naksumurid gnay igetarts aggnih igetarts isatnemelpmI .nakanaskalid tapad
kusamret nakatpicnem ,igetarts gnukudnem ,ayadub nakgnabmegnem rutkurts
ahasu hara habugnem ,fitkefe gnay isasinagro nakpaiynem ,narasamep
nad nakgnabmegnem ,naraggna m nad isamrofni metsis naktaafname
nakgnubuhgnem ok m .isasinagro isatserp nagned nawayrak isasnep
igetartS isaulavE .d
araP .sigetarts nemejanam malad rihka pahat haladA tagnas rejanam
kadit ufnetret igetarts napak iuhategnem ulrep lavE .kiab nagned isgnufreb isau
ahasu itrareb amaturet igetarts aumeS .ini isamrofni helorepmem kutnu
tapad igetarts rotkaf anerak naped asamid isakifidomid - nad lanretske rotkaf
cam agit adA .habureb ulales lanretni ma rasadnem sativitka kutnu
igetarts isaulavegnem :
)1 tkaf uajnineM ro - ay lanretni nad lanretske rotkaf n idajnem g .igetarts rasad
)2 isatserp rukugneM
)3 fitkerok nakadnit libmagneM
malsI fitkepesreP malaD narasameP igetartS napareneP .4
atik malsI malad narasamep anacner naanaskalep malaD adap gnutnagreb
iukaid halet gnay )amasajrek( takirays pisnirp ,nannaM( lasrevinu araces
2991 : naanaskalep awhab itrareb ini )173 iulalem nakanaskalid naanacnerep
hatniremep rotkes isapisitrap tapad utiay ,naartimek rasad sata atsaws nad
iulalem anaskalret kilimep nad ajrek aganet anamid ,haborohdum idaba pisnirp
nagned itra malaD .artim iagabes nakutasid tapad ladom pisnirp nakketkarpmem
haborohdum nagned nad keyorp akam iskudorp tinu iagabreb nakisanibmokgnem
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,irtsudni narek malad nainatrep nad nagnagadrep tapad naanacnerep akg nakparetid
naklisahid gnay natapadneP .tubesret pisnirp rasad sata uti itrepes ahasu helo
haletes gnidnabes araces igabid tapad gnay naraulegnep alages nagned ignarukid
.has
imonokE aynukub malad )963:2991( nannaM turuneM" & iroeT" malsI
nakirebmem malsI awhab naksalejnem "ketkarP gnay anacner nad sisetnis utaus
iulalem nakisasilaerid tapad nial kadit naanacnereP ".nagnibmib nad nagnasgnar
adapirad amem fn ak" naktaa r iapacnem kutnu kitametsis araces "hallA ainu naujut
utnetret takaraysam nahufubek nakitahrepmem nagned , gnay napudihek ialin nad
habureb - ,saul hibel gnay itra malad habu napaisrep tukgnaynem naanacnerep
kutnu nagnacnar nusuynem gnatnet nredom pesnoK .imonoke nataigek paites
,naanacnerep ra malad imahapid surah gnay .malsI malad iukaid ,satabret it aneraK
rebmus nataafnamep pukacnem uti itrepes naanacnerep helo nakaidesid gnay
kiabes nagned TWS hallA - kutnu aynkiab .aisunam nagnanesek nad napudihek
utauses aynada gnatnet itkub helorepid muleb nupikseM nasahabmep
metsis an ,tubesret halasam gnatnet kita num iagabreb lA malad hatnirep - na'ruQ
.ini tah naksagenem hannuS nad lA malaD anamiagabeS - :mutnacret na 'ruQ
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libapA" :aynitrA a nakianutid halet s m gnayhabme a reb ak halnami akumid
bu ac nad ,im r haltagni nad hallA ainurak hali kaynab haLlA - pus kaynab a k ay a um
( ."gnutnureb lA .S.Q J 26,ha'umu 1: )0 .
id taya malaD atak malad ankam naksalejid tapad sata "hallA ainurak halirac
nakduskamid aynmaladid nakanugid gnay gnay lalah ahasu alages kutnu
ihunemem kutnu gnaro naktabilem nnahutubek .ay
abmah alib ,nagnaral utaus halnakub malsI malad iD - iaynupmem aynabmah
lisahreb kutnu nanigniek uata anacner tarays nagned numaN .aynahasu malad
kadit uti anacner malad naksagetiD .malsI )tairays( naraja nagned nagnatnetreb
1A - :na'ruQ
kapa uatA" :aynitrA a h aisunam aka gnay alages tapadnem n
? aynnakatpicid ( kadiT ) m , a gab aynah ak i napudihek hallA hka i tar
nA .5.Q( ."ainad napudiheknad - aN j 42:35 ,m - )52
nagned nakgnubuhid alib sataid tubesret taya audek iraD arasamep igetarts n
narasamep )anacner( igetarts nataigek akam gnay iskaretni utaus nakapurem
uata nakatpicnem kutnu ahasureb gnay itrepes narasamep narasas iapacnem
kutnu nakparahid hannus idajnem hadus anamid nad nalisahrebek iapacnem ut hall
aynkadit uata lisahreb ,nakanacner atik hadus gnay nupapa awhab utnetek adap na
utaus naanaskalep maladid naD .)hallA( nahuT halsurah malsI malad naanacnerep
sisetnis utaus haraek karegreb nagned imonoke nahubmutrep aratna rajaw gnay
laisos nalidaek an ,kitamgarp gnay naanaskajibek napatenep iulalem m nu
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y malsI awij nagned netsisnok nagned sapelret kadit anam gna la nanutnut - naruQ
kite edok nagned iauses aguj ,stidaH nad .malsI imonoke
malsI amu adap nakrujnagnem t uata nakrasamem malad ayr nakisomorpmem
t agrah nakpatenem nad kudorp i helob kad .)raneb( rujuj atakreb surah gnohobreb
utas halas ,uti babes helO helo iohdirid nad gnitnepret gnay gnagadreb retkarak
TWS hallA stidah malad nakgnautid anamiagabeS .naranebek halada ,iwahdraQ(
nad raneb gnay gnagadeP :aynitra gnay )571:7991 reb ayacrepret ed gnubag nagn
ibaN arap gnaro , - raneb gnaro 'adahuys arap nad ,)niqiddis( .RH( .agruSid
.)izdumruT
nu aisunam adap nakhatniremem na'ruQ lA t h ,rujuj ku a ,sul raneb nad salhki
tagnas ini nad ,aynpudih nanalajrep aumes malad sinsib gnadib malad tutnutid
hairays ayad upit nad naupinep akiJ . kadit narujujek akam , gnaralid nad kutukid
,nakhatnirepid aynah .kaltum gnay nasurahek idajnem ipatet
malad naupmamek malad tahilret naka rujuj pakiS hanama naknalajnem -
nama itsap hadus rujuj gnay gnaro ,nakirebid gnay hanama ha hanama itsap hadus
malad nakirebid gnay naayacrepek paites .aynadapek
hallA namriF twS :
:aynitrA " ro iaH na g- gnay gnaro ireb ,nam j ak halnaga m itanaihkgnem u
k hnlnagnaj )aguj( nad )dammahuM( lusaR nnd hallA a um itanaihkgnem
nama at- ma id gnay tanan rep ca kay umak gnades ,umadapek na iuhategnem “
lA : SQ( - ) 72: 8 lafnA
02
.2 narasameP naitregneP
nataigek irad utas halas nakapurem narasameP - gnay kokop nataigek
,aynpudih nagnusgnalek naknahatrepmem kutnu naahasurep helo nakukalid
atsawS uhsaB aynukub malad notnatS .J mailliW turunem narasamep isinifed
nataigek irad nahurulesek metsis utaus halada atsemahD - gnay ahasu nataigek
nad nakisomorpmem ,agrah nakutnenem ,nakanacnerem kutnu nakujutid
adapek kiab nahutubek naksaumem tapad gnay asaj nad gnarab nakisubirtsidnem
isnetop ilebmep nupuam ada gnay ilebmep .)4:9002 ,atsemmahd atsaws uhsaB( la
naitregnep mumu araces )4002 knaB narasameP( rimhsaK turuneM
nakrakutrepmem nad nakatpicnem kutnu sesorp utaus halada knab narasamep
nanigniek nad nahutubek ihunemem kutnu nakujutid gnay knab asaj uata kudorp
ed habasan .)66:4002 ,rimsaK( nasaupek nakirebmem arac nagn
.1 ( nanalkireP gnisitrevda )
nakisamrofnignem anug knab helo nakanugid gnay anaras halada nalkI
nalki tawel isomorp naujuT .knaB helo naklisahid gnay kudorp utauses alages
aynhabasan nolac ihuragnepmem nad ,kiranem kutnu ahasureb halada
:4002 ,rimsaK( 771 ) nakukalid tapad nalki nagned isomorp naanuggneP .
iagabreb nagned ;itrepes aidem
.a nagnasameP draobllib nalajid )aman napap( - .sigetarts nalaj
.b tasup uata gnabac paitesid nakrabesid nad rusorb nakatecreP .naajnalebrep
.c .sigetarts isakol id kudnapes nagnasameP
12
.d .halajam uata naroK iulaleM
.e .aynnial aidem uata oidar ,isivelet iulaleM
narasamep margorp nakulrepid akam neisife nad fitkefe nalki ragA
gnay :tapet
.a .ilebmep fitom nad narasas rasap isakifitnedI
.b .nanalkirep naujut nad nalaujnep narasas tukgnaynem gnay isim nakutneT
.c .nakpatetid gnay nalki naraggnA
.d ay nasep gnacnareM .nakiapmasid naka gn
.e .nakiapmasid naka gnay aidem hilimeM
.f .nalki irad kapmad rukugneM
: nial aratna ,nalki iulalem isomorp naluggnueK
.a adapek amas gnay nasep nakrawanem nalki aynitra ,kilbuP isatneserP
.gnaro kaynab
.b gnaulepreb utiay ,senisaverP iulalem kudorp risitamardnem kutnu
.kudorp kutneb uata ,anraw ,araus nataafnamep
.c kutnu bijaw kadit habasan uata nemusnok aynduskam ,ytilanoiserpmI
.gnarakes nalki nopserem nad nakitahrepmem
.2 ( nalaujneP isomorP noitomorP selaS )
nakukalid tapad aynnial isomorp ,nalki tawel isomorp gnipmasiD
nalaujnep naktakgninem kutnu halada aynnaujuT .noitomorp selas nagned
uata nakukalid tapad nalaujnep isomorP .habasan halmuj naktakgninem
iulalem orp elpmas uata nopuk ,setnok ,noksid nairebmep aidem nagneD .kud
tubesret taafnam 3 nakirebmem naka :4002 ,rimsaK( 971 ):
22
.a kiranem tapad gnay isakinumok nakirebmem utiaY .isakinumoK naitahrep
.ilebmem kutnu habasan
.b habasan adapek tagnames nad nagnorod nakirebmem utiay ,fitnesnI kutnu
.nakrawatid gnay kudorp ilebmem areges
.c .nailebmep nakisasilaerem areges habasan utiay ,isativnI
: iulalem nakukalid tapad nalaujnep isomorp knaB igaB
.a ( lisah igab nairebmeP gnirahS tiforP .sunob nad )
.b mem gnay habasan adapek fitnesni nairebmeP odlas nagned nanapmis ikili
.utnetret
.c gnenek atres haidah ,atam arednec nairebmeP - adapek aynnial nagnanek
.layol gnay habasan
.3 ( satisilbuP yticilbuP )
habasan gnicnamem kutnu isomorp nataigek nakapurem satisilbuP
itkab ,naremap itrepes nataigek iulalem .aynnial nataigek atres laisos nataigeK
.aynhabasan arap atamid knab romap naktakgninem tapad satisilbup helO
igal kaynabrepid ulrep satisilbup ,uti anerak :4002 ,rimsaK( 181 ).
nagneD .taked hibel knab lanegnem habasan raga halada aynnaujuT
tuki t nataigek nad tubesret knab tagnignem ulales naka habasan ,tubesre
nakukalid tapad satisilbup nataigeK .habasan kiranem naka nakparahid
: iulalem
.a .naremap itukigneM
.b .lama nataigek itukigneM
.c .laicos nataigek itukigneM
32
.d .nataigek pihssosnopS
.4 ( idabirP nalaujneP gnilleS lanosreP )
mumu araces idabirp naaujnep nagnauek agabmel narasamep malad iD
irad ialum ,knaB iawagep hurules helo nakukalid ecivres gninaelc ,maptas ,
. knaB tabajep iapmas gnilleS lanosreP aganet iulalem nakukalid aguj - aganet
elas nalaujnep nakukalem kutnu s rood ot rood :4002 ,rimsaK( 181 ) .
araces nalaujneP gnilles lanosrep aparebeb nakirebmem naka
agnutnuek n ;utiay ,knaB
.a ,habasan nolac uata habasan nagned akum patatreb gnusgnal tapad knaB
tapad aggnihes habasan adapek knaB kudorp naksalejnem gnusgnal araces
.icnir
.b nahamelek gnatnet habasan irad gnusgnal isamrofni helorepmem tapaD
habasan gnay nahulek irad amaturet ,habasan irad gnusgnal atik kudorp
mel gnatnet habasan irad isamrofni kusamret nakiapmas nagnauek agab
.nial
.c .habasan nagned knab ratna barka nilajret nagnubuh naknikgnumeM
.d gnay knaB artic nakapurem nanayalep nakirebmem knaB saguteP
nad kiab nakirebid gnay nanayalep alibapa habasan adapek nakirebid
.naksaumem
.e haloes isautis taubmeM - lo ,nakragnednem habasan naksurahgnem ha
.knaB ipaggnanem nad nakitahrepmem
42
susuhk araceS gnilleS lanosreP sagutep helo nakukalid remotsuC
ecivreS uata isnetsissA ecivreS .
2.2.2 naruaB ( narasameP xiM gnitekraM )
( narasameP naruaB xiM gnitekraM nenopmok nakapurem ) - nenopmok
turunem ,nalaujnep nataigek malad id nemejanam helo naktaafnam id gnay
( narasamep awhab ayajatrek nawamreh xim gnitekram ) ludbA nimA( ,hal 7002 :
95 - 26 ) ( p4 irad iridret noitomorp ,ecalp ,ecirp ,tcudorp .)
.1 ( kudorP tcudorP )
orP ,utumreb ,nalalahek ialin nakitahrepmem surah taubid gnay kud
ileb lauj nakukaleM .aisunem napudihek nagned nagnubuhreb nad taafnamreb
( salej kadit rusnu gnudnagnem gnay rarahg naka kudorp utaus padahret )
itek nad naupinep aynidajret isnetop naklubminem utas halas padahret nalida kad
gnay kudorp utaus padahret iskasnart kutnu atik gnaralem WAS hallulusaR .kahip
rusnu gnudnagnem rarahg : WAS hallusaR adbaS .
“ nad utab narapmel nagned ileb lauj gnaraleM .WAS ibaN aynhuggnuseS ”)rarahg( aramas gnay ileb lauj . )milsuM R.H(
“ :aynatreb maziH nib mikaH “ ilebmem ayas aynhuggnuseS !hallulusaR aY
,aynadapirad ukigab lalah gnay hakapa akam ,nagnagad gnarab aparebeb:bawajneM ibaN ”?ukigab marah gnay alup apa nad uakgne alibapA”
uakgne halnagnaj akam ,utauses ilebmem uakgne mulebes ,lauj ”)aynamirenem( ayngnagemem ( milsuM R.H )
.
gnarab anamid amatu naitahrep idajnem surah kudorp utaus irad satilauK
ialinem tapad ilebmep nolac raga ,aynsatilauk kiab nad salej surah laujid gnay
eD .tubesret kudorp padahret hadum nagned kudorp naitregnep ,naikimed nagn
52
,anug ayadreb ,utum isasiradnats ihunemem halsurah hairays imonoke malad
.kirat ayad ikilimem nad hadni ,iakap id hadum
amil ada )804:3002( reltoK( turuneM kudorP natakgniT amiL
utiay ,kudorp natakgnit ,tcudorp detcepxe ,tcudorp cisab ,tifeneb eroc
tcudorp detnemgua nad tcudorp laitnetop amilek gnatnet nasalejneP .
:halada kudorp natakgnit
.a remutsoc taht tifeneb fo ecivres latnemadnuf eht yleman( tifeneb eroC
)gniyub yllaer nakrawatid gay kudorp utaus irad rasad taafnam utiay
.nemusnok adapek
.b )tcudorp eht fo noisrev cisab a yleman( tcudorp cisaB kutneb utiay
.ardni acnap helo nakasarid tapad gnay kudorp utaus irad rasad
.c dna setubirtta fo tes a yleman( tcudorp detcepxE eht taht snoitidnoc
)tcudorp siht esahcrup yeht nehw ot eerga dna tcepxe yllamron sreyub
tubirta naiakgnares utiay - isidnok nad kudorp tubirta - gnay isidnok
.kudorp utaus ilebmem taas adap ilebmep helo nakparahid
.d ulcni eno taht yleman( tcudorp detnemguA dna ecivres lanoitidda sed
)reffo s’rotitepmoc morf reffo s’ynapmoc eht hsiugnitsid taht tifeneb
helo nakrawatid gnay kudorp aratna nakadebmem gnay utauses utiay
.gniasep helo nakrawatid gnay kudorp nagned ahasu nadab
.e t fo lla yleman( tcudorp laitnetoP dna snoitatnemugra eh
eht ni ogrednu yletamitlu taht tcudorp siht taht snoitamrofsnart
)erutuf imalaid gnay kutneb nahaburep nad isatnemugra aumes utiay
.gnatad asamid kudorp utaus helo
62
K ,narasamep ilha nakakumekid gnay kudorp utaus isakifisal
aynaratnaid apadnep .reltoK helo nakakumekid gnay t nakrasadreB
,amatu kopmolek aud malad ek nakisakifisalkid tapad kudorp ,ayndujuw
:utiay
,tahilid asib aggnihes ,kisif dujuwreb gnay kudorp nakapurem ,gnaraB .a
nipid ,napmisid ,gnagepid ,asarid ,hutnesid uata abarid nad ,nakhad
.aynnial kisif naukalrep
nakrawatid gnay nasaupek uata taafnam ,sativitka nakapurem ,asaJ .b
,isaraper lekgneb aynlah itrepeS .)nial kahip ismusnokid( laujid kutnu
.ayniagabes nad letoh ,nakitnacek nolas
91( nosaM nad dyoB naitilenep turuneM nak nakenem anamid ,)3:99
naktabikagnem naka gnay kudorp irogetak aynlucnum kitsiretkarak adap
hibel idajnem kitsiretkarak akiJ .irogetak adap laisnetop nemusnok isaulave
kudorp irogetak adap kirat ayad akam ,nemusnok aumes kutnu kiranem
habmatreb nikames nanikgnumek naktakgninem naka nad akerem adap
nakukalem nad naurahabmep ispodagnem tubesret nemusnok anamalib
adap kirat ayad nakanuggnem kifiseps araces ,)21:0991( nosaM .nailebmep
nagneD .naggnalep nailebmep kutnu nasalejnep iagabes kudorp irogetak
nunem tapad kusam gnay urab kudorp utaus anamiagab nakkuj
nakirebmem aguj nosaM .irogetak utaus adap latot ismusnok naktabikagnem
atik akij akam ,irogetak utaus naka nikay asarem nemusnok alib nagnaretek
a nanikayek nagned ilikawid tapad gnay ismusnok gnuggnanem tapad nak
72
akij nasek nakirebmem aynnaumeneP .tubirta irogetak nagned ihuragnepid
naka kudorp irogetak ,udividni isnereferp malad naadebrep nakirebmem
habureb upmam naka aguj ,nahilip nakhabmanem nagned utiay ,habuid
kirat ayaD .laisnetop araces )takgninem( napaled helo kutnebid urab kudorp
,naahasurep isatuper ,kudorp nahibelek ,kudorp agrah :utiay ,rotakidni
weiver aynkurub kiab ,asaj nad iroseska ,gnukudnep kudorp naaidesretek
level nad fitaler nagnutnuek ,kudorp satiskelpmok ,kudorp ianegnem
isasiradnats .)41:9991:nosaM nad dyoB(
akitek nakiapmaynem aguj )01:2991( rifahS nad yksrevT turuneM
nial gnay nagned nahilip gnasap utas ,aynnial gnay isanimodnem nahilip
ayad naktakgninem ,itsap gnay naadaek hawabid ,tapad nahilip adap kirat
ilebmem kutnu nemusnok duskam naktakgninem naikimed nagned nad
nahilip nagned fitaler kirat ayad kirat ayad ,utigeb nagneD .tubesret nahilip
malad tauk gnay huragnep ikilimem naka isnerefer kutnu gnidnabmep
pat hasipret isaulave isautis kajes amasreb isaulave isautis malad gnaruk i
nahilip kutnu isnerefer isamrofni irad reseggnem ini rihkaret arac malad
aguj )8:2991( rivahS nad yksrevyT ,aguj uti nialeS.nalupmuk malad aynnial
gnidnabid gnay nahilip aud aratna nahilip aynada naktahilrepmem tapad nak
,tubesret nahilip hilimem kutnu nanikgnumek nakkianem uata naknurunem
gnay isamrofni isnerefer kutnu fitaler aynkirat ayad anamiagab gnutnagret
.hasipret isaulave malad nakanugid
rtsmrA & reltoK nakrasadeB 453p :1002 ,1 diliJ gno - 553
( l//:ptth /di.ca.sunib.yrarbi ) malad gnitnep nasutupek iagabreb tapadret ,
82
uti nasutupeK .udividni asaj nad kudorp narasamep nad nagnabmegnep
krem nairebmep ,kudorp tubirta ianegnem nasutupek adap naksukofid
ebal nagnasamep ,nasamegnep ,)gnidnarb( .kudorp gnukudnep asaj nad ,l
.a kudorP nagnukgniL naD kudorP tubirtA
453 ,1002( 1 diliJ gnortsmrA & reltoK adap nakrasadreB - ,)653
taafnam nautnenep naktabilem asaj uata kudorp utaus nagnabmegnep
nakisakinumokid ini taafnaM .nakirebid naka gnay nakharesid nad
nad ,)serutaef( rutif ,)ytilauq( satilauk itrepes kudorp tubirta irad
.nagnacnar
.b kreM
krem ,)753 ,1002(1 diliJ gnortsmrA & reltoK nakrasadreB
nagnacnar uata lobmis ,adnat ,halitsi ,aman iagabes nakisinifedid
uata kutnu nakduskamid gnay ini aumes irad isanibmok
laujnep kopmolek uata utas irad asaj uata kudorp isakifitnedignem
gnadnamem nemusnoK .gniasep kudorp irad aynnakadebmem nad
tapad krem nairebmep nad ,kudorp irad gnitnep naigab iagabes krem
habmanem .kudorp utaus ialin
.c nasamegneP
reltoK nakrasadreB ,1002( 1 diliJ gnortsmrA & 763 - ,)863
hadaw taubmem nad gnacnarem nataigek naktabilem nasamegnep
remirp isgnuf ,lanoisidart araceS .kudorp utaus sukgnubmep uata
utnu halada nasamek numaN .kudorp ignudnilem nad taumem k
rotkaf kaynab ,ini rihkaret utkaw aparebeb malad - gnay rotkaf
92
nikameS .gnitnep gnay narasamep tala idajnem nasamegnep taubmem
,narece okot kar aynualab uacak nad nagniasrep aynhabmatreb
tra iaynupmem nakukalem kaynab surah gnarakes nasamek awhab i
nad ,kudorp nakiarugnem ,naitahrep kiranem ,nalaujnep sagut
.nalaujnep taubmem nakhab
.d )gnilebaL( lebaL nairebmeP
toK nakrasadreB ,1002( 1 diliJ gnortsmrA & rel tapad lebal ,)963
macamreb - b macam gnay satrek gnotopes irad ialum ,aynkutne
nakapurem gnay timur kifarg iapmas kudorp adap naklepmetid
nakisakifitnedignem halada lebal isgnuF .nasamek irad naigab
.kurej adap pacid gnay tsiknuS aman itrepes ,krem uata kudorp
baL ,kudorp ianegnem lah aparebeb nakrabmaggnem tapad aguj le
anamiagab ,aynisi ,taubid anam id ,ayntaubmem gnay
naD .nama araces aynnakanuggnem anamiagab nad ,aynnaanuggnep
gnay rabmag tawel kudorp nakisomorpmem alup tapad lebal ,rihkaret
.kiranem
.e kudorP gnukudneP asaJ
toK nakrasadreB ,1002( 1 diliJ gnortsmrA & rel gnukudnep asaj ,)963
itupilem aynasaib ,kudorp igetarts irad nial nemele halada kudorp
royam uata ronim naigab idajnem tapad gnay ,asaj sinej aparebeb
P .latot narawanep irad gnukudnep asaj nakanuggnem gnay naahasure
naluggnuek helorepmem naka amatu tala iagabes kudorp
.kaynab nikames gnay fititepmok
03
.2 ( agraH ecirP )
gnitnep rotcaf nakapurem agrah )xim gnitekram( narasamep naruab malaD
rasamep hanar nakutnenem mlalad haubes helo nakisakolaid gnay na
agrah ,xim gnitekram nakutnenem gnay rotkaf tapmeek iraD.naahasurep
utas nakapurem - natapadnep uata nakusamep nakirebmem gnay rusnu aynutas
.naahasurep igab
gnau halmujes iagabes nakisinifedid tapad agrah ,ahtsaws uyab turuneM
kutnu nakhutubid gnay )nikgnum ualak gnarab aparebeb habmatid(
aynnanayalep atreseb gnarab irad isanibmok haubes naktapadnem ( .3002 512 )
agrah awhab nalupmisek kiratid tapad tubesret agrah naitregnep iraD
imeD .gnau halmujes nagned rukuid gnay asaj uata gnarab utaus ialin halada
nemusnok gnaroes aynnaknigniid gnay asaj uata gnarab haubes naktapadnem
ni laH .gnau halmujes rayabmem aler surah helo nakitahrepid surah aguj i
duskam nagned iggnit gnay agrah nakpatenem naahasurep akij ,naahasurep
akam ,seiruxul irogetak malad ayniskudorp asaj uata gnarab nakidajnem kutnu
iracid nikames naka uti gnarab nakidajnem tapad iggnit nikames gnay agrah
snok kutnu nakanugid gnay gnarab nakidib akij adebreb naka ipatet naka ,nemu
naupmamek nagned nakiauseynem nupnakanugid surah gnay agrah akam mumu
.rasap
.a agrah napatenep naujuT
tapad gnay amatu naujut tapme ada naktubeynem aynukub malad rutaC
ahasurep hiarid :utiay ,agrah nakajibek iulalem na
13
.1 pudih nahatreB
satisapak ,racneg gnay nagniasrep ipadahgnem naahasurep akiJ
akam ,nemusnok nanigniek nahaburep suret uata ,hibelreb gnay kudorp
kirbap raga hadner gnay lauj agrah nakapatenem tapad naahasurep tapad
naahasureP .ratupreb asib naaidesrep nad iskudorpreb suret
gnajnapes aynsinsib malad pudih nahatreb upmam naka ini naahasurep
agrah .ajas elbairav ayaib putunem tapad aynlauj
.2 isasilamiskameM kednep akgnaj abal
ah nakutnenem naka naahasurep nakaynabeK gnay takgnit adap agr
iggnites nagnutnuek naklisahgnem naka aynitnan - akereM .ayniggnit
nagned aynnagnubuh ada ayaib nad naatnimrep awhab nakarikrepmem
kutnu utnetret agrah takgnit nakpatenem aggnihes agrah takgnit
ak sura nad lamiskam nagnutnuek helorepmem ,ini lah malaD .s
.kednep akgnaj nagnutnuek naknaknenem hibel naahasurep
.3 rasap naigab malad luggnU
naahasureP – gnay rasap hiarem ahasureb aguj nial naahasurep
naka nanimod gnay rasap naigab ikilimem gnay naahasureP .nanimod
y ayaib rutkurts itamkinem gnajnap akgnaj nagnutnuek nad hadner gna
naahasureP .iggnit gnay – tapadnem raga sarek ahasureb ini naahasurep
hadneres lauj agrah naknurunem arac nagned rasebret rasap naigab
.nikgnum
23
.4 kudorp satilauk malad luggnU
malad nipmimep idajnem nanigniekreb nikgnum naahasurep utauS
nakpatenem ini naahasurep ,aynmumU .aynrasap id kudorp satilauk lah
nad naitilenep ayaib putunem asib raga iggnit hibel gnay lauj agrah
ayaib nad nagnnabmegnep - dorp utum naklisahgnem kutnu ayiaib gnay ku
.iggnit
,rasap emsinakem sata nakrasadid hairays imonoke malad agrah nautneneP
saza sata narawanep nad naatnimrep nataukek nakrasadreb nakutnetid agrah inkay
alerakus .)niihdarat’na( uata ayainaret gnay nup kahip utas ada kadit aggniheS
imilazret iuhategnem iskasnartreb gnay kahip haleb audek tarays nagneD .
.nakrasapid gnay agrah nad kudorp ianegnem
ylopogilo uata ylopoud ,iloponom nautnetek nakhelobrepmem malsI
autnenep malad kudorp utaus irad helorepid gnay nagnutnuek atres agrah n
lamron nagnutnuek nakapurem ( 3002 ,miraK namrawidA 53: ) gnaralem malsI .
nagned lamron nagnutnuek sata id nagnutnuek libmagnem utiay ,raithki ritkarp
nay agrah kutnu gnarab tikides hibel laujnem nalaj gnires gnay uata iggnit hibel g
lanek atik gnikees tner s’yloponom : WAS halullusaR adbaS .
” ,ikzir irebmeP nad sapeleP ,nahaneP ,agrah utneneP hallA aynhuggnuseS naadaek malad hallA nagned umetreb parahreb uka aynhuggnuses nad
k adapirad nup gnaroes kadit milahd nataubrep anerak uka tutnunem nailagnarab( agrah gnatnet uata awij padahret - ( .)gnarab ubA ,damhA.R.H
unbI helo nakhasid nad hajaM unbI ,izdimriT ,duaD .)nabbiH
33
.3 ( tapmeT ecalP )
( tapmet nautneneP ecalP naka tahilid nad uakgnajret hadum gnay )
umem irad imahamem nad itamagnem ,iuhategnem kutnu nemusnok igab nakhad
sinej sata nakrasadid tapmet nautneneP .nakrawatid gnay asaj uata kudorp utaus
kudorp kutnu aynlasiM .nakatpicid gnay kudorp uata ahasu - okabmes kudorp
( dooG remotsuC amal nahat kadit gnay ) taked naktapmetid akij kiab hibel naka
gnarab kutnU .nemusnok naadarebek nagned - iggnit utumreb nad agrahreb gnarab
.hawem nasekreb gnay tapmet id nakrayabid akij kiab hibel naka
,agrah takgnit ihuragnepmem tagnas asaj uata kudorp utaus natapmeneP
r nikames ialin iggnit nikames naka kapmadreb akam tapmet utaus evitatneserpe
.kudorp utaus
.4 ( isomorP noitomorP )
ialin nakitahrepmem surah hairays imonoke metsis malad isomorP - ialin
id gnay edotem nad naras uata aideM .naupinep ihuajnem nad narujujek
rah nakanug turunem isomorp nahamelek aparebeB .hairays nagned iauses su
gnitekraM ehT ukub malad )98:7002( halludbA nimA malad zluhcS xuA
kadit lisah gnarab ,)kutnagnem tikaynep( taht enod ,erht neeb inkay ,emaG
.)sitiutsurT dna steknirT( utumreb
.a nod ,erehT neeB taht e metsis nagned saup asarem gnay isidnok haubes inkay ,
.naknahatrepid suret uti metsis naidumek ulal nuhat isomorp
.b nakukalid gnay isomorp aynhamel anerak idajret inkay ,kutnagnem tikayneP
nad kutnagnem nemusnok aggnihes nemusnok naknasobmem tagnas ,rudit
.aynutas halas halada nopuk nairebmep
43
.c ( utumreb kadit nad licek gnaraB tseknirT gnires gnay tikaynep inkaY .)
t nad licek gnarab nairebmep halada isomorp malad iumetid di .utumreb ka
gnarab nakhutubmem gnay licek kana paggnaid nemusnoK - irebmep gnarab ,na
naka naigurek nakitsapid asib ipatet ,raseb halkadit isomorp ayaib gnamem
idajret .uti itrepes isomorp edotem nagned
naruaB“ :utiay ,)342 : 6991( iruassA nayfoS turunem isomorp naruaB
ada isomorp rusnu irad kiab gnilap gnay igetarts isanibmok hal - isomorp rusnu
utaus helo nakukalid gnay isomorp aynfitkefe tapad kutnu akam ,tubesret
apa isomorp rusnu uata natalarep uluhad hibelret nakutnetid ulrep ,naahasurep
ep anamiagab nad nakanugid aynkiabes gnay rusnu naisanibmokgn - rusnu
.”lamitpo tapad aynlisah raga tubesret
rusnu nupadA - :tukireb iagabes halada tubesret isomorp irad rusnu
irad isomorp nad naijaynep kutneb utaus nakapurem gnay ,isnetrevdA
etret rosnops utaus helo iayaibid gnay asaj /gnarab nasagag tafisreb gnay utn
.lanosrep non
utaus malad nasil araces naijaynep nakapurem gnay ,gnilleS lanosreP
raga naujut nagned ilebmep nolac hibel uata gnaroeses nagned naaracibmep
.nalaujnep aynisasilaeret tapad
ilebmep gnasgnarem gnay nataigek ,nalaujnep isomorP nemusnok helo na
alages nad isartnomed ,nakkujnutrep ,naremap itrepes nega nafitkefeek nad
.uynitnok araces nakukalid kadit gnay nalaujnep ahasu
irad naatnimrep gnasgnarem kutnu ahasu nakapurem gnay ,satisilbuP
ubmem nagned lanosrep non araces kudorp utaus atireb apureb gnay kiab ,ta
53
uata katecret aidem maladid tubesret kudorp gnatnet lisremok tafisreb gnay
.tubesret aidem malad nakraisid gnay aracnawaw lisah nupuam ,kadit
571p:1002 ,2 diliJ gnortsmrA & reltoK nakrasadreB
tala ,)/di.ca.sunib.yrarbil//:ptth( ,lepmas halada nemusnok isomorp amatu
haidah ,agrah tekap ,)sdnufer hsac( gnau naigabes nailabmegnep ,nopuk -
naagarep nad yalpsid ,naaitesek sata naagrahgnep ,isomorp gnarab ,haidah
tniop - fo - .naniamrep nad ,naidnu ,setnok atres ,esahcrup
.a nemusnok adapek nakrawatid gnay kudorp licek halmujes halada lepmaS
itnaggnep agrah nagned laujid gnay aguj ada nad sitarg gnay ada ,abocid kutnu
.sokgno
.b kutnu agrah nagnotop ilebmep irebmem gnay takifitres halada nopuK
p nailebmep .utnetret kudor
.c nagnarugnep awhab ilaucek nopuk iapureynem gnau naigabes nailabmegneP
okot id aynnakub ,nial tapmet id suruid nad ,nailebmep haletes idajret agrah
.recegnep
.d apek harum hibel utnetret kudorp agrah narawanep halada agrah tekaP ad
.nemusnok
.e gnirim agrah nagned uata sitarg nakrawatid gnay gnarab halada haidaH
.kudorp utaus ilebmem kutnu fitnesni iagabes
.f kanrep halada isomorp gnaraB - nakatec nagned ,taafnamreb gnay kinrep
.utis id nalki gnasamep aman
.g grahgneP gnay nial haidah uata ianut gnau halada naaitesek sata naa
.reluger araces naahasurep asaj uata kudorp utaus naanuggnep igab nakrawatid
63
.h tniop naagareP - fo - tapmet taked id naagarep nad yalpsid halada esahcrup
.nalaujnep uata narayabmep
.i K itrepes ,aynayrak nakmirignem kutnu nemusnok gnadnugnem setno
mirignep hilimem naka gnay lenap helo ialinid kutnu naras ,nakabet ,naiynayn
naidnU .kiabret nem nemusnok gnadnugnem kutnu aynaman nakmirig
itrepes nemusnok adapek utauses nakijaynem naniamrep naD .idnuid
nikgnum gnay ilebmem akerem ilak paite ,gnalih gnay furuh ,ognib romon
.haidah nakgnanemem akerem utnabmem
)5 elpoeP / stnapicitraP )gnarO(
turuneM dizaY :5002( )91 napisitrap uata gnaro ( elpoep ) halada aumes
ukalep gnay nakniamem naigabes aynanerak nad asaj naaideynep
ihuragnepmem ispesrep .ilebmep paites halada napisitraP nad aumes
gnaro gnay nakniamem narep utaus utkaw malad liir asaj amales(
ayngnusgnalreb nad sesorp ismusnok .)gnusgnalreb asaj inI kusamret
aumes nawayrak nad ukalep aumeS .nemusnok gnay isapisitrapreb malad
naijaynep asaj gnatnet kujnutep idajnem kitsiretkarak nupuam satilauk
asaj gnay naka amiretid snok .nemu
lamhtieZ nad rentiB malad dizaY :5002( )561 nakataynem narep
naped nad m gnay ayngnukudne naigab ,gnakaleb tagnas gnitnep
b iga nalisahrebek paites isasinagro .asaj asaj halada nawayraK i ut ,iridnes
nawayrak o halada isasinagr id ,nemusnok atam nad nawayrak halada arap
.rasamep
73
helO anerak uti turunem dizaY )241:5002( aumes rotka gnay tabilret
malad p naijayne asaj idajnem adnat - adnat nemusnok igab lebignat
naanekreb nagned asaj gnay nakrawatid utaus .isasinagro inI
pukgnacnem nawayrak asaj naahasurep nad aynnemusnok malad
nagnukgnil asaj utnetret niales nagned habmatid uti aynada nemusnok nial
gnay tapad ihuragnepmem nemusnok ispesrep ianegnem asaj naijaynep uti
.iridnes
)6 ssecorP )sesorP(
turuneM enyaP :0002( )012 sesorp nakatpicnem nad nakirebmem asaj
adap naggnalep nakapurem rotkaf malad amatu ,narasamep naruab
anerak naggnalep asaj naka gnadnamem nairebmep metsis asaj tubesret
iagabes naigab irad asaj .iridnes uti aumeS nataigek naajrekep halada
nakapurem .sesorp sesorP ini emsinakem itupilem ,nanayalep ,rudesorp
lawdaj nataigek atres utaus satinitur asaj nakirebid adapek naggnalep
sesorP - sesorp tapad d nakgnabmitrepid nagne aud arac malad utiay lah
satiskelpmok nad malad lah .isnegrevid natiakreb satiskelpmoK nagned
kitsiretkarak hakgnal - hakgnal nad naturu - naturu gnay tapadret malad
sesorp ,tubesret aratnemes isnegrevid adap ucagnem gnaur kareg uata
satilibairav naanaskalep hakgnal - d hakgnal na naturu - .aynnaturu
nakgnadeS turunem dizaY :5002( )02 sesorp utiay aumes rudesorp
a ,lautk ,emsinakem nad sativitka narila nagned m ana nakiapmasid asaj
gnay nakapurem utaus metsis naijaynep uata isarepo .asaj
83
)7 lacisyhP ecnedivE itkuB( )kisif
turuneM dizaY :5002( )02 itkub kisif halada nagnukgnil kisif anamid saj
a nakiapmasid nad anamid naahasurep nad aynnemusnok iskaretnireb nad s
paite nenopmok lebignat uata nalipmanep isatilisafnem isakinumok
asaj .tubesret
3.2.2 hairayS knaB naitregneP
anad nanupmihgnep malad kiab ;aynsativitka malad gnay knab utiaY
nalabmi nakanegnem nad nakirebmem aynanad narulaynep akgnar malad nupuam
hairays pisnirp rasad sata ( ,damhA inodoR 8002 : 41 ).
1.3.2.2 iskasnarT rasaD pesnoK
.1 pisnirp adap ucagnem ,isneisifE naujut nagned ,raithkireb kutnu gnilas
.aynkayales nakraulekid gnay ayaib nad nikgnum rasebes abal iapacnem
.2 adap ucagnem ,nalidaeK ,)ayainagnem( imilazdnem kadit gnay nagnubuh
kahip aratna naksalhkignem salhki gnilas - nagned tabilret gnay kahip
.igur nupuam gnutnu kiab ,lisah igab isroporp gnatnet lida gnay naujutesrep
.3 n nad nautnab nakrawanem gnilas pisnirp adap ucagnem ,naranebeK tahesa
.sativitkudorp naktakgninem gnilas kutnu
hairays naknabrep helo nakkitkarpid aynasaib gnay iskasnart amil adA
utiay ( ,damhA inodoR 8002 22: ):
.1 .abir rusnu gnudnagnem kadit gnay iskasnarT
.2 arac nagned gnarab ikilimem kutnu nakujutid gnay iskasnarT ileb lauj
( hahabarum .)
93
.3 ( awes arac nagned asaj naktapadnem kutnu nakujutid gnay iskasnarT araji h .)
.4 igab arac nagned ajrek ladom naktapadnem kutnu nakujutid gnay iskasnarT
( lisah habarahdum .)
.5 alada aynnalabmi gnay orig ,nagnubat ,otisoped iskasnarT lisah igab h
( habarahdum ( napitit iskasnart nad ) ha’idaw .)
2.3.2.2 hairayS naknabreP kudorP
:utiay naigab agit idajnem igabid tapad hairays naknabrep kudorP
.a anad narulaynep kudorP
d nakrulaynem malaD kudorp raseb sirag araces ,habasan adap ana
nakadebid gnay irogetak agit maladek igabret hairays knab naayaibmep
utiay aynnaanuggnep naujut nakrasadreb ( ,damhA inodoR 8002 32: ):
.1 nakukalid gnarab ikilimem kutnu nakujutid gnay naayaibmep iskasnarT
p nagned .ileb lauj pisnir
.2 nakukalid asaj naktapadnem kutnu nakujutid gnay naayaibmep iskasnarT
.awes pisnirp nagned
.3 anug nakujutid gnay amasajrek ahasu kutnu naayaibmep iskasnarT
.lisah igab pisnirp nagned ,asaj nad gnarab sugilakes naktapadnem
rogetak adaP id nakutnetid knab nagnutnuek takgnit ,audek nad amatrep i
gnay kudorP .laujid gnay asaj uata gnarab sata atrah naigab idajnem nad naped
,ileb lauj pisnirp nakanuggnem gnay kudorp halada ini kopmolek malad kusamret
itrepes malas ,hahabarum nad anhsitsi res pisnirp nakanuggnem gnay kudorp at
utiay awes .haraji
04
irad nakutnetid knab nagnutnuek takgnit ,agitek irogetak adap nakgnadeS
igab kudorp adaP .lisah igab pisnirp nagned iauses ahasu nagnutnuek aynraseb
y lisah igab habsin helo nakutnetid nagnutnuek lisah .akum id itakapesid gna
halada ini kopmolek malad ek kusamret gnay naknabrep kudorP hakaraysum nad
.hahabarum
anad narulaynep kudorP hairays naknabrep : halada
.1 ( ileB lauJ pisnirP i’aB )
uj pisnirP aynada nagned nagnubuhes nakanaskalid ileb la
( adneb uata gnarab nakilimepek nahadniprep ytreporp fo refsnart takgniT .)
gnarab sata atrah naigab idajnem nad knab id nakutnetid knab nagnutnuek
.laujid gnay
ep kutneb nakrasadreb nakadebid ileb lauj iskasnarT nad aynnarayabm
:itrepes ,gnarab nahareynep utkaw
.a hahabaruM naayaibmeP
,lija namast ib hahabaruM iagabes lanekid hibel .hahabaruM
hahabaruM “ atak irad lasareb gnay hbir ” iskasnart halada )nagnutnuek(
kadnitreb knaB .aynnagnutnuek halmuj tubeynem knab anamid ileb lauj
halada lauj agraH .ilebmep iagabes habasan aratnemes ,laujnep iagabes
surah kahip audeK .nagnutnuek habmatid kosamep irad knab ileb agrah
j agrah itakapeynem lauj agraH .narayabmep utkaw akgnaj nad lau
tapad kadit itakapesid halet akij nad ileb lauj daka malad nakmutnacid
,naknabrep malaD .daka aynukalreb amales habureb hahabarum aynmizal
( nalicic narayabmep arac nagned nakukalid lija namast ib malaD .)
14
skasnart nakgnades ,daka haletes areges nakharesid gnarab ini i
.huggnat araces nakukalid narayabmep
.b malaS
malaS laujrepid gnay gnarab anamid ileb lauj iskasnart halada
huggnat araces nakharesid gnarab uti anerak helO .ada muleb nakileb
id narayabmep nakgnades ,ilebmep iagabes kadnitreb knaB .ianut nakukal
ileb lauj pirim ini iskasnart salikeS .laujnep iagabes habasan aratnemes
utkaw nad ,agrah satilauk ,satitnauk ,ini iskasnart malad numaN .noji
.itsap araces nakutnetid surah gnarab nahareynep
.c anhsitsI
dorP ku anhsitsi kudorp iapureynem ,malas malad numan anhsitsi
)nimret( ilak aparebeb malad knab helo nakukalid tapad aynnarayabmep
.narayabmep anhsitsi mikS nakisakilpaid aynmumu hairays knab malad
.iskurtnok nad rutkafunem naayaibmep adap
.2 ( aweS pisnirP jI hara )
iskasnarT haraji adap idaJ .taafnam nahadniprep aynada isadnalid
pisnirp aynrasad haraji numan ,ileb lauj pisnirp nagned ajas amas
kejbo ileb lauj adap aliB .ayniskasnart kejbo adap katelret aynnaadebrep
adap akam ,gnarab halada ayniskasnart haraji o .asaj halada ayniskasnart kejb
gnay gnarab laujnem ajas tapad knab ,awes asam rihka adaP
lanekid hairays naknabrep malad uti aneraK .habasan adapek aynnakawesid
24
nagned kilmattib hayihatnum haraji aynnahadmiprep itukiid gnay awes(
d awes agraH .)nakilimepek .naijnajrep lawa adap itakapesid lauj agrah na
.3 ( lisaH igaB bisnirP hakriyS )
:halada hairays pisnirp nakrasadid gnay hairays naayaibmep kudorP
.a hakaraysuM
halada lisah igab irad mumu kutneB hakaraysum ( hakriys uata
iskasnarT .)isgnok takires hakaraysum arap nanigniek aynada isadnalid
akerem gnay tessa ialin naktakgninem kutnu amasajrekeb gnay kahip
amasreb araces ikilim - nagnolog malad kusamreT .amas hakaraysum
anamid hibel uata kahip aud naktabilem gnay ahasu kutneb aumes halada
masreb araces a- gnay kiab ayadrebmus kutneb hurules nakudamem amas
.dujuwreb kadit nupuam dujuwreb
amas ajrekeb gnay kahip irad isubirtnok kutneb kifiseps araceS
gnidart( nagnagadrep gnarab ,anad apureb tapad tessa naatsawsariwek ,)
( pihsruenerpertne ( nailhaek ,) lliks ,) ( nakilimepek ytreporp natalarep ,)
( tnempiuqe uata ,) tessa elbignatni uata netap kah itrepes( lliwdoog ,)
( naayacrepek ssenihtrow tiderc gnarab nad ) - tapad gnay aynnial gnarab
kutneb irad isanibmok hurules mukgnarem nagneD .gnau nagned ialinid
isam isubirtnok gn - nakidajnem utkaw nasatab apnat uata nagned gnisam
.lebiskelf tagnas ini kudorp
.b habarahduM
habarahduM hibel uata kahip aud aratna amasajrek kutneb halada
( ladom kilimep anamid laam lubihohs ladom halmujes nakayacrepmem )
34
( alolegnep adapek birahdum ned ) naigabmep naijnajrep utaus nag
%001 isubirtnok nagned amasajrek naksagenem ini kutneB .nagnutnuek
irad ladom laam lubihohs irad nailhaek nad .birahdum
irad laisnese gnay naadebreP hakaraysum nad habarahduM
katelret adap nemejanam sata isubirtnok aynraseb d na halas uata nagnauek
malaD .uti aratnaid utas ,habarahduM utas irad lasareb aynah ladom
malad nakgnadeS .kahip hakaraysum uata kahip aud irad lasareb ladom
.hibel
.4 pakgneleP dakA
mem kutnU nakulrepid aynasaib ,naayaibmep naanaskalep hadumrep
iracnem kutnu nakujutid kadit ini pakgnelep dakA .pakgnelep daka aguj
naanaskalep hadumrepmem kutnu nakujutid numan ,nagnutnuek
daka malad ,nagnutnuek iracnem nakujutid kadit nupikseM .narayabmep
kgnelep ayaib itnaggnep atnimem kutnu nakhelobrepid ini pa - gnay ayaib
ini ayaib itnaggnep aynraseB .ini daka nakanaskalem kutnu nakraulekid
raneb gnay ayaib iputunem kutnu radakes - .lubmit raneb
.a halawiH
halawiH malaD .gnatuip gnatu nakhilagnem iskasnart halada i halits
irad gnatu nabeb nahadnimep nakapurem ini lah ,amalu lihum gnay gnaro(
nagnuggnat idajnem )gnatureb hiala’lahum nabijawekreb gnay gnaro uata
gnatu rayabmem ( otnairuN .M , 0102 : 45 ).
.b nhaR
44
nhaR halada nanimaj iagabes majnimep is atrah utas halas nahanem
ialin ikilimem tubesret nahatid gnay gnaraB .aynamiretid gnay namajnip sata
gnarukes lauj ialin nad simonoke - gnay namajnip nagned arates ayngnaruk
gnay kahip naikimed nagneD .rasap agrah turunem amiretid nahanem
naigabes uata hurules ilabmek libmagnem tapad kutnu nanimaj helorepmem
.ayngnatuip daka naujuT nhar narayabmep nanimaj nakirebmem halada
naayaibmep nakirebmem malad knab adapek ilabmek ( otnairuN .M , 0102 :5 )5 .
hdraQ
raQ hd halada pek atrah nairebmep higatid tapad gnay nial gnaro ada
parahgnem apnat nakmajnimem nial atak nagned uata ilabmek atnimid uata
,kisalk hiqif rutaretil malaD .nalabmi draq malad nakirogetakid iuwahtat dqa
laisremok iskasnart nakub utnabmem gnilas daka uata ( otnairuN .M , 0102 :5 )6 .
.c halakaW
halakaW uata naisagelednep ,nahareynep itrareb halakiw uata
iagabes imahapid tapad ini lah bara asahab malaD .tadnam nairebmep ta
.diwfat aisunam anerak halakaw la nagned duskamid gnay ipatet nakA
iaynupmem gnaro paites kadiT .aynnakhutubmem uata naupmamek
utaus adaP .iridnes aynnasuru alages nakiaseleynem kutnu natapmesek
adapek naajrekep utaus nakisagelednem ulrep gnaroeses gnaroeses ,utkaw
aynirid ilikawem kutnu nial gnaro ( otnairuN .M , 0102 :5 )7 .
.d halafaK
halafaK id tapad )knab isnarag( kutnu naujut nagned nakaireb
naktaraysrepmem tapad knaB .narayabmep nabijawek utaus nimajnem
54
iagabes ini satilisaf kutnu anad halmujes naktapmenem kutnu habasan nhar .
pisnirp nagned tubesret anad amirenem alup tapad knaB ha’idaw tapad knaB .
nep naktapadnem .nakirebid gnay asaj sata ayaib itnagg
.b anad nupmihgnep kudorP
.1 ha’idaw pisnirP
pisnirP ha’idaw halada nakulrepid gnay hanamahd day ha’idaw gnay
.orig gnineker kudorp adap nakparetid hanamahd day ha’idaW adebreb
nagned hanama day ha’idaw malaD . ’idaW hanama day ha aynpisnirp adap
malad nakgnadeS .ipititid gnay helo naktaafnamid helob kadit napitit atrah
lah hanamahd day ha’idaw sata bawaj gnuggnatreb )knab( ipititid gnay kahip
napitit atrah naktaafnamem helob kadit aggnihes napitit atrah nahutuek
esret .tub
.2 habarahduM pisnirP
pisnirp nakisakilpagnem malaD habarahdum uata napmiynep ,
iagabes kadnitreb nasoped laam lubihahs iagabes knab nad )ladom kilimep(
birahdum nakukalem kutnu knab nakanugid tubesret anaD .)alolegnep(
naayaibmep habarahdum uata araji h tapaD .uluhadret naksalejid gnay itrepes
naayaibmep nakukalem kutnu knab nakanugid tubesret anad alup
habarahdum gnay habsin nakrasadreb naklisah igabid naka ini ahasu lisaH .
naayaibmep nakukalem kutnu aynnakanuggnem knab lah malaD .itakapesid
habarahdum .idajret gnay naigurek sata hunep bawaj gnuggnatreb knab ,
nukuR habarahdum ( anrupmes ihunepret birahdum ahasu ,anad kilimep ,
64
,naklisah igabid naka gnay habsin pisnirP .)luboq baji nad , habarahdum ini
isoped nad akgnajreb nagnubat kudorp adap nakisakilpaid .akgnajreb ot
.3 pakgnelep dakA
aynasaib ,anad nanupmihgnep naanaskalep hadumrepmem kutnU
kutnu nakujutid kadit pakgnelep dakA .pakgnelep daka aguj nakulrepid
naanaskalep hadumrepmem kutnu nakujutid numan ,nagnutnuek iracnem
utid kadit nupikseM .naayaibmep malad ,nagnutnuek iracnem kutnu nakuj
ayaib itnaggnep atnimem kutnu nakhelobid ini pakgnelep daka - gnay ayaib
ini ayaib itnaggnep aynraseB .ini daka nakanaskalem kutnu nakraulekid
raneb gnay ayaib iputunem radekes - .lubmit raneb
.4 )nalikawrep( halakaW
malaD habasan alibapa idajret halakaw ,naknabrep isakilpa
naajrekep nakukalem aynirid ilikawem kutnu knab adapek asauk nakirebmem
.gnau refnart nad okasni itrepes ,utnetret asaj
.c naknabreP asaJ
ek naknabrep asaj nanayalep iagabreb nakukalem tapad hairays knaB adap
naknabrep asaJ .nagnutnuek uata awes apureb nalabmi tapadnem nagned habasan
:apureb nial aratna tubesret
.1 )gnisa atulav ileb lauj( frahS
pisnirp nagned nalajes gnisa atulav ileb lauj ,aynpisnirp adaP frahs .
ini sinejes kadit gnay gnau atam ileb lauJ nakanaskalid surah aynnahareynep
( amas gnay utkaw adap tops ileb lauj urad nagnutnuek libmagnem knaB .)
.ini gnisa atulav
74
.2 )awes( harajI
nataigek sineJ haraji ( nanapmis katok naaweynep nial aratna efas
xob tisoped ( nemukod isartsinimmda anaskal atat asaj nad ) naidotsuc knaB .)
tubesret asaj irad awes nalabmi tapad
3.2 rikipreB akgnareK
.
inajniR imuB SRPB
habasaN halmuJ
kudorP isomorP agraH
xiM gnitekraM igetartS
