BA PLAN: Sleeping More, Stressing Less Sarah Kim.
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Transcript of BA PLAN: Sleeping More, Stressing Less Sarah Kim.
BA PLAN: Sleeping
More, Stressing Less
Sarah Kim
How can sleep affect stress, anxiety, and procrastination levels?
Many studies support associations between lack of sleep with stress and anxiety, and vice versa. Positive correlations
(Lund, Reider, Whiting, & Prichard, 2010; Misra & McKean, 2000; Ross, Neibling, & Heckert, 1999; Wolfson, 2010)
Having healthy sleeping habits can promote mental well-being (Howell, Digdon, Buro, & Sheptycki, 2008)
Relationship between procrastination levels and time preferences. When to take care of business
When to wake up or go to bed
(Franzisco Díaz-Morales, Ferrari, & Cohen, 2002)
University Student Sleep Study
Participants: University students 17-
24 years of age.
Measured: Sleep patterns and
relationship to behavior.
Results: Low amounts of sleep
are followed by symptoms of emotional disturbances
(Lund, Reider, Whiting, & Prichard, 2010)
Sleep Quality Relates to Overall Well-being
Participants: 305 undergraduate
students
Measured: Mental health and
sleeping conditions
Results: Students with healthy
sleeping habits scored higher on mental health assessments
(Howell, Digdon, Buro, & Sheptycki, 2008)
Prominent Origins of College Student Stress
Participants: 100 college students
Measured: Student Stress Survey
items
“Interpersonal”, “Intrapersonal”, “Academic” & “Environmental”
Results: Change in sleeping
patterns was the most significant source of stress
(Ross, Neibling, & Heckert, 1999)
Introducing Procrastination
Definition: Putting off a time-sensitive action
until one begins to feel unsettled (Ferrari, 1992).
Research provided evidence for relationship between time preferences & procrastination tendencies (Díaz-Morales, Ferrari, & Cohen,
2008)
Another study contributed that stress is identified with procrastination in students. Stress moderates time
preference and procrastination associations.
(Hess, Sherman, & Goodman, 2000)
Conclusion of Literary Research:
If poor sleeping habits correlates closest with measurements of anxiety and stress, and procrastination is a probable result of stress, then practicing better sleeping habits should also cut down on procrastination.
Hypothesis:
Independent Variable Hours slept each
night
Dependent Variables
Level of stress
Level of anxiety
Level of procrastination
Getting at least 7 hours of sleep each night will reduce stress and anxiety levels, as well as decrease level of procrastination.
Participant:
One 20-year old female participant of mixed race
3rd year of college
No exclusion criteria
Measures:DASS-21 Scale
Measures depression, anxiety, and stress (7 items each)
Rating scale (0-3) for each item 0 – did not apply to me at all
1 – applied to me to some degree
2 – applied to me a considerable degree
3 – applied to me most of the time
Example items: Depression: “I couldn’t seem to
experience any positive feeling at all”
Anxiety: “I was aware of dryness of my mouth”
Stress: “I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy”
Lay’s Procrastination Scale
Measures procrastination (20 items)
Rating Scale (1-5) for each item 1 – extremely uncharacteristic
2 – moderately uncharacteristic
3 – neutral
4 – moderately characteristic
5 – extremely characteristic
Example items: Procrastinative Behavior: “I
often find myself performing tasks that I had intended to do days before”
Reverse-Scored: “When it is time to get up in the morning, I most often get right out of bed”
Procedure:1. Collect baseline data for DASS-21 and
Procrastination Scale measures
2. Attempt to sleep 7 hours each night, 5 nights a week (Monday-Friday) for 6 weeks
3. Record number of hours slept the previous night, rounding to nearest whole hour
4. After trial period is over, administer both tests once more and collect post-test data.
Results Successfully engaged
in BA Plan 20 out of 30 total nights. Mean: 4 nights/week
Min: 2 nights/week
Max: 5 nights/week
Slept total of 209 hours Mean: 34.8
hours/week
Min: 28 hours/week
Max: 42 hours/week
Baseline Scores: Stress: 30
Anxiety: 16
Procrastination: 80
Post-Test Scores: Stress: 7
Anxiety: 3
Procrastination: 56
Figures
Baseline Score for stress:
Post-test Score for stress:
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Baseline v. Post-test DASS-21 Stress Score
Axis Title
Baseline Score for anxiety: Post-test Score for anxiety:02468
1012141618
Baseline v. Post-test DASS-21 Anxiety Score
Anxie
ty S
core
0306090
Baseline v. Post-test Procrastination Score
• A paired-samples t test would be the most appropriate method to compare baseline scores of each measure to their respective post-test scores.• IV: Hours slept• DV: Baseline & post-test
scores for each measure• Will most likely see lower means in
post-test scores.
What do these results show?
There is a possibility that my hypothesis is correct. Post-test scores of each measure turned out to
be much lower than the baseline scores.
Therefore, getting at least 7 hours of sleep each night for 5 nights per week had a possible significant effect on stress, anxiety, and procrastination levels.
If follow-up research supports this finding, this means that amount of sleep each night significantly affects levels of stress, anxiety, and procrastination in human beings.
Limitations Only one participant in the study.
Cannot perform statistical tests on data
Sample data cannot accurately represent an entire population
Possible experimenter’s bias Participant, who was also the experimenter, had
full knowledge of the current study, which brings up the possibility of biased responses to measures
Outside factors affecting ability to successfully complete BA plan every night
Suggestions for Future Research
To avoid limitations of the current study, future research should: Recruit a much larger sample representative of a specific
population (preferably adolescents or college students)
Withhold information from the participants that may cause biased responses.
Other questions to explore: How many total nights can the behavioral activation plan
be skipped and still have a significant overall effect on stress, anxiety, and procrastination levels?
Since stress and anxiety are often related to depression, and a common symptom of depression is sleep disorders, will this study have a similar effect with depression as one of the dependent variables?