BA-BSc III Sem. Common Course Malayala Sahithyam.pmd

School of Distance Education

ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 1

ae-bmf kmlnXvyw

COMMON COURSE

For

BA / B ScIII SEMESTER

(2011 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

111


ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA/B Sc

III SEMESTER

COMMON COURSE

ae-bmf kmln-Xyw

Prepared by:

Module I - Sri. N. Balakrishnan,Module II (hr≤-kZ\w) Njayath House,

P.O. Malayamkavu, Kulukkallur.

Module II (sNdp-I-Y) - Dr. Radha. P.I,Module III & IV Associate Professor,

Department of Malayalam,Unity Women’s Collge, Manjeri.

Scruitnised by - Dr. K.M. Priyadarsanlal,‘Swathi’, Malapparamba,Kozhikode - 673009.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

(c)Reserved


ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 3

Df-f-S°w t]Pv \º¿

samU-yqƒ ˛ 1

tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw 5

Km‘mco hnem]w 9

Ie-ym-W-skuK‘nIw 16

N≠m-e- n-£pIn 23

ae-tI-d¬ 28

Hcp tXmWn-bmX 31

IdpØ sN´n-®n-Iƒ 38

_m°n h√-Xp-apt≠m 41

amº-g-°mew 44

samU-yqƒ ˛ 2

hr≤-k-Z\w 46

ssSK¿ 68

aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ 71

LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw 73

samU-yqƒ ˛ 3

Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ 75

kmln-X-y-hn-Zy 80

samU-yqƒ ˛ 4

ImgvN 83

k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv 87


ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 4


ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 5

samU-yqƒ 1

tKmh¿≤t\m≤m-cWw(IrjvW-Km-Y)

sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xncn

ae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-X-y-Øns‚bpw hnI-mk ]cn-Wma ]≤-Xn-bnse Hcp hgn-Øn-

cn-hmWv IrjvW-KmY AYhm IrjvW-∏m- v. kmam-\-y-P-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cn∂ \mtSm-Sn-

∏m-´p-I-fp-tSbpw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°v amXw e`n-®n-cp∂ kwkvIrX kmln-XyØns‚bpw kwkvIm-

cßfpsS -k-a-\-z-b-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. \mtSm-Sn-Km-\-hr-Ø-ß-fpsS ssien-bn¬

kmln-Xy KpW-k-ºp-jvS-ambn ae-bm-f-Ønep≠mb H∂m-asØ alm-Im-h-y-amWv IrjvW-KmY F∂p

]d-bmw. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬ D≠mbsX∂v hni-z-kn-°m-hp∂ Cu IrXn-bnep-

]-bp-‡-amb ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kmc-fyw C∂pw A¤p-Xm-h-l-amWv. kwkvIrX mj-bnepw kwkvIr-

X-Øn\v ap≥Xq°apff aWn-]-hm-f-Ønepw amXw Ihn-X-sb-gpXp∂Xv `qj-W-ambn Icp-Xn-bncp∂

ImeØv Hcp \ºq-Xncn°hn Fgp-Xnb kmln-X-y-aq-e-y-ap-ff Hcp IrXn F∂ khn-ti-j-Xbpw

AXn-\p-≠v. mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ ae-bm-f-tØmSpw BJ-ym-\-ssi-en-bn¬ aWn-]-hmf kº-Zm-b-tØmSpw

tN¿∂p \n¬°p∂p F∂-XmWv IrjvWKm-Y-bpsS as‰mcp ]tX-y-I-X. ip≤-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-ß-fpsS

Hc-]q¿∆ tiJ-cw-Iq-Sn-bmWv IrjvW-KmY. Fgp-Ø-—\v apºv ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ BJ-ym\w sNbvX

Hcp anI® Imhyw F∂ \nebv°pw B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-Øps‚ Bcw`w kqNn-∏n-°p∂ IrXn

F∂ \nebv°pw IrjvW-Km-Y-bv°p-ff ]m[m-\yw hnkva-cn-bv°m-h-X-√.

sNdp-t»cn \ºqcn

tIme-Øncn cmPm-hmb Hcp DZ-b-h¿Ωs‚ Bin-X-\m-bn-cp∂p sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xncnsb∂pw

At±-l-Øns‚ Bh-i-y-]-Imcw cNn-®-XmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-sb∂pw Imh-y- m-K-Øp¬\n∂v kv]jvS-am-Wv.

]memgn-amXp Xm≥ ]men-®p-t]m-cp∂

tImem-[n-\m-Y-\p-Z-b-h¿Ω≥

B⁄-sb-s®-bvI-bm¬

- F∂ KŸm-cw- -Ønse kqN-\bpw

B⁄bm tIme `q]-ky

]m⁄tkym-Z-b-h¿ΩWm˛

IrXmbmw IrjvW-Km-Ymbmw

F∂v A≤-ym-b-ß-fpsS Ah-km-\-ß-fnepw ImWp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.

Ihn-tbbpw Pohn-X-Im-e-tØbpw Ipdn®v CXn¬°q-Sp-X¬ hy-‡-amb sXfp-shm∂pw

e`n-®n- n-√. IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv cmam-b-Ww, `mcXw XpS-ßnb ]kn≤ aWn-]-hm-f-N-ºp-

°-fpsS I¿Øm-hmb ]q\w \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂pw Hc- n-]m-b-ap-≠v. IrjvW-Km-Y-sb-t∏mse alm-

`m-c-X-Km-Y-sb-s∂mcp IrXnbpw Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. AXpw DZ-b-h¿Ω cmPm-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-

]-Imcw cNn-®-sX-∂mWv kqN-\. Cu c≠p KmY-Ifpw GI-I¿Ør-I-am-sW∂pw Hc- n-]m-b-ap-≠v.

IrjvW-KmY, `c-X-Km-Y, cmam-b-Ww, alm- m-cX Nºp-°ƒ F∂n-h-bnse BJ-ym-\-co-Xnbpw `mjm-

co-Xnbpw Ah hn`n∂ I¿Ør-I-ß-sf∂v hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂p-sh-∂mWv ]WvUn-X-aXw. Ime-I-a-Øn¬

sNdn-t»cn C√w A\yw \n∂v ]\w C√Øn¬ ebn-®p-sh-s∂mcp sFXn-l-yhpw ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v.

Cu IY Adn-bp-∂-h¿ IrjvW-KmY ]p\Ønt‚sX∂pw A√m-Ø-h¿ sNdn-t»-cn-bp-tS-sX∂pw


ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 6

]d™p h∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv ]p\w \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂

hni-zmkw D≠m-b-sX∂v alm-Ihn Df-fq¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. IrjvW-Km-Ym-Im-cs‚ t]cv

i¶-c≥ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ s]mXpsh C√-t∏-cn¬ Adn-™p-h-∂n-cp∂Xn\m¬

At±lw sNdp-t»cn F∂ t]cn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv ]kn-≤-\m-b-Xm-sW∂pw Duln-°mw.

InkvX-z_vZw]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠mWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS cN-\m-Imew F∂v qcn-]£w kmln-X-y-

N-cn-XIm-c-∑mcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

KŸ-k-z-cq]w

`‡n-c-k-]-[m-\-amb mK-h-X-Ønse Zi-a-kvI-‘-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bnse IYm-h-kvXp.

Ihn DZ-b-h¿Ω cmPm-hp-ambn NXp-cwKw Ifn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ cmPm-hn-\v Ifn-bn¬

hnP-bn-°m≥ th≠ kqN\ \¬In-s°m≠p cm⁄n Hcp Xmcm- p-]m-Sn-sb∂pw B Xmcm- ns‚

coXn-bn¬ mK-h-X-Ønse Zi-a-kv°-‘-Øn-ep-ff IYsb Ah-ew-_n-®v- Hcp ae-bmf Imhyw cNn-

°m≥ cmPmhv Ihn-tbmSv \n¿t±-in-®p-sh-∂p-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS D¬]-Øn-sb-∏‰nbpff ]kn-

≤-amb sFXn-l-yw. IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ mK-hXw Zi-akvI-‘-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂ ioIr-jvWm-h-

Xmcw apX¬ kz¿§m-tcm-l-Ww-h-sc-bp-ff ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv apJ-y-ambpw h¿Æn-°p-∂-

sX-¶nepw ]Xn-s\m∂pw ]¥≠pw kvI‘-ß-fn-tebpw Nne mK-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. mK-h-X-

I-Y-I-fpsS icn-∏-I¿∏mb Hcp ]p\-cm-J-ym-\-a√ IrjvW-Km-Y-. aqe-I-Ysb kz¥w A`n-cp-Nn-bv°-

\p-k-cn®v Npcp-°p-∏-d-bm\pw hnkvX-cn-®p-]-]mZn-°m\pw At±lw aSn-®n-√. kq`Zm-l-cWw

t]mse aqeØn¬ Npcp°n ]Xn-]m-Xn-®-Xns\ Hcp ]q¿Æ Imh-y-cq-]-Øn-em°n h¿Æn°p∂ m-

K-ßfpw D≠v. Hcp kz-X¥Imh-y-Øns‚ coXn-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ kzo-I-cn-®n- p-f-f-Xv. kwkvIr-

X-Øn-tebpw ae-bm-f-Øn-tebpw ]q¿∆-I-hn-I-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Bi-b-ßƒ kzo-I-cn®v \qX\

`wKn-tbmsS kz¥w IrXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-Xnepw sNdpt»cn t]mcmbva I≠n- n-√. ]c-Io-

bm-i-b-ßƒ°v kz¥w mh-\m-hn-emkw sIm≠v auen-I-Xzw hcp-Øp-∂-Xnepw At±lw _‘-i-

≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]u-c-∑m-cn¬ ]pcm-W-I-Ym-J-ym-\-Øn-eqsS ‡n Dd-∏n-bv°pbpw sshcm-Kyw P\n-∏n-bv°p-I-bp-amWv Imh-y-e-£-yw.

kµ¿`w

ioIr-jvWs‚ _me-eo-e-I-fn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ H∂mWv tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw. hrµm-h-\-

hm-kn-Iƒ sIm√w tXmdpw tZthµ\v Hcp hntij ]qP\¬Inbncn-∂p. Hcn-°¬ \µ-tKm-]cpw

kwLhpw Cµ-]q-Pbv°v h´w-Iq- p-∂-Xp-I≠v AsX-¥n-\m-sW∂v DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ At\-z-jn-®p.

tZthµ\mWv ag-bpsS A[n-\m-b-I≥. At±lw ]ng-]-‰msX h¿jn-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv

kk-y-e-Xm-Zn-Ifpw ]p√pw `qan-bn¬ hf-cp-∂-Xv. AXmWv \ΩpsS k¿∆-k-z-amb ]ip-°ƒ°v

`£-Ww. Cu D]-Im-c-kva-c-W-bv°mWv \mw Cµ-]qP \S-Øp-∂Xv F∂v \µ-tKm-]¿ ]d-™p.

Al-¶m-cn-bmb Cµs‚ Z¿∏w AS-°m≥ ]‰nb Ah-kcw CXp-Xs∂ F∂p Xo¿®-bm°n

ioIr-jvW≥ Nncn-®p-sIm≠p ]d-™p. CXv h√mØ h¶Øw Xs∂. Cµ≥ ag-s]-øn-°p-∂-

Xp-sIm≠p amX-a√ tKmh¿≤\w F∂ ]¿∆Xw ChnsS D≠m-b-Xp-sIm-≠pIqSnbmWv btYjvSw

]p√p apfbv°p-∂Xv. AXpsIm≠mWv \ΩpsS ]ip-°ƒ Xn∂p-sIm-gp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu

]¿∆-X-tØbpw ]ip-°-tf-Ø-t∂-bp-amWv \mw ]qPn-t°-≠Xv .

AXnepw Hcp-bp-‡n-bp-s≠∂p a\- n-em-°nb tKm]-∑m¿ Cµ-]q-P-bvs°m-cp-°pb

km[-\-ßƒsIm-≠v ]¿∆X-tØbpw ]ip-°-tfbpw ]qPn-®p. ioIr-jvW≥ amb-sIm≠v ]¿∆-X-

cq]w [cn®v ]X-y-£-\mbn ]qPm-Z-h-y-ßƒ kz-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tKm]-∑m¿°v AsXmcp

]pXnb A\p- -h-am-bn-cn-∂p. AtXmsS F√m-h¿°pw hni-zm-khpw Xr]vXn-bp-am-bn. X\n-bv°p-ff


ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 7

]qP ioIr-jvW≥ apS-°n-b Imcyw \mc-Z≥ ]d-™-dn™v Ip]n-X-\mb tZth-µ≥ tKm]≥amsc

Hcp ]mTw ]Tn-∏n-bv°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ]qP-I-gn™v tKm]-∑m¿ Xncn®p t]mIm≥ XpS-ßp∂

ka-bØv Cµ≥ t]amcn XpSßn. `b-hn-l-z-e-cmb tKm]¿ ioIr-jvWt\mSv k¶Sw ]d-™p.

ioIr-jvW≥ \nßƒ ]qPn® ]¿∆Xw Xs∂ \nßsf c£nbv°pw F∂p ]d-™m-i-z-kn-∏n®v

tKmh¿≤\]¿∆Xw ]pg-°n-sb-SpØv Hcp IpS-t]mse CS-Xp-ssI-sIm≠v Db¿Øn∏nSn®v

tKm]-tcbpw tKm°-tfbpw AXn-\p-Io-gn¬ \n¿Øn ]f-b-h¿j-Øn¬ \n∂v c£n®p

\n¬°mØ ag Ggp-Zn-hkw XpS¿∂p. ioIr-jvW≥ ssI Ipg™v ]¿∆Xw Xmsg-bn-Sp-sa-∂mWv

Cµ≥ ]Xo-£n-®-Xv. ]t£ taL-ß-fmWv Ipgßn-bXv. ag X\nsb \n∂p. K¿∆- wKw h∂

tZth-µ≥ Imt[-\p-hn-t\bpw sIm≠p-h∂v ioIr-jvWs‚ ]mZ-ßƒ hWßn am∏-t]-£n-®p.

Ima-t[-\p-hns‚ ]m¬sIm≠v ioIr-jvWs\ A`n-tjIw sNbvXv tKmhn-µ≥ F∂ Hcp

Hma-\-t∏cpw sImSp-Øp.

t]am-cn-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-bv°m≥ tKm]-∑m¿ At]-£n-bv°p-∂-Xp-ap-X¬°mWv ]mT-y- m-Kw.

Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS

Xt∂bpw ......................................... \n∂-∂p-sNm-∂m≥

tImg-s∏-SpI = Zp:Jnbv°pI

Xs‚ Np‰-]mSpw h∂p-\n¬°p-∂-h-sc√mw Cßs\ Zp:Jnbv°p-∂-\p-I-≠-t∏mƒ Cu tImcn-

s®m-cn-bn∂ s]cp-ag I≠n v Bcpw Zp:Jn°≠ F∂v ioIr-jvW≥ ]d-™p.

tKmh¿≤-\-tØmSv ......................................................... ]n≠-Øn\pw

ioIr-jvW≥ ]d™p, Cu cq]-Ø¬ \n∂v c£n-bv°phm≥ \nß-sf-√m-hcpw tKmh¿≤-

\-]¿∆-X-tØmSv At]-£n®p t\m°p-hn≥ . tZth-µ-\p-]-Icw \nß-fpsS ]qPsb kzo-I-cn-®Xv

Ch-\m-W-t√m. Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah≥ \nß-fpsS k¶-SsØ ]cn-l-cn®v c£n-°pw. I≠-Xn\v

Ah-Im-i-ap-f-f-h≥ Xs∂-bm-Wt√m ]nWvUwsh-bvt°-≠-Xpw.

I≠tØ-bm-≠-h≥ ]n≠-tØbpw

hni-Zo-I-cWw JWvUw , IjvWw F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ X¬`m-h-amdn I≠w F∂ ]Z-

sa-Sp-°mw. I≠w F∂ ]ZØn\v qk-zØv F∂ A¿∞-Øn≥ ]Nm-c-ap-≠v. ]q¿∆n-Is‚ kzØn\v

Ah-Im-i-ap-ff A\-¥c-h≥ ]nWvUw (]n≠w ˛ X¬`m-hw) shbv°m\pw (a-c-Wm-\-¥c Inb)

Npa-Xes∏ -h-\m-Wv. kz-Ø-h-Im-i-Ωp-f-f-h\v tij-Inb sNøm\pw Npa-X-e-bp≠v Fs∂mcp

\mS≥ sNm√p≠v. ChnsS ]qP-k-zo-I-cn® ]¿∆-X-Øn\v ]qPn® tKm]sc c£n-bvt°≠ Npa-X-e-

bp-ap-s≠∂p kqN-\.

F∂-ßp-sNm-∂p-ff .............................................. sas√

C]-Imcw ]d™ ioIr-jvW≥ tKmh¿≤\ ]¿∆-X-Øns‚bSp-Øp-sN∂v ssINp-cpńsas√ Hc-Sn-sIm-Sp-Øp.

I -°n-Sm-hp-X≥ ................................................................ Ip∂p-a-t∏mƒ

ioIr-jvWs‚ CSn-tb‰ ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Ahÿ hnh-cn-bv°-p-∂p.

I -°n-Smhv = I‰-°n-Sm-hv, sNdn-b-Ipń, imJ = hr£w, Xn´Xn = ]cn-àw

hm\-c-bqYw = Ipc-ßn≥Iq´w, In∂-c¿ = Hcp hn`mKw tZh-∑m¿,


ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 8

Iµcw = Kpl, Ipdp- pI = Ic-bpI, Iºw = Cf°w,

am´pI = NXn-bv°pI, tNWp‰ = at\m-l-c-amb, GWw = am≥,

im¿±qew = \cn, t]mXw = Ipń, \n¿Qcw = Acphn

B sNdnb Ipń-bpsS CSn-tb-‰-t∏mƒ B Ip∂v sRń-Øn-cn™v Id-ßm≥ XpS-ßn.

hr£-ßƒ sRcn-™p. ]£n-Iƒ ]d-∂p-b¿∂p. ac-s°m-ºp-I-fn-en-cn-bv°p∂ Ipc-ß-∑m¿ Np‰p-

]mSpw NmSm≥ XpS-ßn. ]cn- -an® F´Sn am\p-Iƒ h -Øn-em-bn. ]¿∆-X-Kp-l-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-

bv°p∂ In∂-c-∑m¿ Zp:Jn®p. Iq´w-Iq-Sn-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]∂n-Iƒ Ic-™p-s°m≠v \mep-]m-Sp-tam-Sn.

t]Sn®v hnd-bv°p∂ ]pen-Iƒ ]cn- -an®v Atßm- p-an-tßm´pw HmSm≥ XpS-ßn. \mbm- n-s\-Ønb

Im´m-f-∑m¿ Ft¥mNXn-]-tbmKw \S-ØnbXmbn-cn-bv°m-sa∂p hnNm-cn®v Im´p-t]m-Øp-Ifpw

ae-aq- nse Ims -cp-a-Ifpw NmSn-tbm-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. Im´m-\-Iƒ Iq´w sX‰n-tbm-Sn-Øp-S-ßn. wKn-bp-

ff am≥InSm-ßƒ t]Sn®v ]pen-I-fpsS kao-]-Øpw, ]pen-°p- n-Iƒ am\p-I-fpsS Iq -Øpepw

c£-tX-Sn. CSn-tb‰ thZ-\-sIm≠v Im -cp-hn-I-fm-Ip∂ IÆp-\o¿s]m-gn®v knwl-ß-fpsS b-¶-c-

amb Ae¿® ams‰m-en-s°m-f-fp∂ Kpl-I-fm-Ip∂ hmb-sIm≠v B Ip∂pw ITn-\-ambn Ic-bm≥

XpS-ßn.

Cßs\ Is≠mcp ...................................................... Km\w XpS-ßn-Xms\

hmaw = CSXv h√-h≥ = tKm]≥

h√hn = tKm]kvXo s]m¬°p-g¬ = s]m≥Ip-g¬ (s]m-t∂m-S-°p-g¬)

Cß-s\-bm-b-t∏mƒ ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ CS-Xp-ssI-sIm≠v ]¿∆-XsØ FSp-Øp-s]m-°n-

s°m-≠p-]-d™p Fs‚ ssIøn-ep-ff Cu Ip∂ns‚ Nph- n-te°v F√m-hcpw \qWp-I-b-dp-hn≥

CXptI´ tKm]-∑mcpw tKm]n-amcpw Ipń-I-tfbpw FSp-Øp-sIm≠v AXns‚ Nph- n-tebv°p Ib-

dn. ]ip-°fpw inip-°fpw F√mw Ip∂ps‚ Nph- n¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ s]mt∂m-

S-°p-g-se-SpØv B\-µ-KoXw ]mSm≥ XpS-ßn.

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (A-º-Xp-hm-°n-tem, \qdp-hm-°ntem Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv)

1) C≠e-t∏m-°o´p ]men-®p-sIm-ffpw Xm≥

I≠-sØ-bm-≠-h≥ ]n≠-tØbpw Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-I.

2) tKmh¿≤-\-Øns‚ Ic-®n¬ Fß-s\-bmWv sNdp-t»cn h¿Æn-bv°p-∂Xv

3) ioIr-jvWs‚ CSn-tb‰ ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ D≠mb am‰-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?

4) Fss¶-bn-ep-sf-fmcp h≥Ip-∂n≥ Iognte

h∂nßp \qgp-hn≥ \nß-sf√mw kµ¿`w Ipdn-°p-I.

II D]-\-ym-k-tNm-Zyw (ap-∂qdp hm°n¬ Fgp-Xp-I)

1) sNdp -t»cn -bpsS h¿Æ-\m-sshZ-Kv[yw ]mT-y -`m -KsØ ASn -ÿm-\-am°n

hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI.

2) sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS Ae-¶m-c-I-ev]-\-I-tf-bpw, mjm-em-fn-X-y-tØbpw ]cn-tim-[n-bv°pI


ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 9

Km‘mco hnem]walm- m-cXw Infn-∏m´v ˛ kvXo]¿∆w

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥

Fgp-Ø-—≥

ae-bmf`mjbv°pw kmln-X-y-Øn\pw amX-a√ tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\pw Hcp \thm-∞m\w

kw`-hn-bv°p-∂Xv alm-Ihn Xp©sØgp-Ø-—s‚ Imew sXm´m-Wv. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS

]nXm-sh∂p hnfn-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ At±-l-sØ-∏‰n almIhn hf-f-tØmƒ:

ss]Xemw ae-bm-f- m-j-X≥ icn-bmb

PmXIw Ipdn-®n- -X-Øncp \mcmbw Xm≥

F∂p h¿Æn-°p-∂Xv A£-cw-]Xn icn-bm-Wv. aWn-]-hm-f-sa∂pw ]ms´∂pw c≠p imJ-

I-fmbn th¿]n-cn™p InS-∂n-cp∂ ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bv°v, c≠p ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-tebpw \√ hi-ßƒ

kzo-I-cn®v ]WvUn-X-]m-a-c-∑m¿°v Hcpt]mse kzo-Im-c-y-amb Hcp ]pXnb Imh-y- mj \S-∏n-em-

°nbXmWv At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb kw`m-h\. B Imh-y- m-j-bv°m-Is´ ]m´nse IrXn-

a-X-ztam aWn-]-hm-f-Ønse ImTn-\-ytam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. _ml-y-ku-µ-cyw amX-a√ B¥-c-Ku-c-

hhpw AXns‚ ]tX-y-IXbmbn-cp-∂p. yq-U-en-k-Øns‚ XW-en¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ [m¿Ωn-Im[:]X-

\-Øn\p t\sc IÆv Xpd-∏n-®Xpw km[m-cW P\-ß-fn¬ [m¿Ωn-I-t_m-[hpw Bflo-b-Nn-¥bpw

DW¿Øm≥ t]cn-∏n-®-Xp-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-bpsS hnP-bw.

ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ Xncq-cn-\-SpØv Xr°-≠n-bq-cn-ep-ff Xp©≥]-d-ºn-emWv Fgp-Ø-—≥

P\n-®sX∂pw ]me-°m´p Pn√-bnse Nn‰q-cn¬ (Xp-©≥a-Tw)sh®mWv Pohn-Xm-¥yw kw -hn-®-

sX∂pw hni-z-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±lØns‚ Pohn-X-Imew. IqSpw-_-N-cn-Xw, IrXn-Iƒ,

F¥n-\-[n-Iw, t]cp-t]mepw X¿°hn-j-b-amWn∂v. InkvX-z_vZw 16 ˛mw iXIw (sIm-√-h¿jw

650\pw 750\pw CS-bn¬) BWv At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-sa∂v qcn-]£w ]WvUn-Xcpw AwKo-

I-cn-°p-∂p. iqZ-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw cma≥ F∂p t]cmbn Kpcp-hmb Hcp ktlm-Z-c≥

D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw IrXn-I-fn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-°mw. A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-Ww, alm- m-cXw F∂o

c≠p Infn-∏m- p-Iƒ, lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø-\w, ssIh-e-y-\-h-\o-Xw. Nn¥m-cXv\w, cmam-bWw Ccp-]-Øn-

\mep hrØw F∂n-h-sb√w At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fm-sW∂pw hni-z-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn¬Xs∂

A`n-]m-b-t -Z-ap-s≠-¶nepw F√mhcpw AwKo-I-cn®pI-gn-™n- p-≠v. Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P-s\-gp-Ø-—≥

F∂mWv hnfn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. `mK-hXw Infn-∏m´v Fgp-Ø-—s‚ IrXn-bm-sW-∂mWv s]mXp-hmb

hni-zm-kw.

Infn-∏m v

Infnsb k¬°-cn®v kt¥m-jn-∏n®v IY ]d-bm-\m-h-i-y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn®v

Infn IY ]dbp-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂XmWv Infn-∏m- p-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ kt¶-Xw. ae-bm-f-Øn¬

Infn-∏m- p-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂v Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s\ hnfn-bv°p-∂p. shdpw

_ml-y-amb kt¶-X-Øn¬ amXw HXpßn \n¬°p∂ Infn-∏m-´ns\ Hcp ]ÿm-\-tØmfw


ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 10

]pI-gvtØ-≠-Xn-s√∂pw Fgp-Ø-—s‚ A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw Kuc-h-ta-dnb

Imh-y-cq-]-Øn-ep-ff c≠p k¶o¿Ø-\-Im-h-y-ß-fm-sW∂pw kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°m-Sn-s\-t∏m-ep-ff

]WvUn-X-∑m¿ hnebncp-Øp-∂p. Xan-gnepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw Infn-Isf IYm-J-ym-\-I¿Øm-°-fm-bn-

°m-Wp∂ ]mc-º-cyw ]≠p-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Fgp-Ø-—s‚ Imew sXm v ae-bm-f-Øn¬

Infn-∏m- p-cq-]-Øn-emWv [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ cNnbv°s∏ -sX-∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-°msX hø.

alm- m-cXw Infn-∏m v

A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-W-am-bn-cn-°Ww BZ-ysØ Infn-∏m-s´∂p Icp-Xs∏Sp-∂p. kmln-X-y-]-c-

ambn alm- m-c-X-amWv cmam-b-W-sØ-°mƒ anI-®p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv.

temI-Øn¬sh®v G‰hpw alØpw _rl-Øp-amb hym-k- m-c-XsØ Ah-ew-_n-®mWv mcXw

Infn-∏m v cNn-®n- p-f-f-sX-¶nepw hym-k- m-c-X-Øns‚ t\¿X¿÷-a-b√ Fgp-Ø-—t‚Xv. Hcp e£Øn

Ccp-]-Ø-øm-bn-c-tØmfw t«mI-ßfpw Iptd KZ-yhpw AS-ßp∂ mcXw aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse ][m-\-

s∏´ Bi-b-ßfpw kw -h-ßfpw hn´p-t]m-ImsX ]e mK-ßfpw Xt‚Xmb ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ°p

hnt[-b-am°n ]c-am-h[n kwK-ln-®mWv Fgp-Ø-—≥ alm- m-cXw cNn-®-Xv. ‡n-]-N-c-W-Øn\pw

[m¿ΩnIt_m[-\-Øn\pw Xs∂-bmWv At±lw Du∂¬ \¬In-b-Xv. `K-h-ZvKo-X-sb-t∏mse

Kl-\-amb thZm-¥-X-Ø-z-ßƒ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ mK-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°n-bn- p-ap-≠v. hym-k- m-c-X-Ønse

18 ]¿∆-ßsf (A-≤-ym-b-ßƒ) Fgp-Ø-—≥ kuI-c-y-Øn-\p-th-W-°≠n 21 ]¿∆ß-fm°n

am‰n-bn´p≠v. Imh-y-Kp-Ww, ]mX-kr-jvSn, Pohn-X-h-ym-J-ym\w XpS-ßnb Imc-y-ß-fn-se√mw XnI®pw

auen-IX ]men-bv°m≥ Infn-∏m- n¬ i≤n-®n- p-≠v. Iuc-h- -]m-WvU-h- IpSpw-_-I-e-l-Øn-eqsS

Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m ssZ\-ym-h-ÿ-I-tfbpw Ahbv°p Imc-W-amb aZ-am-’-c-ym-Zn-I-tfbpw

ka¿∞ambn NnXo-I-cn-°m≥ Fgp-Ø-—∂p Ign-™n- p-≠v.

kvXo]¿∆w

]Xns\´p Znh-ksØ Ipcp-t£-X-bp-≤-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Zptc-ym-[-\\pw acn-s®-∂-

dn™ [rX-cm-jvS¿ t_m[w-sI- p-ho-gp∂p. kRvP-b\pw hnZpccpw thZ-h-ym-k\pw At±-lsØ

Bi-z-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. hnP-bn-I-fmb ]mWvU-h¿ [rX-cm-jvS-tcbpw Km‘m-cn-tbbpw hW-ßm-s\-

Øp-∂p. ioIrjvWs‚ kqX-]-tbmKw sIm≠v oa≥ [rX-cm-jvSm-enw-K-\-Øn¬\n∂p c£-s∏-

Sp-∂p. CjvS-P-\-ßƒ acn® k¶-S-Øn¬ \ne-sX-‰nb kvXoP-\-ßƒ Km‘m-cn-bpsS t\Xr-X-z-

Øn¬ ]nb-s∏-´-h-cpsS icocw Ah-km-\-ambn Hcp t\m°p ImWp-hm≥ ]S-°-f-Øn-te°v

\oßp-∂p. AhnsS I≠ ImgvN Km‘m-cnsb D∑m-Zn-\n-bm-°p-∂p. Km‘mcn ioIr-jvW-t\bpw

bmZ-h-hw-i-tØbpw i]n-bv°p-∂p.

Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS

]Øp-k-lkw ........................................

...................................... am[-h≥ Xt∂m-Sp-sNm-√n-\mƒ

klkw = Bbncw cYn = tXcn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-h≥

]Øn = ssk\-y-ß-fpsS Hc-fhv tZh-h-X≥ = ojva¿

]h-c≥ = tijvT≥ ]Xn-Iƒ = Aºp-Iƒ,



OnZ-amb AwKw = ]nf¿∂ icocw c‡-k-tcmPw = Nph-∂-Xm-ac

_≤m-RvPen = ssIIƒ Iq∏n-s°m≠v lkvXw = ssI

ap‡n = tam£w ]m¿Øv = ]Xo-£n®v

apSn = IncoSw ISIw = hen-b-hf

OXw = IpS (sh¨sIm‰-°p-S) Xme-hr¥w = hnidn (B-e-h- w)

ikvXw = Bbp[w IrØ-KmXw = Iodn-ap-dn™ icocw

akvXIw Xe NnX-]Sw = Xe-∏mhv

X]vXw = NqSp-]n-Sn-∏n® Im¿Ø-k-zcw = kz¿Æw

kvI‘w = IgpØv lkvXn = B\

Pmew = Iq´w Kf-Z‡w = Hgp-Ip∂ tNmc

kn‡w = \\™ `qsau = qan-bn¬

Kr≤≥ = Igp-I≥ \‡-©-c≥ = cmXn¬ k©-cn-°p-∂-h≥(- q-Xw)

C≠¬ = Zp:Jw

]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n¬ B\-I-tfbpw IpXn-c-I-tfbpw AXn-\p-]m-I-Øn-ep-ff Imemƒ∏-S-I-

tfbpw Hmtcm Znh-khpw sIms∂m-Sp-°n-s°m≠v ]Øp-Zn-h-khpw Iuc-h-∏-Ssb \bn® òjva-

]n-Xm-a-l-s\-bmWv BZyw I≠-Xv. hn√m-fn-ho-c-\mb A¿÷p-\s‚ ic-ß-tf‰v Iodn-∏-dn™

ico-c-hp-am-bn, `‡-h-’-e-\mb ioIr-jvWs‚ sN¥m-a-c-°m-e-Sn-I-fn¬ `‡n apgpØv Dd-®p-

\n¬°p∂ a\- p-am-bn, Iq∏nb ssII-fp-ambn aq¿®-tb-dnb ic-i-ø-bn¬ ac-W-am-Ip∂ h[p-

hns‚ hchpw ]Xo-£n®p InS-°p∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hmb òjvasc I≠-t∏mƒ Ah¿ hnIm-c

-hn-h-i-bm-bn. (ò-jva¿ C\nbpw acn-®n- n-√. kz-—µarX-yp-hmb At±lw tam£-]m-]vXnbv°p

]‰nb DØ-cm-b-W-Imew Bhp-∂Xpw ImØp-In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv). ]Xn-s\´p Znhkw apS-ßmsX

bp≤w sNbvXp acn-®p-hoWp InS-°p∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Inco-Sw, kz¿Æ-h-f, Iq‰≥ tXcp-Iƒ,

sImSn-a-c-ßƒ, tNmc-bn¬ Cg-™p-In-S-°p∂ sImSn-°q-d-Iƒ, sh¨sIm-‰-Ip-S-Iƒ, Be-h- -ßƒ

sh¨Nm-a-c-ßƒ, Bbp-[-ßƒ, Bbp-[-ßƒsIm-≠p On∂- n-∂-ßfmb ico-c-ßƒ, Xe-bn¬\n∂v

Du¿∂p In-S-°p∂ Xe-∏m-hp-Iƒ, hk-vXme¶m-c-ßƒ, Xnf-ßp∂ kz¿Æm- -c-W-ß-tfmSp IqSnb

amdn-S-ßƒ, NØp-a-e-®p-In-S-°p∂ B\-Iƒ, IpXn-c-Iƒ, FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ Bbp-[-ß-tf‰v

apdn-™p-th¿s]´p InS-°p∂ Ah-b-h-ßƒ Ch ImW-s∏´p. k‘-ym-Imiw t]mse Nph∂ B

]S-°-f-Øn¬ \nc-∂p-hoWp InS-°p∂ a°-fp-tSbpw _‘p-°-fp-tSbpw ih-i-co-c-ßƒ Igp-I-

∑mcpw ]ń -Ifpw \cn -Ifpw a‰p ]£n-Ifpw `qX -t] -X -ßfpw ISn -®p -

h-en-°p-∂Xp I≠v Zp:Jw s]mdp-°m-\m-hmØ Km‘mcn sshIp-WvT-hm-kn-bmb ioIr-jvW-t\mSv

]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.

Km‘mco-hn-em]w

I≠oetbm \o apIpµm [c-Wn-bn¬ ............................................

................................. a≠n-\mƒ hoWmƒ Dcp-≠mƒ sXcp-sXsc

[cWn = `qan Icn = B\

[\p v = hn√v kwI-µ\≥ = tZth-µ≥

kwI-µ-\m-fl-P≥ = A¿÷p-\≥ timWnXw = c‡w

Ie-ym-W-cq-]≥ = kpµ-c≥ A√¬ = Zp:Jw



h√-ho-h-√- ≥ = h√-hn-I-fpsS (tKm-]-kvXo-I-fp-sS) ¿Ømhv ioIr-jvW≥

Cµo-chw = Icn-¶qhfw Iµ\w sNøpI = Ic-bpI

B¿ZX = Aenhv Bc-W≥ = _m“-W≥

[rjvSX = [n°mcw alm-atX = alm-flmth

tKm]Xn = ]ip-]m-e-I≥, tKm]≥ [cm-[n-]≥ = cmPmhv

IpWvUew = I¿Æm- -cWw IpWvUew = I¿Æm- -cWw

KWvU-ÿew = IhnƒØSw ]qcn® = h¿≤n®

`qjWw = Ae-¶mcw Dº¿tIm≥ = tZth-µ≥

]pjvS-tIm]w = henb tZjyw ]£w = CjvSw

tl apIpµm (ap-Ip-µ≥ = tam£w sImSp-°p-∂-h≥ F∂m-W¿∞-sa-t∂m¿°-Ww) \o

I≠n-t√, alm-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fmb K-Z-Ø≥ Xs‚ B\-bpsS ASpØv ssI∏n-Sn-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw

hn√p-[-cn®v A¿÷p-\s‚ Atº‰p acn-®p-In-S-°p-∂p. (tZm-W-]¿∆-Øn¬ `K-Z-Ø-h[w

]tX-y-In®v h¿Æn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. `K-Z-Øs‚ B\ òa-tk-\s\ Npg‰n tatem-s -dn™v Xmsg

hogp-tºmƒ sImºn¬ tIm¿°m≥ th≠n Xe Db¿Øn \n¬°p-tºm-gmWv ioIr-jvW≥ A¿÷p-

\∂v Cu cwKw ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Cu B]¬L- -Øn¬ k¿∆-i-‡n-Ifpw kw -cn®v

A¿÷p-\≥ Ab® Hscm‰ Aºv, B\-bpsS IgpØpw `K-Z-Ø≥ Aºp-sXm-SpØp hen®p

\n¬°p∂ hn√pw K-Z-Øs‚ IgpØpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® B\-bpsS hmepw Acn™ Hc-km-[m-c-

W-NnX-ap-≠v). AXn-kp-µ-c-\mb A`n-a-\-yp-Ip-am-c-\nXm tNmc-bn¬ Ipfn®p hoWp-In-S-°p-∂p.

\√ ac-X-I-°-√ns‚ tim`-bq-f-f-h≥ A¿÷p-\s‚ ]pX-\m-Wv. tl ioIr-jvWm,-\ns‚

acp-a-I\pamWv. F¥p-sIm≠v Ah-s\-sb-¶nepw \o sIm√msX ImØn√. F√m-h-tcbpw

sIm√n-bv°p-I-bmWv \n\°p ckw. CsXms° ImWpw-tXmdpw F\nbv°p kln-bv°m≥

høm-Xm-Ip-∂p. Rm≥ s]mfn ]d-bp-I-b√ Ipó, ]p©ncn XqIn-s°m-≠p-ff Cu apJw I≠m¬

Fßs\ kln-bv°pw. tIhew _men-I-bmb DØc (A- n-a-\-yp-hns‚ `mc-y) bpsS Ic-®n¬ \o

ImWp-∂n-t√. kp`Z (A-`n-a-\-yp-hns‚ AΩ) `qan-bn¬ hoWp-cp≠p Ic-bp-∂Xp I≠n´v

\n\-s°m∂pw tXm∂p-∂nt√. \ns‚ a\ v I√m-tWm. I√pw CØcw ImgvN I≠m¬ Dcp-Ipw.

A∏p-dØv oa-]p-X-\mb LtSm¬°-N≥ InS-°p-∂p. Hcp \oe-ae t]mse Ah≥ acn-®p-In-S-°p-

∂p. (I¿Æ≥ th¬ ]tbm-Kn-®-t∏mƒ AXn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm≥ X\n-bv°m-hn-s√∂v LtSm¬°-

N\v Dd-∏m-bn. At∏mƒ ambm-hn-Zy sIm≠v Xs‚ icocw ]¿∆Xw t]mse ]c-am-h[n hep-Xm°n

Iuc-h-∏-S-bpsS CS-bn-te°v adn-™p-ho-Wp-. Hcp-]mSp ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ B ico-c-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬s]´p

acn-®p-t]m-bn, acn®p hogp-tºmgpw kz-¥-°m¿°v \∑ hcp-Ønb Cu c‡-km-£nsb I¿Æs‚

then\v Iev]n-®p-Iqń Cc-bm-°n-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.) A¿÷p-\s‚ Atº‰v Igp-Ø‰ Pb-Z-Ys‚

(Iu-c-h-cpsS GI-k-tlm-Z-cn-bmb Zp»-f-bpsS ¿Øm-hv) ico-c-am-Wn-Xv. (P-b-Z-Ys‚ inc v ]S-

°-f-Øn-en-√. Pb-Z-Ys‚ Xe-b-dpØv qan-bn-en-Sp∂ BfpsS Xe k-zbw s]mń-sØ-dn-bv°p-sa-∂p-

ff Hcp hcw At±-lØns‚ A—≥ t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v AdpØ Xe qan-bn¬ hogvØ-

cp-sX∂v IrjvW≥ D]-tZ-in-®p. A¿÷p-\≥ XpS¿®-bmbn Aºp-Iƒ hn´v B apdn® Xe Aß-

Ise k‘-ym-h-µ-\-Øn\v ssI°q-ºn-fn¬ shf-f-sa-SpØv IÆ-S-®p-P-]n®p \n¬°p∂ Pb-ZY

]nXm-hns‚ ssI°p-ºn-fn¬ hogvØn. ssIbn¬ Ft¥m h∂p hoW-Xn-\m¬ At±lw ssIIƒ

s]´∂p hen-®p.Pb-Z-Ys‚ inc v B ssIbn¬ \n∂v qan-bn¬ hoWp. AtXmsS ]nXm-hns‚

Xebpw s]mń-sØ-dn-®p.) Fs‚ aI-fpsS Ic-®n¬ I≠n´v Fs‚ a\ v sh¥p-cpIp∂p.

tZWm-Nm-c-ysc kwkvI-cn® ÿe-am-Wm-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. At±lw Hcp _m“-W-\m-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.

[rjvS-Z-yp-av\s‚ [n°mcw ItTmcw Xs∂. \√-h-\mb Kpcp-\m-Ys\ Cßs\ \njvI-cpWw



h[n-bv°p-hm≥ Ch-\-√msX at‰m-cmƒ°p tXm∂p-tam. (tZ-Wsc h[n-bv°m-\mbn amXw bmKm-·n-

bn¬ \n∂v ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Ø-bm-fmWv [rjvS-Z-yp-av\≥). Atøm, AXnt‚bpw A∏p-d-ØXm AXo-h-

kn-µ-c-\mb Zp»m-k-\≥ InS-°p-∂p. oa≥ Iodn-∏-dn® Cu amdnSw I≠m¬ Fs‚ Ipó, Fßs\

kln-°pw. ioIr-jvWm, \osb-¥mWv Cßs\ IqcX Im´p-∂-Xv. Fs‚ a\- n¬ XobmWv

IØp-∂-Xv. Fs‚ Cu IÆp-\o¿h‰p-tam. Fs‚ Cu Zp:Jw Fs∂-¶nepw ian-bv°p-tam. Fs‚

aI-\mb Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ aI≥ e£-W-Ip-am-cs‚ DS-em-Wt√m B ImÆn-∂-Xv. e£-W-samØ

e£WIpamcm \obpw Rßsf NXn®p t]mtbm? icnbv°pw IÆp-sIm≠v Cu Zb-\o-b-cw-K-

ßƒ ImW-W-sa∂v Fs‚ Ipń-Itf F\nbv°p tXm∂m≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v. (AXv as‰mcp

Zpc-¥-am-Wv. Km‘mcn Xs‚ \qs‰m∂p a°-tfbpw CXp-hsc IÆp-sIm≠p I≠n- n-√. ¿Ømhv

A‘-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ B ]Xn-hX IÆ-S-®p-sIń kzbw A‘-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ B ]Xn-hX IÆ-S-®p-

sIń kzbw B‘yw hcn®psIm-≠mWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A‘-\mb [rX-cm-jvS¿°pw A¥n-a-

ambn Xs‚ a°-fpsS ih-i-cocw t\cn¬ Im-Wm≥ hym-k≥ A\p-Klw sImSp-Øp. At∏m-gmWv

Km‘m-cnbpw a°-fpsS ]Xm-]-Im-e-sØm∂pw Ahsc ImWmØ AΩ Ah¿ \qdp-t]cpw acn-®p-

In-S-°p∂ ImgvN ImtW-≠n-h-∂Xv Zb-\obw Xs∂. bmZ-h-hw-i-Øn\p t\tc-bp-ff s]mń-sØ-

dn-bmb Km‘m-cn-bpsS im]-Øn\v ]›m-Øesamcp-°p-I-bm-Wv. DÆn-I-tf-sb-\n-bvs°-¥nXp tXm∂p-

hm≥ F∂ tNmZ-y-Ønse [z-\n-bm-Wv.) AwKcm-P-y-Ønse cmPmhpw Fs‚ Ipń-I-fpsS D‰-k-lm-

bn-bmb I¿Æ-\mWv B InS-°p-∂-Xv. B ImXn¬ ISp-°-\n-√. F∂n´pw B IhnƒØSw

Ct∏mgpw Xnf-ßp-∂p. (Bbp[-`-ymk ]co-£-bn¬ A¿÷p-\∂p aosX \n∂ I¿Æs\

kqX-]p-X≥ F∂v Bt£]n®v a’-c-Øn-\-\¿l-\mbn ]J-ym-]n-®-t∏mƒ X¬£Ww Zptc-ym-Z-\-

\mWv I¿Æs\ AwK-cm-Pm-hmbn A`n-tjIw sNbvXXv. ]nXm-hmb kqc-y≥ I¿Æs‚ ico-c-c-£-

bv°mbn \¬In-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p Znh-y-i-‡n-bp-ff Ih-N-Ip-WvU-e-ßƒ. _m“-W-th-j- n¬ tZth-

µ≥ AXp I≠pw NXn-bn¬ ssI°-em-°n. AXmWv IpWvU-ea‰p InS°p∂p F∂v ]tX-yIw

kqNn-∏n-®-Xv). hn√m-fn-ho-c-\mb I¿Æs‚ hn√Xm thsd InS-°p-∂p. AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb B

ico-c-aXm Ct∏mƒ ZpjvS-P-¥p-°ƒ ISn-®p-h-en-°p-∂p. Cui-zcm, Cß-s\-sbms° kw -hn-bv°m≥

Imc-W-sa¥v? Xs‚ `¿Øm-hns‚ A‰p-In-S-°p∂ ssI FSpØv X‚ aSnbn¬ h®Xm

Zqcn-i-h- ns‚ mcy Ic-bp-∂p. Cu b-¶-c-amb \mi-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ Imc-W-°m-c-\mb iIp\n

(Iu-c-h-cpsS AΩma≥, Km‘m-cn-bpsS ktlm-Z-c≥, If-f-®qXp Ifn®v ]mWvU-hsc Imń-te-bv°-

b-bv°m≥ D]-tZ-in-®Xpw klm-bn-®Xpw iIp-\n-bm-W-t√m. B kz-Øp-X¿°-am-Wt√m Ipcp-t£-

X-bp-≤-Øn¬ FØn-b-Xv)bpsS ihw ]£n-I-fXm sImØn-h-en-bv°p-∂p. ioIr-jvWm, CXp

ImWm-\t√ Aßv BK-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. aXn-bm-bn-t√. DÆo, Zptc-ym-[-\-Ip-am-cm, \ns‚ kz¿Æ-In-co-

Shpw kz¿Æm- -c-W-ßfpw tZth-µ∂p Xpe-y-am-b-hºpw ]Xm-]hpw mh-Kmw- o-c-ybpw F√mw s]s -

∂p-t]-£n®v \ns‚ G‰hpw ]nb-s∏´ A—-t\bpw H‰-bv°m°n \o t]mb-sX-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv.

CsXm√mw I≠n´v Fs‚ lrZ-b-anXm ]nf-cp-∂p. Ft∏mgpw ]´p-In-S-°-bn¬ amXw InS-°m-dp-ff

\o CXm Ct∏mƒ, tNmc-bn¬ Ipfn®v acn®v InS°p∂p. CsXm∂pw F\nbv°p ImWm≥ hø

F∂p ]d™v Km‘mcn ]S-°-f-Øn-eqsS Hcp `m¥n-sb-t∏mse ]m™p-\-S-∂p, hoWp, Dcp-≠p.

Km‘m-co-im]w

]ns∂ tamln-®mƒ DW¿∂mƒ s]mSp-°s\ ........

......................... awKew h∂o-Sp-sa-∂mƒ Infn-a-Iƒ



Jn∂X = tJZw IpSn-e-Xzw = NXn

]mßmbn = ]£w-]n-Sn®v B¥cw = Df-fn-en-cn∏v

Xh = \ns‚ \n¿÷-c≥ = tZh≥

\njvI-f≥ = ]q¿Æ≥

\n¿÷-c\m-bI]pX-]n-b-kJn = tZthµ ]pX-\mb A¿÷p-\s‚ tXmg≥, ioIr-jvW≥

hnhn-‡-hm-k-]n-b≥ = hnh-‡-Øn¬ (G-Im-¥-X-bn¬ H‰-bv°v) Ign-bm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h≥

Km‘mcn t_m[w-sI´p hoWp. DW¿s∂-gp-t∂‰v ]ns∂ AS-°m-\m-hmØ Zp:Jw sIm≠v

s]m´n-°-c-™p-sIm≠v Cßs\ ]d™p ioIr-jvWm, Aß-sb-t∏mse CX h©-I-\mbn

as‰m-cmƒ qan-bn-ep-≠m-hn-√. Hcp- mKw tN¿∂p-\n-∂v, Ccp-tN-cn-bnepw hmin-tbmsS bp≤w sNbvX

A`n-am-\n-I-fmb cmPm-°-∑m-sc-sb√mw sIm√n-®Xv \ob-√msX a‰m-cp-a-√. a‰p-f-f-hsc Ip‰-s∏-Sp-

tØ≠ Imc-y-a-√. Btem-Nn-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ F√mw Icp-X-ep-f-f-h-\mb \obpw \ns‚

bmZ-h-hw-ihpw Hcp ap∏-Øm-dp-sIm-√-Øn-\p-f-fn¬ CXp-t]mse \in-®p-t]mIpw, kwi-b-an-√.

IrjvW≥ ]d-™p, Aß-s\-Xs∂-bmWv th≠-sX-∂mWv Ft‚bpw BK-lw. \ΩpsS c≠m-fp-

sSbpw a\ v H∂m-b-Xp-\-∂mbn. (Km-‘m-cn-bpsS G‰hpw henb ]X-n-Im-c-amb im]w-t]mepw

IrjvW≥ Hc-\p-K-l-am-bmWv FSp-°p-∂Xv F∂-XmWv Km‘m-cn-bpsS Zb-\o-b-amb ]cm-P-bw).

ioIr-jvW\pw Km‘m-cnbpw Cßs\ kwkm-cn®p \n¬°p-tºmƒ [rX-cm-jvS¿

bp≤-Øn¬ acn-®-h-cp-sS-sb√mw ih-kw-kv°mcw hn[n-bmw-hÆw \S-Øn-bv°m≥ [¿Ω-]p-XtcmSv

]d-™p. \njv]-£-_p-≤n-bmb [¿Ω-]p-X¿ AsX√mw DØ-a-\mb Ir]sc Gev]n-®n- p-s≠∂p

]d-™p. lrZ-b-am-Ip∂ IÆp amX-ap-ff [rX-cm-jvS¿ Km‘m-cn-sbbpw a‰pw Iq´n k¶Sw

]c-am-h[n \nb-¥n®v lkvXn-\-]p-cn-bn¬ sN∂p-Xm-a-kn-®p. ip≤m-flm-hmb bp[n-jvTn-c≥

ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcmSpw Cui-z-c≥ Xs∂-bmb ioIr-jvW-t\mSpw a‰p _‘p-°-tfmSpw IqSn

KwK-bn¬ FØn D‰-h¿°p-th≠n tij-In-b-Iƒ sNbvXv kpJambn Ign-™p.

IqSp-X¬ Ct∏mƒ ]d-bm≥ ]bm-k-ap-s≠∂p ]d™v F√m-h¿°pw \∑ t\¿∂v XØ

IY-]-d-b¬ X¬°m-e-tØ°p \n¿Øn-sh-®p.

tNmZ-y-ßƒ

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (50-/100 hm°n¬ Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-h)

1) `K-Z-Øs‚ ac-W-]-›m-Øew Fgp-XpI

2) “sIm√msX sImffm™sX-¥-h≥ Xs∂ \o’’Bsc sIm√msX? CXm-cpsS Bt£-]-

amWv? BcmWv “\o’’ ? sIm√m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?

3) “I√psIm-t≠m-a-\-Xm-h-I-am-In-e˛

°√n-\p-am¿Z-X-bp-≠n-Xp-Im-Wp-tºmƒ ’’ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI

4) “as‰mcp-Ø\p tXm∂o-Sptam am\tk ’’ F¥v?



5) “IÆpsIm-≠n-ßs\ ImtW-W-sa-∂Xp

apÆn-I-sf-sb-\n-bv°-¥nXp tXm∂p-hm≥ ’’ Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI

6) “Zptcym-[-\s‚ ih-i-cocw ’’ I≠ Km‘m-cn-bpsS ]e-]-\-ßƒ Npcp°n Fgp-Xp-I.

7) “I≠pIq-Sm-sb-\n-bvs°∂p Km‘m-cnbpw ’’Km‘mcnbv°v I≠p-Iq-SmØ kw -h-sa¥v?

8) “ F¥n\p-a-‰p-f-f-h-sc-∏-d-bp∂p

Nn¥n-bv°n≥ \n≥ amdn-am-b-a-sXm-s°bpw’’kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-XpI

9) “Aßs\Xs∂ htcWsa∂pf-fXp

≠nsß-\nbv°pw a\-°m-ºn¬ kp_-etP’’ kµ¿`w hni-Zo-I-cn®v Bi-bw hy-‡-am-°pI

II D]-\-ym-k-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ

1) Km‘mcn-bpsS Zpc-¥-\p- -h-ßƒ Zb-\o-b-amb \n -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øp∂ ImgvN-bmWv

kvXo ]¿∆-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.

2) Icp-W-c-km-h-X-c-W-Øn¬ Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ ]mShw Km‘m-co-hn-em-]sØ ASn-ÿm-

\-am°n N¿® sNøp-I.

******



Ie-ym-W-sku-K-‘nIw (Xp-f-f¬)Ip©≥ \º-ym¿

ssIcfn-bpsS s]mń-®ncn F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-bv°m-\p-ff Xpf-f¬°-hn-X-bpsS I¿Ømhpw

Xpf-f-se∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hp-amb alm-Ihn Ip©≥\-º-ym-cpsS Poh-N-cn-X-sØ-

°p-dn®v ]e-Im-cy-ßfpw A⁄m-X-am-Wv. Ip©≥ F∂-t]-cp-t]epw X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Wv.

cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z≥ F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ t]sc∂pw A`n-]m-bap-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-

X-Imew 1700 \pw 1775-\p-an-S-bn-em-sW∂v s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. H‰∏me-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-ff

Inf-fn-°p-dn-»n- aw-K-eØv Ie-°Øv hoń-emWv At±lw P\n-®-sX∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ A—≥

InS-ßq¿°m-c-\mb Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A—s‚ IqsS InS-ßq-cn-se-Ønb

\º-ym¿ IpS-am-fq-cnse sXt°-SØp `´-Xn-cn-bpsS Bin-X-\mbn kwkvIr-X-]-T-\w-\-S-Øn.

I≠-¶cn apdn-bn¬ \µn-Im´v DÆn-c-hn-°p-dp∏pw At±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp-\m-Y-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

tZmW-º-ffn \mbv°-\n¬ \n∂v Btbm-[-\-I-ebpw hi-am-°n. hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn\p tijw

sNº-I-t»cn cmPmhv tZh-\m-cm-b-Ws‚bpw a¥n-bmb amØq¿]-Wn-°-cp-tSbpw Bin-X-\m-bn-

°-gn-™p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cmb am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bp-tSbpw [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hnt‚bpw

Bin-X-\m-bn-cp-∂n- p-≠v. Aº-e-∏p-gsh-®m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-Xm-¥-yw.

Fgp-Ø-—\p-tijw ae-bmf IhnXm kmln-X-y-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Hscm-∂c \q‰m≠p

Ime-tØ°v aµ-X-bm-W-\p- -h-s∏- -Xv. Infn-∏m- p-I-fpsS A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw B´°YI-fp-amWv

A°m-e-Øp-≠m-b-Xv. FSpØp]d-b-Ø° PohnX ho£-W-[m-c-Itfm kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-Øns‚

ssNX-\-y-Øp-Sn∏p-Itfm A°m-eØv Ihn-X-bn¬ ]X-y-£-s∏- n-√. Cu ÿnXn°v KW-y-am-sbmcp

am‰-ap-≠m-bXv Xpf-f¬°-hn-X-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.

\m¬∏-Xn-tesd Xpf-f¬ IrXn-Iƒ \º-ym-cptSXm-bn-´p≠v. Adp-]-tXmfw Ds≠-∂pw-

]-£-ap-≠v. CXn\p ]pdsa ioIrjvW-N-cnXw aWn-]-hm-fw, \f-N-cn-Xw, inh-]p-cm-Ww,

]©-X¥w apXemb Infn-∏m- p-Iƒ, K-h-±qXv ]Xn-\mep hrØw F∂n-hbpw \º-ym-cpsS Imh-y-ß-

fmbn IW-°m-°n-h-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Akm-am-\-y-]-mWvUn-Xyw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ At±lwB mj-bnepw GXm\pw IrXn-Iƒ Ncn-®n- p-≠v.

Xpf-f¬ ]ÿm\w

Xpf-f¬ ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wt√m Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS

]i-kvXn. kmln-X-y-cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bnepw P\-Iob Iem-cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bnepw Xpf-f-ens\ hne-bn-

cptØ≠Xp-≠v. a≤-y-tI-c-f-Ønepw sX°≥ tIc-f-Ønepw Pohn-°p-hm\pw Ahn-SpsØ P\-ß-

fp-ambn ASp-Øn-S-]-g-Ip-hm\pw km[n® \º-ym¿ A∂p-C-]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]e A\p-jvTm-

\-I-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \mS≥ Iem-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂pw efn-X-kp-µ-c-amb ]e LS-I-ß-fpw

Iqń-tN¿ØmWv X\n-t°-c-fo-b-sa-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Xpf-f¬ F∂ Iem-in-ev]-Øn\v cq]w sImSp-

Ø-Xv. Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ NmI-ym¿IqØpw ]mT-Ihpw Xs∂-bmWv C°m-c-y-Øn¬

IqSp-X¬ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn-bn- n-f-f-Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb thj- q-jm-Zn-Iƒ, Npcp-ßnb cwK-k-÷o-

I-cWw, ]mI-Øn\v kwKo-X-hm-Z-ym- n-\-b-ßƒ, ct≠m aqt∂m hy-‡n-Iƒ tN¿∂p \n¿∆-ln-bv°m-

hp∂ Ah-X-c-Ww, Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-ff ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn¬ bmsXmcp \n_-‘-\-bp-an-√mbva

CsXm-s°-bmWv a‰p Ie-Isf At]-£n®v Xpf-f-en-\p-ff ta∑. AXp-X-s∂-bmWv AXns‚

]Nm-c-Øn\pw hnP-b-Øn\pw Imc-W-ambn hn-®Xpw.



hmkvX-h-Øn¬ \º-ymsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Xpf-f-ense sIm´pw ]m´pw thj-hp-sa√mw

Xs‚ ]pXnb coXn-bn-ep-ff Imh-y-]-]-©-Øn-te°v klr-Z-bsc hnfn-®p-Iq- m-\p-ff _mtlym]m[n

amX-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ImWmw. kmam-\-y-P-\-Øns‚ kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n At±-l-Øn\v km[m-

cW P\-ß-tfmSp Nne-Xp-]-d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv P\-ßsf tIƒ∏nt® ASßq F∂ hminbpw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fpsS hnπ-hm-fl-I-amb ]p\-cm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv At±lw sNbvX-Xv.

CØcw \qX\ ]h-W-X-I-fn-te°v P\-ßsf ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-c¬ F°m-eØpw ]bm-k-ap-f-f-

Xm-Wv. Hcn-bv°¬ Bk-zm-Zn-®m¬ ]n∂o-S-h¿ FØn-s°m-f-fp-sa∂v B h-iyhN- n\v XnI™

Bfl-hn-i-zm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Xpf-f-en¬ Ihn-Xbv°v kmln-X-ymw-i-Øn-\p-X-s∂-

bmWv \º-y¿ Du∂¬ sImSp-Ø-Xv.

km[m-c-W-°m-cs\ Xs‚ Ihn-Xm-tem-I-Øntebv°Sp-∏n-°m≥ a‰p Nne ]tX-y-I-X-IƒIqSn

thW-sa∂t±lw Dd-®p. mjm emfn-X-y-amWv Ah-bn¬ apJ-yw.

Ihn-X-Iƒ tIƒ°p-t∂-cw-Xs∂

sNhn-bp-tf-fm¿°m-\µw thWw

F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿i\w.

Nncn∏m≥ kwK-Xn-bp-ff Ihn-Iƒ sNm√n-bm¬ tIńń-cn-∏m-\m-K-l-ap≠mw F∂pw

Nncnbv°p∂ IY tI´m-en-cn-bv°p-am-b-X-s√-¶n¬ Xncnbv°pw F∂pw At±-l-Øn\v

\∂m-b-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.

`mj-bpsS Imc-y-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ho£Ww Cß-s\-bm-Wv.

`S-P-\-ß-fpsS \Sp-hn-ep-sf-fmcp

]S-b-Wn-bv°nl tNcp-hm≥

hSn-hn-b-s∂mcp Nmcp-tI-cf

`mj-Xs∂ NnXw hcp.

IpS-I-sS-∏-Sp-I-Tn\ kwkvIrX

hnIS ISp-Ihn sIń-bm¬

`S-P-\-ßƒ [cn-bv°-bn√

Xncn-bv°p-sam-s°bp ta‰p-S≥

Cu hI ap≥[m-c-W-Ifpw D]-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-amWv Xpf-f¬ ]ÿm-\sØ \nb-¥n-®-Xv.

Hm´≥, ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥ F∂nßs\ Xpf-f-ens\ aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n- p-≠v. Zri-y-I-em-cq-

]-Øn\p amXta CXp _m[-I-am-Ip-∂p-f-fq. thj-ß-fnepw Imh-y-c-N-\-bv°p-]-tbm-Kn® hrØ-ß-

fnepw A`n-\-b-co-Xn-bn-ep-ap-ff hy-X-ym-k-ß-fmWv Cu hn -P-\-Øn\v \nZm-\w. Cu aq∂p hn`m-K-

Øn¬sh®v Zri-y- wKn IqSn-bXv Hm -\mWv. AXp-sIm≠v Hm´≥ Xpf-f-en-\mWv km¿∆-Xn-I-amb

]Nm-cw.

kµ¿`w

]mWvU-h¿ h\-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ òa-tk-\\pw ]m©m-enbpw kwkm-cn-®n-cn-

°p∂Xn\n-S-bn¬ AXn-hn-in-jvS-amb Hcp ]q ˛ sku-K-‘nI∏qhv ˛ kao-]Øv Im‰n¬

h∂p-ho-Wp. AØcw Ipd®p ]q°ƒ Inń-bm¬s°mf-fm-sa∂v ]m©men Xm¬∏-cyw ]I-Sn-∏n-®-

t∏mƒ oa≥ skuK‘n-I-s∏mbvI tXSn ]pd-s∏- p. ac-ßfpw h√n-Ifpw X√n-Ø-I¿Øv Imń-eqsS



hgn-bp-≠m°n apt∂-dnb òa≥ Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ as‰mcp ]pX-\mb iol-\p-am≥ iocm-as\

[ym-\n-®n-cn-bv°p∂ IZ-fo-h-\-Øn-se-Øn. a‰p tXm -ß-fn¬ \ns∂ms° XnI®pw hy-X-y-kvX-hpw

im¥-kp-µ-chpamb Cu IZ-fo-h\w Bcp-tS-sX∂v A¤p-X-s∏ v oa≥ AXn-tebv°p ]th-in-®p.

òas‚ bmXm-tIm-em-lew sIm≠p [ym-\-Øn¬\n-∂p-W¿∂ l\p-am≥ [ym-\-Zr-jvSn-bn-

eqsS òa-t\bpw Cu bmtXm-t±-y-i-y-tØbpw a\- n-em°n. ktlm-Z-cs\ t\cn¬°m-Wm\pw

òas‚ Al-¶mcw Aev]-sam∂p Ipd-bv°m\pw At±-l-Øn\v am¿§-\n¿t±iw \¬Ip-hm\pw

l\p-am≥ Xo¿®-bm-°n. òas‚ Zqc-Øp-\n-∂p-ff hchv l\p-am≥ ImWp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp

apX¬°mWv ]mTy- mKw Bcw- n-bv°p-∂Xv BZ-ysØ iIm-c-h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw l\p-am-s\-Øn-

cn-®-dn™ oa‚ Bh-i-y-]-Imcw l\p-am≥ Xm≥]≠v e¶-bn-te°v kapZw NmSn-°-S-°p-tºmƒ

kzo-I-cn® oam-Imcw ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw b-hn-kva-bm-[o-\-\mb oa≥ l\p-ams\ kvXpXn-

bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂n-SØv ]mT-y- mKw Ah-km-\n-bv°p-∂p.

sshi-h-Ws‚ skuK‘n-I-s∏m-bvI-bnte°pff hgn a\- n-em°nb oa≥ Ahn-sS-s®∂v

tXm´w Imh¬°msc Iog-S°n ]pjv]w ]dn-®p-h-cp-∂-XmWv _m°n`m-Kw.

]Zm¿∞-kq-N\

AXpew = AXp-e-y-amb, hf-sc-b-[nIw aXn-am≥ = _p≤n-am≥

amXpXn = acp-Øns‚ (Im-‰ns‚) ]pX≥, l\p-am≥

aXn-sIm≠v = a\- p-sIm≠v Z\p-P-∑m¿ = Akp-c≥am¿

Ic-Øns‚ _ew = ssIbq°v ]S-pXzw = kma¿∞yw

hSn-hmbn = cq]-sa-SpØv, IWvTo-chw = knwlw, IWvtT = IgpØn¬

IW = AkvXw, D≤-X≥ = a¿±n-®-h≥ , ]≤Xn = hgn

_eo-ap-J≥ = hm\-c≥ kwKXn =Im-cWw

Zp¿L-S-ÿm\w = A]-ISw ]nSn® ÿew Zp¿`m-jWw = NoØ-hm-°p-Iƒ

Ib¿Øv = tIm]n®v G‰pam-dm≥ = Fgp-t∂‰p \oßm≥

Ffp-X√ = Ign-bn√, s]mø√ = If-h√, Ie-ºpI = hg-°n-SpI

NphSv = ASn apgp-°p∂p = h¿≤n-°p∂p

]qcp-hwiw = ]qcp-hns‚ Ipew (b-bm-Xn-bpsS ]pX-\mb ]qcp-hns‚ hwi-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s] ]mWvU-h¿)

t\cm-b-am¿§w = [¿Ω-]Yw F∂pw icn-bmb hgn F∂pw

]Xn°pw = hogpw \b-⁄≥ = \b-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂-h≥

]©-_m-Wm¿Øn = Ima-th-Z\ t]mcpw = aXn-bmIpw

NnXw-hcm = DNn-X-amb, IfXw = mhw, Iq‰p-Im¿ = _‘p-°ƒ

`ffv = Al-¶mcw Imw£ = sImXn

ARvP-\m-]p-X≥ = ARvP-\-bpsS ]pX≥ (l-\p-am≥)

`RvP\w sNøpI = \in-∏n-°pI h£ v = amdnSw

[qa-tIXp = hm¬\-£Xw ([q-a-tI-Xp-hns‚ DZbw \mi-kq-N-I-am-sW∂v hni-z-kw)

cq£X = b-¶-cX Ime-\q¿ = ba-temIw

Ac-°≥ = cm£-k≥, kmew = ]\, Uw`n-®p-h∂ = aZn-®p-h∂

Prw`n® = XSn®, hnKlw = icocw, kn≤≥ = Znh-y≥

πhw-K≥ = Ipc-ß≥, k∂mlw = Hcp°w, Zp»m-k\w = NoØ-°-ev]\



\mkvXnbmw = C√m-Xmhpw, ISp∏w = siucyw, ]mZ]w = acw

Dcs-Ø¶n¬ = FXn¿Øm¬ ewLn-°pI = NmSn-I-S-°pI

s\Sp°pw =\o≠ KZm-ZWvUw = KZ-sIm-≠p-ff ASn

`wKw = \miw i-hn-°pI = tIƒ°pI

\‡-©-cm-cm-Xn-Zm-k≥ = cm£-k-∑m-cpsS iXp-hns‚ (io-cmsa‚) Zmk≥

]p—mKw = hmcns‚ A‰w Xcn-ºn√ = Aev]-hp-an√

taem = hø, aZv_ew = Fs‚ i‡n, \jvSn = \miw

Cf-s∏´p = ]cm-P-b-s∏´p D¬°-Sm-tSm]w = h¿≤n® K¿t∆msS

apjv°v = [n°mcw, ]w‡n-I-WvT≥ = cmh-W≥, alm-hm-cn-cmin = alm-k-apZw

tIfnIm-\\w = DZ-ym\w kwt¢iw = IjvS-s∏´v

et¶-i-]p-X≥ = (C-hn-sS)-A-£-Ip-am-c≥ NWvUamb = DK-amb

]t¶-cp-lm£n = ]t¶-cplw (Xm-a-c-)t]mse IÆp-f-f-hƒ- -kp-µcn

KWvU-ÿew = IhnƒØSw a£nI = Cu®

]h-\m-fl-P≥ = hmbp-]p-X≥˛l-\p-am≥ D≤-aXn = Al-¶mcn

[hfw = shfpØ k∂n`w = Xpeyw, s\Sp-Xm-In\ = \o≠

sNºp-In-Smcw = sNºp-]mXw, IpSn-em-IrXn = hf™, Z¥-I-Zw_w = ]√n≥°q´w

kS = Ip©n, tcmaw ]cnLw = Ccp-ºp-ZWvUv, ]rYp-Xcw = XSn®

ISn-XSw = Ac-s°´,v Jc-X-c-I-c-\-J-c-\n-Imbw = Dd-t∏-dnb ssI \J-ß-fpsS Iq´w

Dcp-Xcw = henb PwLm-bpKfw = c≠p-I-W-¶m-cp-Iƒ

\n`w =Xp-eyw ZojWw = `b-¶cw Aw_-c-Xew = BIm-i-tZiw

D¬°-S-I-SpZo¿L = ITn-\hpw b-¶-chpw \o≠-Xp-amb

CZm\ow = Ct∏mƒ, lpXm-i-\≥ = Xo khn-Xmhv = kqc-y≥

CXn = C]-Imcw \pXn = kvXnXn

kmcw

Cu ka-bØv l\p-am≥ Znh-y-Zr-jvSn-sIm≠v Cßs\ a\- n-em°n: `mcybpsS BKlw

km[n-∏m≥ hoc-\mb oa≥ Xnc°n´pt]m-Ip-∂p. C-h≥ Fs‚ A\p-P-\m-Wv. cm£-km-¥-I-\mb

kzktlm-Z-cs‚ ssIbq°v Ch-s\-sbm∂p [cn-∏n-°-Ww. Chs‚ hgn XS-b-Ww. Chs‚ Du°p-

i-an-®m¬ hgn sImSp-°p-I-bp-amhmw . Cßs\ Nn¥n®v Zb-\o-b-amb a´n¬ Hcp hr≤-

hm-\-cs‚ cq]-Øn¬ InS-∂p. At∏mƒ ImSn-f°n hcp∂ B\-Isf h´w Npg-‰nbpw Im´p-ar-K-

ßsf b-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw oa≥ IZ-fo-h-\-Øn¬ ]th-in-®p. Xs‚ hgn apS-°n-°n-S-°p∂ X¥-°p-

c-ßs\ t\m°n C]-Imcw ]d™p: Fs‚ hgn-bn¬°nS-°p∂ Ip-c-ßm hgn-am-dv. \osb-¥n-

\mWv Cu A]-I-S-ÿ-m\Øp InS-°p∂Xv. am\-ysc I≠m-e-dn-bm-ØXv \ns‚ PmXn-k-z- mhw

Xs∂. \o Iq´w-sX‰n h∂-Xm-tWm. DSs\ Fgp-t∂‰pamdn-bn-s√-¶n¬ B]-Øp-≠m-hpw. Cßs\-

bp-ff oas‚ [n°m-c-hm-°p-Iƒ tI´v hr≤-hm-\-c≥ Nncn-®p-sIm≠p ]d-™p: Aßv F¥n-

\mWv Cßs\ tIm]n°p∂Xv. F\n-s°-gpt∂¬°m≥t]mepw hø. Aßv hgn-amdn t]mIp-∂-

XmWv \√-Xv. Ah-i-\mb Cu Ipc-ß-®s\ Aßp I≠n-t√. Xf¿∂p InS-°p∂htcmSv

Bsc-¶nepw tIm]n-bv°m-dpt≠m? icn-bmb hgn-hn´v c≠-Sn-b-tßm´p amdn-bm¬ F¥p Ipg-∏-

amWv? l\p-ams‚ hm°p-tI´v oa≥ H∂p-I-qSn Ip≤-\mbn ]d™p: \obmtcmSmWv kwkm-

cn-°p-∂-X-v. ]qcp-hw-i-Ønse hoc-\mb oa-tk-\-\mWv Rm≥, t\¿h-gn-hn´p \S-°p-I-bp-an-√, BtcmSpw

tXmev°p-I-bp-an√ Rm≥. Ft∂m-Sp-am-dn-\-S-°m≥ ]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS amd-tØ-bv°p-f-f-XmWo KZ.



k÷-\ k-º-Zmbw Adn-bmØ ZpjvS-∑m-cpsS hm°p-Iƒ Rm≥ kln-bv°n-√. [¿Ω-am¿§-ßƒ

Adn-bmØ \nt∂mSv kwkm-cn-®n-s´¥p Imcyw? [¿a--a-]p-Xs‚ A\p-P-\mb Rm≥ A[¿Ω-ßƒ

sNøp-I-bn-√. CXptI´ l\p-am≥ Nncn®p sIm≠p ]d-™p. \o \b⁄-\m-sW∂pw

]mWvU-h¿ A[¿Ωw ]h¿Øn-°n-s√∂pw ]d-™Xv tIaw Xs∂. ]≠v ]m©men F∂ Hcp

s]Æns\ \nßƒ A©p-t]cpw tN¿∂v hnhmlw Ign-®p-sh∂v Rm≥ tIń- -p≠v. Ah-ƒ°©pw

X©w Xs∂. IS-°-tÆ-¿-sIm≠v \nßsf A©p-t]tcbpw NXn-∏m≥ Ahƒ aXn. \me©p

`¿Ømhv Hcp s]Æn\v F∂ \ne Hcp PmXn°pw ]Xn-hn-√. hmep-ff hm\-c-∑m-cmb Rßƒt]mepw

Aßs\ sNøn√m Nne-t∏mƒ tPyjvT-Øn, Nne-t∏mƒ A\p-P-Øn. Nne-t∏mƒ `mc-y. CsX¥p

[¿Ω-am-Wv. \nß-fpsS Nm]-e-y-ßƒ tI´m¬ Nncn-h-cpw. F∂n- mWv t\cmb am¿§w shSn-bn√

F∂p ]d-™-Xv. \o BtcmSpw tXmev°n-s√∂p ]d-™Xpw ck-am-bn- p-≠v. \q‰-h¿ \mSpw

\K-chpw ]nSn-s®-SpØv \nßsf Imń¬ sX≠m\b®-X-t√. hoń¬ InS-°m≥ \nßƒ°pw

tbmK-an-√. Zptc-ym-[-\≥ Bń-bn-d-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw \mń¬ IS-°m\pw ]‰n-√. F∂m¬ Imń¬

Ign-bm≥ sskz-c-ap-t≠m. AXpw C√. If-f-®q-Xn¬ tXm¬∏n®v Zptc-ym-[-\≥ \mSp-I-S-Ønb \nß-

fp-sS-IqsS B s]Æpw t]m∂p. IÆn¬ I≠-sXms° Ahƒ Bh-i-y-s∏-Spw. Ah-sf-t∏-Sn®v

\nßtfm AXp-t\-Sm≥ s\t´m´w HmSpw. I≠ \nan-j-Øn¬Xs∂ \ns‚ IY-sbms° F\n°p

a\- n-em-bn. Cu ]cn-lmkw tI´v tIm]n® oa≥ ]d-™p: Im™nc-°mb Xn∂p-I-gn-bp∂

\ns‚ a≠ XI¿°m≥ tXm∂p-∂n-√. Fs‚ tPyjvT-\mb l\p-ams‚ hwi-Ønem-Wt√m \obpw

P\n-®-sX-t∂m¿Øn v. oas‚ tbmK-yX Cu aqfn-°p-c-sß-¥-dn-™p. cm£-km-[n]∑mcmb lnUnw-

_-t\bpw _I-t\bpw X√n-®-X-®Xv Rm\m-Wv. Pcm-k-‘s\ c≠mbn ]nf¿∂n´Xpw Rm≥ Xs∂.

In¿Ωo-cs\ h[n®v Xm]-k-∑m-cpsS k¶Sw Xo¿ØXpw a‰m-cp-s√. Cß-s\-bp-ff Ft∂mSv Hcp

Im´p-Ip-cßmtWm [n°mcw ]d-bp-∂Xv. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ ]d-™p. Fs∂ XI¿°m≥

aSn-bv°-≠. Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v ]≠v Zp»m-k-\≥ ]m©m-ensb ]nSn®v ]c-k-y-

ambn hen-®n-g®v \nß-fpsS A©p-t]-cp-tSbpw apºn-en´v DSp-h-kvX-a-gn-®-t∏mƒ cm£-k-∑msc

sIm∂ \ns‚ ]cm-Iaw Imin°p-t]m-bn-cp-∂pshm? kz¥w mc-y-sb A\-y≥ A]-am-\n-°p-tºmƒ

I≠p \n¬°p∂XmtWm \ns‚ BW-Øw. \ns‚ anSp°pw Du°pw Hs°-sb-\n-°-dn-bmw.

AsX√mw Imńse ac-ß-tfmSpw ]¿∆-X-ß-tfmSpw ]mh-Øm-\mb X¥-°p-c-ßn-t\mSpw ]‰pw. ]√pw

ISn®v IÆp-cpń Fs∂ iIm-cn-°p-∂-sX-¥n\m? F\n-s°s‚ hmep-t]mepw A\-°m≥ Bh-Xn-√.

\o Fs∂-®m-Sn-°-S-∂p-t]m-bm-epw. Rm≥ \ns‚ hgn-ap-S-°p-∂n-√. At∏mƒ òa≥ ]d-™p.

""\obn-∏-d-™-sXms° CØncn Poh-\p-ff Hcm-fmWv ]d-™n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ Fs‚ ssIbq°v ImWn-

®p-X-cm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Nmhm-fn-°p-c-ßs\ òa≥ X®p-sIm-∂p-sh∂p tI´m¬ alm-P\-ßƒ

Fs∂ ]cn-l-knbv°pw. \ns∂ NmSn-°-S-°m\pw aSn-bp-≠v. Fs‚ tPjvT-\mb l\p-ams‚

Ipe-Øn¬ ]nd∂ \ns∂ NmSn-°-S-°p-∂-Xp alm-]m-]-am-Wv."" At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ ]d-™p:

""aSn-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AXpw th≠. hgn-bn¬ hne-ßs\ InS-°p∂ Fs‚ Cu \o≠ hmsem∂v am‰n-

sh®v th≠ hgn°pt]m-bm-epw. ssIsIm≠v Ipc-ßs\ sXmSm\pw Ad-∏m-sW-¶n¬ \ns‚ ssIbn-

ep-ff B Iq‰≥ KZ-sIm≠v Cu hm¬ tXm≠n-bn´p t]mbm¬ aXn"". oa≥ tNmZn-®p. tXm≠n-bn-

Sp-tºmƒ apdn-™p-t]m-bmtem F∂v. ""apdn-bp-∂Xv Fs‚ hmtem \ns‚ KZtbm"" F∂m-bn-cp∂p

l\p-ams‚ kwi-bw. òa≥ ]d-™p. ""h∑-e-Iƒ IpØn-s∏m-Sn-bv°p∂ Fs‚ KZ Xmßm≥

Ign-hp-f-f-h-cn-√. AXp-sIm≠v Cu Nmhm-fn-°p-c-ßns‚ hmep-sXm- m¬ AXp s]mSn-™p-t]m-Ipw.

CXp-hsc tIƒ°mØ \ns‚ CØcw A`n-]m-b-ßƒ tI v Rm≥ tIm]w sIm≠v Pz-en-°p-∂p.""



Cßs\ ]d™v oa≥ KZ-sIm≠v l\p-ams‚ \o≠p XSn® hme‰w tXm≠nsbdn-bp-hm≥

ian-®p. kI-e-i‡n D]-tbm-Kn-®n´pw hmense c≠p tcma-ßƒt]mepw Cf-°m-\m-bn-√. FX

ian-®n´pw Ign-bmsX h∂-t∏mƒ \mW-t°-tSmsS Nn¥n-®p. ""temIw apgp-h≥ Iog-S-°nb Cu

òa\v Hcp X¥-°p-c-ßns‚ hm¬ Cf-°m-\m-hp-∂n-√. Fs‚ ]cm-Iaw FhnsSt∏mbn. CXp-h-√-

am-bm-]-tbm-K-hp-am-tWm. oa≥ Hcp Ipc-ß-t\mSp tXms‰∂p tI´m¬ Iuc-h¿ ]cn-l-kn-°pw.

Fs‚ Bƒ-°mcpw Fs∂ Dt]-£n-°pw. C\n Rm≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂n´p Imc-y-a-√. Cu X¥-°p-c-

ßs\ X®p-sIm-∂m-tem. ]cm-P-b-s∏´v òa≥ Pohn-®n-cn-°n-√."" Cßs\ Nn¥n® òa≥

l\p-aps‚ t\sc ]m™-Sp-Øp-sIm≠p ]d-™p: "" \ns‚ NXn-]-tbm-K-ßƒ Ft∂m-Sp-th-≠.

Zz-µ-bp≤w XpS-ßn-bm¬ \ns‚ lp¶p ian-°pw. At∏mƒ \o CXp-hsc Adn-™n- n-√mØ Fs‚

i‡n t\cn´p a\- n-em-°mw. I≠m-e-dn-bm-Ø-h≥ sIm≠m-e-dn-bpw. \ns‚ a¥-hn-Z-ybpw NXn-]-

tbmK-ßfpw Ft∂mSv th≠. Ipc-ß-\mb \n\-s°-¥p-sN-øm≥ Ignbpw. ASp-sØ-Øn-bm¬

hmepw Db¿Øn ac-Øn-te°v NmSp∂ h¿§-a-t√. \ns‚ [n°mcw \nanØw F\n°pw \ne-hn´p

kwkm-cn-bvt°-≠n-h-∂p."" CXp-tI v l\p-am≥ ]d-™p: ""Ipc-ß-s\∂p hnNm-cn®v \nµn-bvt°≠.

a¿°-S-∑m-cnepw apjv°-c-∑m-cp-≠v. ]s≠mcp Ipc-ß-\m-Ws√m cmh-Ws\ hmen¬ _‘n®v \mep-

k-ap-Z-ßfpw NmSn-°-S∂Xv. as‰mcp hm\-c-\t√ ]≠v kapZw NmSn--°-S∂v e¶-bn¬ sN∂v

cm£-k-∑msc Nnesc sIm∂Xpw DZ-ym\w XI¿ØXpw bp≤-Øn-\p-h∂ cmh-W-]p-Xs\ sIm∂Xpw

koXsb B-i-z-kn-∏n-®Xpw bp≤-Øn-s\-Ønb cmh-Ws‚ tXcn¬ NmSn-hoWv Ahs‚ sNIn-S-

Øm-™-Sn-®Xpw F√mw. CXp-t]mse tbmK-y-∑m-cmb ]e hm\-c-∑m-tcbpw Rm\-dn-bpw. Ipc-ß≥

Ipc-ß≥ F∂p ]d-™p-I-fnbm-°msX \n\°p \ns‚ hgn-°p-t]m-Ip-∂-XmWp \√-Xv"". CXp-tI´

òa≥ ]d-™p: ""\o ]d-™Xv Fs‚ tPyjvT-\mb l\p-am≥ F∂ alm-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv. At±l-

sa-hnsS \osø-hn-sS. ]d-h-I-fn¬ s] -XmWv Kcp-U≥ F∂p hnNm-cn®v Cu®-Iƒ Al-¶-cn-°p-∂-

t]m-se-bm-Wn-Xv. cma- -‡-\mb l\p-ams‚ hwi-Øn¬ ]nd∂p F∂-XmWv \ns‚ lp¶v.

CXbpw tI´t∏m l\p-am≥ kvt\l-]q¿∆w Xs‚ bYm¿∞-cq]w [cn-®p. lnam-e-bw-t]m-

se-bp-ff ico-cw, sImSn-a-cw-t]m-se-bp-ff hmev, sNºp-In-Sm-cw-t]m-se-bp-ff IÆv, Nµ-°-e-t]m-

se-bp-ff ]√p-Iƒ, Ccp-ºp-e-°-t]m-esØ ssIIƒ, ]¿∆-X-X-Sw-t]m-se-bp-ff amdv Cßs\ sbms°

òj-W-amb cq]-Øn¬ BImiw aps´ \n¬°p∂ l\p-ams‚ bYm¿∞-cq]w Iäp-ºn¬ I≠-

t∏mƒ òa≥ A¤pXw sIm≠v hnd-®p. CsX¥p adn-am-b-am-Wmthm F∂v hnNm-cn®v F¥mWv

sNtb-≠-sX-∂-dn-bmsX t]Sn-®p. e£-W-ß-sf√mw sh®v Btem-Nn-®-t∏mƒ CXv Xs‚ tPyjvT-

\mb l\p-am≥ Xs∂ F∂p-d-®p. DSs\ ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ kvXpXn-®p-sIm≠v B Im¬°¬ hoWp

\a-kv°-cn-®p.

tNmZ-y-ßƒ

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (50/100 hm°n¬)

1) ""aXn-am≥ amcp\n Xs‚ aXn-sIm≠v \ncq-]n®p"". \ncq-]n-®-sX¥v?

2) hr≤-\m-tbmcp _eoapJs\ I≠p"" BcpI≠p? Bcq]w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p?

3) ""s]s -s∂-gp-t∂‰p t]mIm-bvIn-em-]Øp

s]ó-Sp-sa∂p [cn-°-\o-h-m-\cm"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.



4) ""]mcw-h-e™p InS-°p-∂-h¿I-tfm˛

Smcp-ao-hÆw Ie-ºp-am-dn-t√tSm"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI

5) Rßƒ [¿Ωw shSn-s™m∂pw ]h¿Øn-bv°p-I-bn√"" F∂ oas‚ Bfl-]-iwkbv°v

l\p-ams‚ ]Xn-I-cWw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?

6) ""I≠t\cw Xs∂ \ns‚ ]cm-Ia

ap≠mbv \ap-s°-∂-dnI hrtIm-Zc"" l-\p-ams‚ Cu adp-a-Sn-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂

]cn-lmkw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-I. ]cn-lm-k-]-c-a-√mØ Hc¿∞w Cu hcn-I-fn¬ Dt≠m?

7) ""s]mÆ-Ø-Sn-b\mw \ns‚ ]cm-Iaw

Iminbv°p t]mtbm IYnbv° hrtIm-Zcm"" Ft∏mƒ? hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

8) ""Adn-bm™n´p-tNm-Zn-t®≥ Acn-i-ap-≠m-I-th≠""

Bcv BtcmSv F¥p-tNm-Zn®p? Ft∏mƒ?

9) ""s]s´∂p Poh≥I-f-hm≥ aSn-bn√ IjvS-ao- o-a-\n-f-s∏- n-cn-bv°ptam"" CXhv°v

Bfl-\nµ tXm∂m-\p-≠mb kw -h-sa¥v?

II D]-\-ym-ktNmZyßƒ

1) l\p-a¬- - oa kwhm-ZsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ip©≥\-º-y-cpsS ]cn-lm-k-]m-Shw

hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

2) Ip©≥º-ym-cpsS h¿Æ-\m-ssh-Z-Kv[-y-w tkm-Zm-l-cWw hnh-cn-°p-I.

3) Ip©≥\-º-ym-cpsS Ihn-Xm-coXn ]mT-y- m-KsØ B[m-c-am°n D]-]m-Zn-bv°p-I.



NWvUm-e-`n-£pInIpam-c-\m-im≥

Ipam-c-\m-im≥

1873¬ Imbn-°-c-bn¬ sXmΩ≥hn-fm-Iw-ho-´n¬ \mcm-b-Ws‚bpw Imfn-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw

aI-\mbn P\n-®p. A∂sØ kº-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v kwkvIrX-km-ln-X-yhpw imkvXhpw ]Tn-®p.

]Xn-∂memw hb- n¬ Xs∂ A≤-ym-]-\-hrØn kzo-I-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ A∂p-ap-X¬ Bim≥ F∂

t]cn¬ hnfn-°-s∏- p. ]Xn-s\´mw hb n¬ io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hpambn ASpØp _‘-s∏-Sm≥

Ign-™Xv At±l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn. ]n∂oSv kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ D]-cn-

]-T\w \S-Øn. H∏w-Xs∂ Cw•ojpw _wKm-fnbpw ]Tn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ am¿§w kmln-X-y-]-c-

ambn Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ CXp Imc-W-am-bn. 1902¬ Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.-bpsS Imc-y-Z¿in-bmbn

\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-k-zman At±-lsØ sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. BZ-y-Im-eØv irwKm-c-t«m-I-ßƒ Fgn-Xn-

bn-cp-∂p. B hgn \ntj-[n®Xpw io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-k-zman Xs∂. 1922¬ shbn¬kv cmP-Ip-am-

c-\n¬\n∂v Bim≥ ]´pw-h-fbpw kzo-I-cn-®Xv henb hna¿i-\-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n. hoW-]q-hv, \fn\n,

eoe, ]tcm-Z-\w, NWvUm-e- n-£p-In, Nn¥m-hn-jvS-bmb koX, Icp-W, _me-cm-am-b-Ww, io_p-≤-

N-cnXw, Zpc-hÿ apX-em-b-h-bmWv apJ-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. 1924 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ ]√-\-bm-‰nse sdUo-a¿

t_m -]-I-S-Øn¬ AIm-e-N-c-a-a-S™p.

JWvU-Im-h-y-]-ÿm\w

G.B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿ΩbpsS ae-b-hn-em-k-amWv ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy JWvU-Im-hyw. Imev]-

\nI ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]I-S-e-£-W-ßƒ BZ-y-ambn ImWn® ae-bm-f-Ir-Xnbpw AXp-X-s∂. [mcmfw

JWvU-Im-h-y-ß-ƒ ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ DØ-a-J-WvU-Im-h-y-ß-fpsS ]q°mew Ihn-X-b-

Øns‚ Ime-L- -am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipam-c-\m-im\pw hf-f-tØmfpw Df-fqcpw JWvU-Im-hy cN-\-bn¬

AX-y-]q¿∆-amb Ignhpw angnhpw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p. alm-Im-h-y-ß-fpsS hmNm-e-X-bn¬ a\w-a-Sp-Øn-

cp∂ A\p-hm-N-I¿°v mh-Xo-hX ]pe¿Øp∂ Cu eLp-Im-h-y-ßƒ Hcp ]pXnb A\p- -h-am-bn.

`mh-Ko-X-ß-fpsS mh-Xo-h-Xbpw BJ-ym-\-Im-h-y-ß-fpsS BJ-ym-\-ssi-enbpw GIX ktΩ-fn-®-

Xm-bn-cp∂p JWvU-Im-h-y-ßƒ. JWvU-Im-h-y-ß-fn¬ CXn-hr-Ø-Ønse sshIm-cn-Imw-i-ßƒ°v

ap≥Xq°w sImSpØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. alm-Im-h-y-ß-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se, `mh-Xo-h-

Xbv°pw GIm-K-Xbv°pw tIm´w X -Ø-°-co-Xn-bn¬ h¿Æ-\-Ifpw Ae-¶m-c-ßfpw ]tbm-Kn-°m-dn-√.

Imh-ym-a-XvItam \mS-Io-btam Bb kw -h-ßfpw IY Ifp-amWv CXn-hr-Ø-am-bn- kzoIcn-°m-dv.

]pcm-W-ß-fn-tebpw CXn-lm-k-ß-fn-tebmw IYmw-i-ßfpw JWvU-Im-h-y-ßƒ°v hnj-b-am-Im-dp-

≠v. At∏mƒ Ah-bnse auen-Imw-i-ßƒ°v am‰w hcp-Øm-dn-√. Imev]-\nI]h-W-X-IƒX-s∂-

bmWv anI® JWvU-Im-h-y-ß-fnepw sXfn-™p-I-≠n-cp∂-Xv. ]tX-y-In®v hnj-bm-h-X-c-W-Ønepw

kao-]-\-Øn-ep-ap-ff Bfl-\n-jvTX. Ihn-X-b-Øn¬ Ipam-c-\m-im-\m-bn-cp∂p Imev]-\n-I-X-bn¬

Gsd Xm¬]-cyw ImWn®Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse e£-W-samØ H∂m-asØ Imev]\nI IrXn-bmbn

hoW-]q-hn-s\-bmWv AwKo-I-cn-®n- p-f-f-Xv.



NWvUm-e- n-£pIn

IY ˛ kµ¿`w

s]m -k¿ e£vao-k-c-kp-hns‚ “The Essence of Budhism” F∂ IrXn-bnse Hcp

`mKsØ CXn-hr-Ø-ambn kzo-I-cn®v Ipam-c-\m-im≥ cNn® Hcp kz-X¥ JWvU-Im-h-y-amWv

NWvUme`n£p-In. io_p≤s‚ BZ-y-Im-e-in-j-y-cn¬ Hcm-fmb B\-µ-`n£p Hcp sImSnb

th\¬°m-eØv \´p-®bv°v HXp Kma-]-cn-k-c-Øn-ep-ff B¬Ø-d-bn¬ hni-an-bv°p-tºm-gmWv

A[:-Ir-X-k-ap-Zm-b-amb amXwK PmXn-bn¬ s]´ Hcp-s]¨In-Smhv hr£-k-ao-]-Øp-ff InW-dn¬

\n∂v shf-fw-tIm-cn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ h∂-Xv. Zmlm¿Ø-\mb n£p Ahsf ka-o-]n®v Aev]w

shffw tNmZn-®p. amXw-Knbv°v AsXmcp ]pXnb A\p- -h-am-bn-cp-∂p. k\-ym-kn-am-sc-t∏mse

Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿ XmW-Pm-Xn-bn¬s]´ XßƒsXm´ Pew IpSn-bv°m-dn-s√∂pw Aßbv°v shffw

X∂m¬ ]m]-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw Ahƒ ]d-™p-t\m-°n. PmXn-Nn-¥sb hnK-Wn®v `n£p shffw

IpSn®v Xncn®v t]mbn. ]Y-a-Zr-jvS-ym-Xs∂ `n£p-hns‚ cq]-Im-¥n-bn¬ ab-ßnb amXwKn

At±-lsØ ]ncn-™n-cn-bv°m≥ Ign-bmØ \ne-bn-em-bn. A∂p-cmXn Ahƒ GIbmbn hoSp-hn-

´n-d-ßn. Hcp hn[-Øn¬ imh-kvXn-bv°-Sp-Øp-ff s_u≤mi-a-Øn-se-Øn. bmZr-—n-I-ambn amXwKn

_p≤- -K-hms‚ apºn-se-Øn. io_p-≤s‚ D]-tZ-iw-aqew Ahƒ°v B\-µ- n-£p-hn-ep-≠mb

kvt\lw hni-z-kvt\-l-ambn amdp-Ibpw Ahƒ k\-ymkw kzo-I-cn®v _p≤-`n-£p-Wn-bmbn

Bi-a-Øn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. PmXn-bn¬XmW Hcp InSm-Ønsb Bi-a-Øn¬

Xma-kn-∏n-®-X-dn™v PmXn-`m-¥-∑mcmb ]WvUn-X-∑mcpw cmPmhpw Ip]n-X-cmbn Bi-a-Øn-se-Øn.

io_p-≤≥ Xs‚ D]-tZ-i-ß-fn-eqsS PmXn-h-y-h-ÿ-bpsS A¿∞ iq\-yX Ahsc t_m≤-y-s∏-Sp-

Øn. AXn-\m¬ F√m-hcpw im¥-cmbn Xncn-®p-t]m-∂p. A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ-s°Xnsc XqenI ]S-hm-

fm-°nb Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ B hnj-b-Øn-ep-ff HXp apJy IrXn-bmWv NWvUm-e- n-£p-In.

B\-µ- n£p amXw-Kn-tbmSv Zml-Pew tNmZn-bv°p-∂-Xp-ap-X¬°mWv ]mT-y- m-Kw.

Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS

XqatXSpw ...........................................................................................-A-º-c-t∂m-Xn-\mƒ

Xqa = ip≤n A¿∞n®p = At]-£n®p `Kn\n = ktlm-Zcn

hrØn-bp-ff IpØp-]mf InW-‰n-en v Ib-dp-h-en®v Ahƒ shffw tImcn-s°m-≠n-cn-bv°p-

tºmƒ B am\y `n£p Ah-fpsS kao-]Øp sN∂v Bh-i-b-s∏- p, ""F\n°p Zmln-°p-∂p.

ktlm-Z-co, Zb-hp-≠mbn Cu XWp-Ø-sh-ffw F\n-bv°nØncn Xcq"". B kpµcn AXp-tI v ]cn-

-an-®p-sIm-≠p-]-d-™p.

A√se-¥p-IY ................................................................................-I-√-√n-cp-º√

""Fs¥mcp IjvS-amWv ]d-bp-∂Xv. Zml-£oWw sIm≠v Aßv PmXn t]mepw ad-∂pthm?

XmW-Ip-e-Øn¬ (\o-N-Pm-Xn) ]nd∂ HcpØnbpsS ssIøn¬ \n∂v D∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-cmb tbmK-y-

∑m¿ shffw hmßn-Ip-Sn(-B-N-an)-bv°ptam? Ft∂mSv tZjyw tXm∂-cptX. shffw X∂m¬ ]m]-

ap-≠m-hpw. ImcWw Rms\mcp NWvUm-e-kvXo-bm-Wv. Kmam-Xn¿Ønbv°∏pdw Xma-kn-bv°p∂



Hcp "Nma¿" kap-Zm-b-°mcs‚ aI-fm-Wv Rm≥. CXp-tI´v ]cn- -an-®p(-hn-e-£≥) sIm≠v n£p

]d-™p, ""ktlm-Zco Rm≥ PmXn-tNm-Zn-®n-√. shf-f-amWv tNmZn-®-Xv. Fs‚ \mhp-W-ßn-t∏m-Ip-

∂p. t]Sn-bv°msX \o F\n°v shf-f-f-fw-X-cq."" Cßs\ ]d™p sN¥m-a-c-t]mse kpµ-c-\mb

At±lw Xs‚ ssI°q-ºnƒ \oń. ]ns∂ Ahƒ apS°w ]d-™n-√. Ahfpw Hcp s]Æm-Wv.

It√m Ccptºm A√-t√m.

I‰-°m¿ Iq¥¬ ....................................................................... \n¬∂pw-t]m-se.

I‰-°m¿ = CS-Xq¿∂ taLw Iq¥¬ = apSn

Bkyw = apJw tNmcnhm = XpSpØ hmb

hnkv^mcnXw = hnI-kn® Xmc = IrjvW-aWn

abv°Æn = kpµcn Acp-Wmwiq = CfwNph-∏p-ff civan

]qcw = Iq´w

tNe-sIm≠v Idp-Øn-cp≠ taLw t]mse-bp-ff apSn--s°´pw apJhpw Gsd-°psd adn®v

]p©n-cn-s]m-gn®v Ahƒ Np≠p-]n-f¿Øn A¤p-X- m-h-Øn¬ IÆp-hn-S¿Øn \n∂p. AXv ]`m-X-

Øn¬ Cfw-Np-h-∏p-c-ivan-bn¬ apßn-°p-fn®p \n¬°p∂ sN¥m-a-c-sam v h≠p-h-∂p-ap- n-b-t∏mƒ

CXƒ hnS¿Øn \n¬°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p.

at\m-l-c-amb Hcp hmMva-b-Nn-X-am-Wn-Xv. amXw-Kn-bpsS kzm- m-hn-I-amb \ne-bv°-∏pdw

h≠nW apń-hn-I-kn® sN¥m-ac F∂ ]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS n£p-hns‚ t\m -Øn-eqsS Ah-fnse

A\p-cm-Km-¶p-chpw kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p.

]ns∂-ss°-Øm¿ ............................................................. Ip\n-™-hƒ

]ns∂ Ah-fpsS ssIhn-d-®-Xn-\m¬ ]mf-bn¬ Xpfp-ºn-bXpw ]mf-bpsS \Sp-hn¬ \n∂v apdn-

s™mgpIp∂Xpw sXfn™ IÆm-Sn-t]mse Xnf-ßp-∂-Xp-amb shffw Zml-hn-h-i-\mbn n£p

\ońb Xmc-°p-ºnƒt]m-cp-ff ssII-fn-te°v Ahƒ Aev]-sam∂v hf™v Hgn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

]pW-y-imen\n .................................................... am‰p-∂p-ap-≠mhmw

kpIr-X-lmcw = ]pW-y-ame in£n-X¿ = ]cn-io-en-∏nbv°s∏ -h¿

in£n-Xm-fl-\n¿∆m-W¿ = Afl-\n¿∆m-Ww (A-h-\-hs‚ tamt£m-]m-bw) ioen-®-h¿

AK-y≥ = apº≥ Z£w = ka¿∞w

Ihn-bpsS A`n-]mb ]I-S-\-amWv Cu hcn-Iƒ A√tbm `mK-y-h-Xo, \o Ct∏mƒ Hgn-®p-

sIm-Sp-°p∂ shf-f-Øns‚ Htcm-Xp-f-fnbpw Af-h‰ `mK-yw-sIm≠p e`n® apØp-am-e-Iƒ

(sh-f-f-Øp-ffn = apØv) \ns‚ Df-fnse Bflmhn¬ Nm¿Øp-∂p-≠m-hmw. (am-e-bn-S¬ hnhm-l-

]-Xo-£) hy-‡n-I-fpsS tam£-]m-]vXn-bv°p-ff am¿§-ß-sf-∏‰n \∂mbn A -y-kn® Cu n£p

Bcm-sW∂v Ipó \o Adn-bp-∂n-√. Btcbpw c£n-°m≥ Ign-hp-ff At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-Klw

Hcp ]t£ \ns∂ as‰m-cm-fm-°n-tb-bv°mw. (B-\-µ- n£p Chƒ°v tam£w sImSp-°m≥ Ign-hp-

ff Bfm-Wv. X¬°mew At±-l-Øns‚ `¿i\w Xs∂ Ahƒ°v tam£w. Ahsf k\-ym-k-

Øn-eqsS tam£-Øn-se-Øn-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-°m-c≥ B\-µ- n£p Xs∂. n£p tamt£m]mb-



Øn¬ ]tX-yI ]cn-ioe\w t\Snb alm-∑m-hm-W-t√m. At±-l-Øns‚ ]kmZw amXw-Knsb

thsdm-cm-fm-°p-∂p. shffw tImcm≥h-cp∂ amXw-Knb√ Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip∂ amXwKn. ]W-b-hn-h-

i-bmb Ahƒ alm-X-]-kzn-\n-bmbn amdp-∂Xpw `n£p-hns‚ kzm-[o\w sIm≠m-Wv. IYm-]-cn-

Wm-a-tØbpw kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. _mte F∂ kwt_m[\-bnse "_p≤n-bp-d-bv°m-Ø-htf" F∂

[z-\n-IqSn i≤n-bv°Ww).

ARvPen X∂n¬ ................................................................. hne-°p∂p

ARvPen = Iq∏pssI (A-ßs\ ]nSn® ssI°p-ºnƒ) IRvPw = Xmac

hmcn-X≥]qcw = shffw ]mh\w = ]cn-ip≤w Babw = Zp:Jw

Iq∏p-ssI-t]mse ]nSn® ssI°p-ºn-fn¬ Xs‚ apJ-am-Ip-∂-Xm-a-csb tN¿Øp-sh®v B

`n£p Ip\n™p \n∂p. AXn¬ hogp∂ shf-fn-°-ºn-t]m-se-bp-ff sXfn-sh-ffw At±lw B¿Øn-

tbmsS ISn-®p. AXv Xs‚ ]cn-ip-≤-amb `mhn-hn-⁄m-\-[m-c-bm-sW-∂-t]m-se-bmWv At±lw

Bk-z-Zn-®-Xv. B alms‚ kwXr]vXn I≠v amXwKn tcmam-©-a-Wn™p \n∂p. £oWw-am-dn;

shf-fw-aXn˛F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ At±lw CS-XpssI sIm≠p BKyw ImW-n®p.

kmZw-Xo¿∂v ................................................................................................. Rm≥ t]mIp-∂p.

kmZw = £oWw tamZ-am\w = kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p∂

]£-vafw = Ca-tcmaw \n¿∆m-W-\n[n = tam£-am-Ip∂ \n[n

Kp¿∆-[o-i≥ = Kpcphpw F√m-‰n\pw DS-a-ÿ-\pamb

]q¿-∆-N-µ≥ = shfp-Ø-hm-hn≥ \mfsØ (]q¿Æ) Nµ≥

£oWw-amdn knc-I-sf√mw Dt∑-jm-h-ÿ-bn¬ FØnb Ejn \nh¿∂p-\n∂v IS-bv°¬

t\cn-b-Np-h∂ Ca-Xq¿°v \o≠ IÆp-Iƒ sIm≠p \µn kqNn-∏n®v X\nbv°p]Imcw sNbvX B

kpµ-cn-tbmSp ]d-™p. ""temI-Øn¬ tam£-Im-cWw Is≠-Øn-b-h\pw F√m P\-ßƒ°pw

Bcm-≤-y\pw Zbm-a-b-\pw, Kpcphpw F√m‰nt‚bpw \mY-\p-amb io_p-≤≥ kpµ-co, \ns∂ A\p-

K-ln°pw. Rm\n-t∏mƒ t]mI-t´.

F∂p ho≠pw .................................................................... amc-Pn-sØ-∂-t]m¬

Cßs\ ]d™v im¥\pw sKuch-]-Ir-Xn-°m-c\pw Bb B _p≤- n£p B B¬Np-h-

´n-te°v sN∂v BX-W-en¬ t\csØ ]d™ ÿm\Øv Ccp∂p. kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ Im -cp-hn-bn¬

sN∂v Zmlw am‰n-b-tijw Xs‚ Kpl-bn-te°v aS-ßn-h∂ knwl-sØ-t∏m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-

lw. ]ns∂ hgn-bmw-hÆw tbmKm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccp∂v At±lw [ym-\-Øn¬ apgp-In. ¬Kp \Zo-

Xo-c-Øp-ff Ac-bm¬®p-h- n¬ Xs‚ Kpcp-hmb amc-PnØv (Im-a-tZ-hs\ Pbn-®-h≥, _p≤≥) Ccn-

bv°p∂ t]mse-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv.

X≥Ip-Shpw .............................................................................................. at\m-lcn

Xs‚ IpS-Øn¬ shffw \nd®v AXns‚ h°p-Xp-S®v hrØn-bm°n B kpµcn am‰n-sh-®p.

]ns∂ \of-ap-ff Ibdv Npcp´n ]mf-bn¬ HXp-°n-sh®p Ahƒ Xncn-®p-t]m-Im≥ XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw

AXn\p Ign-bmsX Ahn-sS-Øs∂ ]cp-ßn-\n-∂p. (_p-≤- n-£p-hns‚ kmao-]yw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-

√p-ff hnj-aw) k‘-ym-Im-i-Øn¬ \n∂v AS¿∂p hoW Hcp Xp≠p-t]mse at\m-l-c-ambn ]qØp-

e™p \n¬°p∂ Hcp ]qa-c-Øns‚ Nph- n¬ B kpµcn \n∂p. (A-\p-cm-Km¿--Z-bmb amXw-Kn-

bpsS kzbw ad-∂p-ff \n¬∏v)



Nmcp-t\X .................................................................................-sX-√nS kpµcn

Nmcp-t\X = at\m-l-c-amb ItÆm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-hƒ

Icpw Xmcn-W-ame = IdpØ c≠p ]q°ƒ sIm≠p-ff ame

tamLw = \njv^ew

amc-ZqXn = Ima-tZ-hs‚ ktµiw sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-hƒ

B ssa°Æn CS-wtXm-fp-sIm≠v CS-Øp- mKw B hmI-a-c-Øn¬ Nmcnbpw sNcn™pff

t\m -am-Ip∂ c≠p \oe-∏q-°ƒ sIm≠v n£p-hn-\mbn ame-Iƒ \njv -e-ambn D≠m-°nbpw qan-

bn¬ Hcp Im¬amXw Dd-∏n®p sh®v Ima-tZ-hs‚ ZqXn-sb-s∏mse \n∂p.

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (50/100 hm°n¬)

1) ""B at\m-l-cn-b-º-c-t∂m-Xn-\mƒ"" BXmWv B at\m-l-cn? Aº-c-°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?

2) NWvUm-e-n`n-£p-hn-t\mSv ]d™ adp-]-Sn-sb-gp-XpI

3) ""X\-zn-bm-W-hƒ I√-√n-cp-º√"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-XpI

4) _p≤- n-£p-hn\v amXwKn Pew Hgn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ hmMva-b-NnXw hnh-cn-°p-I.

5) ""c£m-Z-£amw X¬]-kmZw \ns∂

∏t£ thdm-fmbv am‰p-∂p-ap-≠mhmw"" Cu hcn-I-fnse A¿∞-X-e-ßƒ Ipdn-bv°p-I.

6) ""aµpw Im´p-d-shØn Zmlw Xo¿Øp

Iµ-c-w]qIpw tIk-cn-t]m-e-h≥"" kµ¿`hpw kmc-k-yhpw hy-‡-am-°pI

7) ""t]mIp-hm-t\m-ßn-sb-¶nepw s]¨In-Sm˛

hmIm-™-sßm- -e-k-bmbv Np‰n-\mƒ"" Bcv? F¥p-sIm≠v?

8) ]mcn-sem-‰-°m-cq∂n \ne-sIm-≠mƒ

amc-Zq-Xn-t]m¬ sX√nS kpµcn"" B \n¬∏ns‚ wKn hnh-cn-°p-I.


1) B\-µ-`n-£p-hns‚ ]Y-a-Z¿i\w amXw-Kn-bn¬ D≠m-°nb A\p-`qXn hntijw

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

2) kw`-h-ß-tfbpw IYm-]m-X-ß-tfbpw HuNn-X-y-]q¿Æ-ambn hn\-y-kn-bv°p-∂-Xn¬

Ipam -c -\m -im -\p -ff sshZ-KvZyw NWvUm-e-`n -£p-In -bnse ]T-n® `mK-ßsf

ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn A]-K-Yn-°p-I.



aetI-d¬

Df-fq¿

Df-fq¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-i-z-c-ø¿ (1877-˛1949)

ae-bmf`mjbv°pw kmln-X-y-Øn\pw al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb alm-Ihn Df-fq¿

Fkv. ]c-ta-i-z-c-ø¿1877- ¬ P\n-®p. ÿntcm-’m-ln-bm-bn-cp∂ At±lw Pohn-X-t¢-i-ßsf hI-

h-bv°msX ]Tn®v 26- mw hb- n¬ _n.-F¬. ]co-£bpw XpS¿∂v Fw.F ]co-£bpw ]m m-bn.

Ffn-b-\n-e-bn¬ HutZ-ym-KnI Pohn-X-am-cw- n® At±lw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿k¿∆o-kn¬

skI-´-dn, No^v skI-´-dn, Znhm≥ t]jvIm¿ apX-embn `mcn® DØ-c-hm-Zn-X-z-ap-ff ]e

]Z-hn-Ifpwhln-®p. 1949 Pq¨ 15\v A¥-cn-®p.

Xnc-°p-]n-Sn® HutZ-ym-KnI tPmen-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw alm-Ihn kmln-X-y-Øns‚ hnhn-[-

im-J-I-fn¬s∏-Sp∂ [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®p. ae-bm-f-Øn\p ]pdsI Cw•o-jnepw kwkvIr-X-

Ønepw At±lw KŸ-ßƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. Pohn-X-Øncpw kmln-X-y-cw-KØpw am‰-an-√mØ

IrX-y-\n-jvT, Aan-Xm-≤-zm-\-io-ew, ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fn-ep-ff A]m-c-amb ]mWvUn-X-yw, A\-\-y-

km-[m-c-W-amb Hm¿Ω-i‡n CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ PohnX hnP-b-Øn\v klm-b-

I-ambn hn® kn≤n-Iƒ. ]Xn-Ωq-∂mw-h-b- n¬ At±lw Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xm≥ XpS-ßn. Dam-tI-cfw

(a-lm-Im-h-yw) kpPm-tXm-Z-zm-lw(-N-ºp), I¿Æ-Zq-j-Ww, ]nMvK-f, NnX-im-e, ‡n-Zo-]n-I, anY-ym-]-

hm-Zw, (J-WvU-Im-h-y-ßƒ) Inc-Wm-h-en, Xmc-lmcw, Xcw-Kn-Wn, aWn-a-RvPp-j, lrZ-b-sIuapZn,

cXv\-am-e, Aar-X-[m-c, Iev]-imJn (Im-h-n-Xm-kamlmcßƒ) XpS-ß-b-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚

][m\ ]Z-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ `mjm-N-ºp-°-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff Hcp ]T\w hn⁄m-\-Zo-]nI \mep- m-K-ßƒ,

tIc-f km-ln-X-y-N-cnXw Ggp- m-K-ßƒ F∂nh At±-l-Øns‚ ][m\ KZ-y-Ir-Xn-Ifp-amWv.

ae-tI-d¬ ˛ Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS

ae-I-b‰w Hcp ]Xo-I-am-Wv. t¢i-ß-tfbpw XS- -ß-tfbpw Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v cmjvS-

]p-tcm-K-Xnbv°pw kap-Zm-b-]p-tcm-K-Xnbv°pw th≠n-bp-ff Bl-zm-\-am-Wn-Xv. h¿Æ-h¿§ kap-Zm-

b-t -Z-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn kvt\l-Øns‚bpw sFI-y-Ønt‚bpw al-Xzw DZvtLm-jn-bv°p∂ Hcp- m-

h-Km-\-am-Wn-Xv. cmjvS-]p-tcm-K-Xnbv°v kz-X-¥- m-c-X-Ønse ]uc-∑m-cpsS Npa-X-esb kzm-X-¥-e-

_v[n-bpsS ]›m-X-e-Øn¬ Df-fq¿ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂p.

Db-cp-hn≥thKw ...................................................................................-ap-d-bv°p-t]mI \mw.

thKw Db¿∂p-h-cp-hn≥. ae-I-b-dp-hn≥. Aßs\ hn[n-bpsS Xocp-am-\sØ \ap°v Xncp-

Øn-°p-dn-bv°mw. ]d-∂p-b-cp-hm≥ Nne-In-√m-Ø-h-cmWv \mw. \sΩ ]nSn®p Ib-‰p-hm≥

Bcp-an-√. ih-°p-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hfsc Znh-k-ßƒsIm≠v CX-tØmfw kzbw Cg™p Ib-

dnbhcmWv \Ωƒ. (A-Sn-a-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂p-ff tamN-\-amhmw Dt±-in-bv°p-∂-Xv) I√p-I-fn¬

X´n-Ø-S-™mepw apf-fn≥ ap\-bn¬ X´n apdn-™mepw \ΩpsS Imep-Iƒ C\nbpw Db-c-s´.

\ap-°p-th≠n Bcpw ]q°ƒ hncn® hgn Xpd-∂p-sh®v ImØn-cn-bv°p-∂n√. \ap°v ]pcp-jm¿∞w

t\Sm≥ apt∂m´v t]mtb-]-‰q. (]p-cp-jm¿∞w ˛ [¿Ωw, A¿∞w, Imaw tam£w F∂ \mep

Pohn-X-e-£-y-ßƒ) AXp-sIm-≠v Ia-Øn¬ apt∂m´p t]mIpI Xs∂.



X]- p-sN-bvthm¿°p.........................................................-A- o-jvS-e-£-y-Øn¬

hn_p-[¿ = tZh-∑m¿ D®-ÿ¿= Db¿∂-]-Z-hn-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-h¿

henb Iiykn-≤nbv°p th≠n ITn-\-ambn X]- p-sN-øp-∂-h¿°v ]e-Xcw apS°ßƒ

D≠m-°p-hm≥ kz-¿§-ÿ-cmb tZh-∑m¿ Ft∏mgmw D’mlw ImWn-°p-∂p. (a-\p-j-y¿ X] p

sNøp-tºmƒ tZh∑m¿ AXn\v hnLv\-ßƒ D≠m-°nb ]e-I-Y-Ifpw ]pcm-W-ß-fn-ep-≠v.

hni-zm-an-Xs‚, \c-\m-cm-b-W≥am-cp-sS, A¿÷p-\s‚sbms° X] v DZm-l-c-Ww) ("X-Sÿw" sX‰v

"XS w" BWv- icn. XSÿw = XS-Øn¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xv- -a-≤-ym-h¿Øn F∂¿∞w) Aa-rXw a‰mcpw

Ain-°-cpXv ( -£n-°-cp-Xv) F∂v ka-Z-amb ((-a-Z-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b) a\- n¬ Ft∏mgpw hnNm-cn-bv°p-

∂-h-cmWv tZh-∑m¿. Ah-cm-Is´ kz¥w Xm¬]-c-y-ßƒ kwc-£n-bv°p-hm≥ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff

sImXn-∏n-°en-eqsS al¿jnamsc-t∏mepw BI¿jn-bv°p∂p. Ah¿ \ap-s°-s¥-¶nepw klmbw

sNøp-sa∂p ]Xo-£n-bvt°-≠-Xn√. Ah¿°p klmbw Ah¿. \ap°p \Ω-fpw. AXp-sIm≠v

Imep-Iƒ CS-dmsX \nc-sX‰nbv°msX, Bcp-sS-ap-ºnepw tXm‰p-sIm-Sp-°msX, \ΩpsS ssII-fnse

sImSn-Iƒ hogmsX F√m-hcpw ssIIƒ ]c-kv]cw tIm¿Øp-]n-Sn®p, Htc kz-c-Øn¬ Pb-tIm-em-

lew Iq´nbpw ap∂n¬ hcp∂ \qdp-I-W-°n-ep-ff apS-°-ßsf ]Xn-cp-t]mse Zqtcbv°v DuXn-∏-

d-Ønbpw \ap°v AWn-b-Wn-bmbn apt∂m-°p-t]m-Imw, \Ωƒ BKln-°p∂ e£-y-ÿm-\Øp

thK-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cmw.

Ccn-°epw acn-®m-epw.......................................................-Z-im-hn-]-c-ybw?

Pohn-®mepw acn-®mepw Xc-t°-Sn-√. ssIøq-°p-f-f-h\v F∂pw BK-ln-®-sX√mw t\Sm≥

Ign-bpw. bw F∂ ZpjvS-i-‡nsb \Ωƒ Xs∂ D≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. \ap°v Xs∂ AXns\ C√m-

Xm-°mw. Htc AΩ-bpsS a°-fmbn P\n® \Ωƒ XΩn¬Ø√n \in-bv°p-∂p-h-t√m. ]e Xc-

Øn¬ sIme-bpw, sImf-fbpw sImf-fn-sh∏pw \Ωƒ \S-Øp-∂p. CXn-\p-th-≠n-bmtWm \mw

kzm-X-¥yw t\Sn-b-Xv. B Aar-Xns\ Cßs\ Kcfw (hn-jw) B°-tWm. bp≤-s°m-Sp-¶m-

‰n¬s]´v N∏n-e-t]mse \mw ho≠pw Xmtgm-´p-ho-gp-I-bmtWm? CXv GXv Cui-z-c-\mWv

CjvS-am-hpI? iXp-°sfb-√msX CXmsc kt¥m-jn-∏n-°pw. CsX-s¥mcp `m¥m-Wv.

CsX-s¥mcp A[:-]-X-\-am-Wv. XmtWm mc-X- q-an-bpsS Ah-ÿm-t`Zw?

DZb ssie-Øn¬...............................................................-a-\p-j-y-\m-Z¿iw

AXm DZ-b-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ apI-fn¬\n∂v _me-kq-c-y≥ kz¿Æ-ag s]øn-°p-∂p. \n m-c-

amb ]p√p-I-fpsS IÆo¿ (sN-S-n-bn¬ ]`m-XØn¬ Xqßn \n¬°p∂ Pe-I-Wn-I-Iƒ) kz-¥w--

ssI-I-sf-s°m≠v XpS-®p-am‰p∂p (I-cw- -ssI, civan) kqc-y≥ DZn-®p-b-cp-tºmƒ ]p¬s®-Sn-I-fnse

Pe-Øp-f-fn-Iƒ h‰n-t∏m-Ip-∂p) \n m-c-amb ]pgp-°ƒ°p-t]mepw kqc-y≥ Dt∑jw \¬Ip-∂p.

""Ccp- ns\ Zqc-tØbv°v HmSn®p Cfw-°m-‰p-sIm≠v ]qaWw ]c-Ønbpw C∂se ISen¬ NmSnb

(A-kvX-an-®) Rm\nXm ho≠pw BImƒØn-tebv°v ]d∂pI-b-dp-∂p. th≠Xpw th≠m-ØXpw

Xncn-®-dn-b-em-Ip∂ hnf-°ns‚ ] -sIm≠v F\n°v icn-bmb hgn-Im- n-Ø-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ IS¬Øn-

c-Iƒ I≠v Rm≥ Iqkn-bn-√. IS-en¬sh®v a’-y-ß-fpsS Cc-bm-bn-Øo¿∂-Xp-an√. Rm≥

IS¬Ø- n¬ \n∂v hne-tb-dnb apØpw ]hn-ghpw tiJ-cn-°m≥ an\-s°- n-√. ASp-Øp-ff Z-zo-

]n¬ Ib-dn-°n-S-°m≥ t]mbn-√. F\n°v Fs‚ e£-y-Øn-se-Ø-Ww. Cu H‰ Hm¿ΩsIm≠v

Rm\nXm ChnsS FØn."" Cßs\ Hmtcmtcm ]£n-I-sf-s°m≠p shdpsX (hn-X-Yw) kz¥w

IY-]m-Sn®p C\≥ (kq-c-y≥) AXm ap∂n¬ tim`n-bv°p-∂p. kzbw ]c-ym-]vX-\mb a\p-j-y\v

BZ¿iw ][m-\-am-Wv.



£nXn-bn-se..........................................................................-\-Sp-ßpw-ssZ-hhpw

Cu qan-bn-em-sI-bp-ff Ccp v \ΩpsS lrZ-b-am-Ip∂ Kpl-bv°p-f-fn¬ Ib-dn-∏-‰n-°-gn-™p.

A\-ys\ sh´n-ho-gvØp∂ hmƒ A¶-°-en-sIm≠v AXn-\p-tijw Xncn-™p-h∂v \tΩbpw Acn™p

hogvØp-I-bnt√? Ign-™p-t]mb NoØ-°m-c-yßsf√mw \ap°p ad-°mw. \ΩpsS

AI-Ø-f-ßƒ Xpd-∂p-sh-bv°mw. Im‰pw shfn-®hpw AI-tØbv°p Ibdt´. Htc e£-y-tØmsS

\ap°p apt∂m´p \oßmw. At\-ym-\-y-kvt\lw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°mw. \ΩpsS mcw a‰p-f-f-h-cpsS

Xe-bn¬ sI´n-sh-bv°msX H∂n-®p-\n¬t°-≠-hsc iXp-°-fm-°msX \Ωƒ°mWv qcn-]£w

F∂v Du‰w sImf-fm-sX, XmW \ne-bn¬ Ign-bp-∂-hsc ]p—n®p Xf-fm-sX, apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂-

h¿°v ]md-°-√p-Iƒ ]q°-fm-Ipw. Ccp´phn-f-°m-Ipw. L\w (ta-Lw) DUp (\-£-Xw)hmIpw

Ccp- p-]-c-Øp-∂Xv shfn®w Xcp-∂-XmIpw. Bfl-hoc-y-Øn¬ Bfl-hn-i-zm-k-ap-f-f-hscI°-≠m¬

FXn-cmbn \n¬∂p∂ hn[n-t]mepw ]X-dpw.

hrØw A∂-\S

tNmZ-y-ßƒ

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ

1) ""X] p sNtbzm¿°p XS- -ap-≠m-°m≥

hn_p-[--cp-®-∞¿IqXp-In-I-sf∂pw"" Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

2) ""]c-s\-shpw-hmƒ Ien-sIm-≠-∏pdw

Xncn-™p-\-tΩ-bp-a-cn-™p-X-f-fnt√"" Bibw hni-Z-am-°p-I.

3) "X\-Xp-ho-c-y-Øn¬ hni-¶-tXm-∂mØ

P\-X-sb-°-≠m¬ \Spßpw ssZhhpw" Bibw hy-‡-am-°p-I.


1) Df-fq-cns‚ ]£-Øn¬ F¥mWv bYm¿∞-]p-tcm-KXn?

2) ae-tI-d¬ F∂ IhnX DZvt_m-[n-∏n-bv°p-∂-s\¥v?



Hcp tXmWnbmX

hf-f-tØmƒ

alm-Ihn hf-f-tØmƒ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ (1878- 1958)

hmKvtZ-h-X-bpsS ]pcpjm-h-Xm-c-sa∂v Ip´n-°r-jvW-am-cm¿ hnti-jn-∏n® alm-Ihn

hf-f-tØm-fns‚ Xd-hmSv Xncq-cn-\-Sp-Øp-ff awKew Kma-Øn-em-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ÿnc-Xm-akw

][m-\-ambpw sjm¿Wq-cn-\-Sp-Øp-ff sNdp-Xp-cp-Øn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-Xhpw Bbq¿th-Z-

hp-amWv ]Tn-®-Xv. ]X-am-kn-I-Iƒ hgn ImenI s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\-ßƒ t\Sn. Cw•o-jp-]-cn-⁄m\w

IjvSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-]m-c-º-cyw hgn \ntbm-¢m-kn°v ]h-W-X-I-fn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv Imh-y-c-N\

Bcw-`n-®-sX-¶nepw Ime-Øns‚ cpNn-t`-Z-a-dn™v Imev]-\n-I-Nm-cp-Xsb Xs‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬

Bhm-ln-bv°m≥ ]n¬°m-eØv At±-l-Øn\p ]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-√. \ntbm-¢m-knIv ssien-bn¬

FgpXnb kvtXmX-ß-fpw, irwKm-c-t«m-I-ßfpw (hn-em-k-e-Xn-I, Kma-ku- m-K-yw) NnX-tbmKw

alm-Im-h-y-hpamWv BZ-y-L- -Ønse IrXn-Iƒ c≠mw-L- -Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ _‘-\-ÿ-\mb

A\n-cp-≤≥, inj-y\pw aI\pw, A—\pw aI-fpw, sIm®p-ko-X, aKvZ-e-\-a-dnbw F∂n-h-bpsS cN-\-

bn-emWv hf-f-tØmƒ°-hn-X-bpsS hy-‡n-ap-Z-Iƒ ]Xn-™-Xv. F∂m¬ ka-Ime kmaq-ly cmjvSo-

bm-\p- -h-ßsf hnj-b-am-°n-bp-ff eLp-I-hn-X-I-fmWv hf-f-tØm-fns‚ G‰hpw D÷-z-e-amb

IrXn-Iƒ. Ah-bmWv kmln-X-y-a-RvPcn ]c-º-c-I-fn¬ kam-l-cn®n´pf-f-Xv. JWvUIhnX-I-fn¬

NneXpw kmln-X-y-a-RvP-cn-bnse GXm\pw Ihn-I-fp-amWv hf-f-tØm-fns\ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ alm-I-

hn-bm-°p-∂-Xv. At±lw X¿÷-a-km-ln-X-y-Øn\p \¬Inb kw`m-h-\Ifpw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-ß-

fm-Wv. hmevaoIn cmam-bWw X¿÷a sNbvX-Xns‚ t]cn¬ At±-lsØ tIc-f-hm-evaoIn F∂p

hnfn-bv°m-dp-≠v. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ EtK-z-Z-hpw ]q¿Æ-ambn hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn- p-≠v. IqSmsX

`mkt‚bpw Imfn-Zm-kt‚bpw Nne \mS-I-ßfpw ][m-\-s∏´ ]pcm-W-ßfpw ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

´p-≠v. \mS-Io-b-amb BJ-ym-\-kw-hn-[m-\w, t\cn- p-Im-Wp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp-ff h¿Æ-\-Iƒ, anX-

amb \¿Ω-t_m-[w, AXn-kp- -K-amb cN-\m-Kp-Ww, CXn-hr-Øhpw IYm-]m-X-ß-fp-am-bp-ff X∑-bo-

`m-hw, Hcn-bv°epw hn´p-am-dmØ Pohn-X-coXn F∂n-h-bmWv hf-f-tØmƒ°hn-X-bp-aS kz-X-z-L-S-

I-ßƒ. ka-Im-en-I-I-hn-Iƒ kwkvIr-X-hr-Ø-ß-fn¬ amXw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂ A°m-eØv Zmhn-

U-hr-Ø-ß-fpsS i‡nbpw kuµ-c-yhpw ]tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wn® Ct±lw C°m-c-y-Øn¬ Xp©-sØ-

gp-Ø-®s‚ bYm¿∞ ]n≥Km-an-bm-Wv. hf-f-tØmƒ°-hn-X-bnse tZio-b-]-ÿm-\m-th-ihpw ssNX-

\-yhpw FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xp≠v ]n¬°m-e-I-hn-Iƒ°pw hf-f-tØmƒ Hcp amXr-I-bm-bn- p-≠v.

tZio-b-ho-£-W-Øns‚ mK-ambn \ΩpsS ]mc-º-c-y-I-e-I-fpsS kam-≤-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n At±-l-

Øns‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ D≠mb alm-ÿm-]-\-amWv tIc-f-I-em-a-WvU-ew.

kmln-X-y-a-RvPcn

Xp©sØ-gp-Ø-—-\p-tijw ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn¬ ]ptcm-K-a-t\m-∑p-J-hpw Zqc-h-ym-]-I-hp-amb

]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p t\Xr-Xzw sImSpØ B[p-\n-I-Ihn alm-Ihn hf-f-tØm-fm-Wv. Xm≥ Pohn®

Ime-tØmSv G‰hpw i‡n-bmbn ]Xn-I-cn® Ihn-bm-W-t±-lw. mc-X-Øn¬ kzm-X-¥-y-k-acw sImSp-

ºn-cn-s°m≠ Ime-amWv hf-f-tØm-fns‚ kmln-X-y-]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse AXn-]-[m-\-L-´w.



AXn-\m¬ \m´n¬ Xnc-b-Sn-bv°p∂ \thm-∞m-\-]-hm-l-tØbpw km[m-c-W-P-\-ß-fpsS Bi-bm-

`n-em-j-ß-tfbpw kz¥w Ihn-X-bn¬ At±lw ]Xn- -en-∏n®p. efn-Xhpw kpµ-c-hp-amb AØcw

Ihn-X-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv kmln-X-y-a-RvP-cn-Iƒ. ]I-c-W-ip≤n XnI-™-h-bmWv B Imh-y-X-

√-P-ßƒ. kmln-X-y-Ønse i_vZw, A¿∞w, Bi-bw, Ae-¶m-cw, cN-\m-co-Xn, mhw XpS-ßn-b-h-

sb√mw Imh-y-k-µ¿ -Øn-t\mSv G‰hpw CW-ßn-\n¬°p∂ coXn-bv°mWv At±lw ]I-c-W-ip≤n

F∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. kmln-X-y-a-RvP-cn-bnse ][m-\-I-hnXI-sf√mw `mh-Ko-X-ß-fm-Wv.

I¿Ø-r-\n-jvThpw ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-™-Xpw, hnIm-c][m-\-hp-amb Ihn-X-I-fmWv `mh-Km-\-

ßƒ(lyrics). Imev]\nI ]ÿm-\-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv mh-Km\w. KoX-Iw, hnem-]-Im-h-yw,

kzm-KXm-J-ym\w F∂n-hbpw mh-Km-\-ßƒ Xs∂. Npcp-ßnb hcn-I-fn¬ HXp°n Hcp-h-kvXpthm,

kw -htam Bi-btam Ihn-lr-Z-b-Øn¬ D≠m-°nb A\p- q-Xnsb AtX-]Sn Bk-zm-Z-I-\n-tebv°p

kwI-an-∏n-bv°p-∂-XmWv AXns‚ e£-yw. AXn-\m¬ ]Z-_-‘-Øn-epw, h¿Æ-\-I-fn-epw, D]-tbm-

Kn-°p∂ hrØ-ß-fnepw, kq£vaX ]men-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hf-f-tØm-fns‚ `mhm-\-ßƒ AX

sNdp-X√ Fs∂mcp ]tX-y-I-X-tb-bp-f-fq. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ `mh-Km-\-]-ÿm\w thcp-d-bv°p-∂Xv

hf-f-tØm-fns‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. Xs‚ Np‰p]mSpw ImWp∂ Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ßƒ, hy-‡n-]-c-amb

A\p- q-Xn-Iƒ, ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw CXn-lm-k-ß-f¬ \n∂pw Xnc-s™-SpØ Nne kµ¿ -ßƒ,

Ncn-X-kw- -h-ßƒ, A‘-hn-i-zm-k-ßƒ, A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ XpS-ßnb F√m hnj-b-ßfpw At±-l-

Øns‚ mh-Km-\-ß-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n-∂p. Ah A°m-eØv XnI®pw ]pXp-a-bp-f-f-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

`mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ß-tfmSpw mc-X-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-]m-c-º-c-y-tØmSpw hf-f-tØm-fn-\p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv A‘hpw k¶p-Nn-X-hp-amb A`n-\n-th-i-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ahsb Nq≠n-°m´n

h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ PmK-Øm-°m\pw I¿tΩm-∑p-J-am-°m-\p-amWv At±lw ian-®-Xv, A√msX

AXns‚ Be-k-y-Øn¬ ab-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. alm-fl-Km-‘n-Pn-b-S-°-ap-ff tZiob t\Xm-°-

∑m¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Imh-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ IW-°‰ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn. AXn-\m¬ ]ucm-Wn-

Itam, Ncn-X-]-c-tam, Iev]n-Xtam Bb hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®m-cw- n-®mepw At±-l-Øns‚ IhnX

tZim- n-am-\-Ønepw kzm-X-¥y XrjvW-bn-ep-amWv Ah-km-\n-®n-cp-∂Xv. Hcp tXmWn-bm-Xbpw B

C\-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p.

Hcn tXmWn-bm-X-bn-eqsS

almIhn hf-f-tØm-fns‚ i‡hpw at\m-l-c-hp-amb Hcp eLp-Im-h-y-am-Wv Hcp tXmWn-

bm-X. tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp-Im-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw A[:-IrX kwkv°m-c-Øn\pw

FXn-cmbn i_vZ-ap-≠m-°pIbpw tZio-b-t_m-[sØ DW¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv Cu Ihn-X.

1) kv^pcnbv°pw = Cf-Ip∂ kcnØv = ]pg

k‘-y-a-b-ßm-dm-bn. cmXn-bm-X-°m¿°v InS-°m-\p-ff Ffn-b-tXm-Xn-ep-ff saØ hncn-®n-

´p-f-f-Xpw, Rm≥ Ib-dn-b-Xp-amb B tXmWn Xpf-fn-°-fn-bv°p∂ Hmf-ß-sf apdn-®p-sIm≠v apt∂m´p

\oßm≥ XpS-ßn.

2) kn‘p = ]pg

Cu ]pg-bn-eqsS Ccp- n¬ Atßm- p-an-tßm´pw \oßp∂ h©n-I-sf-t∏mse Fs‚ a\- n-

eqsS ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff Ah-y-‡-Nn-¥-Iƒ h∂p-t]m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.



3) Xc-Wn-hPw = tXmWn-I-fpsS Iq´w AkwKw = \n¿∆n-Imcw

Xs‚ Ifn-ÿew (P-e-∏c∏v) tXmWn-°q- -ßƒ sIm≠p \nd-™mepw hntcm-[-an-√. Htcm-

‰-tØm-Wnbpw C√msX Hgn™p InS-∂mepw kmc-an-√. Bc-≠-h-ÿ-tbbpw i≤n-bv°msX

H∂nepw Xm¬∏-c-y-an-√m-Ø-a- n¬ B \Zn im¥-ambn Hgp-Ip-∂p.

4) k∂mln = Hcpßn∏p-d-s∏- , B—m-ZnXw = ad-bv°-s∏- Xv

k∂m`w = aßnb shfn-®-ap-ff

Iev]n®p Iq´nb Hcp-ßn-∏p-d-s∏´v AhnsS Ib-dn-∏-‰nb Ccp- m-Is´ temIsØ apgp-h≥

aqSn. t\cnb shfn®w amX-ap-ff kz¥w hnf-°p-I-fp-ambn an∂m-an-\p-ßp-Iƒ bmX XpS-ßn.

5) XSw = ]pg-h°v Xma- -aqlw = Ccp- ns‚ Iq´w

Bk-∂-N-tµm-Z-b- oXn = ASp-Øp-≠m-hm≥ t]mIp∂ Nµs‚ DZ-b-Øn¬ \n∂p-ff bw

A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX D≠m-Im≥ t]mIp∂ Ntµm-Z-bsØ t]Sn-®n v ]pg-bn-tebv°v NmSm≥

Hcp-ßp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]pg-bpsS h°-Øp-ff s]m¥-°m-Sp-I-fn¬ Ccp- p-Iq´w IqSn Xg®p \n¬°p-

∂-Xp-Im-Wmw.

(N-tµ-mZbw = Nµs‚ hnPbw taml≥Zmkv Icw-N-µvKm-‘n-bpsS hnP-bw)

6) ]q¿∆-Zn-im-k-c v = Ings° Zn°m-Ip∂ s]mbvI

Aev]w Ign-™-t∏mƒ shfn®w sXfn-™p-h-cp∂ Ing-°≥ Zn°n¬ ]q¿Æ-amb cmXn-

bpsS Nfn-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp shf-f-Øm-ac s]mßn-h-∂p. Ntµ-Z-bw- -N-fn-bn¬ \nt∂ Xmac hncn-

bq. s]uckvXy cmP-y-ß-fn¬ C¥-y-bpsS Xnf-°w).

7) _nw_-\-ssI-Xhw = ]Xn-_nw-_n-bv°p-I-bmWv F∂ hym-tP\

h¿≤n® tim -tbmsS DZn-®p-b¿∂ Nµ≥ ]pg-bn¬ ]Xn-_nw-_n-bv°p-I-bmWv F∂ hym-

tP\ \nd-]p-g-bn¬ Ac-b-∂-ßƒ \o¥n-°-fn®p (A-c-b-∂-ß-sf-t∏mse Nµ-_nw_w ]pg-bn¬

\ng-en-®p.)

8) al v = tXP v

IØn-P-z-en-®n-cp∂ tXP v (kq-c-y≥) ad-™p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ (A-kvX-an-®v) Ccp- n¬ apgp-

Inb temIw Ia-Øn¬ ]gb ]Xm-]-Øn-te-bvs°-Øm≥ th≠n ]Im-i-]q¿Æ-amb Hc-h-ÿ-bn-

se-Øn. (C-¥-y-bpsS \th-m∞m-\w)

(aq-∂p-ap-X≥ F´p hsc-bp-ff t«mI-ß-fn¬ Ihn-bpsS Ahy‡-amb Nn¥-I-fn-eqsS

C¥-y-mN-cnX kqN-\)

9) aRvfpfw = at\m-lcw

h©n-bpsS henb Nnd-Imb Xq°n-bn- -]m-b-ta¬ h∂p ap´nb at\m-l-c-amb i_vZ-ap-≠m-

°p-∂Xpw cmXn-bpsS izm-k-sa∂p tXm∂n-bv°p-∂-Xp-amb Cfw-Im‰v IhntbmSv t£am-t\-z-j-W-

ßƒ \S-Øp-I-bmtWm F∂p tXm∂n.

10) am¿§-h-yY = bmXm-t¢iw A≥]v = kvt\lw

k®n¬kpJw = tam£-Øn-\p- Xpe-y-amb B\µw



thK-Øn¬ bmX-£o-Ww-sIm≠v IÆp-Nn-Ωn-°n-S-°p∂ Fs‚ s\‰n-bn¬ hm’-e-y-\n-[n-

bmb Hc-Ω-sb-t∏mse ]c-am-\µw Xcp∂ Dd-°-am-Ip∂ tZhX DΩ-sh-®p.

11) aZw-K-tN-jvSm-I-W-ßƒ = Fs‚ Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS Ne-\-ß-fm-Ip∂ \pdp-ßp-Iƒ

Dd-°-amIp∂ tImgn Fs‚ ico-c-N-e-\-am-Ip-∂- Xp≠pIsf sImØn hngp-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-

bv°p-tºmƒ (Rm≥ Dd-°-Øn¬ \n›-e-\m-bn-Øp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ) B h©n Xpg-b¬°mcmb c≠p-

t]-cn¬ Hcm-fpsS i_vZw Atßm-s´mcp Is√-dn-™p. (I-s√-dn-™Xn\m¬ sImØn-

s∏dp°nØn∂p∂ tImgn HmSn c£-s∏- p. Xpg-®n¬°m-cs‚ i_vZw tI -tXmsS Dd-°-Øp¬

\n∂v sRń-bp-W¿∂v AwK-tN-jvS-Iƒ XpS-ßn).

12) A\p⁄ = Iev]\

Rm\nXs]-s´∂v Dd-ßn-t∏m-Ip-sa∂v Icp-Ø-\mb B th´p-h≥ (A-c-b≥) Icp-Xn-bn- p-

≠m-hn√. Cbmƒ°v cmam-bWw hmbn-°m≥ Fs‚ A\p-hmZw Inń-bn-s√-¶n¬ F¥m-Wmthm

Ipg-∏w.

13) DØ-a-KŸw (cm-am-b-W)-]m-cm-b-WsØ Rm≥ apS-°n-tb°mw F∂v Ch≥ i¶n-

bv°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? IjvSn®v hmbn-°m≥ ]Tn-®Xv Xs‚ Al-¶m-c-ambn ImW-cp-tX-sb-∂m-bn-

cn°mw AXns‚ s]mcpƒ. (Io-gvPm-Xn-°m¿ hnZym- -ymkw t\Sn-°qSm F∂ A\m-Nm-cw)

14) Cui-¶-bm-Ip∂ \ocmhn I -]n-Sn®v Fs‚c-≠p-I-Ænepw shffw D≠m°n (\o-cmhn

L\o- -hn® taL-am-Wt√m ag-s]-øn°p-∂Xv) ""Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿ IogvPm-Xn-°m-tcmSv ImW-

n°p∂ Imcp-Wyw tIaw Xs∂"". (hn-]-co-Xm¿∞w)

15) K¿Øw = ]mgv°p≠v IoSw = ]pgp hn`qXn = kºØv

Ch¿ Imem-Imew A¿∞-iq-\-y-amb ]Sp-Ip-gn-bn¬Øs∂ ]pgp-°-sf-t∏mse InS-°-W-

sat∂m? thZw, CXn-lmkw XpS-ßnb kmwkvIm-cnI kº-sØ√mw Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-cpsS Xd-

hm´p kz-Øm-W-sX.

16) hm°ns‚ tZh-X-bmb kc-k-z-Xnsb Xm≥ Adn-bmsX Xo≠n-t∏mbn F∂ Ip‰-Øn\v

Ch≥ am∏p-tNm-Zn-bv°p-∂p. (D-b¿∂ PmXn-bn¬s∏´ Hcp Ipeo-\-kvXosb ip≤w am‰nb

[n°m-cw-t]mse tXm∂n-bv°p∂p Cu tNmZ-yw. Xm≥ cmam-bWw hmbn® i_vZw PmXn-°m-c(-I-

hn)≥ A]cm-[-ambn°≠pthm F∂ t]Sn. Xo≠pI = sXm -ip-≤-am°pI˛A√ ASp-Øp-h-cpI

AYhm "Xo≠m-∏mSv" sX‰n-\-S-∂-Xm-Wv) F¶n¬ \ΩpsS \mńse kvarXn-hm-I-y-tLmjw ([¿Ω

imkvX-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ) PmXn F∂ ]nim-Nns‚ ISpØ A -lm-k-am-Ip-∂p.

òIcw Xs∂.

17) kmtlmZc-y-am-Ip∂ kkyw apf-®p-h-f¿∂n-cp∂ \ΩpsS cmP-y-am-Ip∂ Cu hnf- qan

GtXm shf-f-s∏m-°-Øm¬ ]e-Zn-°nepw aW¬h-∂-Sn™v CXbpw Db¿∂pw Xmgv∂pw InS-°p∂

ÿe-am-bXmWv. (km-tlm-Z-cyØns‚ ka-\n-c∏v Ct∏mƒ Db¿∂Xpw Xmgv∂-Xp-amb ÿe-am-bn-

t∏m-bn.



18) Cu ]pW-y- q-an-bnse Hcp ap°p-h-Øn-bpsS aI-\mWv ]n∂oSv _“¿jn apJ-y-\m-b-Xv-

- C-hnsS thZ-h-ym-k≥. IjvS-ta, IjvSw Aß-s\-bp-ff \mń¬ Ct∏mƒ a\p-j-y≥ a\p-j-ys‚

ASp-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv (Xo-≠¬) A[¿Ω-ambn (]-cm-i-c-a-l¿jnbv°v a’-y-K-‘n- -]n-∂oSv Imfn F∂

Ac-b-Øn-°-\-y-I-bn¬ P\n® ]pX-\mWv thZ-ßƒ ]Ip-°p-I-bp#w CXn-lm-k-ßƒ cNn-bv°p-

Ibpw sNbvX thZ-h-ym-k≥)

19) Akva¬Iq-e-]q¿∆≥ = \ΩpsS Xd-hm- nse ]g-b-Im-c-W-h-∑m¿

B¿ØXmWw = Zp:JnXsc c£n-°m≥ ikvXw = Bbp[w

]c-X-¥¿ = Ak-z-X-¥¿ aq¿≤\n = inc- n¬

kz-X-¥-cm-bn-°-gn-™n-cp∂ \Ωpsj \mńse ]q¿∆p-I¿ Zp:-Jn-X-∑msc c£n-°m≥ ssIøn¬

Bbp-[-ta-¥n-b-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ H∂n\pw sImf-f-cp-Xm-Ø-h-cmbn ASn-a-I-fm-bn-°-gn-bp∂ \Ωtfm

\ΩpsS ssIsIm≠v ]mh-ß-fpsS a≠ Fdn™p s]mfn-bv°m≥ Is√-Sp-°p-∂p. (k-z-X-¥- m-c-

Øn¬ ]≠v Pohn-®-h¿ B¿Ø-Xm-W-\-Øn\pw Ak-z-X-¥- m-c-X-Øn¬ C∂v Pohn-bv°p-∂-h¿

]c-]o-U-\-Øn\pw Bbp-[-sa-Sp-°p-∂p. kz-X-¥-y-e-_vv[nbv°p apsº-gp-Xn-b-XmWv Cu Ihn-X)

20) m¿§-h-cm-P-e£van = mc-X-Øns‚ sFi-z-c-y-tZ-hX

]≠v GI-tbm-K-tØmsS F√m-h-cnepw Htc tXmXn¬ Bcn¬ hnf-bm-Sntbm B ]q¿∆n-I-

∑m-cpsS c‡-]m-c-º-cyw A√tbm \mb-∑msc \nß-fn¬ H´p-an-t√. (Ihn \mb-cm-Wv. D®-\o-N-Xzw

]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ Zpc- n-am\w sImf-fp∂ kz-k-ap-Zmb ]am-Wn-amsc Bt£-]n-bv°p-∂p. ChnsS

\mb-tcm-Sm-Wt√m th´p-h≥ am∏n-c-∂Xv).

21) k_p≤n = kwt_m-[\

Xºm≥" F∂m-W-bmƒ Fs∂ hnfn-®-Xv. A√tbm ]mhw a\p-jym Cu \Ω-sfms° Htc

Hcp Xºp-cms‚ (P-K-Zo-i-z-c≥) rX-y-∑m-cm-Wv. Aß-s\-bp-ff \Ωƒ XΩn¬ Bcv BcpsS Xºp-cm-

\mIpw (F-√-m-hcpw Xpe-y¿).

22) Hcp-]t£ \o DSpØXnt\-°mfpw \√ hkvX-ß-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw Ft‚Xv. CXv B¿°pw

]oSn-I-bn¬ \n∂v hmßm≥ In´p-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Htc \qep-Iƒ sIm≠v Xp∂nb DSp-∏mWv (i-

co-cw) Aw_ (]-Ir-Xo-tZ-hn) \ap-s°-√m-h¿°pw X∂n- p-f-f-Xv.

23) ]f-fn-tbmSw = cmPm-°-∑m¿ k©-cn-bv°p∂ tXmWn

bpjvam-Zr-i-∑m¿ = \nß-sf-t∏m-ep-f-f-h¿, t]mjva-f-_m-jv]-\o¿ = NpSp-I-Æp-\o¿

\nß-sf-t∏m-se-bp-f-f-h-cp-sS NpSp-I-Æp-\o¿∏p-g-bn¬ BcmtWm Ae-¶m-c-tØm-Wn-bn¬ Id-

ßn-°-fn-bv°p-∂Xv B tbmK-y-∑m¿ \nßƒ°n-t∏mƒ Xºp-cm-\mWv. temI-Øns‚ adn-ambw ˛

]oU-I≥ BZ-c-Wo-b-\m-Ip-∂p.

24) Rm\m-Ip∂ ]pgp Fs‚ \mń¬ `mh-\m-k-z¿§w D≠m-°m≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ ˛ Cu

PmXn-h-y-h-ÿbpw D®-\o-N-X-zhpw C√m-bva-sN-bvXm¬ C¥-y-bv°p-≠m-hm≥ t]mIp∂ A`n-hr-≤n-

sb-°p-dn®v kz]v\w I≠p-sIm-≠n-cnbvt° cmam-bW hmb-\bv°v Fs‚ kΩXw ]Xo-£n-®n-cn-

bv°p∂ Ahs‚ tNmZyw ho≠pw D≠m-bn.



25) ""hmbn-®p-sIm-f-fpI AsX-\n-bvs°-Xbpw CjvS-amWv"" F∂p Rm≥ adp-]Sn ]d™

DSs\ aßn-°-Øp∂ asÆ-Æ-hn-f-°n-\-SpØv Abmƒ sXmgp-ssI-øp-ambn Ccp-∂p.

26) ]n∂o-S-bmƒ ]pkvX-I-sa-SpØv BZ-c-thmsS hmb-\bpw XpS-ßn. ipXn-bn-W-°-an√m

cmK- w-Kn-bn-√, A£-c-kv p-S-Xbpw th≠-X-bn-√.

27) F∂mepw Abm-fpsS hmb-\m-Km\w Fs‚ sNhn-Iƒ°v henb B\µw D≠m-°n;

Abm-fsS sXm≠bn¬ \n∂p hcp∂ kzcw AXbv°v ‡n-]q¿Æbpw am[p-c-y-ap-f-f-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

28) kptKbw = \√-hÆw ]mSm-hp-∂-Xv, cmL-hobw = cmL-h(-cm-a)-t\mSv _‘-s∏- Xv

Imhyw \∂mbn Be-]n-bv°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IY iocmas‚. KŸ-I¿Ømhv Xp©-sØ-gp-

Øm-Nm-c-y≥, ]mSp-∂tXm ‡n-a-b-k-z-c-Øn¬. B\µw e`n-bv°p-hm≥ C\n F¥p-thWw?

29) Ahs‚ ]m´m-Ip∂ at\m-l-c-amb i_vZw cmXn-bpsS \n»-_vZ-Xsb XI¿Øp-sIm-

≠n-cn-bv°p-∂Xv Bk-z-Zn-bv°p-hm≥ F∂ ań¬ BIm-i-Øn¬ \£-X-ßƒ Cf-ImsX \n∂p.

30) Ahs‚ sXm≠-bn¬ \n∂v \oń-s®-√p∂ B Km\w ]pd-Øp- h∂psIm≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ

B \Zn Hmf-ß-fm-Ip∂ ssIIƒ sIm≠v ]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° Xmfw ]nSn-®p.

31) cmam-\p-P-s\∂ ]©-h¿Æ-Infn ]mSnb cmam-b-W-Øns‚ a[p-c-]-hm-l-Øn¬ B

shÆn-emhv ]m¬°p-g-ºn¬ ebn-®-t]m-se-bm-bn.

32) ]kn-≤-amb Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ Imh-y-am-Ip∂ cXv\-Øn¬ \n∂p ]k-cn® tim -

sIm≠v B s]m´ asÆÆ hnf°v F\n°v Hcp sshZ-yp-X-Zo-]-ambn Øo¿∂-t]mse tXm∂n.

33) A¤p-X-I-c-amb Hcp kpK‘w Cfw-Im-‰n¬ Ahn-sS-sbßpw ]c-∂p. Rm\n-cn-bv°p∂

h©n-bn¬ GtXm Hcp tX≥ CS-hn-SmsX h∂p-]-Xn-®p.

34) at\m-l-c-amb h¿Æ-ßƒ tafn® Xs‚ ico-c-Im-¥n-sIm≠v IÆ-©n®v B ss]¶nfn

Iptd-t\cw Fs‚ a\- m-Ip∂ hf-fn-bpsS Nn√-I-fn¬ a[p-c-X-c-ambn ]mSn-s°m≠v XØn-°-fn-®p.

35) A¿∞-sKuch-Øn¬ i≤-bq∂n hmbn-bv°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bv°v, CS-bv°n-Sbv°v Abmƒ

Nne `mK-ß-fsS A¿∞w Ft∂mSp tNmZn-®n-cp-∂p. IjvSw Xs∂. Db¿∂ Nn¥-I-\m-b, IqSp-

X¬Iq-Sp-X¬ Adn-bm≥ BK-ln-bv°p-∂-h-\mb Cubmƒ Adn-hns‚ temI-Øn¬ \n∂v FX

AI-se-bmWv h¿Øn-bv°p-∂-Xv.

36) BIcw = Ccn-∏nSw, ioa-Z-z-kvXq-Nbw = sFi-z-c-y-]q¿Æ-amb hkvXp-I-fpsS Iq´w

hym-tam-l-Zq¿ ssh`hw = sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bpsS ISp∏w

Cß-s\-bp-ff hne-]n-Sn® FX-sbX cXv\-ßƒ AXm-Xn-S-Øp-≠m-hpw. sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bpsS

i‡n-sIm≠v Db¿∂ ]Z-hn-bn-ep-f-f-h¿ Ahsb sXmSp-∂-tX-bn-√. sXm´m¬ ssIøn¬ aÆpw-

s]m-Snbpw ]‰p-sa-∂-hc hnNm-cn-bv°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS ssII-fm-Is´ ktlm-Z-c-∑msc D]-Z-hn-®-Xns

‚ Id-]p-c-≠-Xm-Wv. (I-gp-In-bmepw t]mImØ ktlm-Z-c-tZm-l-Øns‚ Id-]p-c-≠-h-cmWv Xń-°p-

S-™m¬ t]mIp∂ s]mSnsb Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xv.



tNmZ-y-ßƒI eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ

1) XS-ß-fn¬t®¿∂ -sN-Sn-∏-S¿∏n¬˛

Øg-®p-Im-Wmbn Xa- -aqlw

Bk∂ NtµmZbZo-Xn-aq-e˛

am‰n¬∏-Xn-∏m≥ apXn-cp-∂-t]m-se. Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI

2) lm\-∂p-b¿∂p-f-f-h¿ Xmgv∂-Pm-Xn˛

°mcn¬ ISØpw Icp-Wm-I-Sm£w. ChnsS kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Icp-Wm-I-Sm£w F¥mWv?

3) _“¿jn-am¿ apJ-ys\ ap°p-hØn

s]t‰m-cp-]p-W-y-£n-Xn-a-WvU-e-Øn¬

Atlm, a\p-j-y∂p a\p-j-y-t\mSv

kmao-]-y-k-º¿°-a-[¿Ω-ambn. kqNn-X-I-Ybpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI

4) Cu \Ω-sf-√msamcp Xºp-cms‚

Iogm-f-cm-cm¿°nl Xºp-cm\mw. kµ¿`w ImWn®v Bibw hnh-cn-°p-I.

5) ""B\-µ-e-_v[n-bv°n-\n-sb-¥p- th-Ww."" Fs¥√mw kml-N-c-y-ß-fmWv Ct∏mƒ Df-fXv?

6) lm IjvS-ap¬°rjvS hnNm-c--\m-an-

÷n⁄mkp-hn-⁄m\ hnZq-c-kw-ÿ≥. kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.

7) th´p-hs‚ cmam-b-W-]m-cm-bWw Ihn-bnepw ]Ir-Xn-bnepw hcp-Ønb am‰-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?


1) ""\ne-hn-ep-ff A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw PmXn-h-y-h-ÿ-Iƒ°pw FXnsc XqenI ]S-hm-fm-°nb

Ihn-bmWv hf-f-tØmƒ"". Hcp tXmWn-bmX F∂ Ihn-Xsb Ah-ew-_n®v Cu

]kvXm-h-\sb hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

2) tZiob t_m[ ]t_m-[-\-]-c-amb Hcp Ihn-X-bmtWm hf-f-tØm-fns‚ "Hcp

tXmWn-bmX" F¥p-sIm≠v?



IdpØ sN´n-®n-Iƒ

CS-t»cn

CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿ (1906- 1974)

Ihn-XbØns‚ ]n∂mse ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-tem-I-tØbv°p Imse-Sp-Øp-sh® Ihn-bmWv

CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿. almIhn-I-fmb Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏v, ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿, Nß-ºp-g,

_mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, hb-em¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw At±-l-Øns‚ ka-Im-eo-\cpw kl-Km-an-I-fp-am-bn-

cp-∂p. ]t£, Ah-sc√mw Imev]-\nI temIØv hnl-cn-°p-tºmƒ, KmaoW Km¿lnI Pohn-X-

Ønse Akm-[m-c-W-amb cwK-ßfpw Zu¿∫-e-y-ßfpw ocp-X-Ifpw ]I-I-fp-amWv CS-t»-cn°v CjvS-

s∏´ Imh-y-hn-j-b-ß-fm-b-Xv. B \nebv°v At±lw XnI®pw Htc-Im-¥-]-Yn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

i‡n-bpsS Ihn F∂mWv CS-t»cn hnti-jn-∏n-bv°-s∏- n- p-f-f-Xv. Ihn-X-bp-sS, cq]-Øn-

em-bmepw mh-Øn-em-bmepw efn-X-tIm-a-fsa∂ kuµ-c-y-k-¶-ev]-a√ \nh¿∂p-\n¬°m-\p-ff F√p-

d-∏m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Imh-y-Z¿i\w hm°p-Iƒ kwKo-Xhpw Ae-¶m-c-hp-ap-≠m-°m-\p-ff

Ifn-t°m-∏p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√ At±-l-Øn-\v, adn®v X\nbv°v hy-‡-ambpw Xd-∏n®pw ]d-bm-\p-ff

Bi-b-ß-fpsS AXn¿°p-‰n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Kmao-W-\mbn Pohn® At±-l-Øns‚ IhnX \mfn-tI-

c-]m-I-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. AXv ]pdw-ItTmcambpw ]cn-ip-jvI-ambpw tXm∂mw. F∂m¬ Dffv Btcm-

K-y-Zm-bn-bmb arZp-k-zm-Zp-c-km-\p-hn≤w Xs∂.

\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ I\Ø BLm-X-]-c-º-c-I-tf-‰n´pw At±lw Xs‚Xmb Z¿i-\-Øn¬\n∂v

AWp-t]mepw hy-Xn-N-en-®n-√. B Ihn-lr-Zbw F∂pw a\p-j-y-t]-a-Øm¬ Xc-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. lrZ-

b-Xm-c-fyw Z¿i-\-Zm¿V-y-Øn\v Hcn-bv°epw aß-te-ev]n-®n-√. a\p-jy kuµ-c-y-sØ-°p-dn®v a\p-

j-y-i-‡n-sb-°p-dn-®v, a\p-j-y-a-l-X-z-sØ-°p-dn®v At±lw F∂pw A`n-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. GXp ]Xn-

Iqe kml-N-c-y-Ønepw At±lw Pohn-XsØ Xf-fn-∏-d-™n-√. CS-t»-cn-bpsS mh\ F∂pw DZm-

Øhpw ]Xn-\-h-hn-Nn-X-hpambncp∂p. AtX-k-a-b-Øv, At±-l-Øns‚ mj ]cp-jhpw ssien

]cp-]-cp-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xm\m-hn-jvI-cn-°p∂ ]cp-°-\mb PohnX bmYm¿∞-y-ßƒ°v ]cp-°-

\mb ssienbpw Bh-i-y-am-sW-∂p-f-f-XmWv At±-l-Øns‚ inev]-t_m-[w. Iqc-X-sb-t∏mepw

tZhn-bmbn Bcm-[n-bv°p-∂, Iqc-X-bn¬t]mepw Pohn-X-k-Xyw Z¿in-bv°p∂ Ihn-bmWv CS-t»-cn.

CS-t»-cn-°-hnX Htc-k-abw shÆ-t]mse arZp-ehpw Dcp-°p-t]mse ZrV-hp-am-Wv. a\p-j-y-t]-aw,

Pohn-X-t]aw, BZ¿i-\njvT CXmWv CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bpsS k-Øv. Xs‚ NpSp-]mSpw ImWp∂

A\o-Xn-I-sfbpw Nqj-W-ß-tfbpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-bv°p-I, Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ AXn\p ]cn-lmcw Is≠-

Øp-I- -C-XmWv CS-t»-cn-bpsS Imh-y-]-tbm-P-\w. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Ønse G‰hpw

al-Ømb dnb-en-ÃnIv Ihn-X-I-fm-bn, CS-t»-cn-bpsS cN-\-Iƒ.

Df-f-S°w

CSt»cn-bpsS ]kn≤ cN-\-I-fn¬ H∂mWv IdpØ sN´n-®n-Iƒ. Ime-h¿jw Xosc Zp¿∫-

e-amb Hcp sIm√w B]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv Ihn-X. tIc-f-Øn¬ Im¿jn-Im-h-i-y-

Øn\v shffw A]-c-ym-]vX-am-Ip-tºmƒ Xan-gv\m- n¬ s]bvX Ing-°≥a-g-bpsS [mcm-fn-Ø-hp-ambn

]me-°mSv Pn√-bn-eqsS Cßv s]m∂m\n Agn-apJw hsc Ie-ßn-a-dn-™p-h-cp∂ `mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS



\o-scm-gp°pw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn¬ \mS≥ Nn¥p-]m-Snbpw Ip∏n-h-f,

Nm¥v, No¿∏p-Xp-S-ßn-bh hn‰pw \mtSm-Sn-I-fmb Xan-g-Øn-I-fpsS ]hm-lhpw A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂-

XmWo°hn-X.

t]cm-‰p-\o-cmb (`m-c-X-∏pg shf-fw) Cfw-Np-h∏p \nd-ap-ff ]ip-°sf kar-≤-ambn

Bń-sØ-fn-®p-sIm≠v ]›n-a-L´w IS∂v Cu Xoc- q-an-bn¬ (I-hn-bpsS P∑-\m-Smb s]m∂m-\n- -

I-S¬Øo-cw. s]m∂m-\n-bn-emWv `mc-X-∏pg kap-Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-bv°p-∂-Xv) C∂se IdpØ

sNń-®n-Iƒ FØn-°-gn-™p. ]Ir-Xn- w-Kn-bm¬ a\- ns\ BI¿jn-bv°p∂ Cu `q]-tZiw

I≠v A¤p-X-kv_v[-cmb B kvXoIƒ (tbm-j-∑m¿) ISpw-Nm-b-ß-fp-ff ]pS-h-IƒsIm≠v icocw

aqSn-∏p-X®v hnim-e-amb (B-bXw = \o≠, km\p = ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Xmgvh-c) kly-]¿∆X km\p-

°-fn¬ \nev°p-tºmƒ AXp ag-hn-√m-sW-∂p-Xs∂ \Ωƒ Dd-∏n-®p. (X-an-gv\m- nse B\-a-e-bn¬\n-

∂p-¤-hn®v tImb-º-Øq¿ Pn√-bnse s]mffm-®n, tIc-f-Ønse Nn‰q¿, ]me-°m-Sv, H‰-∏m-ew,

s]m∂m\n F∂o Xmeq-°p-I-fn-eqsS HgpIn mc-X-∏pg Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ sN∂p-tN-cp-∂p. IpØn-

sbm-en®v ae-sh-ffw Ie-ßn-a-dn™p (Xp-em-a-g-bpw) hcp-∂-Xp-I-≠m¬ sNºn® ]ip-°ƒ

Iq -ambn ta™p apt∂-dp-I-bm-sW∂p tXm∂pw. hmf-bm¿ Npcw IS∂v tIc-f-Øn-tebv°v

]th-in-°p∂ ISpØ sNń-®n-I-fpsS Iq´sØ I≠m¬ (a-g-°m-dn-\p-ta-se)-a-g-hn-√m-sW∂v tXm∂pw.

ISpØ \nd-ß-fp-ff tNe-I-fmWv Xan-g-Øn-Iƒ°n-jvSw. AsXmcp Imc-Ww. Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw

(]-tX-y-In®pw Xpem-h¿j-°m-e-Øv) ag-hn-√p-Im-WpI kzm- m-hn-Iw. Cu ]pg-sh-f-f-Øns‚bpw

sNń-®n-I-fp-sSbpw BKaw Db¿Øp∂ BÀmZw IqSn amcn-hn¬ k¶-ev]-Øn-ep-≠v. Xmc-X-ta-y\

Xan-gv\m- n-s\-°mƒ ]Ir-Xn-kp-µ-c-am-Wv(-I-S¬°m‰v FXn¿Zn-i-bn¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv)

tIc-fw. AXm-W-h¿ A¤p-X-kvX-_v[-cmbn \nev°m≥ Imc-Ww). (C-hn-sS) ap≠-I-∏m-S-ßƒ

(c≠mw hnf-bn-d-°nb hb-ep-Iƒ) Np≠pw ]nfp-Øn-®p-cp-f≥ apSn-bp-am-bn, (A-h-cpsS hc-hv) ImØp-

In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. Imc-Ww, s]s‰-Wobv°pw aptº (c-‡-°p-d-hn-\m¬) Atº hnf-dn-sh-fpØ

Ime-h¿jmw-K\ (Im-e-h¿j-sa∂ kvXo) AIm-e-N-c-a-aS™p (Im-e-h¿jw NXn® Hcp

Ime-ØmWv Cu cN\ F∂p kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. s\¬s®-Sn-I-fpsS ssii-h-Øn¬ Xs∂

Ime-h¿jw t]mbn. Np≠p ]nfp-Ønb hbev = shffw h‰n I -s]m- m≥ XpS-ßp∂ ]mSw.

sXm≠-h-c≠v ape-∏m-en-\p-th≠n Ic-bm≥ XpS-ßp∂ ]n©p-Ip- n-bpsS mhw. Npcp-f≥apSn = ag-

°p-dhp \nanØw B™p-h-tc≠ s\t√m-e-Iƒ°p ]Icw "Rdp-ß-W-]n-dp-ßW-W-bmbn apc-Sn-

®p-\n-ev°p∂ s\¬s®-Sn-Iƒ.) Cu Zb-\o-b-L- -Øn-emWv Npc-∂-ap-e-bp-ambn Cu a¶-am¿ t]m∂p-

h-∂-Xv. (t]m-∂p-h-cpI F∂Xv Hcp ]gb ]tbmKw Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v ChnsS FØ¬

Hcp-ßn-∏p-d-s∏- v). s]‰Ω acn-®m¬ Ab¬]-°sØ AΩ-am¿ B Ipń-Isf ape-bqń hf¿Øp-

∂Xv ]≠sØ KmaoW kwkv°m-cØs‚ AS-bm-f-am-Wv. ]n©p-Ip- n-I-fpsS Ic-®n¬ tI´m¬

AΩ-am-cpsS ape-Np-cp-°pw. `mc-X-∏p-g-bn¬\n∂v shffw tXhn Xoc-]-tZ-isØ Irjnsb

c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.) X°-k-a-bØv klm-bn-°m≥ k∂≤-amb Ab¬]-tZ-i-ß-fps≠¶n¬ Hcp

]tZ-i-Øn\pw mK-y-t°-Sp-h-cn-√.

C∂v Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cpsS IÆn¬ Cu IdpØ sNń-®n-Iƒ FX kpµ-cn-am-cm-sWt∂m?

AXt√ A¤p-Xw. (]-tbm-P\wXs∂ Imc-Ww.) C∂v Cu Xan-g-Øn-I-fpsS `mj Xan-gm-bnt´

tXm∂p-I-bn-√. Ch-cpsS \mtSm-Sn-∏m- p-t]mse kpµ-c-am-sbmcp ]mń-√. (t]-ipI = ]d-bp-I). Xan-

gp-]Zw Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xns‚ HuNn-Xyw i≤n-bv°pI ˛ km[m-cW sNń-®n-I-fpsS `mjsb

"Xan-gvt]®v" F∂v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ ]cn-l-kn-bv°m-dp-≠v) sXßp-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n-ev°p∂ tIc-f-

Ønse tXm -ßƒ Chsc Benw-K\w sNøm≥ ssI\o- n-\n-ev°p-I-bm-Wv.



Rm\m-tem-Nn®p t]mIp-I-bm-Wv. Cu tIcfw (a-e-\m-Sv) AXn-bmb IjvS-Im-e-Øn¬s∏´p

Ipg-ßp∂ kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ (Zq-\-ÿnXn = Zp:-Jm-h-ÿ) Ft∏mgpw ChnsS HmSn-sbØn \Ωsf

klm-bn-bv°p-∂Xv ImgvN-bn¬ hrØn-Ip-d™ Cu sImß-cm-Wv. (X-an-g¿ hnkvX-cn®p

Ipfn-bv°m-Ø-h-cm-Wv. ico-c-ip-≤n°v hfsc Ipdn-®p-sh-ffw amXw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv Fs∂m-

s°-bmWv Ahsc hnfn-bv°m-dv) hmf-bm-dns‚ A∏p-d-sØ-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ (\-µn-sI´

\mw) Ah¿ sNbvX tkh-\-Øn\v, "kwkv°m-c-an-√m-Ø¿" F∂ hm°n-eqsS Iqen-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

Xo¿®bmbpw tIcfw A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ kmwkv°m-cnI KpW-ßƒ tijvTw

Xs∂. ]t£, Cu ta\n-∏-d-®n-emWv (X-d-hm-Sn-Ø-tLm-jWw apSn™ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnse Zp¿_-e-

cmb Imc-W-h-∑m¿ ]g-b-Im-esØ ]Xm]w ]d™p ta\n-\-Sn-bv°pw). Cu `qan-bnse G‰hpw

henb sN‰-Øw.

C\n Ing-°≥ ag-bpsS (Xp-em-h¿j-Øns‚ al-X-zw)-h-∑m-fn-I-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-bv°p-∂-h¿°v

apcPw(Hcp Xmf-hm-Z-yw) sImń-t°ƒ∏n-bv°p-hm≥ (Xp-em-h¿j-tØm-sSm-∏-ap-ff CSn-\m-Z-hpw, I\Ø

ag-Øp-f-fn-Iƒ ]pc-∏p-dØp hogp∂ i_vZ-hpw), sN‰-°p-Sn-en¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ mc-y- ¿Øm-°-∑msc

Benw-K-\-_-≤-cm°n Xtem-Sn-bp-d-°p-hm≥ (Xp-em-h¿j-Øns‚ ioI-c-X), sXßns‚ ]®-°p-c-ep-

I-fn¬ ]pXnb Nµ-°-e-Iƒ DZn-∏n-°p-hm≥ (Xp-em-h¿j-∏p-f-∏n¬ ]pXnb Nµ-°-e-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p.

A‰w hf™p \nev°p∂ ]q°p-e-°-Xn-cp-Iƒ°v Nµ-°-e-tbm-Sp-ff kmZr-iyw i≤n-bv°p-I.

Ah-bpsS Iq -ßƒ)

A√tbm \oe-\n-d-Øn-ep-ff kpµ-cn-am-sc, \nß-tfmSv IS-s∏´v Cu tIcfw \µn-]-d-bp-∂p.

A[n-I-Zn-h-k-ßƒ Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v apºmbn Cu Xoc-]-tZ-iØv \nßƒ ho≠pw FØp-a-t√m.

(AsX∂v F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.) \nß-fpsS ]mep-≠v, hf¿∂ ]ps∂√v sImbvsX-SpØv Rß-fpsS

]Øm-b-ßƒ \nd-ßp-I-gn-bp∂ Ime-Øv, a™n¬Ipfn®v \nem-hØv at\m-l-c-amb (a-RvPp) cmXn-

I-fn¬ Rßƒ Du™m-em-Sp∂ ImeØv (Xn-cp-hm-Xn-c-°m-ew) a¨s]gpw (kp-µ-c-\m-b)

BÏp-bn¬ ]m´p-]m-Sn-Ø-f-cp-tºmƒ amºq-hn-cn™v K‘w-]-c-°p∂ ImeØv (hn-jp) Ip∏n-h-f-

Ifpw Nm¥pw, knµq-c-hpw, No¿∏pw, IÆm-Sn-bpw, ań-∏i (Hcp kpK-‘-hkvXp ˛ ań F∂

ac-Øns‚ Iń-bmb ]i. AXv ]pI-®m¬ kpK-‘-ap≠mIpw)bp-ambn Xan-g-Øn-Itf \nßƒ

hoSp-ho-Sm-¥cw Ib-dn-bn-dßn sFi-z-c-y°®-hSw \SØptºmƒ, Adn-b-s∏-SmØ GtXm ]m]w

C√m-Xm-°m≥ \nßƒ Ducp-Np-‰m≥ hcp-tºmƒ \nßsf ho≠pw ImWmw. I≠m¬ DSs\ Rßƒ

\nßsf Adn-bpw. \nß-fpsS IdnØ apJw Hcn-bv°epw Rßƒ°v ad-°m-\m-hn-√. (I-S-∏m-Sp-Xs∂ Imc-Ww)

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ

1) ""amcn-hn-s√t∂ \n\-®p-t]mbv \mw"" F¥p-I-≠n v? F¥p-sIm≠v?

2) "".`mKyw sISn-s√mcp \mń-\p-ap-≠-b¬- -]-°-ß-sf-¶n¬ kl-I-cn-®o-Sp-hm≥"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°p-I.

3) ""CØ-d-hm-SnØ tLmj-W-sØ-t∏msehrØn-sI- n- n√ as‰m-∂p-aq-gn-bn¬"" Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-I.

4) Ihn IdpØ sNń-®n-I-tfmSv \µn ]d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?


1) IdpØ sNń-®n-Iƒ F∂ Ihn-Xbv°v Hcm-k-zm-Z\w Fgp-Xp-I.



_m°n h√Xpapt≠m?

F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnb¿

(F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnb¿ 1916- 1989) Xr»qcn\SpØv sRcpht»cnbn¬ s\cph°mhp

hmcyØn¬ am[hn hmckymcptSbpw A®-ypX hmc-y-cp-sSbpw aI\mbn P\n®p. s]cpa\w kwkvIrX

kvIqfnepw Xr∏qWnØpd kwkvIrX kvIqfnepw Xr∏qWnØpd kwkvIrX tImtfPnepambncp∂p

][m\ hnZym`ymkw. A≤ym]I≥, kzmX¥ykac`S≥, ]X]h¿ØI≥ XpSßn ]e

afießfnepw ]h¿Øn®p. Ihn, B´°YmIrØv, k©mckmlnXyImc≥, \ncq]I≥,

ssh⁄m\nI kmlnXycNbnXmhv, mjmimkvX⁄≥, _lp`mjm]finX≥ F∂o \neIfn¬

]e ]ÿm\ßƒ°pw t\XrXzw \¬In. amXr`qan BgvN∏Xn∏ns‚ ]Xm[n]cmbncn°ptºmƒ

At±lw ssI]nSn®pb¿Øns°m≠ph∂hcmWv aebmfØnse ]K¤cmb FgpØpImcn¬

`qcn]£hpw.

CSt»cnsbt∏mse Ct±ltØbpw NßºpgbpsS Iu≠¿]m¿s´∂v hntijn∏n°mdp≠v.

arZpetImaf ]ZmIenXamb t]ak¶o¿Ø\amWv IhnX F∂ [mcWbn¬ aebmfIhnX

IqºS™p F∂p ]dtb≠nh∂ Hcp kµnKv≤ L´Øn¬ cN\mcoXn sIm≠pw D≈S°w sIm≠pw

aebmfIhnX°v tjm°v So‰vsa‚ v \SØnb IhnbmWv tUm.F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnb¿.

B[p\nIIhnX F∂ ]ÿm\Øn\v At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In. Cw•ojpw aebmfhpw

sXcphp]Zßfpw kwkvIrXhpsa√map]tbmKn®v ]cnjvIrX \mKcnI a\pjys‚

D≈ps]m≈bmb PohnXsØ ]cpjkzcØn¬ Øs∂ NnXoIcn°pIbmWv At±lw sNbvXXv.

]et∏mgpw Bt£]lmkyØns‚ ]cnlmkkzchpw At±lØns‚ IhnX°p i‡n ]I¿∂p.

kzmX¥ye_v[n°ptijw IdpØ kmbn∏≥am¿ ChnsS Im´n°q´p∂ AIaßtfbpw

A\oXnXItfbpw At±lw Xpd∂pImWn®p. Nm´hm¿, \o≠ IhnXIƒ, Iptd°qSn \o≠

IhnXIƒ, sIm®psXmΩ≥, Km‘nbpw tKmUvtkbpw, ImfnZmks‚ knwlmk\w, ]pgIƒ

apXembhbmWv apJy IhnXmkamlmcßƒ.

_m°n h√Xpapt≠m?

D≈S°ØnepsS

h¿Øam\ImePohnX Zpc¥Øns‚ Hcp ]cnt—ZamWv Cu IhnX.

(1)

\ΩpsS PohnXØn¬ \n∂v Zbbpw, HuZmcyhpw, ASp∏hpw acymZbpw \jvSs∏´pIgn™p.

C\n _m°n h√Xpw Dt≠m? \ΩpsS _mly_‘ßƒ F√mw Hgnhm°n hmXnepIsf√mw

tN¿ØS®p Ign™p. \mep]mSpap≈ a‰p P\ßfpsS ImcyØn¬ bmsXmcp Xm¬∏cyhpan√.

\Ωƒ°pth≠n \ΩƒXs∂ D≠m°nb NßesIm≠v ssIbpw Imepw s\©nse a¿Ωcßfpw

_‘n®pIgn™p. B NßebpsS `mcw Gdnhcp∂p. Ct∏mƒ ]p©ncnbn√, IÆp\ocn√,

lrZbkv]µ\w ]Xps°bmbncn°p∂p. C\n \jvSs∏Sm≥ Fs¥¶nepw Ahtijn®p´pt≠m?



-(2)

\oXnbpw \nbaßfpw Iogvhg°ßfpw Nn´bpw \mw ad∂pIgn™p. C\n F¥p≠v

_m°n? s]s´∂v t]meokv h≠nbpsS sskd¨ tIƒ°p∂p, GtXm hmXnen¬ Ah¿

AkabØv ap´p∂p. s]mdpXnsI´ Btcm \n lmbcmbn i]n°p∂p. BcptStbm F√n¬

tXm°n≥ ]mØnsIm≠Sn°p∂p. Bscms°tbm HmSn c£s∏Sp∂p. (CØcw cwKßƒ

FhntSbpw Ft∏mgpw Actßdmw.). H®bn√. shán√, sskzcan√, Dd°an√, C\n F¥mWv

Ahsijn°p∂Xv?) kzmÿyan√mØ PohnXw)

(3)

Ct∏mƒ HcnSØpw ]qhn√, hk¥an√, ]qºm‰bn√, ]£nbn√ ]ns∂ F¥mWp≈Xv?

ip` ]Xo£Iƒ hmgIƒt]mse IqºSbp∂p. \ΩpsS hnizmkw t]mse sXtßmeIƒ

Npcp≠pIcnbp∂p. `qan hn≠pIodp∂p. AWs°´pIƒ C√mXmhp∂p. tXmń¬ ]mgvaW¬

amXamIp∂p.(sh≈an√, Ct∏mƒ tXmń¬ aWepan√. aÆpw Ncepw \ndbp∂p.)hcºpIƒ

CSn™phogp∂p. Ip≠pw Ipgnbpw \nc∏mIp∂p. hmbp s]m≈n°p∂p. BImiw

IØn÷zen°p∂p. ]ºpsk‰n\v i‡nbn√. Irjn\new acp`qanbmbn. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m?

(B\µn∏n°p∂ ImgvNIƒ am™v B ÿew t]Sns∏SpØp∂ acp`qanbmbn amdn°gn™p.)

(4)

sXmgnen√, Ds≠¶n¬Øs∂ icoca\ßns®øp∂n√. ]ckv]cw tbmPn∏n√. H∂nepw

Bthian√. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m? Iº\nIƒ DXv]mZn∏n°p∂Xv I≈°SØn\p≈

km[\ßfmWv. hnc¬ kwLSnbv°p∂Xv (sXmgnemfn bqWnb≥) apjvSn®pcpń

]Xntj[n°m\mWv. \mw ]pXnb ]pXnb Adnhpt\Sp∂Xv hkvXp°fn¬ ambw tN¿°m\mWv.

bYm¿∞Ønep≈ \jvSamWv Ct∏mƒ IW°p]pkvXIØnse em`w. icocw hnb¿Øpt\Sp∂

`£WØns‚ kzmZv ad∂v Ign™p. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m \in∏n°m≥?

(sXmgn¬taJebnse C∂sØ Ahÿ)

Adnhpw, Adnhm\p≈ shºepw, IcpØpw, Dt∑jhpw C√mXmbn. Ct∏mƒ Np≠n¬

Nncnbn√. AhnsS apZmhmIyßfmWv. B¿ZXbn√mØ IÆpIfn¬ tIm]amWv

IØn\n¬°p∂Xv. lrZbØn¬ acp`qanbpsS XocmZmlw Bfn∏Scp∂p. FX Xn∂mepw F¥p

Xn∂mepw AIsØ hni∏pamdp∂n√. Ct∏mƒ H∂nepw Xr]vXnbn√, ]q¿ÆXbn√, bp‡n

Nn¥bn√, ho≠phnNmcan√. C\nbpw Fs¥¶nepw Ahtijn°p∂pt≠m?

(kmaqlyPohnXiq\yX)

(6)

kXymhÿbpw, A¿∞]q¿Æamb ]Zßfpw C√mXmbn. ]ns∂ F¥p≠v _m°n?

Ct∏mƒ NmcmbamWv t]\bn¬ \ndbv°p∂Xv. shÆodnemWv NnXw hc°p∂Xv. RßfpsS

hmIyßfn¬ I¿Ømhv (sNøp∂ Bƒ) C√; Inb (]hrØn)bpw C√. I¿Ωw (êw

A\p`hn°p∂h≥) amXta D≈q. I¿Ωßfn¬Øs∂ sImSpwIqcI¿Ωßtf D≈q.

hmbn¬sh®m¬ Zp zmZp amXtabp≈q. kXyhpw tN¿®bpw X\nabpw ]ckv]c_‘hpw

t]mbn. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m?



(7)

Ct∏mƒ \ΩpsS ssIønep≈Xv IØnIfpw, ITmcnIfpw, tXm°pIfpw,

ssIt_mw_pIfpamWv. IØpIfn¬ s]m´nsØdn (X]m¬ t_mw_v) Bƒ°q´ßfn¬

s]m nsØdn, IpSnepIƒ IØnbacp∂p, Bsc BcmWv IpØnbXv? BcmWv hoWXv? IpSnsh≈w

hotg≠ Ipgen¬ hnjsh≈amWv hcp∂Xv. ambw Ie¿∂ Huj[ßtf In´m\p≈q. AXv

hn‰pw hmßnbpw NØphogp∂Xv a\pjyXzamWv. Rm≥ X∂Xv I≈t\m´mtWm? AXv am‰nØ∂m¬

IΩoj≥ sImSp°ptam? C\n F¥p≠v ip≤ambn?

(kmaqly PohnXhpw, ]cnÿnXnbpw aen\amIp∂Xv)

(8)

a\pjys‚ a\ n¬ tNmcbn√, AXv iq\yamWv, ssI∏mWv. C\n _m°nsbm∂pan√.

F∂mepw C\nbpw k‘yIƒ BImisØ XpSp∏n®v at\mlcamb ImgvNIƒ D≠mInt√?

sh¥ps]m≈p∂ th\ense a™pXp≈n Bizkn∏nbv°nt√? lrZbØn∂Snbn¬

ASn™pIqSnb tNdn¬\n∂pw Nfnbn¬\n∂pw Hcp sh¨Xmac s]m¥nhcnt√? \mw AXns‚

kpK‘w \pIcnt√ (a\pjya\ n¬ \∑bpsS hk¥w hncnbnt√?) C\nbpw \ap°p

\jvSs∏SmsX h√Xpw Ahtijn°p∂pt≠m? - kzmX¥yw, kXyw, [¿Ωw, ssaXn, ImcpWyw,

im¥n Chbn¬ Fs¥¶nepw

tNmZyßƒI. eLptNmZyßƒ :

1) \Ωƒ°v \mta NßeXo¿ØsXßs\?

2) ""hogp∂ptXm°n≥ ]mØntbsX√n¬'' B¿ ]dbp∂p? kµ¿`hpw Bibhpw FgpXpI?

3) ""]mgS™pt]mbv∏mSw'' GsX√mw hn[Øn¬ ?

4) I¿Ømhnen√mInb D≈XpI¿Ωw amXw'' Bibw hy‡am°pI.

II. D]\ymktNmZyw

\ΩpsS h¿Øam\ImePohnXØns‚ Zpc¥Xeßsfsb√mw kv]¿in°p∂XmWv

F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnbcpsS _m°nh√Xpapt≠m? F∂ IhnX ]kvXmh\ hnebncpØpI



amºg°mew

]n]n cmaNµ≥

ae∏pdw Pn√bn¬ h´wIpfØv 1962˛¬ P\n®p. s]m∂m\n F.hn.sslkv°qfn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p.

B[p\nI˛B[p\ntImØc IhnIfn¬ it≤b\mb cmaNµs‚ IhnXIƒ B\pImenI

]kn≤oIcWßfnepsS aebmfnklrZb¿°v kp]cnNnXamWv. At±lØns‚ BZysØ

IhnXmkamlmcamb "ImsW°mW'bv°v Xs∂ tIcfkmlnXy A°mZan Ahm¿Up e`n®p.

\¿ΩØn¬s]mXn™ apƒap\bp≈ A¿∞KcnabmWv cmaNµs‚ IhnXbpsS ASbmfw.

amºg°mew

D≈S°ØnepsS

IhntbmSv sIm®paIƒ tNmZn®p ""\mń≥]pdØp≈ amßIƒs°√mw Cu "amwtKm

^qń'bpsS kzmZmtWm?'' IhnbpsS kao]Øp\n∂v Hcp NnXie`sØt∏mse Ahƒ πmÃnIv

IpgeneqsS B a™ZmhIw \pWbpIbmWv. Ipó, B cpNnt`Zßƒ h¿Æn°m≥ Ignbn√.

Cu A—\pw \obpw XΩn¬ FX amºg°meØns‚ (hb ns‚) hyXymkw icocØnepw

a\ nepw Ds≠t∂m (XeapdIfpsS AIew)? IqSpX¬ ASpØdnbptºmƒ Ipó

\n\s°t∂bpw ]pfn°pw. (A≠ntbmS°ptºmgmWv amßbpsS ]pfn AdnbpI F∂ \mS≥

sNm√v Hm¿°pI). F¶nepw \ns‚ Pn⁄mkbpsS ]oen°ÆpIƒ Fs‚ a\ ns\

X¬°metØ°v Hcp h≠m°n am‰n. HmSp∂ Xoh≠nbpsS PmeIØneqsS B h≠v ]gb

amºg°mew tXSn Hm¿ΩIfpsS temIØnte°v ]d∂p. (Xoh≠n bmX°nSbnemhmw Cu

kw`hw. IhnbpsS a\ v KXIme_meykvacWbn¬ ]mdn\S∂p.)

(2)

\mń≥]pdsØ amhpIƒ, kzX¥ambn hfcp∂h, ]g©s\¶nepw ImbvIfpsS

kz`mhw(X\na) ImWn°p∂ t]cpIƒ Ah°v. \m´pImcyÿ]amWnamsct∏mse NpW

(amßbpsS s]m≈n°p∂ Id ]ucpjimenIfmb \m´p]amWnam¿)b\mamcmWh¿. A\y\v

Bibw \¬Ip∂XmWv (XW¬) Xs‚ kºmZysa∂v hnNmcn®h¿. B ImcWh∑mcmWv

']®t°mew" sIń sXøßfmbn amdnbXv. (sXøßsft∏mse òamImcØn¬ \n¬°p∂

]®]nSn® amhpItfbpw ]q¿∆nIcmb hoc]pcpj∑msc ssZhambn k¶¬∏n®v sXøw sIń

BSp∂Xnt\bpw Hm¿°pI.) ]´WØnse tdmUp h°Øv hcnbmbn \n¬°p∂, XWen√mØ,

]®∏n√mØ Iºn°mepIsf amXw I≠p ]cnNbap≈ Ipń°pw, Ipń°p ]cnNbap≈

a[pc]elmcN¥Iƒ°pw B \mS≥ amhpIsf°pdn®p]d™m¬ a\ nemhn√.

(3)

A—s‚ Ipń°mew Cßs\bmbncp∂p. A∂v IpńIƒ AÆms\t∏mse Xp≈n®mSntbmSn

\S°pw. A∂hcpsS icocØn¬ h√ apdnhpw ]‰nbm¬ tNmcb√ s]mSnbpI, ]g®mdmWv.

A∂v Ah¿°v ]qØp\n¬°p∂ Hmtcm amhpw Hmtcm hk¥amkambncp∂p. Hmtcmtcm

sImºtØbpw amßIƒ ]tXyIXcØnep≈ am[pcyap≈Xmbncp∂p. Hcp amºgw Xs∂



CSn®p]Xw hcpØn sNdnsbmtcmÍSn®p≠m°n AXneqsS \pW™pIpSn°ptºmƒ (πmÃnIv

IpgeneqsS "^qń'bpsS Nmdv \pWbp∂tXm¿°pI) Hmtcm \nanjØnepw Hmtcm kzmZmbncp∂p

\mhpIfdn™Xv (ck\ = \mhv) AXn¬\n∂v ]Wns∏ v Hcp Xp≈n\pWbm≥Ign™m¬Øs∂

\m°ns‚ XpºØv hnhn[ kzmZpIfpsS aghn√p hncnbpIbmbn. (h¿ÆcmPnbmWt√m aghn√v

˛ ckcmPn = ckßfpsS Iq´w) Pnlzm©ew = \m°ns‚ Xpºv. AX°v DKßfmb hn`n∂

kzmZdnbm≥ ˛ \mhpIfpsS Ignhns\bmWv anTmbns∏mXnIƒ°mbn \Ωƒ ]Wbw sh®Xv

(hn`n∂cpNnbp≈ ^qńtbm anTmbnItfm amXamWt√m Ct∏mgsØ IpńIƒ \pWbp∂Xv)

shdpsX a[pcn°pIamXw sNøp∂ (t]mjILSIßfn√msX cpNn amXap≈)

cmkhkvXp°ƒ°pth≠n \mw ]Icw sImSpØXv ssZhw X∂ cmkhnZybmWv.

(-4)

apń°pSn°p∂, ISp®phen°p∂ amßbpsS Ahkm\sØ AarX_nµphpw

kzoIcn®pIgn™m¬ amßb≠n hens®dnbpw. At∏mƒ as‰s¥¶nepw

sNbvXpsIm≠p\n¬°p∂ Iq´pImcn¬ HcmfpsS t]cphnfn°pw. Abmƒ Hm¿°msX hnfntI´m¬

amßb≠n Zqtcs°dn™psIm≠v ""Cu A≠ns°m∂p XpW t]m'' F∂p I¬∏n°pw.

hnfntIƒ°p∂ Iq´pImc≥ hnUvVnbmsb∂mWv sh∏v. Abmƒ ]Icw ho´m≥ ho´m≥

ImØncn°pw. \mń≥]pdØv ]≠v amºgw s]dp°nIq´p∂ IpńIfpsS Hcp IfnbmWv CXvv.)

A≠n°p XpWt]mIm≥ HcmfpthWw. \msf B A≠n apfbv°Ww. kaqlØn\v XWepw

a[pchpw \¬Im≥ klmbn°Ww. ]nt∂bpw apfbv°Ww, Imbv°Ww. Aßs\ acn®mepw

PohnXw Xfn¿°Ww (]cºc XpScWw). F∂m¬ Fs‚ Ipó, \obnt∏mƒ h≠nbn¬\n∂v

]pdtØs°dn™ Cu πmÃnIv Ihdns\t∏mse \Ωƒ a\pjycpw s]m≈bmWv. ""hmßpI,

D]tbmKn°pI, hens®dnbpI'' AXmWn∂sØ PohnXw. Cu IqSIfn¬\n∂v \mtf°p≈Xv

apf°n√.

tNmZyßƒ

I. eLptNmZyßƒ : (50/100 hm°pIfn¬)

1) ""]dbm\mtam cpNnt`Zßƒ?'' F¥psIm≠v ?

2) Adnbn√hbvs°gpwI\nIƒ NpcØp∂

NpWbpw Nqcpw \ns‚ anTmbnsØcphn∂pw ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bibhpw FgpXpI ?

3) shdpsX a[pcn°pw cmkam[pcyØn∂mbv

]Icw sImSpØtXm Znhyamw ckhnZy Bibw hniZoIcn°pI.

4) hmßpI, IpSn°pI, ]pdtØs°dnbpI˛

PohnXw \nds®mco°qSpIƒ \mtf°n√ ˛ Bibhpw kµ¿`hpw hniZam°pI.

II. D]\ymktNmZyw

""KrlmXpcXzw DW¿Øp∂ Hcp ]mcnÿnXnI IhnXbmWv amºg°mew'' Cu ]kvXmh\tbmSv

tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? F¥psIm≠v ?



samU-yqƒ 2

hr≤kZ\w Sn.hn.sIm®phmh

Sn.hn.sIm®phmh

1955˛¬ Xr»q¿ Pn√bn¬ Im´qcn¬ P\n®p. Im´q¿ sslkv°pfpepw \mńIsslkv°pfnepw

\mńI Fkv.F≥.tImtfPnepambncp∂p hnZym`ymkw. sslkv°qƒ hnZym¿∞nbmbncn°ptºmƒ

1971˛se amXr`qan hnjp∏Xn∏n¬ hnZym¿∞nIƒ°mbp≈ sNdpIYma’cØn¬ kΩm\w t\Snb

"AZriyXbpsS \ng¬' ]kn≤nIcn°s∏´tXmsSXs∂ aebmfsNdpIY°v IcpØps‰mcp

hmKvZm\sa∂v klrZb kΩXn t\Sn. lkzamb PohnXImeØn∂nS°v t\mh¬,

IYmkamlmcßƒ, hnh¿Ø\ßƒ F∂o C\ßfn¬ Ccp]Ønaqt∂mfw IrXnIƒ

]kn≤oIcn®p. H∂ßs\, H∂nßs\, hoSnt∏mƒ \n»_vZamWv. InfnIƒ°pw, ]q°ƒ°pw,

]—∂w, Cd®nbpw, Ip¥ncn°hpw, InWdpIƒ, kv\m\w, qanimkvXw, AhXmcnI q]Sßƒ°,v

Ft∏msgØptam Ft¥m? IY, hn√∑m¿ kwkmcn°ptºmƒ F∂nhbmWv IYmkamlmcßƒ.

kqNn°pgbn¬ Hcp bmt°m_v, PmXIw, ImIfn, ]m¿∞\ItfmsS \n¬°p∂p, Krl]mTw,

IYbpw PohnXhpw, H∂mbnØocp∂Xns\∏‰n F∂o KŸßfn¬ At±lØns‚

eLpt\mhepIƒ kamlcn®ncn°p∂p. hr≤ kZ\w, s]cp¶fnbm´w, hncp∂ptaibnte°p

\nehnfnItfmsS, D]P∑w F∂nhbmWv sIm®p_mhbpsS t\mhepIƒ. Jeo¬ Pn_ms‚

]hmNIs‚ DZym\w, aebmfØnte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn´p≠v. Ipd™ImesØ

kmlnXytkh\wsIm≠pXs∂ \nch[n ]pckvImcßfpw AwKoImcßfpw t\Sm≥ Ign™p.

A¶Ww Ahm¿Uv (kqNn°pgbnse bmt°m_n\v), sNdpImSv Ahm¿Uv, tIcf kmlnXy

A°mZan Ahm¿Uv (c≠pw hr≤kZ\Øn\v), BZysØ Fkv._n.Sn. Ahm¿Uv (Xncs™SpØ

IYIƒ°v), tXm∏n¬ chn Ahm¿Uv (D]P∑Øn\v), hn.]n.inhIpam¿ tIfn Ahm¿Uv

F∂nhbmWh. _eq¨ F∂ XncIY°v Xnc°Ym Ahm¿Upw e`n®p. _eq¨

Ne®nXamhpIbpw sNbvXp. 1999 \hº¿ 25˛\v A¥cn°ptºmƒ "Kƒ^v thmbvkn's‚

]Xm[n]cmbncp∂p.

]tabØnepw AhXcWØnepw XnI®pw ]pXpa ]pe¿Øp∂ t\mhemWv hr≤kZ\w.

AºØ©phb n¬Øs∂ hr≤\mbn koeSn°s∏ v \n¿Ω¬ `h≥ F∂ hr≤kZ\Øn¬

At¥hmknbmbn \SX≈s∏´ kndnbIv B‚dWn F∂ IYm]mXØneqsS hr≤kZ\w F∂

Hcp \qX\temIw Xpd∂psh°pIbmWv sIm®p_mh. PohnXØns‚ F√m XpdIfn¬\n∂pw

\njvIcpWw BńtbmSn°s∏Sp∂ A\mY hm¿≤IysØ NnXoIcn°p∂tXmsSm∏w C∂sØ

ImeL´Øns‚ sRń°p∂ Hcp ]cnt—ZsØ sIm®p_mh hr≤kZ\ØneqsS \ΩpsS

Iäpºn¬ A\mbmkambn Db¿Øn∏nSn°p∂p. Sn.]fl\m`≥ ]dbp∂p: ""kmlnXyØn¬

sIm®p_mh kz¥amb sIm´mcßfpw P\]Zßfpw krjvSn®p˛ Akpcinev]nbmb

abs\t∏mse''. At±lØns‚ apºn¬ e£yw amXta D≠mbncp∂p≈p. NØpw sIm∂pw

apt∂dpI F∂ BZ¿iamWv At±lsØ \nb¥n®ncp∂Xv. \¿ΩØns‚ kpXmcyamb

BhcWaWn™XmWv Ct±lØns‚ ssien. AXv Bt£]lmkyØns‚ Nm´pfnbmIp∂Xv

hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ImWmw. ioaXn.]n.h’e kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse ]∏pw ]qSbpw \o°nb Hcp

tImgnbpsS _o`’cq]w a‰p IrXnIfnse∂Xpt]mse hr≤kZ\Ønepw ImWmw.

hmIv]tbmKØns‚ aq¿®bn¬ \mw Pohn°p∂ Cu temIØns‚ ]´pSbmSIfpw



s]mß®sØm∏nIfpw sIm®p_mh Iodn∏dØp∂p. t\mhens‚ `mjm]cXbneq∂n \n∂v

]tab]camb kqN\Ifpw Nn”ßfpw amXw \¬In hmb\°mcs\s°m≠v A¿t∞m¬∏mZ\w

kzbw km[yam°p∂ Hcp coXnbmWv hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ImWpI. CXv B[p\ntImØc

]hWXIfpsS Hcp mKamWv. B \ne°v aebmfØnse BZysØ B[p\ntImØct\mhemWv

F∂p AhImis∏Smw.

hr≤kZ\w

(D≈S° kwKlw)

1. kndnbIv B‚Wn F∂ AtcmKZrVKmX\mb AºØ©pImc≥ hr≤kZ\Øn¬

]thin∏n°s∏Sp∂p. At±lw hmb\°mtcmSv t\cn´p kwkmcn°p∂ coXnbnemWv

BJym\coXn. Bt£]lmkyØn¬ s]mXn™ hncpt≤m‡nbneqsS thWw IYmcq]w

a\ nem°m≥.

Hcp Unkw_dnse kp]`mXØn¬ IYm\mbIs\ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ]thin∏n°p∂p.

\Ωƒ F∂ ]ZØn\v PohnXØn¬ ]k‡nbn√. F√mhcpw H‰°mWv. apdnhp ]‰ptºmgpw

thZ\n°ptºmgpsa∂t]mse. kndnb°n\v AºØ©p hbt Bbn´p≈q. a\ nt\m,

icocØnt\m hm¿≤Iyw _m[n®nń√. A¬]w \cb√msX Ij≠nt]mepan√. kpµcnbpw

bphXnbpamb kmd kndnb°ns‚ c≠mw `mcybmWv. BZy `mcy B·kv tcmKiøbn¬

InS°ptºmƒ ipiqjn°m≥ h∂ t\gvkmWv kmd. kmd hneIqSnb ap¥nbXcw ssU

D]tbmKn®v AbmfpsS apSn Idp∏n°p∂p. Hcp ZcnZ\mbmWv \mbI≥ PohnXw Bcw`n®Xv.

CØcw ]q¿∆IYIƒ BtemN\bn¬ hcp∂XmWv AbmfpsS Zu¿∫eyw. AXpsIm≠v Abmsf

kln®paSpØn´mWv kmd Hcp hr≤kZ\Øn¬ G¬∏n°msemcpßnbXv. kmd Hcp ]I¬

apgph≥ an\s°´mWv t^mWn¬ hr≤kZ\w UbdIvSsd InńbXv. PohnXØn¬ HcmtfmSpw

ImWn°mØ hnt[b`mhtØmsSbmWv UbdIvStdmS v Ahƒ kwkmcn®Xv .

at\mtcmKmkv]Xnbn¬ a°ƒ \n¿_‘]q¿∆w ]thin∏n® as‰mc∏\pth≠n _p°psNbvX

apdnbmWv Ahƒ°\phZn®Xv. a°ƒ XΩnep≈ kzØpX¿°w aq¿≤\yØnseØnb ÿnXn°v

GsX¶nepw ]mIrXcoXnbn¬ B A∏s\ Xń°fbpsa∂pd∏v. hr≤kZ\Ønte°v hcm≥

Xm≥ aSn®ncps∂¶n¬ kmd Xt∂bpw Hcp NnØtcmKmkv]Xnbn¬ ]thin∏n®v ]mIrXcoXnbn¬

Ahkm\n∏n°pambncp∂p. klnsI´ `mcybpw a°fpw as‰mcp hr≤s\

]ØmbØnen´p]qńbXpw Zmln® sh≈Øn\v aqXw IpSn®psIm≈m≥ ]d™Xpw Abmƒ

hmbn®tXm¿Øp. ]ØmbØn\p ]Icw hr≤kZ\Øn¬Øs∂ B°nbXn\m¬ kmd

Zbbp≈hfmWv. \nßƒ°v ]ncn eqkmbnt∏mtbm F∂pw Hcn°¬ kmd tNmZn°pIbp≠mbn.

AXn\ptijw IsøØmhp∂ km[\ßsf√mw Ahƒ FSpØpam‰n. ]ncneqkns‚ XpS°w

hkvXphIIƒ Fdn™pS°p∂XneqsSbmbncn°Ww kndnbIv tPm¨ Ic™pt]mbn. Xs‚

£am]Wwt]mepw kmd i≤n®n√. Ahƒ Xnc°n v Hcp ]cky]pkvXIw Xnc™p]nSn®p.

AXnse \n¿Ω¬`h≥ F∂ hr≤kZ\Øns‚ BI¿jWobamb ]ckyw Ahƒ

sXcs™SpØp. BÀmZIcamb A¥co£w, at\mlcamb sIńSw, cpNnbp≈ Blmcw,

\n¿_‘nX hnZKv≤ sshZy]cntim[\, ]cnNcWØn\v ]tXyI]cnioe\w e`n® t\gvkpam¿,

]m¿∞\mlmƒ, hmb\ime, Cßs\ qanbnse kz¿§amb hr≤kZ\Ønte°v hm¿≤Iyw

_m[n®hsc]ckyØneqsS kzmKXw sNøp∂p. CsXms° Xs∂ hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®Xns‚

s]mcpƒ a\ nembn√. at\mtcmKmip]Xntb ∏‰nbmbncp∂¶n¬ AhfpsS Dt±iyw



Duln°mambncp∂p. G‰hpw kuIcy]Zamb HcnSw X\n°p≠m°nØcnI F∂XmWv AhfpsS

Xm¬∏cysa∂pw hb msb∂v kzbw a\ nem°m\p≈ hnthIsa¶nepw Xm≥

ImWnt°≠XmsW∂pw Ahƒ Xpd∂p ]d™t∏mƒ F√mw ]nSnInń. Xm≥ Xebmń kΩXn®p.

AdnbmsX IÆpIƒ \nd™pt]mbn. AXnsemcpXp≈n AhfpsS ssIØ≠bnepw hoWp.

c≠cs°m√w apºv Ahsf sI´ptºmƒ Ahƒ°v Xm≥ hb \mbncp∂n√. IcpØ\mbncp∂p

F∂v k¶StØmsS Hm¿Øpt]mbn. ]Øncp]Ø©psIm√w Xt∂msSm∏w Pohn® B·kv

F∂ BZy `mcysb Hm¿Øpt]mbn. AXmtemNn®m¬ sXm≠bnSdpw. Hs° _p≤nap´mhpw.

Cu hr›nI∏pe¿thfbn¬Øs∂ \∑ \nd™ HcnStØ°p sIm≠pt]mIp∂ kmd

Zbmabnsb∂mizkn®p. \ΩpsS _‘w \ne\n¿Øns°m≠p\ap°I∂pIgnbmsa∂pw Ahƒ

]d™p. Imdv hr≤ kZ\Ønte°SpØp. ][m\hgnbn¬\n∂p Xncnbp∂nSØv Hcp

t_m¿Up≠mbncp∂p. ""Cd®nt°mgnIƒ hn¬∏\°v''.

2. hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ]thin∏n°s∏´ kndnbIv B‚Wnbv°v BtcmSpw bmX

]dbm\p≠mbncp∂n√. arZphmbn Hcp hm°p®cn°pItbm C\n C∂ Znhkw

hcmsa∂p]dbpItbm sNømsX kmd ImtdmSn®pt]mbn. CØcw hnImcßfmWv Xs∂ ChnsS

FØn®XpXs∂. kmd as‰mcmfmbXpsIm≠pw kZ\Ønse \nbaa\pkcn®pw Ahƒ t]mtb

]‰p. kndnb°n\v 55 hb pw kmd°v 30 hb pamWv. Ahƒ t]mIp∂Xn\v apºv

X\nbv°\phZn® apdnbnse kuIcyßƒ hnhcn®pX∂p. Cßs\sbmcp apdnInńbXn¬

`mKyhm\msW∂pw Hm¿Ωn∏n®p, F¥n\[nIw, apdnbn¬ ]Xn® XdtbmSpIfnse kpµcamb

Unssk≥ t\m°nbncp∂m¬ aXnbt√m t\cw t]mIm≥. At∏mtg°pw UbdIvS¿ C¿hmZokpw

FØn. ImgvNbn¬ Ip≈≥, ]mbw Dulns®Sp°m≥ IgnbmØ apJhpw icochpw. hfsc

am\yamb s]cpam‰w. kmd sImSpØ Ihdnse sN°p I≠t∏mƒ DSs\ AhnSpsØ

Ãm^ns\sb√mw ]cnNbs∏SpØn. CsX√mw km[mcW ]Xnhp≈ NSß√. kmd sImSpØ

sN°ns‚ i‡nbmWv. lcnZmk≥ F∂ Hmôkv Ãm^ns\ UbdIvS¿ imkn®p. ImcWw

]pXnb At¥hmknbpsS t^m¨ \º¿ hmßnsh®ncp∂n√. AXnYn acn®pt]mbm¬

DØchmZs∏´h¿ hcm\p≈ ImeXmakw Hgnhm°m\mWnXv. Cu ]kmXmh\ kndnb°n\v

H´pw kpJambn√. sSeKmw In´m\p≈ Xmakw sIm≠v Xs‚ ihicocw G‰phmßm\mfn√msX

AXv A\p\nanjw No™pho¿°p∂ cwKw Abmƒ `mh\bn¬ I≠p. ÿm]\Øns‚ ]gb

\nebpw kmdsSt∏mep≈ DZmcaXnIfpsS klmbhpw UbdIvS¿ Hm¿Ωn®p. Cu hr≤≥

\nßfpsS BcmsW∂B tNmZyw amXw UbdIvS¿ tNmZn®n√. AbmfpsS HuNnXyw

FSpØp]dbWw. tNmZn®m¬ F¥p adp]Snbmbncn°pw kmd ]dbp∂Xv tIƒt°≠nhcnI.

]ckv]cw ssIsImSpØv hfsc Dujvafamb Hcp bmX]dbemWv kmd \SØnbXv. Xt∂mSp

ImWn°mØ sshImcnIX. kmdtbmSv Hcp Imcyw IqSn UbdIvS¿ ]d™p. Cu apdn

_p°psNbvXncp∂ at\mtcmKmip]Xnbnse hr≤≥ acn®pt]mbn. \nßfpsS am\yhr≤\v

acWwhsc Cu apdnbn¬ Ignbmw. kmd Bizmk]q¿∆w Ipcnip hc®p. Xm\n√msX kmd

Xncn®psN√p∂ _w•mhns\∏‰nbpw AhnsS apºp Ign™ A\p`hßsf∏‰nbpw Abmƒ Hm¿Øp.

""A∏m∏m, ]m¿∞\°p≈ t\cambn'' Fs∂mcp bphXn h∂dnbn®p. kpµcnbmb \n¿Ωesb∂

t\gvkmWv. Xm\hfpsS A∏m∏\mWv. thWsa¶n¬ ]nSn°msa∂hƒ ]d™p. Xs‚ BZy

`mcy B·kns\ ]cnNcn°m≥ IpSpw_tUmIvS¿ tbml∂m≥ G¿∏mSm°nb kmdsb hnhmlw

Ign® Imcyw Hm¿Øp. ]Xnhmbn ]m¿∞nbv°p∂ kz`mhan√mØ Abmƒ°v AXn¬ henb

Xm¬]cyw tXm∂nbn√. F¶nepw a‰p≈ At¥hmknIfpambn ]cnNbs∏Sm\p≈ Hcp kµ¿`w

IqSnbmsW∂v \n¿Ωe Hm¿Ωn∏n®p. BsI ]Xn\mep hr≤cmWnhnsSbp≈Xv. ]m¿∞\ Ign™v

`£Wlmfn¬ t]mbn AØmgw Ignbv°pIbmWv AhnSpsØ ]Xnhv. Xosc hømØh¿°v



`£Ww apdnbn¬sImSp°pw. at\mlcambn Ae¶cn®XmWv ]m¿∞\mebw.

]m¿∞\mebØnte°v IS∂ kndnb°ns\ F√mhcpw Xm¬]cyan√msX t\m°n.

]m¿∞\Ign™v AhnsSbncp∂n´pw Bsc¶nepw t]cp tNmZn°pItbm ]cnNbs∏Sm≥ hcnItbm

D≠mbn√. ]m¿∞\Ign™t∏mƒ Hct¥hmkn\n ""tZs≠ h∂p Ign™p'' F∂p ]d™v

AeapdbnSm≥ XpSßn. Ccn°p∂hcmcpw CfInbn√. hr≤ acWsh]mfw t]mse F√mhtcbpw

amdn amdn t\m°n IÆoscmen∏n®p. At∏mƒ kpµcnbmb as‰mcp hr≤ ASpØncn°p∂ BtfmSv

Ft¥m ]d™p. hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ°v Hcp bqWnt^mw th≠XmsW∂v

kndnb°n\p tXm∂n. At∏mƒ IriKmX\mb Hct¥hmkn Pp∫bptSm Ioibn¬\n∂v Hcp

shfpØ NcSp ]pdsØSpØp. hr≤ acn°pIbmsW¶n¬ Im¬ hnc¬ IqńsI´m\mWXv.

IÆS°msX ImeIØn acn®pInS°p∂Xv FX hrØntISmWv. Cu A`wKn Hgnhm°m\mWv

AbmfpsS iaw. B a\ÿnXn ImWn® Abmsf ]pWymflmhv F∂pXs∂ hnfn°Ww. Cu

a\pjy≥ Pohn®ncn°p∂ ImeØv HcΩmΩbpsS Im¬hnc¬Øpºv Iqńs°´m≥ Ibdpw

Ioibnen´p \S∂ BfmWv. Cu hr≤bmIs´ HcmgvNbv°nSbn¬ BdmasØ acW]cmIaamWv

ImWn°p∂Xv. I≠p \n¬°p∂h¿°v AXn¬ Hcp ]pXpabpw tXm∂nbn√. At∏mtg°pw

]m¿∞\mebØns‚ hmXp°¬ \n¿Ωe h∂v `£Wkabamsb∂dnbn®p. F√mhcpw

Xnc°s´Wo‰p. IbsdSpØ IriKmX\S°w. ChpSpsØ t_mdSnbn¬\n∂v c£n°p∂Xv Cu

AΩmΩbmsW∂v IriKmX≥ Hm¿Ωn∏n®p. \n¿Ωe kndnb°ns‚ tXmfn¬ ]nSn®p. Xm\mscbpw

]cnNbs∏ńs√∂v kndnb°v ]d™p. AXns‚ Bhiyans√∂pw ]ckv]cw t\m°¬

Xs∂bmWnhnSpsØ ]cnNbs∏Sse∂pw \n¿Ωe ]d™p. CXn∂p≈n¬ B¿°pw

ta¬hnemkan√. F√mhcpw hr≤≥am¿. Xo≥apdnbpsS Npacn¬ FgpXnsh®Xv kndnb°v

I≠p. ""`£n°ptºmƒ AtX∏‰n amXw Nn¥n°pI.''.

3. hr≤kZ\Ønse Hct¥hmknbmb XSn\mS≥ t]cp]d™v ]cnNbs∏´p. ChnsS

B¿°pw ta¬hnemkan√mØXn\m¬ AXn¬ i≤n®n√. ]≠v Ipń°meØv KmaØn¬

ZmcnZyØn∂nSbnepw Ab¬°m¿ kvt\ln®ncp∂p. \Kc]cnjvImc]Imcw kvt\lØn\p]Icw

sRémWv. kndnbIv Xs‚ ]gb PohnXw Hm¿Øp. KmaØnse Hcp ]ńWnhoń¬ P\n®p.

Ggmw¢m n¬ sh®v ]ńWn klnbv°msX \mSphn´p. \KcØnse Hcp henbhoń¬

hni∏S°m≥th≠n the°mc\mbn. A∂hnsS B·kv Fs∂mcp amemJIpń A©mw ¢m n¬

]Tn°p∂p≠mbncp∂p. the°mc≥ B·kns\ t]an®p I√ymWw Ign®p. A—\ΩamcpsS

Imetijw Afh‰ kzØn∂pSabmbn. B kzØns‚ hen∏amWt√m AºXpIgn™n´pw

Xs∂ t]an®p I√ymWw Ignbv°m≥ kmdsb k÷bm°nbXv. IminemWv Imcyw. Imins‚

D]tbmK iq\yXbpw kndnb°n∂dnbmw. C°≠ Imip]tbmKn®n´pw B·kns‚

acWtam¿Øp. Ct∏mƒ I≠ acWsh]mfhpw Hm¿Øp. Ip‰t_m[Øm¬ hcm¥bnse

XnÆbn¬ Xeapń®p. AhnsSbmWv t\csØ ]cnNbs∏´ hr≤≥ Ccp∂ncp∂Xv. Xt∂mSbmƒ

PohnXIY ]d™psh∂mWv hnNmcn®Xv. H∂pw i≤n®nń√mXncp∂Xn\m¬ Hcnbv°¬ IqSn

"B IY' ]dbm≥ Bhiys∏´p. hr≤s\ ]oWn∏n°m≥ th≠nbmbncp∂p. ]t£ hr≤≥

£p`nX\mbn BIan°pIbmWp≠mbXv. AXpw FXn¿∏n√msX kln®p. AbmtfmSp≈

klXm]wsIm≠v Cbmƒ AkwXr]vX\mb hr≤\msW∂pw a‰p≈hsc Xnsc

kln°ms\m°mØ IrXy\njvT°mc\msW∂pw a\ nembn. hr≤kZ\Ønse ]cnkcw

i≤n®t∏mƒ kmdsb hnhmlw Ign®Imew Hm¿Ω h∂p. A∂hƒ ]d™XmWv. ""F\ns°mcp

\nanjw th¿]ncn™ncn°m\mhns√∂v''. ]t£ C∂v Cu hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ho≠pw h∂v Aßs\

]dbm\p≈ A\uNnXyw kmd°p≠mhn√. kaqlØn¬ IqsSs°m≠p\S°ptºmƒ D≠mth≠



]uVnbv°mbncn°Ww Ahƒ Xs‚ XeapSnbnepw hkvX[mcWØnepsams° i≤n®Xv.

XSnamS\mb hr≤s‚ IY tI´p. Abmƒ k¿°m¿ tPmenbnencp∂p IpSpw_w t\m°n, a°sf

Cb¿∂ ]ZhnbnseØn®p. dn´b¿ sNbvXp h∂t∏mƒ hoń¬ H‰s∏´p. H∂pw sNøm\n√. Cu

Ahÿ I≠v a°ƒ°pw acpa°ƒ°pw ieyambntØm∂nbncn°Ww. a°ƒ Bń∏pdØm°n

sIm≠ph∂m°p∂Xn\papºv kzbw ChnsS FØnbXmWv. Abmƒ°nt∏mƒ Btcbpw

Hm¿°m\n√. kmdbvs°m∂nhnsShsc hcm≥ tXm∂nbn√t√m F∂v kndnbIv Hm¿Øp. adn®v

B·kv Bbncps∂¶ntem. X\n°o hr≤kZ\Øn¬Øs∂ Im¬IptØ≠n hcn√mbncp∂p.

AXbpambt∏mƒ t\csØ acWsh]mfw ImWn® hr≤bpsS HºXmw \º¿ apdnbnte°p

\S∂p. IXIS™p InS°p∂p. AhnsSbpw Hcdnbn∏v. ""Ddßp∂hsc DW¿ØcpXv''.

4. AkvXab wKn ImWm≥ \n¿ΩetbmsSmØv Ip∂n≥apIfn¬ t]mbn. GIm¥Xbn¬

_w•mhn¬ Ignbp∂ kmdsb Hm¿Øp. Xm\nhnsS h∂n v c≠pamkw Ign™p. InkvXpa n\p

tI°pw sImt≠m, P\phcn H∂n\v BiwkbpsS ]p©ncnbpw sImt≠m kmd hcnIbp≠mbn√.

h∂m¬ ho≠pw Xncn®pt]mIptºmtg°p≠mhp∂ k¶Sw kln°m≥ IgnbmØXpsIm≠mhmw,

kmdsb Ip‰s∏SpØnbXn¬ ]›mØm]tØmsS \n¿ΩebpsS Xe s\t©mSp tN¿Øp]nSn®p.

Ahƒ A\pkcn®p. s]s´∂v \n¿Ωe kmdbmIp∂ NXnbn¬ IpSpßnbXp Xncn®dn™p.

Ip‰t_m[tØmsS Xncn®p\S∂p. \nehnfn®p. Hc∏m∏\mbn sXm´XmsW∂p IcpXnbm¬

aXnsb∂hƒ Bizkn∏n®p. AºØnc≠masØ hb nse hnhmlPohnXm\p`hßsf°pdn®v

Ahƒ tNmZn®p. Xm≥ ]m]nbmsW∂pw bmsXmcp ]m]hpw sNømØh\msW∂pw tXm∂n.

ssZh\oXnbpsS apºn¬ ]pWy]m]ßƒ temI\oXnbnseXpt]me√. AXmWt√m

]XnhXbptSbpw thiybptSbpw IY kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. ]XnhX thiybpsS hoń¬

h∂pt]mIp∂hcpsS FÆw ]nSn°m≥ \akvImc∏mbbv°Snbn¬ Nc¬°√p Iqńsh®p.

acn®pt]mbt∏mƒ thiy°p kz¿§hpw ]XnhX°v \cIhpw Inń. ImcWw thiy AhfpsS

NpaXebmWv sNbvXXv. \akv°mc∏mbbnencp∂v ]ng sNbvXhƒ ]XnhXbmWv. B·kns‚

acWtijw P]amebpambn Igntb≠ Xm≥ kmdsb sIń. AXp sX‰v. a°fn√mØXn\memWv

c≠mwsI´p sIńbXv. ]t£, kmdbn¬ a°fp≠mhm≥ Ahƒ kΩXn®n√. B· ns‚

acWtijw kmdsb sIńbXv ]m]amtWm. kvXobpw ]pcpj\pw BI¿jn°s∏Sp∂Xn¬

adp]Snbn√. AXn\m¬ \n¿Ωesb kmIqXw t\m°p∂Xnepw sX‰n√. \n¿ΩetbmSv Xm\hsf

kvt\ln°ps∂∂p ]dbm≥ Ign™n√. sXmÆqdmw hb n¬ Xs∂t]an® Hcp hr≤≥ ]≠v

Cu kZ\Øn¬ D≠mbncp∂Xv \n¿Ωe ]d™p. AkvXabw I≠v \n¿ΩetbmsSm∏w

Xncns®Ønb Xs∂°≠v kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ Aa¿jwsIm≠p. Ah¿°pap≠v

Xm¬∏cyßƒ. AXn\p kzmX¥yan√. IriKmX≥ CXns\Xnsc UbdIvS¿°v \nthZ\w

Xømdm°n. ]m¿∞\°p kabambn. \nßƒ Alw`mhnbmsW∂pw CuXn\nsS Btcbpw

]cnNbs∏ńńs√∂pw IriKmX≥ kndnb°ns\ Ip‰s∏SpØn. Ign™ c≠pamkw sIm≠v

Xm\mcpambpw kulrZap≠m°nbns√t∂m¿Øp. AXn\nSbn¬ Ign™ InkvXpa v kZ\Øn¬

F√mhcpw tN¿∂v BtLmjn®tXm¿Øp. At¥hmknIsf ImWm\pw kΩm\ßƒ \¬Im\pw

]e ]mb°mcmb _‘p°fpsS ]hmlambncp∂p. kndnb°ns\ ImWm≥amXw Bcpw h∂n√.

X\n°v kmdb√msX Bcpan√t√m. AØmgØn\p kabamsb∂v \n¿Ωe Adnbn®p. hnfn®Xv

\n¿ΩebmbXn\m¬ ITn\amb hni∏ptXm∂n. lmfn¬ sN∂t∏mƒ AhnsS \n¿Ωebn√.

hnfºpImc≥ ]mXßƒ \ncØp∂p. kndnb°ns‚ hni∏psI´p. Npacn¬

BWnbSn®pXq°nbn´p≈ Hcm]vXhmIyw ZrjvSnbn¬ s]´p. ""KpkvXnbn¬ P\n°p∂h\√,

C—Isf AXnPohn°p∂h\mWv tIa≥.



5. \pWIfpsS cmPmhmb sI.\mSmcmWv hr≤kZ\Ønse as‰mct¥hmkn. \mSmsc

kZ\ØnseØn®Xv s]mdpXnapńb \m´pImcmWv. Iøpw Imepw X√n®X®v Hcp apfhSnbn¬

XeIogmbn sIńØq°nbmWv AhnsS sIm≠psN∂Xv. AbmfpsS acWwhsc sNehn\p≈

kwJybpw \m´pIm¿ ]ncns®SpØmWv kzcq]n®Xv. kZ\Øns‚ XpS°°meambncp∂Xn\mepw

apdnIƒ Hgn™pInS∂ncp∂Xn\mepw A∂v ]thi\w Ffp∏ambn. \pW AYhm InwhZ¥n

]cØn \mń¬ sskzct°Sp≠m°embncp∂p AbmfpsS hnt\mZw. sIme]mXItØ°mƒ

òIcamWv \pW. tIƒ°ptºmƒØs∂ \pWbmsW∂dnbmsa¶nepw Np≠pIƒ amdn amdn

]Ncn®v AXv Hcp kXyØns‚ cq]Øn¬ D¤hÿm\ØpXs∂ Xncns®Øp∂p. ]q¿Æ

K¿`nWnbmb Hcp ]sØmºXpImcnsb ¿Ømhns\s°m≠v Nhnńs°m√n® InwhZ¥nbmWv

\mSmsc kZ\ØnseØn®Xv. At¥hmknIsf ]cnNbs∏Sp∂n√ F∂ Bt£]Øn\p

]cnlmcambmWv Cbmsf ]cnNbs∏´Xv. AXv Xs∂ alm A]ISambn. apdnbnse GIm¥Xbn¬

Xs∂ Ign®pIqńbm¬ aXnbmbncp∂p. apdnbn¬ sNSnIƒ \´phfcvSØn Ińens‚ tNmń¬

Hcp apb¬°pńtbbpw hfcvSØp∂Xns\∏‰n BtemNn®m¬ aXnbmbncp∂p. apben\p Xo‰°p

Iymc‰pthWw. AXn\p Iehd°mcs\ tkh]nSn°mw. Abmƒ apcS\msW¶ntem, Iymc‰p

Xń∏d®psIm≠ph∂m¬ Abmfpw ]n∂msetbmØpw. At∏mƒ apbens\ Is≠Øpw. AXns\

hf¿ØnsbSpØp s]mcn®pXn∂m\mbncn°pw AbmfpsS Xm¬∏cyw. AXn\m¬ k¶¬∏Øn¬

hf¿Øp∂ apbens\ P\eneqsS ]pdtØ°phn´p. ho≠pw hnjmZKkvX\mbt∏mƒ Abmƒ

\n¿Ωesb ImWm\mKln®p. C∂p Xs‚ apdn ipNnbm°m\pw InS° hncn°m\pw

\n¿Ωe°p]Icw IXo\sbs∂mcp t\gvkmWv h∂Xv. Ahƒ°v \n¿ΩebpsS AX kuµcyw

icocØnse s]cpam‰Øntem C√. F¶nepw AhfpsS \nKqVkuµcyØn¬ IÆp Xßnbt∏mƒ

kzbw ]p—w tXm∂n. AXn\m¬ apdnhn´p ]pdØpIS∂p. \n¿ΩesbAt\zjn°pIXs∂.

At∏mƒ ap‰Øncp∂p ]p√p]dn°p∂ Cøm°paq∏sc∂ as‰mct¥hmknsb°≠p. ]I¬

apgph≥ ]p√p]dnbmWv aq∏cpsS Zu¿∫eyw. AXpXs∂bmWv Abmsf kZ\ØnseØn®Xpw.

a°sf√mw hfsc Db¿∂ ]Zhnbnep≈ ]_e∑mcmWv. kµ¿iIcptSbpw a‰pw km∂n≤yØn¬

A∏s‚ ]p√p]dn Ah¿°]am\ambn. Hcn°¬ acpaItfmSv ap‰Øp]dn°m≥ ]p√ns√∂p

]cmXns∏´p. as‰mcn°¬ t]c°nSmhv ap‰sØ ]p¬\mºn¬ Nhn´p∂Xp I≠ Abmƒ Ipńsb

Xńam‰n. IpńbpsS Xe I√nenSn®v apdnhp]‰n. AtXmsS a°fptSbpw acpa°fptSbpw ap∂n¬

`m¥\mbn. a°ƒ°v kln°m\mbn√. ]p√p]dn \n¿Øm≥ Ah¿ D]tZin®p. hp≠pw Abmƒ

]p√p]dn°m\ndßn. a°ƒ Cøm°paq∏sc hr≤kZ\ØnseØn®p.

BtcmKyhm\mbncp∂ImeØv ImSpshńsØfnbn®v IpSntb‰°mc\mbn Ign™XmWv.

AbmfpsS mcy s]mSp∂s\ acn®p. kZ\Ønepw ]p√p]dnXs∂. £Wwt]mepw Ign°p∂Xn¬

Xm¬∏cyan√. ]cn°p∂ AX ]p√pXs∂ ]pXpXmbn Infn¿°p∂Xn¬ Abmƒ°p

kt¥mjtabp≈p. kndnb°v ]p√p]dn°p∂ aq∏sc ]oXns∏SpØm≥ tNmZn®XmWv £Ww

Ignt®m F∂v. \nd®p≠ht\ as‰mcmfpsS \ndhbdns\∏‰n At\zjn°mhp F∂mbncp∂p

aq∏cpsS ]XnIcWw. hr≤kZ\ØnseØp∂ hsc√mw XØz⁄m\nIfmIp∂ A¤pXw

kndnb°v Hm¿Øp. C∂se apgph≥ \n¿Ωesb I≠n√. AXn\m¬ hni∏ptXm∂mØXpsIm≠v

Abmƒ D≠n´pan√. C∂v t\cnbtXmXn¬ tXm∂nb hni∏v sI.\mSmcpsS IY tI´tXmsS

C√mXmbn. \mSm¿ as‰mcp InwhZ¥n Cd°n. Xte∂mƒ kndnb°pw \n¿Ωebpw IqSn

Ip∂n≥apIfnte°p t]mbXn¬ At¥hmknIƒ D≠m°nb tImemlehpw Ah¿ UbdIvS¿°p

sImSpØ \nthZ\hpw icn°pw ên®ncn°p∂p. \n¿Ωe \mSmcpsS apdnbn¬ sN∂ncp∂p.

Ah¿°v kndnb°nt\mS v t]aaps≠∂v kqN\bpw Inńbn´p≠v. Ahƒ

Hc\mYmebØn¬\n∂ph∂ IpńbmWv. At∏mtg°pw ap‰Øp\ns∂mcmtImiw Db¿∂p.



AΩmΩ ]p√n¬ NhnńbXn\v Cøm°paq∏¿ £p`nXambXmWv. Abmƒ Is√SpsØmcp

ho°psh®psImSpØp. AΩmΩbpsS s\‰ns]mń tNmcsbmen®p XpSßn. DSs\ aq∏¿ HmSn

FØn Ahsc XmßnsbSpØp. the°m¿ HmSntbmØn. kndnb°n\v ]pXnsbmcdnhpInń.

""Hcp°nbn´ hgnbneqsS ]Ωn∏Xpßn kqX°mc\mbn acWw hcp∂p.''

Ign™ XhW tUmIvS¿ h∂t∏mƒ kndnb°n\pw Hcp KpfnI \n¿t±in®p. X\n°p

tcmKans√∂p ]d™t∏mgpw KpfnI Ign®p XpSßnt°mfp tcmKw D≠mbns°m≈psa∂p ]d™p.

hr≤kZ\Øn¬ hcp∂h¿ tcmKnIfmIWw. Xm≥amXw AXn¬\ns∂mgnhmbm¬ UbdIvS¿°v

a‰p≈h¿ ]cmXn \¬Ipw. Abmƒ°Xv IW°nseSpt°≠hcpw. kaqla\ namWv ]m[m\yw.

\n¿Ωesb∏‰nbp≈ CXn\papºsØ ]cmXnsb∏‰n UbdIvS¿ kwkmcn®ncp∂p. AsXm∂pw

kmcam°m\ns√∂pw c≠p Znhkw Ign™m¬ \n¿ΩesbØs∂ AbmfpsS t\gvkm°msa∂pw

]d™p. kZ\Ønse°p G‰hpa[nIw ]Ww X∂ Xm¶fw _p≤napń°p∂ ]iv\ans√∂pw

UbdIvS¿ C¿hmZokv hm°psImSpØp. X\n°nhnsS aSpØpsh∂pw Xncn®pt]mIWsa∂pw

UbdIvStdmSv ]d™p. AXp _p≤nap´p≠m°psa∂v C¿hmZokv ]d™p. Fs∂ Xncn®b®mepw

kZ\Ønse°pX∂ ]Ww Xncn®pXtc≠Xns√∂pw ]d™p. AsXm∂pw \nßƒ°nt∏mƒ

a\ nemhns√∂p ]d™p UbdIvS¿ t]mbn. kmdsb i]n®v kndnbIv Ińen¬ InS∂p.

ASpØ\nanjw XebWNphń¬ Hfn®psh®ncp∂ kmdbpsS ]q¿Æ \·amb t^mt´m

AbmsfSpØp t\m°m≥ XpSßn. CSs°m∂p _mØvdqan¬t]mbn Xncn®p h∂t∏mƒ apdnbn¬

IXo\ \n¬°p∂p. AhfpsS ssIøn¬ kmdbpsS t^mt´m. t]mcmØXn\v AhfpsS Hcp

I≈t\m´hpw. B t^mt´m Xncn®p\¬Im≥ IXo\tbmSmhiys∏´p. Xs∂∏‰n

kZ\Ønep≈ k¬t∏cp Xs∂ \jvSs∏Spsa∂p t]Sn®p. Xm≥ NphscgpØn¬ ÿm\w

]nSnt®°mw. BsI Akzÿ\mbn. ]t£ IXo\ t^mt´m sISp°p∂ ań√. IgnSpsa¶n¬

hew ]nSn®p XńsbSptØm F∂ I≈®ncnbpw. Xń∏dn°m≥Xs∂ ian®p. AXn\nsS kndnbIv

ae¿∂Sn®v Ińen¬ hoWp. AbmfpsS amdtØ°p IXo\bpw. Hcp \nanjw Aßs\

InS∂t∏mtg°pw hmXnen¬ \n¿Ωebpw UbdIvSdpw. \n¿Ωe B cwKw I≠v DSs\ ÿew

hn´p. UbdIvS¿ apdnbnte°p Xebn´pt\m°n. IXo\°v bmsXmcp ]cnàhpap≠mbn√.

UbdIvS¿ £am]WtØmsS AXn\p t]m’ml\w \¬In hmXn¬ tN¿ØS®v ÿew hn´p.

]pdta°dnbmØsX√mw XShdbnse acymZIfmIp∂p Fs∂mcp shfn]mSp≠mbn kndnb°n\v.

7. a\:imkvXadnbp∂hcpsS as‰mcp hym]mctIµamWv hr≤kZ\w. HcnSØp

kzÿambn InS°m\pw A\phZn°n√. DSs\ ipiqjbmbn, kvs]jenÃmbn, _lfambn,

]tXyIn®v At¥hmknbpsS _‘p°fmsc¶nepw kao]Øp≈ kabamsW¶n¬ ]dbm\pan√.

F√mhcpw tN¿∂v kz¿§ob]cnNcWw Xs∂. hr≤cmb Bsc¶nepw \nßƒ°p≠¶n¬ Cu

Hgnhnte°p sIm≠phcq F∂ ]ckyamWXv. Xs∂ shdpsX hnSWsa∂p ]d™n´pw UbdIvS¿

kΩXn®n√. hr≤cpsS apdnbpsS hmXn¬ t_mƒńScpsX∂mWp \nbaw. s]s´s∂mcp hr≤\v

acn°mw. acWsh]mfw Imńtb°mw. hmXn¬ D≈n¬ \n∂S®m¬ As∏msgms°

]iv\ßfmhpw. hr≤∑m¿°v ]qńsh°m≥ kzØp°tfm kzImcyßtfm C√t√m.

Ddßn°nS°p∂ GXp hr≤t\bpw B¿°pw Ft∏mgpw Ahkm\n∏n°pIbpamhmw. IXo\

apdnbn¬ IS∂ph∂p. Ahƒ°v bmsXmcp NΩepan√. AhtfmSp shdp∏ptXm∂n. Xs∂

Ahtlfn®Xns\∏‰n kwkmcn®p. AsX√mw UbdIvSdpsS D]tZi]ImcamsW∂p a\ nembn.

Xm≥ AkwXr]vX\mb hr≤\msW∂pw AhnsS\n∂pt]mIm\mKlnbv°p∂psh∂pw UbdIvS¿

a\ nem°nbncp∂p. t]mIp∂ ]iv\tabn√. AXpthsd°mcyw. F∂mepw I®hS»mebnse



]XnhpImsc AkwXr]vXcm°msX t\mt°≠ NpaXebp≠v. ]tXyI]cnioe\w e`n® t\gvkv

F∂ \ne°v AkwXr]vXnbpsS ImcWat\zjn®v UbdIvSdpsS \n¿t±i]Imcw IXo\ \¬Inb

Hcp So‰vsa‚ v amXambncp∂p AXv. IXo\ I®hS°fnbpsS clkyw ]pdØm°n Icbm≥

XpSßn. kZ\Øns‚ Nphcn¬ ssIøn¬ Xpemkp ]nSn®p\n¬°p∂ Hcp hym]mcnbpsS NnXw

sXfn™p. DNnX⁄\mWv NnXImcs\∂p ]iwkn®p. ASpØ \nanjØn¬ AXp

ambv®pIfbphm≥ CS\mgnbnte°v Cdßns®∂p. AhnsS Aßs\ Hcp NnXw

Xs∂bp≠mbncp∂n√. At¥hmknIƒ hmXn¬ t_mƒńScpsX∂ \nbaw sX‰n°m≥ Xs∂

Xocpam\n®p. ]t£ t_mƒńSm≥ ssIøpb¿Ønbt∏mgt√ Adnbp∂Xv, hmXnen¬ t_mƒt´bn√.

\ΩfpsS AdnhpIƒ FX Xp—w.hmXn¬ Xpd∂pXs∂ InS°s´ F∂v Xocpam\n®p. Xpd∂

IXIneqsS ho≠pw Npacn¬ hym]mcnbpsS NnXw sXfn™ph∂p. Npacn¬ \n∂v Xpems SpØv

AhntS°v aµw aµw \S∂phcp∂ If¿ thj°mcnsbI≠p. ChfmIp∂p kZ\Øns‚ bYm¿∞

]XoIw. Ahƒ kz]v\Ønse∂t]mse Xs‚ t\sc \oßnhcp∂p. Ahƒ Cßs\

]dbp∂Xpt]msebpw tXm∂n. ""hnev]\°pw a\:»mkvXaps≠∂dnbmØh≥ hnUvVnbmIp∂p.''

8. hntZibmX°ndßnb Hcmsft∏mse hr≤kZ\Øn¬ Ipd®p\mƒ ]m¿Øp

Xncn®pt]mIm\mWv kndnb°ns‚ Dt±iyw. AXpsIm≠v AhnSpsØ \qemameIfnsem∂pw

XebnSm≥ hnNmcn°p∂n√. X¬°mew Xs‚ apdnbpsS hmXnen\p t_mƒ´pthWw. Hmôkn¬

Ibdns®∂p. lcnZmk≥ amXta AhnsSbp≈q. Aht\mSn°mcyw ]d™t∏mƒ UbdIvScpsS

A\phmZw thWsa∂mbn. ]mhw UbdIvSdpsS ASnabmb Ahs\ klmbn°Wsa∂p tXm∂n.

t]m°‰n¬ ssIbn´t∏mƒ AXnsem∂pan√. hr≤∑m¿s°√mw kzmX¥ytØmsS ]m¿°m≥

Xm\p≠m°m≥ t]mIp∂ k¶¬∏Ønep≈ hr≤kZ\sØ∏‰n ]d™p. AXn¬ Ah\v

hensbmcp tPmen sImSp°msa∂pw G‰p. Hmôkn¬ t^m¨ s_√Sn®p. t^mWns‚

ieysØ∏‰nbpw Xs‚ _w•mhnse t^mWns\∏‰nbpw Hm¿Øp.At∏mgmWv kmd°v H∂p t^m¨

sNømsa∂v tXm∂nbXv. lcnZmk≥ t^m¨ A‰‚psNbvXp hnb¿°p∂p. kZ\Ønse a‰p

sXmgnemfnIsft∏mse Ah\pw A\mYmebØn¬ \n∂p h∂XmWv. Abmƒ t^m¨

Ub¬sNøm≥ t\m°n. lcnZmk≥ XS™p. AsXm∂pw hIshbv°msX ho≠pw

Ub¬sNøms\mcpßn. At∏mgmWv \º¿ IrXyambn Hm¿Ωbn¬ hcp∂ns√∂dnbp∂Xv.

lcnZmk\v \s√mcp tPmen sImSp°qhm\p≈ iaamWv t^m¨ F∂dn™t∏mƒ lcnZmk\v

D’mlambn. At∏mgmWv Xs∂ kw_‘n°p∂ b¬ Hmôkneps≠∂pw AXn¬ hońse

t^m¨ \º¿ Ds≠∂pw Hm¿Ωh∂Xv. ]t£ ^b¬ sImSp°m≥ lcnZmk≥ kΩXn®n√.

]nSnbpw henbpw \SØp∂Xn∂nSbn¬ B b¬ Xmsg hoWp. kndnb°v AsXSpØpt\m°n.

At∏mgmWv ^ben¬\n∂p t^m¨ \º¿ Npc≠n°f™ncnbv°p∂psh∂p a\ nembXv.

AXmWv kZ\Ønse ]Xnsh∂p lcnZmk≥ ]d™p. \º¿ Npc≠n°f™ÿew Nph∂

ajnbn¬ Xn \n¿t±ißƒ FgpXnbn´pap≠v.

(1) hninjvSm∞n°p≈ ]cnNcWw

(2) acnbv°pwhsc Xncn®psN√cpXv

(3) mcybpambn ImWm\nShccpXv.

(4) acnbv°ptºmƒ amXw Adnbnbv°pI.

(5) acWw kzm`mhnIambncn°Ww.



9. kndnb°v ^b¬ FSpØXn\v UbdIvS¿ lcnZmkns\ s]mXnsc X√n. Xm\mWv

sX‰pImc≥. Abmsf tPmenbn¬\n∂p ]ncn®phnScpsX∂p kndnb°t]£n®p. UbdIvS¬

kndnb°ns\ kZ\Øn\p ]n≥hiØp≈ XSmI°cbnte°p Iqńs°m≠pt]mbn. kZ\Ønse

]e clkyßfpw ]d™psImSpØp. lcnZmkns\ X√nbXv t]Sn∏n®p \ndpØm\mWv. t]Sn∏n®pw

k¬°cn®pw X\n°mhiyap≈hsc UbdIvS¿ ASp∏n®p\ndpØp∂p. Hcp XcØnepw

kndnb°ns\ AhnsS\n∂p hnSpIbn√. AhnSpsØ G ¢m v At¥hmknbmWbmƒ. AXn\pw

Bhiyamb kwJybpsS CcńbmWv kmd kZ\Ønte°p sImSpØn´p≈Xv. B \nehmcØn¬

thsd At¥hmknIfmcpan√. AXpsIm≠v kndnb°n\v F√mØn\pw kzmX¥yap≠v.

Abmƒ°p hnfºp∂ `£WaS°w a‰p≈htc°mƒ FXtbm ap¥nbXmWv. AhnSpsØ

At¥hmknIƒ ap∂p Im‰Kdnbn¬s]Sp∂p. _‘p°ƒ sImSp°p∂ ]Wa\pkcn®mWv

Iym‰Kdn Xncn°p∂Xv. AºØ©phb mbh¿°p AhnsS ]thi\an√. sXmÆqdp hb phsc

Pohn°phm\mhiyamb ]Xnêw H‰bSn°p hmßnbn´mWv kZ\Øn¬ hr≤sc

At¥hmknbmsbSp°p∂Xv. _‘panXmZnIfpsS Bhiy]Imcw At¥hmknIƒ°v CS°v

t]mbnhcmw. kndnb°ns\ Hcn°epw hońtebv°b°cpsX∂mWv \n_‘\. _‘p°fpsS

\n_‘\°mWv G‰hpw ap¥nb ]cnKW\. F√m kpJßfpw A\p`hn®psIm≠v

acWwhscXmakn∏nbv°m\mWv kmdbpsS Icmdv. a‰p _‘p°ƒ UbdIvS¿ ]dbp∂nSsØm∏n p

sImSp°p∂p. kmd Znhkßtfmfw BtemNn®mWv Icm¿ Xømdm°nbXv. AXpw apZ]XØn¬.

Hcp XcØXnepw Xncn®b°cpXv. F√m kpJßfpw A\p`hn°Ww. AXn\mWv IXo\sb

apdnbnte°p hn´Xv. X∂njvS]Imcw AhnsS FØp∂ hr≤∑m¿ IpdhmWv. _‘p°ƒ

\n¿_‘ambn sIm≠phcp∂XmWv. Xncn®pt]mImXncnbv°m≥ Ft∏mgpw i≤bp≠mbncn°pw.

F√mkpJkuIcyßfpw A\p`hn®v \nßƒ°p kzm`mhnIamb Hcp acWw Xcp∂Xn¬ mcy

kmd ImWn® DZmcX «mL\obw Xs∂. hmXnen∂p t_mƒ´p shbv°m≥ amXw \n¿∆mlan√.

acWw kw`hn®m¬ hońØSnbn¬Xo¿Ø at\mlcamb hmXnepIƒ shńs∏mfnt°≠nhcpw.

as‰√m kzmX¥yhpw Xm¶ƒ°nhnsSbp≠v. FhnsSbpw ôbmbn k©cn°mw. CsX√mw

]d™p. Cu¿hmZokv \n¿Ønbt∏mƒ Xs‚ lrZbØn¬ \n∂v Hcp Ipń Cdßn Im‰n\p t\sc

HmSp∂Xmbn kndnb°n\p tXm∂n. HmSp∂ Ipń B ]gb t_m¿Uv I≠p. ""Cd®nt°mgnIƒ

hn¬∏\°v''.

10. cmXn kabw kndnb°v ]pdtØ°p t\m°n°nS∂p. tS∏v sd°m¿Un¬ `q]nµ¿

]mSp∂p. B ]mńeqsS kndnb°ns‚ a\ n¬ kvt\lw \nd™p. Xs∂ kvt\ln°p∂ F√m

kvXoItfbpw amtdmSp tN¿°m≥ sImXn®p. kmd Fs¥mcp NXnbnemWv Xs∂

AIs∏SpØnbsXt∂m¿Øp. Fs∂t∂°pambn hoSn\p shfnbnem°p∂ Imcyw

kqNn∏n°pIt]mepap≠mbncp∂n√t√m. s]cpw NXnbmWv Xt∂mSv sNbvXXv. \n¿Ωebpw

IXo\bpw Fs¥¶nepw sNbvXn´ps≠¶n¬ AXp kZ\Øn\p th≠n amXw. DÆp∂

tNmdnt\mSp≈ \µn. Cu ÿm]\w AX henb sXs‰m∂pw sNbvXn n√. thWsa¶n¬ hr≤∑msc

sIm√mw. ]pXpXmbn _p°psNbvXhsc B Hgnhneve ]thin∏n°pIbpamhmw. AsXm∂pw

sNømØXpXs∂ HuZmcyw. At¥hmknIfpsS P\\ØnøXn ^ben¬ kq£n°p∂p.

P∑Zn\Øn\v BtLmjw kwLSn∏n°p∂ hnhcw Hm¿Ωsh®v _\m[p°sf Adnbn°p∂p.

Ahscs°m≠v kZ\Ønte°v henb kw`mh\Ifpw kΩm\ßfpw sImSp∏n°p∂p.

At¥hmknIsf√mw BSptabv°p∂ CSb∑mcmsW∂pw kZ\w Bń≥]‰ßfpsS

XmhfamsW∂pw kndnbIv k¶¬∏n®p. CSb≥amcn¬\n∂v Cøm°paq∏tcbpw AΩmΩtbbpw

Hgnhm°p∂XmWv \√Xv. BSpIƒ ]p√pXn∂mepw AΩmΩ ]p√n¬°qSn \S∂mepw aq∏¿



t£m`nt®°pw. Aßs\ Hmtcm∂mtemNn®p InS°ptºmƒ IriKmX≥ kndnb°ns‚ apdnbn¬

]thin®p. kndnbIv hfsc \√ \nebn¬ At±lsØ kzoIcn®p. IriKmX\v cmXnbn¬

kndnb°ns\ ImWWsa∂p tXm∂n. Abmƒ Xs‚ t]cv tUhnUv F∂msW∂p ]cnNbs∏SpØn.

G‰hpw \√ NßmXnamcmb Ah¿°v A¬]w aZy]n°msa∂v tUhnUv £Wn®p. aZyw Abmƒ

sIm≠ph∂n´p≠v. ]pIhen°p≈Xpw IcpXnbn´p≠v. CsXm∂pw kZ\Øn¬

A\phZ\obas√∂v kndnbIv kqNn∏n®t∏mƒ ""CuhnsS In´mØsXm∂pan√. F√m‰n\pw AXns‚

adhp thWsa∂pamXw.'' F∂v tUhnUv ]d™p. Ah¿ c≠pt]cpw aZy]n®p. kndnb°v

CXn\papºv aZy]n®nń√. ]pIhen®nń√. AXp h√mØ \jvSamsb∂p tXm∂n. IpSnbv°m≥

B·kpw kmdbpw kΩXn®n√. ]t£, kmdbv°v ]es∏mgpw CXns‚ aWap≠mbncp∂p. C\n

hoń¬ sN∂m¬ kmd FhntSbmWv aZyw Hfn∏n®ncn°p∂sX∂p t\m°Ww. At∏mgmWv

Hm¿ØXv, Xms\mcn°epw C\n hoń¬ FØpIbn√t√m F∂v. aZyw bYm¿∞ shfn®w

ImWn®pXcp∂p. GXmbmepw CSbcpsS Iq´Ønte°v AΩmΩtbbpw Cøm°paq∏tcbpw

£Wnbv°m≥ Xocpam\n®p. DSs\ apdnhn v ]pdtØt°mSn. ]n∂mse hnfn®psIm≠v tUhnUpw.

AΩmΩbpsS apdnbn¬ sN∂p Ibdn. AhnsS AΩmΩ acn®p hndßen®pInS°p∂p. ssIIfpw

ImepIfpw tN¿Øpthbv°msX. Cøm°paq∏≥ Zp:JwsIm≠v Iq\n∏nSn®v apdnbnencn∏p≠v.

]n∂mse tUhnUpw apdnbnseØn. Abmƒ sXm´tXmsS ssIIfpw ImepIfpw

tN¿Øpshbv°m≥ Ign™p. ]ns∂ AhnsS acWØns‚ tImemleambn. ]mXncmXnbn¬

Ft∏mtfm AΩmΩ acn®pIgn™ncp∂p. b¥bpKØnse Hcp acWw hm¿ØbmIp∂Xpw

Bsf°q´p∂Xpw AXns‚ \mSy][m\amb Imń°qépIƒ sIm≠mIp∂p.

11. AΩmΩ acn®Xdn™v apIbn´ Ic®ntemsS UbdIvS¿ AhnsS FØn. HccpaaIs‚

Zp:J`mhw `wKnbmbn Abmƒ A`n\bn®p. At¥hmknIfmb hr≤∑m¿ \n›ecmbncp∂p.

XSnb≥ hr≤≥ apt∂m´ph∂v AΩmΩbpsS Ihnfn¬ tamXnchnc¬sIm≠v sXm´p. AsXmcp

NSßmbn. F√m hr≤∑mcpw sXm´p. Cøm°paq∏¿ kΩXn®n√. Abmƒ sXmSm≥ XømdmWv.

]t£ F∂pw sXmSm≥ B ihw AhnsS D≠mbncn°Ww. sNøp∂sX¥pw Bh¿Øn®p

sNøWsa∂mWt√m aq∏cpsS ]IrXn. UbdIvS¿ At¥hmknIsf A`napJoIcn®p ]kwKn®p.

hr≤kZ\Øns‚ amlmflyw AXn¬ apg®p\n∂p. kuP\yambn hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ]m¿∏n®ncp∂

hr≤bmbncp∂p AΩmΩsb∂pw kZ\w \SØn∏v Hcp hym]mcw amXa√ X\ns°mcp

PohImcpWy]h¿Ø\amsW∂pw hy‡am°n. At∏mtg°pw tUmIvS¿ ÿesØØn.

At¥hmknIsfsb√mw apdnbn¬\n∂p ]pdØm°n. AΩmΩsb ]cntim[n®p. AΩmΩ

acn®psh∂pw AsXmcp kzm`mhnI acWamsW∂pw tcJs∏SpØn. AXv ben¬ sh°p∂tXmsS

Hcp A≤ymbw Ahkm\n°p∂p. kndnb°v B· ns‚ ihaS°pNSßv Hm¿Øpt]mbn. \n¿Ωe

kndnb°ns‚ tXmfn¬ sXm´p. Ahƒ°p Xt∂mSp kvt\lans√∂pw UbdIvSdpsS Hcp ]mh

amXamsW∂pw AhtfmSp ]d™n√. \msf apX¬ Xs∂ ]cnNcn°m≥ \n¿Ωe hcpsa∂p

]d™p. sXm´p]pdIn¬ IXo\ \n¬°p∂p. Xt∂mSp ]cn`hn°cpsX∂hƒ At]£n®p.

\msfapX¬ ]cnNcnbv°m≥ hcns√∂hƒ ]d™p. kmdbptSXnt\°mƒ hnImckmµamb

bmX ]db¬. At∏mtg°pw t^mt´mKm^¿amcpw ]X]h¿ØIcpw h∂p. ihØnt‚bpw

At¥hmknIfptSbpw t^mt´m FSpØp. IqSmsX \∂mbn hkvXw [cn® kndnb°nt\bpw

If¿ kmcn°mcntbbpw Hgn®p\n¿Øn as‰mcp t^mt´mbpw FSpØp. hntZitØ°v

Abbv°m\p≈XmWv. hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIfpsS ssZ\yw hy‡am°p∂ t^mt´m

ImWn®v ]ncnhv \SØm≥. AhnsS AXn\v GP‚pamcp≠v. ÿm]\Øn\pw Ah¿°pw

]m]vXnsb∂mWv hyhÿ. AXn\p ]‰nb t^mt´m FSp°m≥ Ct∏mgmWhkcw In´p∂Xv.

CXps≠¶nte GP‚pam¿°v AhnSpsØ [\nIsc kao]n°m\mhpIbp≈p F∂p UbdIvS¿



kndnb°nt\mSp ]d™p. \msfapX¬ \n¿ΩebmWv \nßfpsS t\gvsk∂v kzImcyambn

Hm¿Ωn∏nbv°m\pw Abmƒ ad∂nń√. IqsS Hcp tNmZyhpw. ""C\n ]dbn√t√m hmXnen\p

t_mƒ´pthWsa∂v?''

apIfn¬ Hcp Ipdn∏p ImWp∂p. ""hmgvhnXp almkXyw''

12. AΩmΩbpsS acWhpw sXm´p≈ tImemleßfpambn kZ\Øn¬ c≠pZnhkw

IS∂pt]mbn. \n¿Ωe ]cnNcWØn\p h∂pXpSßn. kndnb°v Ahƒ°v A∏m∏\mWt√m.

AΩmΩ acn®Xn¬∏ns∂ tUhnUv amXw InS∏nemWv. £Whpw Ign°p∂n√. Cøm°pap∏¿

InS°bn¬ InS∂p ]p√p ]dn®psIm≠ncn°p∂p. X\n°pw Fs¥mt°tbm AkpJßƒ

D≈avXncn kndnb°n\p tXm∂n. Unkw_dn¬ ]q¿ÆmtcmKyhm\mbn kZ\w ]thin® kndnb°v

BKÃmbt∏mtg°pw tcmKnbpw hr≤\pambnØo¿∂Xpt]mse. CXmWv kZ\Ønse ]tXyIX.

ChnsS ]thin®pIgn™m¬ Bcpw hr≤\mbnØocp∂p. ASpØ XhW

kvs]jyenÃphcptºmƒ X\ns°m∂p ImWWw. A°mcyw Hmôkn¬ ]dt™¬∏n°m≥

]pds∏´p. X\ns°t∏mƒ thWsa¶nepw AhnsS sN√m\p≈ kzmX¥yap≠t√m. Hmôkn\p

]pdØp Hcp ]pXnb hr≤≥ Ccnbv°p∂p. \√ Dt∑jhm≥. \√ s]cpam‰w. Hmôkn¬

as‰mc]cnNnX≥ Ccnbv°p∂p. Abmƒ GP‚mWv. AΩmΩ acn® Hgnhn¬ IeIvSdpsS AΩsb

]thin∏n°Wsa∂bmƒ. _p°nßnse ko\ntbmdn‰n]Imcw ]pdØncnbv°p∂ hr≤\mWv

ASpØ ]thi\sa∂p UbdIvS¿. IeIvSdpsS AΩsb Xm≥ Iym≥hmkp sNbvXXmsW∂v

Abmƒ. Xm≥ UbdIvS¿ \n¿t±in® GP‚msW∂pw Bsc ]thin∏n®mepw Xs‚ \ymbamb

IΩoj≥ In´Wsa∂pw GP‚ v. Ahkm\w UbdIvS¿ IΩoj≥ sImSpØv GP‚ns\ hnSp∂p.

]pXnb ]thi\Øn\p ImØncnbv°p∂ Abmƒ Xs‚ NcnXsa√mw ]d™p. c≠mä°fp≠v.

`mcy acn®p. a°ƒ F¥n\pw t]m∂h¿. AhcpsS ZpjvSX kln°hømsX X¥ kZ\Øn¬

tNcm≥ h∂XmWv. C∂se X¥bpsS hnhmlambncp∂p. a°fpw AhcpsS kpµcnamcmb

`mcyamcpw ]S°w s]mń® A∏s‚ hnhmlw BtLmjn®hcmWv. kpµcnbmb Hcp

]Xnt\gpImcntbbmWv AhpXØ¥ hnhmlw Ign®Xv. ]nt‰∂p hr≤kZ\Ønte°p

t]mcpIbpw sNbvXp. Hcp ]WnIqSn ]‰n®psh®n´p≠v. Xs‚ Imetijw A\¥amb kzsØ√mw

\hh[phns‚ t]cnemWv FgpXnsh®n´p≈Xv. shdnb∑mcmb c≠p a°ƒ

]Xnt\gpImcn°pth≠n ]Ssh´m\p≈ hgnacps∂mcp°nbmWv AhpXØ¥ t]m∂Xv. Iq´Øn¬

sIńadnbm≥ AhcpsS `mcyamcpw. B ZpjvS∑msc Hcp ]mTw ]Tn∏n°m≥ CX√msX hgn

I≠n√sX.

At∏mtg°pw X¥bpsS c≠p a°fpw kZ\w Hm^nkns‚ ap∂n¬ Imdndßn. kZ\w

tUmIvSdpw FØnbncp∂p. X¥sb ]cntim[n®p. Ccp]Ønc≠p sIm√w IqSn Bbp ps≠∂pw

AXn\p≈ ]Xnêw hmßmtam∂pw Xocpam\n®v tUmIvS¿ t]mbn. X¥bpsS Bbp n¬

tZjyw ]nSn® a°ƒ ]niIn c≠psIm√sØ ]Xnêw Cfhp sNøn®p. kwJy AS®p X¥sb

H∂p Xncn™pt\m°pI IqSn sNømsX h∂ Imdn¬ Xncn®pt]mbn. X¥ UbdIvSsd kao]n®v

Xs‚ Iym‰Kdn GsX∂t\zjn®p. tXUv ¢m n\p≈ ]Xnêta a°ƒ AS®n´p≈p F∂v

a\ nem°n. DSs\ t]m°‰n¬ ssIøn´v t\csØ FgpXns°m≠ph∂ncp∂ Hcp sN°v

UbdIvS¿°p sImSpØp. sN°nse kwJy I≠v UbdIvSdpsS IÆp X≈nt∏mbn. F\n°v

H∂ma≥ Xs∂bmIWsa∂v X¥ ]d™p. Aßs\ H∂ma\n¬ apº\mb Xs‚ ÿm\w

\jvSs∏Sp∂Xv kndnb°v a\ nem°n. A∂papX¬ \n¿Ωe IXo\am¿ X¥bv°SptØ°v.

C∂se ]Xnt\gpImcnsb DW¿Ønbncnbv°mhp∂ A∏q∏s\ C∂p apX¬ \n¿Ωe XmßWw.

kndnb°n\p a\ nembn. a‰p≈hcpsS kt¥mjØn¬ ebn®p tNcp∂h\mWv \oXnam≥.



13. AΩmΩbpsS acWØn¬ tUhnUv Ct∏mgpw ZpJnX\mWv. kndnb°v AS°w

a‰p≈hsc√mw AsX√mw GXm≠p ad∂ a´mWv. AΩmΩbpsS apdnbnte°v AhpXØ¥

IS°m≥ sN∂p. tUhnUv hgn XS™p InS∂p. tUhnUns\ Ih®pIS°m≥ ian® AhpXsb

Abmƒ sXmgn®p hogvØn. s]s´∂v c≠p a√∑m¿ h∂v tUhnUns\ AbmfpsS apdnbnem°n

]qń. AhpXtbmSv kndnb°n\v a’cw tXm∂n. X\n°p Inńbncp∂ \n¿ΩebpsS ]cnNcWw

\jvSs∏Sptam F∂ thhemXnbmImw. \n¿Ωe kndnb°n\v ]jdn\p≈ KpfnI sImSp°m≥

h∂p. KpfnI Ign®v AhpXbpsS apdnbnte°p \S∂p. acymZbv°v kwkmcn®v XßfpsS

]iv\Øns\mcp ]cnlmcap≠m°Ww. ap¥nb ]cnKW\bp≈ c≠pt]cmWv Xßƒ. \n¿Ωesb

X\n°p XcWw. tUhnUns‚ apdnbpw s]s´s∂mgn™pIqsS∂n√. ]Icw Hcp ^Ãp

Iym‰Kdn°mc≥ IqSn h∂m¬ Xßƒ°p c≠pt]¿°pw tZmjamWv. kulm¿±Øn¬ Xocm≥

AhpX kΩXn°p∂ns√¶n¬ Hcp Zzµbp≤w Xs∂. AhpXbpsS apdnbnte°p t]mIptºmƒ

Ip≈≥ Im¿temkns‚ apdnbn¬\n∂v Hcp IjWw ISemkv Im‰Øp ]d∂bmfpsS apJØSn®p.

DSs\ Im¿temkv h∂v ISemkv Xń∏dn®psIm≠pt]mbn. F√mw IWs°gpXn

IrXyambn kq£n°p∂ IWni°mc\mWv Im¿temkv. aI≥ Xcm\p≈ ISØns‚ IW°mWnXv.

kndnb°v AhpXsb I≠p. Abmƒ kndnb°nt\mSv BZcthmsSbpw kvt\ltØmsSbpw

kwkmcn®p. Ah¿ c≠pt]cpwIqSn Hmôkns‚ ap≥hitØ°p \S∂p. Im¿temkns‚

aI\pw `mcybpw, Ipńbpw Im¿temkns\ ImWm≥ h∂ncnbv°p∂p. sImSp°m\p≈ ]Ww

_m¶neS® tcJbpambmWv Ah¿ h∂n´p≈Xv. sIm®paIs‚ DΩt]mepw Im¿temkv

CS]mSpXocpw aptº kzoIcnbv°m≥ Xømdmbn√. aIs\ _p≤napń°mXncn°m\mWv Im¿temkv

kZ\Ønte°p t]m∂Xv. ]Ww _m¶neS® ISemkp I≠t∏mƒ Abmƒ Xr]vX\mbn.

At∏mtg°pw kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIsf√mw AhnsS FØnbpw ]mfnbpw t\m°p∂p.

Im¿temkns‚ acpaIfpsS kpXmcyamb kmcnbv°p≈n¬IqSn ImWp∂ \navt\m∂Xßfn¬

apgpInbncn°pIbmWv F√mhcpw. AhpX kndnb°nt\mSp ]d™p. F\nbvs°s‚ mcysb

ImWm≥ tXm∂p∂p. kndnb°n\pw kmdsb ImWWsa∂p tXm∂mXncp∂n√. Xs‚ aqØaI≥

]Xnt\gpImcntbmSp≈ IºØn¬ apdnth‰v Bkv]XnbnseØnb kt¥mjhm¿Ø X¥ Ipd®p

aptº ]d™nt´bp≈p. kndnbIv Hm¿Øp. ""kvXoIƒ qanbpsS DW°pacßfmIp∂p.''

14. acWNn¥ BZyw a\ n\v CSnhp≠m°pw. Znhkßƒ t]mIpwtXmdpw A\hcXamb

acWNn¥ ]pXpPohnXw kΩm\n°pw. \n¿Ωe KpfnI Xcm≥ h∂p. KpfnI hmßn hens®dn™p.

\n¿ΩetbmSv t]mbns°m≈m≥ ]d™p. Ahƒ t]mbn√. kndnb°v apdn°pshfnbn¬ IS∂p.

Hm^nkns‚ ]pdØv BtcmKyhm\mb Hc]cnNnX\pw sI.\mSmcpw Ccnbv°p∂p. a°ƒ

X≈n∏dbpw aptº Ctßm´pt]mcWw. D≈sX√mw hn‰ps]dp°Ww. _p°psNbvtX t]mImhq

F∂v \mSm¿ D]tZin°p∂p. kZ\Øn¬ ]pXnb c≠p\nes°ńSw Dbcm≥ t]mIp∂p. AhnsS

thsdmcp kZ\w D≠mhpw. ZpcnXßfn¬\n∂v c£s∏Sm≥ hr≤∑m¿ Atßm´p hcpw. At∏mgmWv

]WnÿeØp \n¬°p∂ as‰mcpsNdp∏°mcs\ I≠Xv. B·kv ]khn®ncps∂¶n¬ Xs‚

aI\mhm≥ ]mbap≈ ]ø≥. sUman\nIv F∂mWv t]cv. lcnZmk≥ ]cnNbs∏SpØn.

Xs∂°mWm≥ \KcØn¬\n∂p h∂h\mWv. kmd ]d™b®XmWv. Xs∂ tamNn∏nbv°mt\m

F∂v kwibn®p. A√, kmdbpsS ]pXnb ¿ØmhmWv. Ahtf°mƒ c≠p hb p Ipdbpw.

hnhmlØns‚ Hu]NmcnI tcJIƒ In´m≥ sshIpsa∂XpsIm≠v Ah¿ a[phn[p

BtLmjn°m≥ XpSßnbncn°p∂p. Abmƒ Hcp ^bepambmWv kndnb°ns\ImWm≥

h∂n´p≈Xv. kndnb°v `m¥\mbncp∂psh∂pw c≠ph¿jw `m¥mip]Xnbn¬ InSØn

NnIn’n®XmsW∂pw D≈ Hcp tcJ ^benep≠v. \ioIcW kz`mhap≈ Abmsf



hr≤kZ\Øn¬ tN¿ØXmWv as‰mcp ISemkv. Cßs\ A]ISImcnbmb Hcmfn¬\n∂v tamN\w

At]£n®psIm≠p≈XmWv thmsdmcp ISemkv. as‰mcp ISemkp IqSnbp≠v. Xs‚ mcybmb

kmdsb sUman\n°n\v CjvSZm\ambn FgpXns°mSpØ apZ]XamWXv. AXn¬ kndnb°ns‚

Hscm∏n\pth≠nbmWv sUman\n°v h∂n´p≈Xv. aSnbv°msX H∏n´p sImSpØp. sUman\n°v

kndnb°ns\ sIń∏nSn®p. k¶Sw tXm∂nsb¶nepw ""kmdtbmSv Fs‚ A`n\µ\ßƒ ]dbWw''

F∂p amXw ]d™b®p.

15. PohnXw shdpØ kndnb°v A¥ybmX°p≈ Hcp°ØnemWv. apdnbn¬

Ccpń¬°nS∂p. hmXn¬Xpd∂v Btcm apdnbnte°p h∂Xmbn tXm∂n. IXo\bmsW∂p

a\ nembn. GXncpńepw kvXoIfpsS km∂n≤yw kndnb°n\p a\ nemhpw. Ahƒ Ińen¬

IqsS°nS∂p. Abmƒ°v bmsXmcp’mlhpw tXm∂nbn√. t]Sn°bvt°≠Xn√, kZ\Ønse

t\gvkvamsc√mw h‘ywIcnbv°s∏´XmsW∂hƒ Hm¿Ωn∏n®p. tImamfnbpsS D’h\Kcnbn¬

FØnbamXncn tXm∂n ]n∂oSv. AhnsS kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIsf√mw FØnbn´p≠v.

Ah¿ lrZbsas¥∂v CXphscbdn™nń√. lrZbanSn∏ns‚ Xmfta kndnb°v Ct∏mƒ

Adnbp∂p≈q. AXpw H∂v Ahkm\n®p In´Ww.

(tNmZyßƒ)

(ap∂pdp hm°n¬ DØcsagpXpI)

1. ""hm¿≤Iyw Hcp im]tam tcmKtam B°p∂ hyhÿnXnbmWv hr≤kZ\Ønse

At¥hmknIsf krjvSn°p∂Xv.'' sIm®p_mhbpsS t\mhens‚ shfn®Øn¬

]cntim[n°pI.

B[p\nI bm¥nI kwkvImchpw Itºmf kwkvImchpamWv C∂v km¿∆XnIambn ImWp∂

A\mYhm¿≤IysØ krjvSn°p∂Xv. ]m›mXy kwkvImcàhpw C∂sØ \yq¢nb¿ IpSpw_

hyhÿbpw Cu ]cnXm]m¿lamb ]hWXsb Bthmfw t]m’mln∏n°p∂pap≠v.Cu

BibsØ i‡ambn kwhZn°p∂ Hcp t\mhemWv sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\w.

]Xn\mtemfw At¥hmknIsfamXw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Cu sIm®pkZ\Øn¬

]thin°s∏´hcpsS IYIƒ Xs∂ hm¿≤IytØmSp ImWnbv°p∂ ZmcpWamb IqcXIƒ

hnfnt®mXp∂p. ZohnXImew apgph≥ `mcy°pw a°ƒ°pw th≠n hnb¿s∏mgp°n

PohnXmiaØnse aq∂mw L´Ønte°p IS°ptºmtg°pw mcyt°m, a°ƒt°m th≠mØ

HchÿbnseØp∂p a\pjy\nhnsS. Nne¿°v CØcw hr≤∑m¿ ieyamWv. Ahsc

Hgnhm°m\p≈ am\yamb coXnbmWv hr≤kZ\w.

\mbI\mb kndnb°v B‚WnbpsS IY \n¬°s´. A√msXØs∂ ChnsSbp≈ Nne

At¥hmknIƒ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ Fßs\ h∂ps]´psh∂p t\m°mw. hnNnXkz`mh°mc\mb

XSnamSs\ BZyw ]cnNbs∏Smw. XSnamSs‚ bYm¿∞ t]scs¥∂pt]mepw tNmZn®n´pImcyan√.

hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ°v , Dutcm, t]tcm, hy‡nXztam C√. kmam\yw t`Zs∏´

k¿°m¿ DtZymKØnembncp∂p Cbmƒ. AºØ©p hb mbt∏mƒ tPmenbn¬ \n∂p ]ncn™p.

dn´bdmIpw apsº a°sfsb√mw Xs‚ ]cn[nsh®v D∂X]ZhnbnseØn®p. Xncn®phoń¬

h∂t∏mƒ Xms\m‰bmbn. sNøm≥ ]tXyIn®v tPmenbpan√. BsI aSp∏v. a°ƒ°pw

acpa°ƒ°pw Cu aSps∏mcp ieyambnØpSßn. _p≤nam\mb Abmƒ IqSpXsem∂pw



]dbn∏nbv°m\hkcw sImSp°msX, Bń∏pdØm°pw apºv XesbSpt∏msS Cdßnt∏m∂p,

kZ\Øntebv°v, hb pImeØv X¥bpsS aehpw aqXhpw tImcmsX Ign™p F∂v

Bizkn®ncnbv°Ww a°fpsS mcyam¿.

\mbI\mb kndnb°v B‚Wnbv°v apdn In´p∂XpXs∂ Hcp hyhÿbnemWv.

]W°mcmb Hcp A∏s\ At±lØns‚ a°ƒ `m¥mip]Xnbn¬ ]thin∏n®n´p≠v.

AhnsS\n∂v Unkv®m¿÷p sNøptºmtg°pw B A∏\pth≠n ]W°mcmb a°ƒ

_p°psNbvXXmWv Cu apdn. ]t£ temIw Iptd I≠ A\p`hap≈ UbdIvS¿°v Adnbmw

B A∏≥ `m¥mip]Xnbn¬ \n∂v ]pdØpIS°pIbns√∂v. kzØpX¿°w

aq¿≤\yØnseØnbncn°p∂Xp sIm≠v at\mtcmKmip]Xnbnse FsX¶nepw

]mIrXcoXnIfneqsS aI\v A∏s\ Xń°fbmsX \n¿hmlan√. Imcyw Aßs\Xs∂bmWv

kw`hnbv°p∂Xv F∂v GsdØmaknbmsX \mw Adnbp∂p.

Cøm°p aq∏cmWv as‰mct¥hmkn. kZm ]p√p]dn°emWv aq∏cpsS ]Wn. ]dnbv°m≥

]p√ns√¶n¬ AXns\∏‰n ]cmXns∏s´∂p hcpw. Bsc¶nepw ]p¬\mºn¬ Nhn´pIsb

\in∏n°pItbm sNbvXm¬ £p`nX\mIpw. BIans®∂p hcpw. Xs‚ bu∆\ImeØv

ImSpshńsØfn®v IpSntb‰w \SØnbh\mWv aq∏¿. Aßs\ kº∂\mbn. a°sfsb√mw

Db¿∂ ]ZhnbnseØn®p. kapZmbØnse ta¬Øń¬ Ah¿°v _‘p°fpw ]nSn]mSpap≠v

C∂v. am\y∑mcmb AXnYnIƒ Imdn¬ ap‰Øp h∂ndßptºmƒ XßfpsS A—≥ AhnsSbncp∂v

]p√p ]dnbv°p∂Xv Ah¿°v henb \mWt°Smbn. ]eXhW A∏t\mSp]tZin®p

]p√p]dnbv°t√sb∂v. tIƒ°s≠. t]mcmØXn\v hr≤s\s°m≠v ho≠pw ieyßƒ D≠mbn.

Hcnbv°¬ aIs‚ `mcytbmSv Abmƒ k¶Ss∏´p. ]dnbv°m≥ ap‰Øv ]ps√m∂pans√∂v.

acpaIƒ°v IenIbdn. \´th\¬°v X¥∏nSnbv°v ]dnbv°m≥ ]p√ncnbv°bt√. ]dºn¬

t]mbn t\m°v h√Xpw ImWpsa∂hƒ ]p—n®p. At∏mtg°pw aq∏cpsS aqØaIfpsS CfbIpń

ap‰tØ°ndßm≥ XpSßn. Ipń ]p¬\mºpIƒ Nhnń\in∏nbv°psa∂p b∂ hr≤≥ Ipńsb

Xń\o°n. AXp ae¿∂Sn®p hoWp. Nhn´p]Snbn¬ Xń AXns‚ Xebn¬ sNdnsbmcp apdnhp

]‰n. B kw`hw hońemIw `qIºap≠m°n. "\ΩS∏\v `m¥mtb' F∂v aIƒ hnfn®p

\nehnfn°m≥ XpSßn. aq∏¿°v B hm°ns‚ A¿∞w t]mepw a\ nembn√. hr≤s‚

IÆpIƒ \nd™p. IÆn¬ IcSp s]´XmsW∂p \Sn®v XpS®pam‰n. a°ƒ sht∆sd A∏s\

D]tZin®p. F√mw tI´pIgn™t∏mƒ hr≤≥ ho≠pw ap‰tØ°ndßn ]p√p ]dnbv°m≥.

a°ƒ ]ns∂ £an®n√. ]nSn® ]nSnbmseA∏s\ hr≤kZ\ØnseØn®p. IpSntb‰°meØv

AbmfpsS kmlkßƒ°v Iq´mbn \n∂hfpw Xs‚ a°sf K¿`Øn¬ hln®hfpamb

HcpØnbp≠mbncp∂p. Ahƒ s]mSp∂s\ Hcp Znhkw acn®p. Nn√n´psh® AhfpsS

t^mt´mhnt\mSv Ahkm\amsbm∂p bmX ]dbm≥ t]mepw a°ƒ A\phZn®n√. hm¿≤IysØ

Hcp tcmKam°nØo¿°p∂ ]hWXbmWnhnsS I≠Xv. t]meokv IΩojW¿ hsc

kz¥°mcmb a°ƒ s]mdpXnsISpØnb A∏s\ `m¥miq]Xnbnem°pItbm

hIhcpØpItbm sNbvXns√∂XpXs∂ hensbmcp PohImcpWy]h¿Ø\ambn.

CXn¬ \ns∂√mw hyXykvX\mb Hcp IYm]mXamWv sI.\mSm¿. Abmsf _‘p°f√

kZ\ØnseØn®Xv, \m´pImcmWv. Iøpw Imepw X√nsbmSn®v apf¥≠n¬ XeIogmbn

sIńØq°nbmWv AbmfpsS ]thi\w. Abmsf tN¿°m\p≈ ]Xnêw \m´pIm¿

]ncnhns´SpØXmWv. AXbv°pw P\ßƒ \mSmscs°m≠v s]mdpXnapńbncp∂p. \pW ]d™v

KmahmknIsf apgph≥ X√n°pIbmWv AbmfpsS hnt\mZw. \pW F∂ InwhZ¥n F∂mWv



AbmfpsS ]tbmKØns‚ Hma\t∏cv. tXmfn¬ ssIøn´pt]mbncp∂ tN´t\bpw A\pPt\bpw

]ckv]cw IpS¬amb NqSn®Xpw, Ab¬hmknbpsS mcysS InW‰nseØn®Xpw, ap∏XpImcnbpsS

C√mK¿`w Npa∂v ]Xnap∂vImc≥ Kmaw hn´Xpw, ]q¿Æ K¿`nWnbmbHcp ]sØmºXpImcnsb

AhfpsS ]nbs∏´ `¿Ømhns\s°m≠v Nhnńs°m√n®Xpw sI.\mSmcpsS Nne

[ockmlkIrXyßfmWv.

CXpt]mse FSpØp]dtb≠ as‰mcmfmWv AhpXØ¥. ZpjvS∑mcmb a°fws°m≠v

Abmƒ s]mdpXnapń. Hcp XcØnepw Ah¿ acymZ ]Tnbv°n√. kmam\yw NXnIfn¬ \ns∂√mw

Ah¿ c£s∏SpIbpw sNøpw. KXnsI´ AhpXØ¥ c≠masXmcp I√ymWw Ign®p. A—s‚

c≠mw hnhmlw a°ƒ ]S°w s]mń®mtLmjn®p. X¥bpsS aehpw aqXhpw

tImcms\mcmfmbt√m F∂v ]pX`mcyam¿ IcpXn Bizkn®p. Hcp a[pc∏Xnt\gpImcnbmWv

\hh[phmbn AhpXbpsS IqsS hoń¬ Ibdn h∂Xv. AhfpsS km\vPcyØn¬ Bä°ƒ

aXnad∂p. s]ä°ƒ AkqbtIm≠p apJw Ip\n®p. AXnepw henb t_mw_v AX√. Xs‚

Imetijw kzsØ√mw \hh[phns‚ t]cn¬ FgpXnshbv°pIbpw sNbvXp. hb pImeØv

ZpjvScmb Xs‚ a°ƒ°p t\sc ]tbmKn°m≥ CXnepw \s√mcmbp[w B a\pjy≥ I≠n√.

a°fmIs , hr≤kZ\Øn¬ hcp∂p. A∏s‚ Iq´mb√m X\nsb HmSn®phcp∂p Imdn¬. A∏s‚

]XnêØpI Ipdbv°m≥ th≠n amdnamdn UbdIvStdmSv hne t]ip∂p. A∏s‚

BbpcmtcmKyØn¬ AkwXr]vXcmIp∂p. F¥n\[nIw, t]mIp∂ kabØv kz¥w ]nXmhns\

H∂p Xncn™p t\m°m≥t]mepw Ah¿ Xømdmbn√.

]nSn®Xnepw henbXmWv aSbn¬ Fs∂mcp sNm√p≠t√m. AXpt]mse CXnsems°bpw

Zb\obamb IqcXbv°mWv apJy IYm]mXamb kndnb°v B‚Wn hnt[b\mIp∂Xv.

BZy`mcybmb B·kv aptJ\bmWv ZcnZ\mb kndnb°v [\nI\mIp∂Xv. ]t£

Zu¿`mKy him¬ Bkv\kv AImeØn¬ tcmKnWnbmbn, iømhew_n\nbmbn acn®pt]mbn.

B·kns\ ipiqjn°m≥ IpSpw_tUmIvS¿ G¿s∏SpØns°mSpØ t\gvkmWv kmd. Ahƒ

B· nt\°mƒ ]cnNcn®Xv kndnb°ns\bmWv. B·kv acn®t∏mƒ kndnb°v kmdsb

hnhmlw Ign®p. B·kv ]khn®ncp∂n√. kmdbpw ]khn°phm≥ kΩXn®n√. kndnb°ns‚

kzØnembncp∂p AhfpsS IÆv. IeymWw Ign°ptºmƒ kmdbv°v hb v ap∏Xv. kndnb°n\v

AºXv. c≠cs°m√sØ kpJPohnXØn∂nSbn¬ kndnb°ns‚ kzsØ√mw kmdbpsS t]cn¬

FgpXn sh∏n®p. AXpapX¬ NXn XpSßp∂p. AºØ©pImc\pw AtcmKZrVKmX\pamb

kndnb°ns\ kz¿§ob kuIcyßfp≈ \n¿Ω¬`h≥ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ tN¿°m\mbncp∂p

AhfpsS Aim¥ ]cniaw. AXn\pth≠n UbdIvSdpambn t^mWn¬ _‘s∏´p.

Abmƒ°pt]mepw Ahnizk\obamb Hcp XpI kZ\Ønte°p \¬In. Aßs\ kndnb°ns\

^Ãv ¢m v Iym‰Kdnbnep≈ At¥hmknbm°n am‰n. kndnb°ns‚ kΩXtØmsSb√ Abmsf

hr≤kZ\Ønem°p∂Xv. hfsc kq£vaambn BtemNn®p≠m°nb hyhÿIf\pkcn®mWv

Ahƒ Abmsf AhnsS tN¿°p∂Xv. Hcp XcØnepw kndnb°v hr≤kZ\w hn´p hońte°p

sN∂pIqSm. Hcnbv°epw `mcybpambn ho≠pw I≠pIqSm. F√m kpJkkuIcyßfpw

Abmƒ°v kZ\Øn¬ e`n®ncn°Ww. Ahkm\w Abmƒs°mcp kzm`mhnIacWhpw

\¬IWsa∂Xmbncp∂p hyhÿIƒ. kz¥w hońse t^m¨ \º¿ hsc Hfn∏n®psh°p∂p.

kZ\Øn¬ \n∂p ]ncnbptºmƒ H∂p bmX]dbm≥t]mepw k∑\ p ImWn°p∂n√ kmd.

AºØ©pImcs‚ ]q¿ÆmtcmKyw FXm\pw amkßƒsIm≠v XI¿∂p. acWw Hc\pKlambn

ImWp∂ ]X\Øn¬ kndnb°v FØnt®cp∂p. Afh‰ Xs‚ kzsØ√mw ssIhis∏SpØnb

kmd Hcnbv°¬t]mepw Abmsf kµ¿inbv°m≥ kZ\Øn¬ hcp∂n√.



IYm¥yØnemWv kndnb°ns‚ Zb\obmhÿ hy‡am°p∂Xv. sUman\n°v F∂

Xt∂°mƒ c≠p hb n\nf∏ap≈ sNdp∏°mc\pambn kmd a[phn[phmtLmjnbv°m≥

XpSßnb hnhcw kndnb°v \n¿∆nImc\mbn Adnbp∂p. kndnb°ns‚ Hcp H∏n\pth≠nbmWv

kmd ]d™b®v sUman\n°v kZ\ØnseØnbn´p≈Xv. kndn°n\v apgp `m¥mbncp∂psh∂pw

c≠psIm√w `m¥mip]Xnbn¬ NnIn’n®n´pw \ioIcWkz`mhw hn´pamdmØXn\memWv

kndnb°ns\ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ tN¿ØsX∂pw kmd tcJbp≠m°nbn´p≠v. kmdbptSbpw

sUman\n°n\vStdbpw hnhmlØn\p kΩXamsW∂ tcJbnemWv kndnb°v H∏n´p

sImSpt°≠Xv. AXmWv kmdbpsS \n mcamb Bhiyw.

hr≤kZ\Øn¬ Bcpw kza\ mse FØnt®cp∂n√. kzm¿∞ Xm¬∏cyØn\pw kz¥w

PohnXkpJßƒ°pw th≠n BtcmKyhm∑mcmb _‘p°sf A\mYhr≤cm°p∂ kmaqly

hyhÿbpsS t\scbmWv hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mh¬ hnc¬ Nq≠p∂Xv.

(2) B[p\nI ImeL´Ønse Itºmf kwkv°mcØn¬ hm¿≤Iyhpw Hcp ap¥nb I®hS®c°p

Xs∂ hr≤kZ\sØ ASnÿm\s∏SpØn N¿® sNøpI.

C∂v F√mw hym]mcmSnÿm\Ønepw em`\jvSØns‚ mjbnepw ]cnKWn®p hcp∂p.

am\pjnIaqeyßfpw c‡_‘ßfpw F√mw hmWnPyhkvXp°fmWv. A°q´Øn¬ hn]W\

km≤yX Gsdbp≈XmWv hr≤kZ\w. hr≤kZ\w F∂p tIƒ°ptºmƒ BcptStbm \√

a\ n¬ Inf¿∂p hf¿∂ alØmb PohImcpWy]h¿Ø\w F∂p \mw sX‰n≤cnt®°pw.

][m\tdmUn¬ \n∂v hr≤kZ\Ønte°p Xncnbp∂ hgnbn¬ ImWp∂ hy‡ambn FgpXnsh®

t_m¿Up≠t√m Cd®nt°mgnIƒ hn¬∏\°v F∂v. AXp ]XoImflIambn hr≤kZ\sØ

Xs∂bmWv Ipdn°p∂Xv.

Hcp hn]peamb hym]mctaJebpsS F√m kºZmbßfpw I®hS\oXnbpw \n¿Ω¬`h≥

hr≤kZ\Øn\pap≠v. GXp hym]mcØn\pw ]ckyamWv ]ca][m\w. Hcp ]kn≤oIcWØnse

Hcp apgph¿Æ ]ckyt]Pn¬ \n∂mWv hr≤kZ\Øns‚ hniZmwißƒ kmd

NnIs™Sp°p∂Xv. `qanbnse kz¿§Jfiw t]mse AhnsSbp≈ kpJkuIcyßƒ Ah¿

`¿Ømhn\v hmbn®psImSp°p∂p. \nßfpsS ÿm\Øv Rm\mbncps∂¶n¬ CXbpw

kuIcyaps≈mcnSw Inńbm¬......... F∂p ]tem`n∏nbv°p∂p. hr≤kZ\ØXnepw t^mWp≠v.

Bhiy°m¿°v UbdIvSdpambn _‘s∏Smw. Xnc°p\nanØw IW£≥ In´m\mWv ]bmkw

Ft∂ D≈p.

Bhiyw I≠]nSpØØns‚ AΩbmWt√m. hr≤∑msc \S X≈m\p≈ Bhiy°mcpsS

\o≠ Iyq Ds≠∂v UbdIvS¿ C¿∆mZokn∂dnbmw Pn√m IeIvS¿ hsc B \o≠ \ncbnep≠v.

AX\pkcn®p≈ kvYm]\ \SØn∏pw Nn´h´ßfpw Abmƒ G¿s∏SpØnbn´p≠v. ]ckyw Xs∂

]e coXnbnemWv. hr≤kZ\Ønse Hct¥hmkn°p Fs¥¶nepw AkpJw _m[n®m¬

UbdIvS¿ apX¬ the°m¿ hsc Imń°q´p∂ sh]mfw klnbv°n√. ]tXyIn®v GsX¶nepw

At¥hmknbpsS _‘p°ƒ Bcm\pw kµ¿iIcmbps≠¶n¬, tUmIvSdpw t\gvkpw,

the°mcpw Imń°q´p∂ _≤∏mSpw hnImchmbv]pw as‰mcp ]ckyamWv. ""\nßfpsS hoń¬

hr≤∑mcps≠¶n¬ Cu kz¿§ob ]cnNcWw t\Sm\p≈ Ahkcw Ah¿°pw sImSp°q''

F∂mWXn\¿∞w. AXpsIms≠ms°Øs∂bmWv DZmcaXnIfpsS klmbw \n¿t√m]w

e`nbv°p∂Xpw hfsc Ffnb tXmXn¬ Bcw`n® Cu ÿm]\w ASnbv°Sn hf¿∂p hcp∂Xpw.



At¥hmknItf°mƒ AhcpsS _‘p°fpsS Xm¬∏cyßƒ°mWv G‰hpw ap¥nb

]cnKW\. ImcWw ]Xnêw \¬Ip∂Xv AhcmWt√m. hr≤s\ hońtebv°v hnSpItb

AcpsXt∂m, _‘p°ƒ ImWm\nShccpsXt∂m, A\mbmkamb kzm`mhnIacWw

\¬IWsat∂m _‘p°ƒ Bhiys∏´m¬ AsX√mw IrXyambn \S°pw. kZ\Ønse

XmakØn¬ AkwXr]vXcmb hr≤∑mcpsS Bhiyßƒ I≠dn™v So‰psNøm≥ ]tXyIw

]cnioe\w t\SnbhcmWv AhnSpsØ t\gvkpam¿. GsXmcmtfbpw A∏m∏m F∂v AenthmsS

hnfn®v klmbn°m≥ Ah¿ FØpw. sXmSm\pw Xmßm\pw XtemSm\pw `£Ww hmbn¬

sImSp°m\pw Ahcp≠v. AXne∏pdw AImehr≤\mb Hcmƒ°v ssewKnIXrjvWbps≠¶n¬

AXns\ t]m’mln∏n®v Xr]vXns∏SpØm\pw th≠ kwhn[m\w AhntSbp≠v. K¿`sØ∏‰n

t]Snt°≠Xn√. ImcWw AhnSpsØ t\gvkpamsc√mw h‘ywIcnbv°s∏´hcmWv;

A\mYmebØn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p h∂hcmWv.

hr≤kZ\Ønse hym]mcw FX `wKnbmbn \S°p∂psh∂Xn\pZmlcWamWv

AΩmΩbpsS acWw. kZm acWòXnbpambn°gnbp∂ Ah¿ cmXnbpsS GtXm bmaØn¬

Bcpw AdnbmsX acn®p. ]t£ acn® hnhcw Adn™tXmsS UbdIvS¿ C¿∆mZokv Hcp

acpaIs‚ k¶StØmsS AhnsS ]ms™Øp∂p. At¥hmknIsfsb√mw A`napJoIcn®v

Abmƒ hnImcXcfnX\mbn A\ptimN\]kwkw \SØp∂p. ]kwKØn∂nSbn¬ A\mYbmb

AΩmΩsb Xm≥ kuP\yambmWv kZ\Øn¬ ]m¿∏n®sX∂pw em`Øn\p th≠nb√,

PohImcpWy ]tNmZnXambmWv Xm≥ Cu kZ\w \SØp∂sX∂pw ASnhcbn´p ]Jym]n°p∂p.

DSs\ tUmIvS¿ hcp∂p. Pohn®ncp∂ ImetØ°mƒ ipjv°m¥ntbmsS ]cntim[n®v acWw

ÿncoIcn°p∂p. ]n∂mse ]X°mcpw t^mt´mKm^dpw hcpØs∏Sp∂p. kZ\Ønse

Bflm¿∞ ]cnNcWhpw UbdIydpsS \nkzm¿∞ tkh\hpw A`napJØneqsS

Ipdnbv°s∏Sp∂p. ]mIrXthj°mcmb GXm\pw At¥hmknIfpsS ]›mØeØn¬

ihØns‚ t^mt´m FSp°p∂p. AXpsIms≠mcp henb ]tbmP\ap≠v. kZ\Øn\pth≠n

hntZißfn¬ ]ncnhp \SØp∂ GP‚pam¿s°Øn°m\p≈XmWv t^mt´m.

Ah¿°Xp]tbmKn®v [\nIcmb hntZinIsf hr≤kZ\Øns‚ ssZ\yw t_m≤ys∏SpØmat√m.

]ncnhpIqSpw F∂ Imcyw Xo¿®. CXpt]msemcp kph¿ÆmhkcØn\v UbdIvS¿

ImØncn°pIbmbncp∂p.

IΩoj≥ hyhÿbn¬ kZ\Ønte°v Bsf ]nSnbv°m\p≈ G¿∏mSp thsdbpw D≠v.

AΩmΩ acn® Hgnhnte°v IfIvSdpsS AΩsb GP‚p sIm≠phcp∂p. _p°nßnse

ko\ntbmdn‰n adnIS°m≥ \nhrØnbn√mØXn\m¬ B dqw AhpXØ¥bv°mWv e n®Xv. ]t£

Bsc FSpØmepw GP‚n\hImis∏´ IΩoj≥ UbdIvS¿°p sImSpt°≠n h∂p.

hr≤kZ\ØXnse ]thi\Ønepw Nne kºZmbßfpw \nbamhenIfpw D≠v. AXpw

I®hS°Æp sh®p≠m°nbn´p≈XmWv. AºØ©p hb p hsc kZ\Øn¬

kzoIcnbv°pIbn√. kZ\w tUmIvS¿ hnkvXncn®v ]cntim[nØv At¥hmkn FXImew

Pohnbv°m\nSbps≠∂p tcJs∏SpØp∂p. an°hmdpw sXmÆqdp hb mWv kZ\Ønse

hr≤cpsS Bbp v F∂mWv sh∏v. ap∏Ø©psIm√Øn\v hr≤\v th≠n hcp∂ sNehp

IW°m°nbmWv ]Xn ew \n›bn°p∂Xv. ]Xn ew H‰ØhWbmbn ap≥Iq¿ AS®ncn°Ww.



kº∂sc¶nepw hr≤s‚ ]Xnêw Ipd®p In´m≥ ]niIp∂ ZcnZhmknIfmb a°fpap≠v.

XhWIfmbn ]WaS°p∂ hyhÿ kzoIcn®m¬ BZysØ XhW amXw AS®v hr≤t\bpw

ssIsømgn®v hntZißfn¬ t]mbn Hfnbv°p∂ _‘p°fpw D≠v. CØc°mscsb√mw

UbdIvS¿°dnbmw. ]q¿Æ BtcmKyhm\mbn kZ\Øn¬ ]thin°p∂hcpw amkßƒsIm≠v

Ahicpw Z¿∫ecpw BbnØocpw.hnZKv≤ tUmIvS¿amcpsS NnIn’bpw

BtcmKykwc£W]h¿Ø\hpw PmKXbmbn \S°p∂XpsIm≠mWnXv. Cu KpfnI ]Xnhmbn

Ign°Ww. AkpJw D≠mbns°m≈pw F∂ a´mWv.

hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIfpsS P∑Zn\amWv as‰mcp I®hS®c°v.

]thi\kabØv as‰¥p ad∂mepw P\\ØnøXn Ipdn®nSm≥ ad°n√. IrXyambn XnøXn

Hm¿Ωn®v _‘p°ƒ°v IØpIn´p∂p. C∂bmfpsS P∑Zn\w hn]peambn BtLmjn°s∏Sp∂p

F∂v. _‘p°ƒ kΩm\s∏mXnIfpw hne]nSn® D]lmcßfpambn A∂v As√¶n¬

AXn\papºv kZ\ØnseØmXncnbv°n√.. _‘p°fpsS kmºØnItijnb\pkcn®v

hr≤¿°pth≠n Sn.hntbm ^nUvtPm kZ\Øntebv°v kw`mh\ sNøm≥ ]‰nb

kph¿Æmhkcw IqSnbmWnXv.

hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ°v In´p∂ ]cnNcWw ]pdtabv°v Htc

amXncnbmsW¶nepw Ahsc ap∂p Iym‰Kdnbmbn Xncn®ncn°p∂p. km[mcW kuIcyßƒ

amXw A¿ln°p∂h¿ aq∂mw ¢m pIm¿. ]tXyIw ]cnKW\ e`n°p∂h¿ c≠mw ¢m pIm¿.

F√mhn[ kpJkuIcyßfpw kzmX¥yhpap≈h¿ H∂mw¢m pIm¿. _‘p°ƒ

hr≤∑m¿°pth≠n kZ\ØneS°p∂ ]XnêØpIbmWv Cu ¢m n^nt°js‚ am\Zfiw.

Ch¿°p \¬Ip∂ `£WØneS°w hyXymkap≠v. ]t£ ]pdta°sXm∂pw Adnbn√.

At¥hmknIƒ°p P\m[n]XyacymZ]Imcw ]Xntj[n°m\pw BhemXns∏Sm\pw

Ahkcap≠v. ]t£ BƒØ©a\pkcn®v _mlyamb ]cnlmcßsf ]Xo£nbvt°≠q.

_‘panXmZnIƒ Bhiys∏SpIbmsW¶n¬ AhcpsS CØchmZnXzØn¬ amXw

hr≤∑msc A¬∏Znhkw hoń¬t]mIm\\phZn°pw. HcpXcw ]tcmƒ Xs∂. kZ\Øn¬

kz¥w CjvS∏Sn h∂ptNcp∂ hr≤∑m¿ Npcp°amWv. Cu hr≤scs°m≠p s]mdpXnapńbnt´m

IpSpw_t∏cn\v If¶ambnt´m BWv Chsc henb XpI\¬In _‘p°ƒ ChnsS G¬∏n°p∂Xv.

AXpsIm≠v Ah¿ hr≤s\ hoSp ImWn°cpsX∂p \n¿t±in®m¬ kZ\w AXp ]men°pw.

Ipgnbnte°p ImseSpØpsh® hr≤∑mtc°mƒ Ah¿°pth≠n ssIøb®p kw`mh\ sNøp∂

_‘p°fpsS BKlamWv ]ment°≠Xv. AXpsIm≠mWt√m CXbpw s]s´∂v kZ\Øn¬

c≠p\nes°ńSw ]Wnbm≥ km[n®Xv. thWsa¶n¬ hntZiaZyhpw a‰p elcn]Zm¿∞ßfpw

kZ\Øn¬ In´pw. tUhnUp ]d™Xpt]mse, ""ChnsS In´mØsXm∂pan√. F¥n\pw Hcp ad

thWsa∂pamXw''.

Cßs\ hr≤kZ\w F∂ BhiyØneq∂n AXn¬ Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂ F√m I®hS

X¥ßfpw km≤yXIfpw ]camh[n ]tbmP\s∏SpØns°m≠p≈ Hcp hym]mctaJebmWnhnsS

ImWp∂Xv.



(3) hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mhense B[p\ntImØc ]hWXIƒ kwKln°pI.

sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mh¬ aebmfØse BZysØ t]mÃv tamtU¨

(B[p\ntImØc) t\mhemsW∂phsc AhImis∏Sp∂p≠v. ""kmwkvImcnIhpw

cmjvSobhpamb Z¿i\Øns‚bpw D]cnπh_p≤nbpsS IoUm]cXbptSbpw hnNnXamb

tNcphbmWv'' F∂ t]mÃv tamtU¨ \ncq]WsØ ]cnlkn°p∂ kmlnXy ]finX∑mcp≠v.

B[p\nIX°ptijw kmlnXyØnepw a‰p Iemcq]ßfnepw ImetZimXoXamb Nne kmam\y

]hWXIƒ I≠phcp∂p F∂Xv \ntj[nbv°m\mhn√. kaImenI A\p`hßtfmSv G‰hpw

ASpØp\n¬°p∂ kmlnXycq]w F∂ \nebv°v aebmfØn¬ sNdpIYbnemWv BZyambn

B[p\ntImØc ]hWXIƒ IS∂ph∂Xv. hr≤kZ\Ønepw B[p\ntImØc ]hWXIƒ

ImWmw. BJym\cq]w Xs∂ t\mhens‚ B¥cnIkØsb \n¿Æbn°pIbpw

\nb¥n°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv B[p\ntImØc ]hWXIfnsem∂mWv. ChnsS kndnb°v

B\vdWn F∂ IYm]mXw hmb\°mcpambn \SØp∂ clky`mjWtam kw`mjWtam BWv

IYmhkvXp. ]d®nens‚ khntijcoXn Xs∂ ChnsS ]dbs∏Sp∂ bmYm¿∞yambnØocp∂p.

t\mhens‚ Bfl ]Xnê\kz`mhamWv as‰mcSbmfw. hr≤kZ\Ønse IY apgph≥

KŸI¿Ømhp ]dbpIbpw hmb\°mc≥ tIńcnbv°pIbpa√, IYmKXnsb kqNn∏n°p∂

`mjm]camb Hcp Nn”hyhÿ Xpd∂nSpIbmWv t\mhenÃv sNøp∂Xv. AhnsS Iqńt®¿Øv

IYmcq]w ]p\:krjvSnt°≠ NpaXe hmb\°mc\mWv. hr≤kZ\Ønse A\p`hßfpw

kndnbIv B‚WnbpsS A\p`hßfpw t\sc sNmt∆ ]dbp∂Xn\p]Icw AXnte°v

hmb\°mcs\ FØn°p∂ Nne kqN\Iƒ \¬IpI amXamWv sNøp∂Xv, B[p\ntImØc

t\mhepIƒ. Cßs\ t\m°ptºmƒ hr≤kZ\Øn\p kam\ambn CXpt]mse as‰mcpIrXn

ImWm≥ ]bmkamWv. bmYm¿XYyØn\v kaImenI PohnXØn¬ tIheamb

\ne\n¬∏ns√∂pw AXns‚ kqN\Ifpw kzm[o\ßfpw kw`hßsf sshcp≤ymflIhpw

k∂nKv≤hpam°p∂p F∂pap≈ t_m[amWv t]mÃv tamtUWnkØns‚ Hcp ]tZyIX.

""Unkw_dnse Hcp ]`mXØn¬ Rßƒ hr≤kZ\Ønte°p bmX Xncn®p.'' F∂ t\mhense

BZy hmIyßfn¬Øs∂ Cu kµnKv≤mhÿ ImWp∂p. EPphpw efnXhpsa∂v ]YaZrjvSym

tXm∂p∂ CXnse mj Xs∂ it≤bamWv. emfnXyw _mlyambn amXta A\p`hs∏SpIbp≈p

. PohnX kXyØns‚ \∑Xn∑Itfbpw kpJm\p`hßtfbpw ]ISam°p∂Xpw Bflhna¿i\w

\SØp∂XpamWv Cu BJym\ coXn. sFdWnIfpw \¿tΩm‡nIfpw hnlzeNnXßfpw \nd™v

Bgßsf Hfn∏n®pshbv°p∂ Akm[mcW `mjbmWsX∂v Bh¿Øn®p. hmbn°ptºmƒ

a\ nemIpw. km[mcW t\mh¬ mjbn¬ \n∂v AI∂p \n¬°p∂ coXnbpw B[p\ntImØc

]hWX Xs∂.

--(4) B· nt‚bpw kmdbptSbpw kz`mhßƒ XmcXays∏SpØpI.

Sn.hn.sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mhense apJy IYm]mXamb kndnb°v

B‚WnbpsS BZy `mcybmWv B·kv. B·kns‚ acWtijw kndnb°ns‚

`mcybmbnØocp∂ kmd icn°pw B·kns\ ]cnNcnbv°m≥ IpSpw_tUmIvS¿ G¿∏mSm°nb

t\gvkmWv. KmaØnse ZcnZ `h\Øn¬ \n∂v ]ńWnbpsS tamN\Øn\pth≠n kndnb°v

hnZym¿∞nbmbncn°ptºmƒ ]´WØnep≈ B· ns‚ hoń¬ the°mc\mbn FØp∂p.

A∂v A©mw ¢m n¬ ]Tnbv°p∂ sIm®pamemJbmWv B·kv. kndnbIv B·kns\

]Wbn®p hnhmlw Ignbv°p∂p. A—\ΩamcpsS acWtijw Afh‰

kzØn\hIminbmbnØocp∂p. tcmK_m[nXbmbn InS∏nemhpIbpw acnbv°pIbpw sNøp∂



B·kv hgn°p h∂ kºØmWv ap∏XpImcnbmb kmdsb AºXp Ign™ kndnb°ns‚

t]a`mP\am°p∂Xv. X©Øn¬ \n∂v Cu kzsØ√mw kmdbpsS t]¿s°gpXnsh∏n®n v

kndnb°ns\ _eambn hr≤kZ\Ønte°b°pIbmWv kmd sNøp∂Xv. B·kv hgn

kº∂\mb kndnb°v kmd hgn ]caZb\obmhÿbnseØn. tcmKnWnbmb B·kv

]khn®n√. kmdbmIs´, ]khnbv°m≥ Iq´m°nbn√. hnip≤nbptSbpw

ss\¿ΩeyØnt‚bpw ]cymbamb B·kns\ CS°nS°v Hm¿°mXncn°m≥ kndnb°n\p

Ignbp∂n√, AX ISpØ IqcXIfmWv kmd AbmtfmSv ImWnbv°p∂Xv. B·kns\ At]£n®v

hnemkhXnbmWv kmd. B·kns‚ icocØnse \navt\m∂Xßƒ Ccp´n¬ sXm´dnbm≥

amXta A\phZnbv°s∏Sp∂p≈p. F∂m¬ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ FØnbn´pw kmdbpsS ]cn]q¿Æ

\·amb t^mt´m AbmfpsS ssIhiap≠v. c≠pt]cptSbpw kz`mhØns‚ A¥cw

koNn∏n°p∂XmWnXv. kndnb°ns‚ A\phmZan√msX Abmsf hr≤kZ\Øn¬ NXn®p

Ib‰nbXpamXa√, Hcnbv°epw Abmƒ C\n Xm\pambn ImWmXncn°m\p≈ F√m

\n_‘\Ifpw Ahƒ Xømdm°p∂p. kmd Ahtf°mƒ sNdp∏°mc\mb sUman\n°ns\

hnhmlw Ign°m\p≈ Icp°ƒ \o°ns°m≠ncn°pIbmWv. kndnb°n\v `m¥msW∂pw

Abmsf c≠psIm√w `m¥mip]Xnbn¬ InSØn NnIn’n∏n®n´pw AIakz`mhhpw

\ioIcW]hWXbpw am‰n FSp°m\mhmØXp sIm≠mWv hr≤kZ\Øn¬

]thin∏n®sX∂pw Ahƒ hnizk\obamb tcJbp≠m°nbn´p≠v. AXn\m¬

kndnb°pambp≈ _‘Øn¬ \n∂v tamN\w \¬IWsa∂pw k` aptJ\ At]£

D∂Xßfnte°b°p∂p. sUman\n°n\v kmdsb Xs‚ ]q¿Æ kΩXtØmsS

hn´psImSp°pIbmsW∂ tcJbn¬ kndnb°ns‚ H∏p hmßphm≥ kZ\Ønte°v

sUman\n°ns\ Ab°m\pw Ahƒ aSn°p∂n√. Cßs\ F√mXcØnepw

hn]coXkz`mh°mcmWv BK\kpw kmdbpw.

H‰hm°n¬ DØcsagpXpI

tKmh¿≤t\m≤mcWw

1) sNdpt»cn \ºpXncnbpsS ]kn≤IrXnbpsS t]scgpXpI ?

2) sNdpt»cnbpsS PohnXImew Xp©sØgpØ—s‚ aptºm ]ntºm ?

3) IrjvWKmY GXp ]pcmWsØ Bibns®gpXnbXmWv ?

4) sNdpt»cn \ºqXncnbpsS ]pckvI¿Ømhmb \m´pcmPmhv Bcv ?

5) BcpsS aZw \S°phm\mWv tKmh¿≤\ ]qP \SØnbXv ?

6) Cµ ]qP apS°nbXmcv ?

7) tKmh¿≤t\m≤mcWw F∂ IhnXbn¬ D]tbmKn®n´p≈ hrØØns‚ t]cv ?

Km‘mcohnem]w

1) alm`mcXw Infn∏m´ns‚ cNbnXmhv Bcv?

2) Infn∏m´p]ÿm\Øns‚ C]⁄mXmhmcv ?

3) aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhv F∂v hntijn∏n°p∂Xmsc?

4) temIØnse G‰hpw alØpw _rlØpamb CXnlmkw GXv ?

5) alm`mcXw F∂ CXn-lmk IrXnbpsS I¿Ømhmcv ?



6) alm`mcXØnse A≤ymbßƒ°v ]dbp∂ t]sc¥v ?

7) Ipcpt£Xbp≤Øn¬ hoW ojva¿ FhnsSbmWv InS°p∂Xv ?

8) `KZØs\ h[n®Xmcv ? ?

9) A¿÷p\s‚ aI\pw ioIrjvWs‚ apcaI\pamb Ipń Bcv?

10) LtSm¬°Ns‚ AΩbmcv?

11) LtSm¬°Ns\ h[n®Xmcv ?

12) LtSm¬°Ns\ h[n® Bbp[w I¿Æ\v sImSpØXmcv ?

13) tZmWsc h[n®Xmcv?

14) I¿Æ≥ GXp \mńse cmPmhmbncp∂p ?

15) Ipcpt£Xbp≤Ønse ihicocßƒ kwkvIcn°m≥ BscbmWvNpaXes∏SpØnbXv?

I√ymWkuK‘nIw.

1) Xp≈¬ ]ÿm\Øns‚ D]⁄mXmhmcv ?

2) I√ymWkuK‘nIw Xp≈ens‚ I¿Ømhmcv ?

3) òa≥ At\zjn®p\S∂ ]qthXv ?

4) l\pam≥ X] psNøp∂ ImSns‚ t]sc¥v ?

5) l\pamt\m, oat\m tPyjvT≥ ?

6) l\pam\pw oa\pw XΩnep≈ _‘sa¥v?

7) l\pams‚ AΩbmcv ?

8) ]m©menbpsS DSp]pShbgn®]am\n®Xmcv ?

Nfime`n£pIn

1) Nfime`n£pIn F∂ JfiImhyØns‚ I¿Ømhmcv ?

2) Nfime`n£pIn GXp kapZmb°mcnbmWv ?

3) Nfime`n£pInbpsSPohnXØn¬ Hcp hgnØncnhp≠m°nbXv BcpsS Z¿i\amWv?

4) Xncn®pt]mIm\mImXw Nfime`n£pIn \n∂sXhnsS ?

5) ]mcn¬ H‰°meq∂n \n¬°p∂ Nfime`n£pInsb AtcmSmWv

kmZriys∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv ?

6) `n£p Pew IpSn®p Xncn®pt]mbn - Bsct∏mse ?

7) Nfime`n£pIn F∂ ImhyØnse ]mTy mKØns‚ hrØw GXv ?

aetId¬

1) aetId¬ F∂ IhnXbpsS I¿Ømhmcv ?

2) aetId¬ F∂ IhnXbnse hrØw GXv ?

3) X] psNøp∂h¿°p BcmWv XS w D≠m°p∂Xv ?



Hcp tXmWnbmX

1) k∂màmw kz¥hnf°pambn k©cn®Xmcv ?

2) B‰n¬∏Xn∏m≥ apXncp∂t]mse Bcv ?

3) h©nbn¬s°ńb ]mbsb F¥mbn k¶¬∏n®ncn°p∂p.

4) aZwKtNjvSmIWßsf sImØnhngpßnbXmcv ?

5) ap°phØns]‰ _“¿jnam¿ apJy≥ Bcv?

6) ImhywkptKbw; IY cmLhobw GXmWm Imhyw ?

7) th´ph≥ Ihnsb kwt_m[\sNbvX ]ZtaXv ?

IdpØs®ń®nIƒ

1) ""t]m∂ph∂mtc Npc∂ apebpambv

]q¿∆mw_pcminsbs]s‰mcnΩ¶am¿'' BcmWv Cu a¶am¿ ?

2) ""ImWmadnbpta I≠m¬ ad°mØ˛

XmW°dpØ apJßƒ'' BcpsS?

hr≤kZ\w

1) aebmfØnse B[p\ntImØc t\mh¬ ?

2) hr≤kZ\Ønse apJy IYm]mXw Bcv ?

3) sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\Øns‚ t]sc¥v ?

4) kndnbIv B‚WnbpsS BZy`mcy?

5) hr≤kZ\w UbdIvScpsS t]sc¥v ?



ssSK¿ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿ (1908 ˛ 1994)

ssh°w Xmeq-°n¬ Xe-tbm-e-∏-d-ºn¬ P\n-®p. ]T-\-Øn-\nsS hoń¬ \n∂pw ]pd-s∏- p-

t]mbn C¥-y≥ \mj-\¬ tIm¨K n¬ tN¿∂p. k-zm-X-¥y ka-\-Øns‚ `mK-amb D∏p

kX-ym-K-l-Øn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≠p. AXns‚ t]cn¬ a¿±-\-Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip-Ibpw Pbn¬ in£ A\p-

-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

IrXn-Iƒ

t]a-te-J\w

_me-y-Im-e-kJn

IYm-_oPw

P∑-Zn\w

Hm¿Ω-°p-dn∏v

A\¿L-\n-anjw

ap®o- p-I-fn-°m-cs‚ aIƒ

aXn-ep-Iƒ

hni-z-hn-J-ym-X-amb aq°v

i_vZ-ßƒ

]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv

am¥n-I-∏q®

B\-∏qS

`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-Iƒ

`m¿K-ho-\n-ebw

A\p-cm-K-Øns‚ Zn\-ßƒ

ssSK¿

ssSK¿ mK-y-hm-\mb \mb-bm-Wv F∂mWv IY-bpsS XpS-°w. \msSm- p°v hni∏pw £mahpw

sImSp-ºn-cn-sIm-f-fp-∂p. P\-ßƒ ]ń-Wn-sIm≠v F√pw tXmep-am-Ip-tºmgpw Ah≥ XSn-®p-sIm-

gp-sØmcp Icn-º-S-s°- p-t]mse \S-∏m-Wv. t]meokv C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS Hma-\-bm-W-h≥.

sXcp-hn¬ GtXm sX≠n∏ń-bpsS aI-\mbn ]nd-s∂-¶nepw t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ FØn-b-

tXmsS Ahs‚ mKyw sXfn™p. t]meo-kp-Im¿ Ahs‚ anvX-ß-fm-Wv. XS-hp-Im¿ iXp-°-fpw.

XS-h-dbpsS Zb-\o-b-amb NnXw IYm-IrØv \¬Ip-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv. shfn-®hpw Im‰pw

IS°mØ apdn-I-fmWv XS-h-d-I-sf-√mw. ae-aq-Xm-Zn-I-fpsS Zp¿K-‘-Øn¬, aq´-I-Sn-tb‰v

Iod-h-kvX-ßƒ Np‰n, XmSn-ao-i-h-f¿∂ hnf¿Ø a\p-j-y-t°m-e-ßƒ°v Htcsbmcp alm-]-iv\-



am-Wp-f-f-Xv hni-∏v! t]meokv tem°-∏ns‚ alm-Zp-cn-X-ßƒ AØcw XS-hp-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-b-

cp∂ lrZbw Icn-°p∂ sI´ hmS ˛ H∂pw XS-hp-Imsc _m[n-°m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hni∏pw

`£-W-tØm-Sp-ff B¿Ønbpw amX-amWv Ahsc Iog-S-°p-∂-Xv. cmXn Dd-ßm≥ InS-°p-∂Xv

cmhn-esØ I™n IpSn-°m-\m-Wv. I™n IpSn Ign-™m¬ D® `£-W-amWv a\ p-\n-dsb.

Hcn-°epw hbdp \nd-®p-I-gn-°m-\m-ImsX Ah¿ Znh-k-ßƒ Ign-®p-Iq- p-∂p.

t]meokv tem°-∏n¬ \n∂v Pbn-en-se-Øm≥ Hmtcm XS-hp-Im-c\pw BK-ln-

bv°p∂pt]meokv a¿±-\-an-√msX Ign-®p-Iq- mw. £Ww In´p-Ibpw sNøpw.

Hmtcm XS-hp-Im-cs‚bpw a\- n-ep-ff tIm[w ]I-cm-\p-ff ]mX-amWv ssSK¿.

tem°-∏ns‚ hmXn¬°¬ hni-an-°p∂ Ah\v C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Hcmƒ Ign-bv°p∂ tNmdv

Znh-tk\ sImSp-°pw. sNbvXn- n-√mØ tIkp-Iƒ°v in£ hmßn tem°-∏n¬ InS-°p∂ XS-hp-

Im¿°v AXp-I≠p hmbn¬ shffw \nd-bpw. Ah¿°p Int´≠ tNmdmWv Ah≥ kar-≤-ambn

Ign-°p-∂-Xv. hni-∏-S-ßp-∂n-√. Rßƒ°v Kh¨sa≥dn¬ \n∂v In´m-\p-f-fXv XcWw

F∂m-h-i-y-s∏´ XS-hp-Im¿°v t]meo-kp-Im-cpsS a¿±-\-ta‰p. tlm´¬°m-c\pw t]meokv C≥kvs]-

IvSdpw XΩn-ep-ff Iq´p-sI- n¬ XS-hp-Im-cpsS hoXw tNmdpw B\p-Iq-e-y-ßfpw A]-X-y-£-am-bn.

t_m[w sISp-∂-Xphsc X√v Inń-b-t∏mƒ XS-hp-Im¿ Bh-i-y-ß-fp-∂-bn-°m-sX-bm-bn. ssSK-

dmWv Kh¨sa‚ v F∂pw Ah¿ ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Xß-fpsS Iäp-∂n¬ kp`n-£-ambn Xn∂v

Ddßn Ign-™p Iq-Sp∂ ssSK-dns\ Ah¿ shdp-Øp. Xcw In´p-tºm-sgms° Ah-c-Xns\ D]-Z-

hn-®p. C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS ssI-bn¬ \n∂v in£-In-ń-bmepw Ah¿ AXns\ D]-Z-hn-°pI

ioe-am-°n. t]meok1tÃj-\-IØv iucyw ImWn-bv°p∂ ssSK¿ ]pd-sØmcp Nmhm-fn-∏- nsb

I≠m¬IqSn t]Sn®p hmsem-fn-∏n-t®m-Sp∂ òcp-hm-bn-cp-∂p. C≥kvs]-IvS¿ F∂v ssSKsc cl-k-y-

ambn Ah¿ hnti-jn∏n-®p.

Hcp Znhkw ]pdØp \n∂v Nne kµ¿i-I-sc-Øn. Ipd®p ]e-lm-c-ßfpw a[pc \mc-ß-bp-

am-bmWv Ah¿ FØn-b-Xv. XS-hp-Im¿ `mKyw sNbvX-h-cm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p h∂-h-cpsS ]£w.

Ah¿°v £Ww In´p-∂p-≠-t√m. ]pdØv b-¶c £mahpw ]ń-Wn-bp-am-Wv. XS-hp-Imsc kw_-

‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ssSK-dmWv G‰hpw mK-y-hm≥.

kµ¿i-I¿ sIm≠p-h∂ £-W-km-[-\-ßƒsIm≠p Xr]vX-cm-bmWv A∂v \mep-X-S-hp-

Im¿ Dd-ßm-s\m-cp-ßn-b-Xv. Ah-cpsS an®w h∂ tNmdv tem°-∏nse a‰p-X-S-hp-]p-f-fn-Iƒ°v

vsh®psIm-Sp-Øp. AXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ccp-]-Øn-c-≠p-t]cpw AX-ym¿Øn-tbmsS AXn-temtcm]nSnbn¬ ssIsh-®p.

\neØp hoWXp \°nb ssSK-dn\v GtXm Hcp XS-hp-Im-c≥ Hcp Nhn- p-sIm-Sp-Øp. \mb-bpsS

\ne-hn-fn-tI´p C≥kvs]-IvS-sd-Øn. hni-t∏msS Hmtcm ]nSn-tNm-dn\pw apºn-en-cp∂ XS-hp-Im-cpsS

hnlnXw apgp-h\pw Xncn-∏n-s®-Sp-∏n®p ]ń-°p-sh-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. XS-hp-Im¿°v ]Xn-hp-a¿±-\hpw

Inń.

A∂p cmXn ]Øp-a-Wn-tbmsS XS-hp-Im-cpsS ]Xn-Imcw ho≠pw ]h¿Øn-®p. ssSKdns‚

tam¥ Iºn-b-gn-°-I--tØbv°p sh®v c≠p XS-hp-Im¿ Aa¿Øp-∂-XmWv t]meo-kp-Im¿ I≠-Xv.

]mdm-hp-Im-c\v Hcm-sftb a\- n-em-bp-f-fp. C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Abmsf ]pd-tØ°p hnfn®v a¿±n®

hi-\m-°n. ]√-Sn®p sXdp-∏n®p. \ne-Øp-hoW tNmc ssSK¿ \°n-Øp-S-®p. t_m[w sISp-∂-Xp-

hsc Nhn- p-Ibpw X√p-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw at‰-bmƒ Bsc-∂p Ah≥ ]d-™n-√. ssSK¿ Ahs‚



Im¬sh-f-f-bnse ]pXp-ap-dn-hp-I-fn¬ \°n tNmc XpS-®n´pw Adn-bm-Ø-hn[w Ah≥ t_m[w

\in®p InS-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. IYm-IrØv Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. ssSK¿ mK-y-hm-\mb Hcp \mb-bm-Wv.

hni∏v _jodns‚ At\Iw IY-Iƒ°v ]ta-b-am-Wv. al-Ømb cmjvSo-b- -e-£-y-ßfpw

kz-]v\-ßfpw kq£n-®n-cp∂ a\p-j-y¿ XS-hp-ap-dn-bnse hni-∏n¬ as‰√mw ad-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS

]Xo£ `£-W-sØ-s®m√n amX-am-Wv. A[n-Im-cØn‚bpw A\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]Xo-I-amb

C≥kvs]-IvS¿°pw ssSKdn\psa-Xns-c Ign-bp-tºm-sg√mw Ah¿ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p. hni-∏n-s√-∂-

t]mse ssSK-dnt\mSp-ff ]Xn-Im-c-_p-≤n-bnepw ]cn-]q¿Æ-amb sFIyw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-\mWv XS-

hp-Im¿. a¿±-\-ta‰v t_m[w \in-°m-dm-bn´pw XS-hp-Im-c≥ Xs‚ Iq´p-]-Xn-bpsS t]cv shfn-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂n√ F∂Xv it≤b-am-Wv. ssSKdpw C≥kvs]-IvS-dp-a-S-ßp∂ a¿-±-I-h-y-hÿ hnP-bn-®p-

\n¬°p∂ NnX-amWv IY-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xv. A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-bp-f-f-Xp-sIm≠v Ch¿

XS-hp-Imcs‚ tNmc \°n-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I -Xs∂ sNøp-∂p.



aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ

ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ipń (1935- 2005)

]me-°mSv ap≠q-cn¬ P\\w. A≤-ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. kn\n-am-ko-cn-bn¬ A`nt\Xmbn-

cp∂p "kJn' amkn-Ibv°p ]Xm-[n-]-cmbn ]h¿Øn-®n- p≠v. aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ F∂ IY G‰-hp-

a-[nIw Bk-zm-Z-I-i≤ ]nSn-®p-]‰n. 2005 Pq¨ 5\v A¥-cn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

AΩ-bv°p-th≠n (I-Ym-k-am-lm-cw)

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kph-¿Æ IY-Iƒ (I-Ym-k-am-lm-cw)

Bi-zm-k-Øns‚ a¥-®-cSv (1997 se tIcf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv t\Sn)

GImIn

FX-tØm-f-sa-∂-dn-bmsX

Btcm ]n-∂n-ep≠v

Cu \nem-∏n-ip-°p-ff cmXn-bn¬

aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ

ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip- n-bpsS IY-Iƒ

aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ

kvt\ln-°p-∂-h¿°v ac-W-an-√. acn-®mepw Ah-cpsS kmao-]yw Im¬s∏-cp-am-‰-ambpw Icp-

X-em-bn Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°-embpw IqsS-bm-≠m-hp-sa∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip- n-bpsS

aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ A\p- hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. mc-y-bpsS Nc-a-hm¿jn-I-Zn-\-Øn¬ Ah-fpsS Xd-hm- n-tebv°v

aI-\p-am-sb-Øp-I-bmWv IYm-\m-b-I≥. Ccp- p-ho-W-t∏m-tg-bv°mWv Ah¿°v Kma-Øn¬ _ n-

d-ßm≥ Ign-™-Xv. Hcqlw sh®v apt∂-dp-∂-Xn-\nsS Xr»q-cn¬ \ns∂mcp tXm°p hmßn-Ø-c-W-

sa∂v DÆn Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. hgn-bnse s]mSn-a-W-en¬ Nhpń Btcm Hcmƒ IqsS hcp-∂p-

s≠∂p Abmƒ°p tXm∂p-∂p. c≠p h¿jw ap≥]v CXpt]mse B Xd-hm-ń¬ h∂p

Xncn-®pt]m-Ip-tºmƒ shf-f-Øn-tem-Sp∂ t_m´m-bn-cp∂p Ahs‚ Bh-iyw. _ v ]nSn-°m-\p-ff

Xnc-°n¬ Abmƒ A∂-hs\ tZjys∏´p. A∂sØ aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ Abm-fpsS mcy Ah-

\Xp hmßn-sIm-Sp-Øn´p t]mbm¬ t]msc .-F∂p kvt\l-]q¿∆w imkn-®Xv Abmƒ Hm¿°p-I-

bmWv. B Hm¿Ω DW¿∂-t∏mƒ Abmƒ aIs\ H∂p-IqSn tN¿Øp-]n-Sn®p tXm°p-hm-ßn-Ø-

c-m-sa-∂p Dd-∏p-sIm-Sp-Øp. C∂v \n¿_-‘n-t°-≠-bmƒ IqsS-bn-√-t√m. Ah-fpsS AΩ A¬∏w

]cn- -a-tØmsS Ahsc kzo-I-cn-®p. Ipi-e-]-iv\-ßƒ°p tijw \oen® \ni-_vZX Ah¿°n-

S-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. s]mXp-hmb Hcp \jvS-Øn¬ hnß¬ Ah-cn-ep-≠v. Xd-hm- n-em-hp-tºmƒ

Ahn-SsØ £W coXn aXn-sb∂pw CjvSm-\n-jvS-ßƒ Imc-y-am-°-cp-sX∂pw Ahƒ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-

°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v Ah-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ AsX√mw IqSp-X¬ sXfn-™p-h-cp-∂p. Abmƒ

Xs‚ IqsSbn-√mØ Ah-fpsS a\- -dn-bp-Ibpw \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Abm-sfbpw IpSpw-

_-sØbpw _‘n-∏n-®n-cp∂ IÆn AI-∂p-t]m-bn´pw H∂pw Fhn-sSbpw _‘-a-‰p-t]m-bn-s√∂

ań¬ CSs]-Sm≥ Abmƒ°p Ign-bp-∂p.



]nt‰-∂mƒ Aº-e-Øn¬ Ipfn®p sXmgm-\mbn Xs∂bpw DÆn-tbbpw t\csØ hnfn-°-

W-sa∂v Abmƒ AΩ-tbmSp ]d-bp-∂p. AΩ Ah-fpsS Hm¿Ω-bn¬ IÆo-c-Wn-™p.

B apdn-bn¬ X\n-®p-In-S-∂-t∏mgpw as‰m-cm-fpsS km∂n-[yw Abmƒ A\p- -hn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

amdn¬ NpSp-I-Æo¿ hogvØn-s°m≠v X\n-°-kp-J-am-hnt√ F∂-hƒ tNmZn-®-Xv, Hs° t`Zm-sb∂v

Abmƒ Bi-z-kn-∏n-®-Xv, amd-sØmcp ]nS∏v amdo- n-√t√m F∂-hƒ Zp:-Jn-®Xv Hs° ]q¿∆m-[nIw

sXfn-a-tbmsS a\- n¬ \nd-bp-∂p.

Bcpw hnfn-°msX Xs∂ AXn-cm-hnse Xm\pw Hcpƒhn-fn-bn-se∂ t]mse DÆnbpw

DW¿∂p F∂-bmƒ i≤n-®p. F√mw B aq∂m-a-sXm-cm-fpsS kmao-]yw sIm≠m-hmw. Aº-e-

Øn¬ Cud-t\msS sXmgpXp \n¬t° tZho-hn-Klw Ca-sh-´msX Xs∂ t\m°p-∂-Xmbn

Abmƒ°p tXm∂p∂p apgp-an-°mØ hnfn-bn¬, At]-£-bn¬ F√m-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv K-h-

Xn-b-dn-™p. aS-°-bm-X-bnepw s]mSn-a-Æn¬ Imep-c-™p-sIm≠v Bcp-tStbm ]mZ-]-X-\-i_vZw

Ah¿ A\p- hn-°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS CjvSw AXm-hp-sa-∂p Xncn-®-dn-™-t]mse Abmƒ ]d-bp-∂p˛

Xr»q-cn¬ \n∂v DÆn-°n-jvS-ap-ffsXms° hmßn-Ø-cm-sa-∂v..

`wKn-bp-ff Hcp IpSpw-_-Nn-X-Øn¬\n∂v Hcmsf hn[n X´n-∏-d-®-I-‰p-tºm-gp-ff hnßepw

IÆocp NnX-dmØ kl-\hpw \jvS-t_m-[hpw Cu IY A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ahƒt°m

Abmƒt°m t]cn-√. Ah-cpsS DÆn AΩ \jvS-s∏- - GXp D-Æn-tbbpw t]mse Xs∂. Ah-

fpsS km∂n-[yw Ct∏mgpw Ahsc \bn-°p-∂p. Ah-cn-cp-hcpw \S-°p-∂n-S-sØ√mw kv]jvS-amb

]mZ-]-X\i_vZ-ambn Ah-fp-≠v. Ah-fpsS CjvS-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw \n¿_-‘-ßfpw Abmƒ

at‰-Xp Im-e-tØ-bpw-Imƒ Icp-X-temsS A\p-k-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ B \jvSsØ

adn-I-S-°m≥ ian-°p-I-bm-W-bmƒ.

ac-W-Øns≥d \n›-e-Nn-X-ß-f√ Cu IYm-]mXw a\- n¬ kq£n-°p-∂-Xv. kvt\lhpw

k-zm-[o-\hpw Icp-X-ep-ap-ff km∂n-[-y-Øns‚ Ne-\m-fl-I- -Nn-X-ß-fm-Wv. aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ Cu

c≠p-t]-cp-tSbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v ]ncn-™p-t]m-Im-\m-hmsX kvt\l-Øm¬ _‘n°s∏ v ]n¥p-

S-cp-Ibm-sW∂v Abmƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS CjvSm-\n-jvS-ßƒ. Ahƒ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏msg∂

t]mse Xs∂ hnt[-b-X-y-tØmsS ]n¥p-S-cp-IbmWv Abmƒ. ac-Whpw \jvS-t_m-[hpw NnXo-I-

cn-°-s∏´ \nc-h[n IY-I-fn¬ it±-b-amb H∂mWv aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ.



LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabwkp`mjv Nµ≥

1972 ¬ Bep-h-bv°-SpØv ISp-ß-√q-cn¬ P\\w. "LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw'

F∂ IYbv°v amXr- qan hnjp-∏-Xn∏v \S-Ønb a¬k-c-Øn¬ H∂mw kΩm\w e`n-®p. 2001 se

tIcf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv, C.]n kpja F≥tUmhvsa‚ v, A¶Ww Ahm¿Uv. Fkv.-

_n.Sn Ahm¿Uv, hn.]n inh-Ip-am¿ tIfn Ahm¿Uv, A_p-Zm_n i‡n Ahm¿Uv F∂nh

e`n-®n- p-≠v.

LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw (tI-cf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv 2002)

]dp-Zo-km-\jvSw

h[-Iaw

at≤-y-bn-ßs\ (A-\p- -h-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ)

Xev]w

alm-]-ÿm\w (I-hn-X)

a\p-j-y\v Hcm-apJw (t\m-h-¬)

A°pSp-ap-b¬ A∏w-Np´p (_m-e-km-ln-X-yw)

LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw

Hm¿sØ-Øp-∂n-S-sØßpw kz¥w _meyw Is≠-Øm-\m-ImsX \ncm-i-s∏´ _p°mdmw

hnØ¬ F∂ If-f\v AXv Ahn-Nm-cn-Xhpw £Wn-I-hp-ambn Is≠-Øm-\m-Ip-∂p. Nph-Sp-e-®p-

sIm≠pw LSn-Im-c-ßsf \ne-∏n-®p-sIm≠pw qan AXp shfn-hm-°n-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

sImSp-¶m-‰n¬ \Sp-°-S-en-e-I-s∏´ I∏-en-s\-t∏mse qan-°p-ep-°-Øn¬ hn√m-cn-Kmaw BSn.hoSp-Iƒ Xmtg-bv°n-cp-∂p. Hmtcm hoSn-\IØpw hnf-™-]m-S-ßƒ kz]v\w I≠p-d-ßnb P\-ßƒ DXn¿∂p-hoW I√p-I-fp-tSbpw ac-ß-fp-tSbpw ASn-bn¬ \nX-y-\n-Z-bn-em-≠p.

_p°m-dm-ans‚ HSp-hn-esØ e£-y-am-bn-cp∂p ssite-\vvZ-_n-kva-bpsS hm®p-IS. Kmaw

apgp-h≥ Abmsf If-f-s\∂p hnfn-®-t∏mgpw _nkvta Aß-s\- I-cp-Xn-bn-√. Xs‚ IS-Øn-Æ-

bn¬ Nm°p hn-cn-®n-d-ßp∂ _p°mdmw B IS-bnse t¢m°p-Iƒ tamjvSn°pw hsc Xm\bmsf

If-f-s\∂p hnfn-°n-s√-∂p Abm-fp-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. AX-bmƒ _p°m-dm-an-t\m-Sp-Xs∂ ]d-bp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. F∂m¬ LSn-Im-c-ßƒ F∂pw _m°-dm-ans\ ]tem- n-∏n-®p. eØq-cn-tebpw Dkvam-\-

_m-Zn-tebpw F√m I-S-I-fnepw Xm≥ Ib-dn-°-gn-™-Xn-\p-tijw _nkvta-bpsS ka-b-ßfpw Xm≥

tamjvSn-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p _p°m-dm-ans‚ adp-]-Sn.

_nkvtabv°pw ._p-°m-dm-an\pw Nne kam-\-X-I-fp-≠v. Ccp-hcpw GI-cm-Wv. hn√m-cnbv°pkabw hn‰pw B Kma-Øns‚ tISp-h∂ ka-b-ßsf icn-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw _nkvta Ign-™p-Iq-Sn.hn√m-cn-bpsS Ak-a-b-ß-sf-bmWv _p°mdmw A]-l-cn-®Xpw hnev]-\-®-c-°m-°n-b-Xpw. kabwCcp-h-cp-tSbpw kulr-ZsØ Fß-s\tbm CW-°n-t®¿Øn-cp-∂p.

Hcn-°¬ ssiteµ _nkvta F∂ IS-bp-Sa _p°m-dm-an-t\mSv tNmZn-®-XmWv Hcp t¢mt°m

hmt®m kΩm-\n-°t´ F∂v. Nph-cp-I-fn-√mØ Xm≥ AsX-hnsS Xq°pw F∂m-bn-cp∂p _p°m-

dm-ans‚ adp-tNm-Z-yw. hm®m-Ims´ Hcp If-f\v Bh-i-y-ta-b√ Xm\pw. Ccp´pw shfn-®hpw Ah\v



kz-b-tah LSn-Im-c-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. GXm-bmepw At\Iw LSn-Im-c-ßƒ As√-¶n¬ hne-]n-Sn®

Hcp LSn-Imcw tamjvSn®v AXns‚ hne-sIm≠v as‰mcp Kma-Øn¬ Xm≥ If-f-\-√msX Pohn-°p-

sa∂ kz]v\w Abmƒ ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠vSm-hWw BZ-ysØ Aº-c-∏n-\p-ti-jw,

XI¿∂p-hoW hm®p-I-S-bnse LSn-Im-c-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ _p°mdmw Xnc-bm-\m-cw- n-®-Xv. F√m LSn-

Im-c-ßfpw \ne-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ Gsd Xnc-®n-en-\p-tijw At∏mgpw ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ H∂v _p°mdmwIs≠-Øn. B-bncw arX-tZ-l-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \n∂v Poh-\p-ff D‰-_-‘p-hns‚ tZlw I≠h-s\-t∏mse Abmƒ B\-µn-®p. CXv Xs≥d Ah-km-\sØ tamj-W-am-ItW F∂ ]m¿∞-\-tbmsSAbm-fXv ssIbn-se-SpØp tZl-tØm-Sp-tN¿Øv ]pd-Øp-I-S-∂p-.

H‰ \nanjw sIm≠p \new -]-cn-im-°-s∏´ Kma-Øn¬ _p°m-dman-\p-amXw Bscbpw Xncbm-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. LSn-Im-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS anX-ßƒ. Poh≥ an-S-n® Hcp LSn-Imcw tZl-tØm-Sp-tN¿∂n-cp∂v At∏mgpw Abmsf k\m-Y-\m-°n.

hgn- \osf hnem-]-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ing-h≥tZ-iv ]m-WvsU, sXmÆq-dp-I-gn-™ -Xs‚ AΩsbI≠-Øm-\m-ImsX Ic-™p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

ssiteµ _nkv-tabpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw acn-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p. _nkvta-bpsS _‘p-°-

fn¬ Poh≥ Ah-ti-jn® Htc -sbm -sc -Æw Xs‚ DSp -∏n -\ -IØv anSn -°p∂

LSn-Im-c-am-sW∂v _p°m-dm-an\v tXm-∂n. Xm≥ Nmcn-bn-cp∂ sIń-S-Øns‚ Df-fn¬ \ns∂mcp

sRc-°hpw Ne-\hpw _p-°mdmw Adn-™p. Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ \o°n Abm-f-Xns‚ Dd-hnSw

Is≠-Øn. ac-sØm- n-en¬ Np≠p-amXw apdn™v tNmc-sbm-en-∏n-®p In-S∂ HcmÏp™v kz¥w

_meyw ]Xps° ad-\o-°n- h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse If-f-\p tXm-∂n. hnZq-cÿ \£-X-ß-sf-t∏mse

Ip™n-°-Æp-Iƒ _p°m-dm-ans\ t\m°n. Nfn-]p-c≠ ]cp-°≥ ssIØ-≠-bn¬ BsI Nph∂

]n©p-ssI-Iƒ Aa¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p.

Xs∂ KtW-tim¬khw ImWn-bv°m≥ Xem-\n-bn-tebv°p sIm≠p-t]mb A—s‚ NnXw

_p°m-dmans‚ a\- n¬ sXfn-™p. A®s‚ ssII-fn¬ Xqßn \S∂ Xm≥, kqc-y-Im-¥n-s®-Sn-

Iƒ, Ipiew ]d™ Kmao-W¿. Fhn-sStbm sh®v A—s‚ Hm¿Ω Hgp-In-b-I-∂p.

D‰-h-cn-√mØ Ip™pw Npa-cp-I-fn-√mØ LSn-Im-chpw _p°m-dm-an¬ k‘n-®p. Ip™n\v

D‰_‘phpw LSn-Im-c-Øns‚ Npa-cpam-hm-\p-ff \ntbmKw Abm-fn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-I-bm-hmw.

F∂m¬ Poh≥ anSn-°p∂ HXp Ip™nt\bpw LSn-Im-c-tØbpw ssIbn-se-Øn® hn[n Ah-

tbm-sSm∏w _p°m-dm-an-s\bpw ASp-Ø-\n-anjw A]-l-cn-°p-∂p. as‰mcp qI-º-Øns‚ kqN\ AXn-Po-

hn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX t¢m°v \ne-®p -t]m-bn-cp-∂p. Xem-\n-bnse KtWtim¬k-h-°mgvN Ip™n-t\mSv

A\p-kva-cn-®p -sIm-≠n-cnt° qan AXns‚ Bg-ß-fn-tebv°v Abmsf hen-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-bn.

Pnhn-X-Øns‚ Ne-\m-fl-I-Nn-X-ßƒ A]-Xo-£n-X-ambn \ne-®p-t]m-Ip-tºm-gp-ff kvX_v[X

Hmtcm `qI-º-Im -g vN -bn -ep -ap -≠v . Xm≥ Xnc -™p-sIm -≠n -cp∂ _me-y -

kva-c -WIfpw \√ ka-b-hp-amWv _p°-dm-an -\v `qI-º-Øn-eqsS Xncn -®p -In -ń -b-Xv.

`qI-ºsØ AXn-Po-hn® LSn-Im-chpw iniphpw Abmsf [\n-I\pw mK-y-hm-\p-am-°m-sa∂ ]Xo£

ss\an-jn-I-am-Ip-∂p. ASpØ \nanjw Abmsf mKyßtfm-sSm∏w Xncn-s®-Sp-°p-I-bmWv ASpØ

XpS¿N-e\w Pohn-X-Øns≥d Ai-c-Wm-h-ÿ-I-sfbpw A]-Xo-£n-X-X-z-ß-tfbpw lrZ-b-kv]¿in-

bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-IbmWv "LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \nebv°p∂ kabw'



samU-yqƒ 3

Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ

Fw.-sI. km\p

1928 ¬ Be-∏p-g-bn¬ P\n-®p. hnhn[ Kh¨sa‚p tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ s]m -k-dm-bn-cp-∂p.

tIc-f-\n-b-a-k- -bn¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw aWvU-esØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®n- p-≠v. \ncq-]-I≥, FUn-‰¿,

hnh¿Ø-I≥, ]X-]-h¿Ø-I≥, ]kw-Kn-I≥, kmaq-l-y-]-h¿Ø-I≥, a\p-j-ym-h-Imi ]h¿Ø-

I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn-se√mw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

IrXn-Iƒ

I¿Ω-KXn (B-fl-I-Y)

Im‰pw shfn-®hpw

NI-hmfw

aÆn\v aÆns‚ KpWw

]`m-X-Z¿i\w

Npa-cnse NnX-ßƒ

cmP-hoYn

A\p- q-Xn-bpsS \nd-ßƒ kmln-Xy \ncq-]WvKŸ-ßƒ

AXn¿ h-c-ºp-I-fn-√msX

D∂-Xm-flm-°-fpsS Poh-c‡w

Fs‚ hgn-b-º-e-ßƒ

Fgp-Øns‚ \m\m¿∞-ßƒ

hna¿i-\-Ønse cmP-inev]n

Xpd∂ PmeIw

Imh-y-X-Ø-z-]-th-inI

io \mcm-b-W-k-tµiw / / D]-\-ym-k-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ

FX timI-abw PohnXw /

hni-z-Øn-tebv°v ho≠pw / / hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ

A©p-imkvX \mb-I≥am¿ /

Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ

BZn-Im-hyw cNn-®-t∏m-gmWv BZn Ihn-sb∂v hmfloIn hnip-X-\m-b-Xv. Imh-y-am-Wv Ihnsb

krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Imh-y-krjvSn B¿°pw sNøm-hp∂ H∂-√. AXn\p Nne kn≤n hnti-

j-ßƒ D≠mtb Xocq. ]Xn- , A -ym-kw, k¿§m-fl-I- m-h\ F∂o DØ-a-Kp-Wn-ti-j-ß-fmWv

Imh-y-tl-Xp-°-fmbn teJ-I≥ hnh-cn-®p-Z-ml-cn-°p-∂-Xv.



Imh-y-\n¿ΩmW ]Inb k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. A\p- -h-ß-fpsS Bhn-jv°m-c-amWv Ie F∂p

Iem-Nn-¥-I¿ Bh¿Øn®p ]d-bm-dp-≠v. kmlnX-yhpw Ie Xs∂. A\p- hw F∂Xv efn-X-]-Z-a-

√. Ihnsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw DW¿∆nepw kz-]v\-Ønepw k¶¬∏-Ønepw e`n-°p-∂-sX√mw

A\p- -h-ßƒ Xs∂. A\p- -h-ß-sf√mw Imh-y-ßƒ°v t]c-I-am-hp-I-bn-√. A\p- hw PohnX

kv]¿in-bm-bmepw AXv Xoh-ambn Bhn-jv°-cn°W-sa∂ A`n-\n-thiw F√m-h¿°p-ap≠m-hp-

I-bn-√. Xohm-\p- -h-ßƒ Df-f-h¿Xs∂ a‰p-f-f-h-tcmSv ]¶n v AXns‚ B\-µtam Zp:-Jtam ian-∏n-

°p-∂p. Npcp°w Nne¿amXw A\p- -hsØ mj-bn-eqsS Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ cq]w

sImf-fp∂ IrXn-I-sf√mw Imh-y-am-Im-dn-√. Npcp°w IrXn-Iƒ amXw klr-Zb lrZ-b-ßsf

kv]¿in-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v ckw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Aßs\ e£yw t\Sp∂ krjvSn-

Isf amXta \mw Imh-y-sa∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-ffp. At∏mƒ klr-Zb lrZ-b-ßsf Blvfm-

Zn-∏n-°p-∂ -X-c-Øn¬ A\p- -h-ßƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m-\p-ff Ign-hn¬ \n∂p-am-Xta Imhyw cq]-s∏-

Sp-I-bp-f-fp. hfsc Npcp°w t]¿°p-am-Xw e`n-°m-dp-f-f Cu Ign-hn-s\-bmWv ]Xn` F∂p ]d-

bm-dp-f-f-Xv. Imh-y-tl-Xp-°-fn¬ apJ-y-ÿm\w ]Xn- bv°p Xs∂.

]Xn` P∑kn≤-amWv. kwKo-X-Ønepw NnX-sa-gp-Ønepw F∂p-th≠ GXp Ie-bnepw

anI-hp-f-f-h¿ Gsd-bp-≠m-Imw. F∂m¬ P∑-hm-k-\-bp-f-f-h¿ ]mSp-Itbm hc-bv°p-Itbm Hs°

sNøp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS am[p-c-y-Øn¬ \mw BIr-jvS-cm-hp-∂p. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ]Xn- m-im-en-

bmb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Bk-zm-Z-Is\ Fgp-Øn-eqsS hio-I-cn-°p-∂p. Blvfm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Imh-ym-k-zm-Z-\-Øn\v mjm-⁄m\w amXw t]mc. Aev]w hmk-\bpw Bh-i-y-am-Wv. \nc-

¥cw Imh-y-]m-cm-bWw \SØn a\- ns\ sXfn-bn-s®-SpØ \n]p-W-cmb BkzmZ-I-scbmWv

klr-Z-b¿ F∂p hnfn-°m-dp-f-f-Xv.

kz¥w lrZ-b-Øn¬ kuµ-c-ym-\p- qXn P\n-∏n-°p-tºm-gmWv Bkzm-Z-I≥ Hcp Imh-ysØ

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. am[-y-a-ßƒ hmgvØn-∏m-Sn-bmepw kwLm-S-I¿ ]pI-gvØn--bmepw Hcp Imhyw

AXm-bn-s°m-f-f-W-sa-∂n-√. F∂m¬ GXm\pw Nne¿°v Bk-z-Zn-bv°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠p

amXw -Hcp IrXn Imh-y-a-√m-Xm-Ip-∂n√ F∂pw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp≠v.

At∏mƒ Imh-y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ cN\ A\p-hm-N-I-cn¬ Imh-ym-\p- qXn Df-hm-°n-bn-cn-°-

Ww. Imh-y-Ønse hnImcw Bk-zm-Z-I\v ]I¿∂p-In- n-bn-cn-°-Ww. Pohn-X-Ønse hnIm-c-ßƒ°v

Xpe-y-a√ Imhyw kwI-an-∏n-°p∂ hnIm-cw. temI-Øn¬ btam timItam Df-hm-°p∂ cwKw

Imh-y-Øn¬ B\-µ-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p∂p F∂-XmWv it≤-bw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv AØcw Imh-

y-ßƒ \mw Bh¿Øn-®p-hm-bn-°m-dp-f-f-Xv. - Cu kw-I-an-∏n-°¬ AXbv°v k¶o¿Æ-am-b-Xp-

sIm≠v Imh-y-im-kvXhpw At\Iw k¶o¿Æ-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw N¿®-Ifpw Dƒs°mf-fp-∂p. C\nbpw

kmln-X-y-imkvXw Bk-zm-Z-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øn-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw. Cui-z-cm-\p- q-Xnbv°v Xpe-y-

amWv Imh-ym-k-zm-Z-\-Ønse ck-sa-∂mWv BNm-c-y-∑m¿ ]d-™p-sh-®n- p-f-f-Xv. Cßs\ kq£vahpw

hnin-jvS-hp-amb ckm-\p- q-Xnsb A£-c-ß-fn-eqsS Bhn-jv°-cn-°m≥ Ihnsb ]m]vX-\m-°p∂

kn≤n-hn-ti-j-amWv ]Xn- . P∑m-¥-c-hm-k-\-I-fpsS ]pW-y- ea-mbmWv Hcmƒ ]Xn- m-im-en-bm-

Ip-∂Xv F∂mWv mc-Xob k¶-ev]w. acq- q-an-Ifpw a‰p Klßfpw hsc Bhm-k-tbm-K-y-am-°m≥

imkvXw DXIn F∂p hcmw. F∂m¬ a\p-j-y-s\-sIm≠v Hcp Imhyw cNn-∏n-°m≥ AXn\p Ign-

bp-I-bn-√. P∑-kn-≤-amb ]Xn- -bp-s≠-¶nte Hcmƒ°Xp km≤-y-am-Iq.



P∑-kn-≤-amb hmk-\-sIm≠p amXw Imh-y-c-N\ A\m-bm-k-am-hptam F∂-XmWv ASpØ

]iv\w. C√ F∂-XmWv kX-yw. Imh-ym-\p-io-e-\hpw temI ]cn-⁄m-\hpw hmk-\-tbmSp

tN¿∂mte ]Xn- -bmbn hnkn-°p-I-bp-f-fp. kaqltØmSpw temI--tØm-Sp-ap-ff Ihn-bpsS _‘w

]Xn- sb Du¿÷-k-z-e-am-°p-∂p. a‰p-I-e-I-tfm-Sp-ff _‘hpw Ihn°v Gsd D]-I-cnbv°pw.

CXn\v hyp-ev]Øn F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

]Xn- m-im-en-bm-hWw At∏mƒ Ihn. temIm-\p- -h-ßsf kq£-am-b-dn-bp-Ibpw Ah-tbmSv

]Xn-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ a\- p-≠m-I-Ww.. DNn-X-amb Bhn-jv°-c-W-Iu-i-e-ap-≠m-I-Ww.

Cu Bhn-jv°-c-W-Iu-i-e-Øn\v ]cn-io-e\w A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. G‰hpw at\m-l-c-ambn

Xs‚ mh-a-WvU-esØ Bk-zm-Z-I\v ]I¿∂p \¬tI-≠-sX-ß-s\-sb∂ \nc-¥-cm-t\-z-jWw Ihn-

bpsS mK-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-h-Ww. Cu ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mW A -ymkw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv.

Ihnbv°v Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®p IrX-y-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏m-Sp-≠-mbn-cn°pw. Cu ]]-©m-h-

t_m-[sØ Xs∂-bmWv Z¿i\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Ejn-I-sf-t∏mse Ihn-Ifpw Z¿i-\-ap-f-f-h-cm-

Wvv. Ejn, Ihn F∂ ]Z-ßƒ ]c-ym-bambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw "Ejn-b-√m-Ø-h≥ Ihn-b-√'

F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw Cu A¿∞-Øn-em-Wv. ]]-©m-h-t_m[w AYhm Z¿i\w Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv Ihn-]-Xn` Ncn-Xm¿∞-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Cu Bhn-jv°m-c-Øn¬ k¶ev]Øns‚bpw

bmYm¿∞-y-Øns‚bpw AXn-cp-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw C√m-Xm-hp-∂p, Imh-y-k-X-yw, Pohn-X-k-X-y-Øn¬

\n∂v `n∂-am-bn-tXm-∂mw. Ihnbpw Imap-I\pw `m¥\pw kam-\-cm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv CXp-sIm-

≠m-Wv. bm-Ym¿∞sØ A]-[m-\-am-°n-s°m≠v Ihn k¶ev]w hnP-bn®p \n¬°mw. k¿∆-N-

cm-N-c-ßfpw IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-Im-hp∂ Hcp henb temI-amWv Ihn-bp-tS-Xv.

Imhyw A\p-hm-N-I-cpsS aqeyt_m[sØ am‰n-a-dn-°p-Itbm ]cn-jv°-cn-°p-Itbm

sNøp-∂p. bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Is√-dn-™p-sImt-√-≠-hsf∂v kaqlw ImWp∂ tXhn-Sn-

»n, Imh-y-Øn¬ ssZh-]p-Xs‚ A\p-K-l-Øn\v ]mX-am-hp-∂Xp I≠v klr-Z-b≥ Blvfm-Zn-

°p-∂Xv D`m-l-c-W-amWv (a-KvZ-e-\-a-dn-bw).

\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Ønse kw -mh-y-Xm-t_m-[-Øn\v Imh-y-tem-I-Øn¬ ÿm\-an-√. hm\-c≥ IS¬I-

S-°p-Itbm ae-ap-gp-h\mbn s]m°n-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cn-Itbm hnthI-tØmsS kwkm-cn-°p-

Itbm sNøp-∂Xv Imh-y-Øn¬ kw -h-y-am-Wv, Pohn-X-Øn¬ kw -mh-y-a-s√-¶nepw Cu Ihn Iev]-

\-Iƒ \tΩ Blvfm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ihn-Iƒ°v km≤-y-amb k¶¬∏-kn-≤nsb k¿§m-fl-I- m-h\

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. tZh-X-am¿ Bth-in-®-Xp-t]mse k¿§m-fl-I- m-h\ Ihn-Isf A\pKrlo-X-cm-

°p-∂p. \hw-\-h-ß-fmb Iev]-\-Iƒ°v Ahsc ]m]vX-cm-°p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ Ah-cp-t±in-°mØ

]cn-Wm-a-ß-fnepw Z¿i-\-ß-fnepw FØn-°m≥ t]mepw ]c-ym-]vX-amWv k¿§m-flI mh-\. temIw

anYy-bm-sW∂v ]I-S-ambpw hni-z-kn-°p∂ Ihn-bpsS Imh-y-ß-fn¬ Pohn-Xm-k‡n A\p- -h-s∏-

´p-sh-∂p-h-cmw. ]q¿∆-\n-›-b-ß-sf√mw Im‰n¬ ]d-Øn-s°m≠v Imhyw Ihn k¶¬]n-°mØ

cq]-Øn¬ ]cn-W-an®p F∂p hcmw. acn-®p-t]mb `mc-y°v kvamcIw \n¿Ωn-®-cm-Pm-hns‚ IY

teJ-I≥ ChnsS A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p. at\mlc-amb kvamc-I-a-µncw ]Wn-I-gn-∏n®v AXns‚ tIµ

ÿm\Øv ]Xv\n-bpsS NnXm-I-eiw ÿm]n-°-W-sa-∂m-K-ln® cmPmhv Iem-kr-jvSn-sb∂ \ne-

bn¬ B aµn-c-Øn\v Ieiw CW-ßp-∂n-s√-∂p-I≠v Xocp-am\w am‰p-I-bm-Wv. CXv GX vI-em-Im-

c\pw D≠m-Im-hp∂ A\p- -h-am-Wv.. inev]-am-bmepw Imc-y-am-bm-epw, cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ k¶-ev]-



sØ-t∏mepw XI¿Øp-sIm≠v Ie Nne-t∏mƒ as‰mcp cq]w ]m]n-°mw.

Imh-ysØ Ihn-tb-°mƒ Adn-bp-∂Xv hym-J-ym-X-hmWv. Ihn Dt±-in-°mØ coXn-bn¬

A¿∞-ßfpw mh-X-e-ßfpw ]e Ihn-X-I-fnepw hym-J-ym-Xm-°ƒ Is≠-Øn-sb-∂p-h-cmw. hym-J-ym-

Xmhv Adn-bp-∂p-, Ihn Adn-bp-∂n√. F∂ sNm√p-h-cm≥ CXmWv ImcWw. Ihn-bpsS Bfl- m-

h-ßƒ Ihn-X-bnepw IYm-]m-X-ß-fnepw Iev]-\-I-fnepw Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-Im-Wmw. AXp-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ Imh-y-Øn-eqsS Adn-bp-I-bm-Wp-sN-øp-∂-Xv.

tπt‰m, tkmI- o-kv, Acn-tÃm- n¬, temwKn-\-kv, tImdnUvPv F∂n-h-cpsS Imh-ym-Nn-¥-Iƒ

Imhyw DZbw sIm≠ \mƒ sXmt´ Imh-y-tlXp°tfbpw ]tNm-Z-\-sØ-bpw-Ip-dn-®p-ff

Nn¥-Ifpw D≠m-bn. BZ-y-Ime ]m›m-Xy Imh-y-Nn-¥-I-cn¬ ]ap-J-\mb tπt‰m Pohn-X-Øn¬

]m[m-\yw Iev]n-®-Xv \nb-a-hm-gvNbv°pw kZm-Nm-c-Øn-\p-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ihn-X-bvs°-

Xncmbn ]vtft‰m ]e-t∏mgpw hmZn-®p. Ihn-bpsS k¿§m-fl-I-Xsb am\n-®p-sIm≠v At±lw

]tNm-Z\aplq¿Ø-ßsf tZh-Xm-hn-jvS-amb Ah-ÿ-sb∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®p.

]tNm-Zn-Xcpw tZh-Xm-hn-jvS-cp-am-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv Imh-y-ß-sfm-s°bpw cNn-°-s∏-

´p-∂-sX∂pw hnip-≤m-flm-°-fmWv Ihn-I-sf∂pw tkmI- ok]d-bp-∂p. Ihn-Iƒ ssZhØn‚

D]m-[n-I-fm-sW∂pw ssZhhN\-amWv Ihn-X-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-sX∂pw At±lw hni-z-kn-®p.

a\p-j-y-]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ A\p-I-cn-°m-\p-ff hmk-\bpw eb-t_m-[-hp-ap-s≠-∂p Acn-tÃm- n¬

]d-bp-∂p. A\p-I-cWw shdpw ]I¿Ø-e-√. k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpsS Bi-bw-IqSn AXn-ep-≠v. tπt‰m-

sb-t∏m-setbm tkmI´o-kn-s\t∏m-setbm Ihn-bpsS ssZhn-I-kn-≤n-sb-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøm≥

Acn-tÃm- n¬ Hcp-ßp-∂n-√. tπt‰m-hn\v ]hm-N-I-X-zhpw Acn-tÃm- n-en\v \ym-bm-[n-]-k-z- m-h-hp-am-

sW∂v hmƒ´¿ Im- vam≥ F∂ Nn¥-I≥ Xs‚ "SmP-Snbpw XX-z-Nn-¥bpw' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬

hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tπt‰m Dƒ°mgvN ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv. Acn-tÃm- n-em-Is´ hy-‡n-I-

fn-eqsS \nK-a-\-ß-fn-te-Ønt®-cm-\mWv ian-°p-∂Xv F∂mWv Im vam≥ Dt≤-in-®-Xv.

temwKn-\kv F∂ Imh-y-Nn-¥-I≥ Imh-y-Øns‚ tijvT-Xbv°v "DZm-ØX'F∂ t]¿

\¬Ip-∂p. Ihn-bv°p-ff ]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb ]Xn- -bnepw At±lw hni-z-kn-°p-∂p. ss\k¿§n-I-

amb ]Xn- -sb-°p-dn-®p-ff ImgvN-∏mSv Cßs\ temwKn-kns‚ XØ-z-Nn-¥-bn¬ ]I-S-ambn Xs∂-

Im-Wmw.

tImf-dn-UvPns‚ hna¿i-\-kn-≤m-Ø-ß-fn¬ ]c-a-amb ]m[m-\yw ]Xn- -bv°m-Wv. ]Xn- -

bn¬ At_m-[-]q¿∆-amb ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wp-f-f-sX∂pw AXv Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv k¿§mflI-

`m-h-\-bn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂pw tImf-dnUvPv ]d-bp-∂p. BI¿j-I-amb ]Xn-]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-ff Ign-hmWv

cN-\m-ssh- -hw. F∂m¬ CXn\v Bk-zm-Z-I-\n¬ A\p- q-Xn-bpsS an∂¬∏n-W-cp-Iƒ krjvSn-°m-

\m-hp-I-bn-√. AXn\v ]Xn` Xs∂ thWw. Talent, Genius F∂n-ßs\ Dƒ°m-gvN-sbbpw

]Xn-`-sbbpw tImf-dnUvPv ]tX-yIw th¿Xn-cn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. ]Xn-`sb kl-Pm-h-t_m[w

(Intuition) F∂mWv s_\-Unt‰m tImt® hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. Cßs\ ]m›m-X-y-Im-h-y-Nn-¥-I¿

]e hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sh-¶nepw Cu Imhy Nn¥-I-fn-se√mw ]Xn- -sb-°p-dn-®p-ff kq£va

hnNn-¥-\-ß-fp-s≠∂p ImWmw. Imh-y-c-N-\bv°v apJ-y-tlXp ]Xn- -bm-sW∂pw AXv ]Im-in-X-

am-Ip-∂Xv k¿§m-flI mh-\-bn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂pw an°Nn¥-Icpw ]d-™p-sh-®n- p-f-f-Xmbn ImWmw.



Imh-y-Ønse hnIm-chpw Pohn-X-Ønse hnIm-chpw c≠m-sW∂v Acn-tÃm- n¬ Nn¥n-°p-

∂p. ]X-y-£-Øn¬ t¢i-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xpw shdp-∏p-f-hm-°p-∂-Xp-amb Zri-y-ßƒ Imh-y-Øntem

NnX- in-ev]-I-e-I-fntem ]X-y-£-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ B\-µm-\p- q-Xn-bm-Wp-≠m-°p-∂--Xv. A«oe Iebv°pw

kmln-X-y-Øn-\p-sa-Xnsc hmtfm-ßp-∂-h¿ Cu XØ-z-sØ-∏‰n Hmt°-≠-XmWv. aen-\-hn-Imcw Pohn-

X-Øn-ep-≠m-hmw. Ah-bv°-Xo-X-amb B\-µam-Wv. Bhn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬ AØcw A\p- -h-ßƒ

t]mepw ]Zm\w sNøp-I.

Imh-y-tl-Xp-°-fn¬ G‰hpw apJyw P∑-kn-≤-amb ]Xn-` -X-s∂. \n]p-W-Xbpw

\nc-¥-cm- -ym-k-hp-amWv ]Xn- bv°v Dt∑jw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Hmtcm DØ-a-Ir-Xn°p ]n∂nepw ]Xn- m-

im-en-bmbcN-bn-Xm-hns‚ temI-]-cn-⁄m-\hpw t¢i-]q¿Æ-amb A≤-zm-\-hp-ap-s≠∂p ImWmw.



kmln-X-y-hn-Zy

Ip´n-IrjvW-am-cm-¿ (1900- 1973)

ae-bm-f-km-ln-X-y-tem-I-Ønse AXp-e-y-]-Xn-`-bmb \ncq-]-I≥. Ae-¶m-c-im-kvXw, `mjm-im-

kvXw, kmln-X-y-N¿®, B≤-ym-fln-INn¥, _me-km-ln-X-yw, Bfl-I-Ym-\n-cq-]-Ww, hym-I-cWw F∂n-

ßs\ ssIsb-Øm-hp∂ taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw Cu \ncq-]I ]Xn` hym-]-cn-®n-´p-≠v. amcm-cpsS \nco-£-

W-ßƒ a‰m¿°pw Xncp-Øm-\m-ImØ hn[w bp‡n ZZ-am-Wv.

IrXn-Iƒ

kmln-X-y-`q-jWw

ae-bm-f-ssien

N¿-®m-tbmKw

]Xn-\-©p-]-\-ymkw

kmln-X-y-hn-Zy

Z¥-tKm-]pcw

Cßp-\n-∂-tßmfw

`mc-X-]-c-y-S\w

Ejn-]-kmZw

cmPm-¶Ww

taL-k-tµiw (hn-h¿Ø-\-T)

Ipam-c-kw-`hw ( hnh¿Ø-\w)

cJp-h-Tiw (hn-h¿Ø-\w)

A`n-⁄m\ imIp-¥fw (hn-h¿Ø-\w)

kmln-X-y-hn-Zy

`mc-Xo-b-cmb ]mNo-\-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ kmln-X-ysØ Ie-bm-bn-´-√, ⁄m\-hn-⁄m-\-]-[m-\-

amb hnZy Bbn-´mWv ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. thZw ]`p-hn-s\-t∏mse (A-[o-i-X-zw), ]pcmWw kplr-Øn-

s\-t∏mse (ku-lr-Zw) Imhw Im¥-sb-t∏mse (k-l-[¿Ωn-Wn) XpS-ßnb sNm√p-Iƒ it±-b-am-Wv.

cmP-ti-J-c≥, ma-l≥ Xp-S-ßnb kmln-Xy Nn¥-Icpw Imh-ysØ Ie-I-sf-°mƒ tijvT-amb ÿm\-

a-e-¶-cnbv°p∂ H∂m-bmWv I≠-Xv.

Ihn-Xsb Ie-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-ff hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw ]mNo\ Nn¥-I-fn-ep-

≠v. Adp-]-Øn-\m-ep-I-e-I-fn¬ H∂mbn Imh-y-In-bsb i_vZ-I¬∏Zpaw ImWp-∂p. ssP\-_u-≤m-Zn-

Ifpw Ie-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ihn-X-sb-s]-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂p-≠v.

F∂m¬ Adp-]-Øn-\m-ep-I-e-I-fpsS k¶¬]w k¶o¿Æhpw Ah-y-h-ÿn-X-hp-am-Wv. Ah-sb-

°mƒ ]am-W-ambn Icp-Xm-hp-∂Xv kmln-X-ysØ hnZ-y-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v

amcm¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. "Im¥-Z¿in-bmWv Ihn' F∂p hnh-cn-°p-Ibpw "Ejn-b-√m-Øh≥ Ihn-b√' F∂p

\n¿_-‘-_p≤n ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvX `mc-Xo-bm-Nm-c-y≥am¿ kmln-X-y-Im-cs\ Iem-Im-c≥ amX-am-

b-√-I-≠-Xv. Ie F∂-Xn-tesd hnZy F∂mWv Imh-y-hr-Ønsb HuNn-X-y-tØmsS hnti-jn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv.

]m›m-Ø-y-]-WvUn-X¿, kpµ-c-I-e-I-fn¬ G‰hpw tijvT-amWv kmln-Xyw F∂p Icp-Xn-

Im-Wp-∂p. enwK-t -Z-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ ]am-Wn-bmb lmhv-e°v F√n-kv, kmln-Xyw Hcp Ie



F∂-Xn-ep-]cn A≤-ym-fln-IXXz -im-kvXhpw \nKq-V-X-Ø-z-]-Im-i-\hpw Ihn-Xbpw BJ-ym-bn-Im-

\n¿Ωm-Whpw tN¿∂ khn-tij \n¿Ωm-W-co-Xn-bm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CX-\p-k-cn®v Ihn-X-z-Øn¬

Im¥-Z¿i-\hpw Iem-]m-S-h-hp-ap-≠-∂p-Im-Wmw. BZ¿i ]h-W-X, Nn¥m-ioew F∂nh Im¥-

Z¿i-\-Ønepw mh\ apX¬ hmKvssh- hw hsc-bp-f-fh Iem-]m-S-h-Ønepw s]Sp-∂p.

kw-kvIr-X-Ønse Be¶m-cn-I-∑m¿ Iem-]m-S-h-Øn-e-√msX "hnZ-ym-X-z-'Øn¬ i≤-sN-ep-

Øn-bn- n√ F∂p amcm¿ \nco-£n-°p∂p. Ihn-X-bn¬ hnZ-ym-X-z-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXv kX-y-k-‘-X-bpw-

Nm-cn-Xhpw t]mep-ff Nne Pohn-X-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpsS ka¿∞n-°-en¬ HXp-ßp-∂p-sh-∂m-W-h-

cpsS ]£w. ]m›m-X-y-\n-cq-]-I-cmWv kmln-X-y-Øns‚ hnZ-ym-]-c-amb ta∑-I-fn¬ H∂p-IqSn i≤-

sN-ep-Øn-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. At∏mgpw Ah¿ AXns\sbms°, Ie F∂ t]cn¬ hym-J-ym-\n-°m-

\mWv ian-®-Xv F∂-sXmcp \yq-\-X-bm-Wv. kmln-X-y-Øn-se hnZ-ym-X-yhpw Iem- w-Knbpw AX-ta¬

DuSpw ]mhpw t]mse Cgp-In-∏n-Sn-®p-In-S-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ahsb th¿Xn-cn-®p-Im-WpI _p≤n-ap-

´m-sW∂pw teJ-I≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kmln-Xy Nn¥-I-fn-se√mw Cu k¶o¿Æ-X-

bp-≠m-hmw. kmlnXy-hn-Z-ysb Ie-I-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp-]mSv Zp¿≤m-c-W-

IfpwZp¿∆m-Z-ß-fp-am-≠m-bn- p-≠v. "Ie Ie-bv°p-th≠n' F∂ Ffnb sNm√v- A-I-an-°-s∏´p

Cu FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ HSp-hn-em-bmepw FØnt®¿∂X "kmlnXyw Ie-bv°p-th-≠n-b√ ' F∂ DNn-X-

amb \nK-a-\-Øn-em-Wv.

kmln-X-y-\n-cq-]-Whpw Iem-\n-cq-]-Whpw H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ \ncq-]-I\v sX‰p-]-‰pw. kmln-

X-ysØ Ie-bmbn I≠v \ncq-]Ww sNøm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂-bmƒ AXnse Iem-e-£-W-ß-fn¬°hn™v

ImWp-∂-Xn-s\-sb√mw Ie¿∏m-bn-Im-Wpw. B Ie¿∏p-I-fmWv kmln-X-y-Øns‚ tijvT-X-sb-∂-

bmƒ Adn-bm-sX-t]m-hpw. \nhr-Øn-bp-s≠-¶n¬ B Ie¿∏p-Isf XqØp am‰p-∂-XmWv kmln-X-

y-Øn\p \√sX∂pIqSnAbmƒ Xocp-am-\n-t®-bv°pw. "Iebpw Imehpw' F∂ ]pkvXIw Cß-s\-

sbmcp Xo¿∏ns‚ e-am-sW-∂v amcm¿ Fgp-Xp-∂p.

⁄m\-e-_v[n, a\- w-kv°m-cw, hmb-\-°m-cs‚ A¥:-I-c-W-Øn¬ k¿∆-tXm-ap-J-amb

ip≤n I¿Ωw CXmWv kmln-X-y-hn-Z-y-bpsS bYm¿∞e£-yw. Cu ip≤n I¿Ωw Fßs\ \S-

°Ww F∂ Imc-y-Øn¬ A`n-]mbt`Z-ap-≠m-Imw. apX-em-fn, sXmgn--emfn F∂o c≠p iXp-h¿§-

ßƒ XΩn-ep-ff t]mcmWv a\p-jy Ncn-X-sa∂pw sXmgn-em-fnsb at‰ ]£-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb hnPbw

t\Sp-hm≥ ]m]vX-cm-°p-I-bmWv kmln-X-y-Øns‚bpw as‰-√m-‰ns‚bpw e£-y-sa∂pw Nn¥n-°p∂

cmjvSobI£nbpw Nn¥-I-cp-ap-≠v. kmln-X-y-Øns‚ tPmen a\p-j-y\v a\- -wkv°mcap≠m-°-

emWv F∂-Xn¬ Chcpw tbmPn-°p-∂p. AsX-ßs\ thWw F∂-Xnte A`n-v]m-b-t -Z-ap-f-fp.

a\- w-kv°m-c-Øn-\p-XIpwhÆw hmb-\-°m-cs\ ]m´n-em°n \n¿Øm\pff D]mbw amX-

amWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie. "Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ Ie¿∏v' F∂p amcm¿ AXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-

∂p. At∏mƒ kmln-X-ysØ/ Imh-ysØ AXm°n am‰p-∂Xv a\:-ip-≤o-I-cWw F∂ e£-yhpw

[¿Ω-hp-am-Wv. AXp \n¿∆ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Is´ kmln-X-y-Im-cs‚ Iem-]m-S-h-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv.

F¥mWv Ie F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-\p-Øcw Aev]w k¶o¿ÆamWv. Ie A\p- -hn-®-dn-tb-

≠XmWv. e£-W-Øn-semXptß≠-X-√. "kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bmWv Ie' F∂p GI-tZi \n¿h-]-h-

N-\-am-Imw. AwK Ne-\-ß-fpsS Xmfm-\p-km-cn-bmb kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bmWv \rØw;. ASn-I-fpsS

kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bmWv hmZ-y-I-e. kz-c-ß-fpsS hnNnX kwhn-[m\w kw-KoX-Ønepw \nd-ß-fp-

tSbpw hc-I-fp-tSbpw `wKn-bm¿∂ kwhn-[m\w NnX-I-ebnepw lrZ-bm-I¿j-I-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.



hm°p-I-fpsS Xmfm-\p-km-cn-bmb kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie. AXtb th≠p

kmln-X-yØn\v F∂p Icp-Xp-∂n-S-ØmWv \ncq-]-I\p sX‰p ]‰p-∂-Xv. kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie AhnsS

XpS-ßp-∂-tX-bp-ffp hm°p-I-fpsS kwhn-[m-\- wKn, A¿∞-ß-fpsS kwhn-[m\ wKn-bn-tebv°v

amdp-∂p.

Zp;-j-¥≥ IW-zm-i-a-Øn¬ sN∂p tIdn-b-t∏mƒ ]cn-N-c-W-Øn-s\m-cp-ßnb iIp-¥-f-

bn¬ A\p-c-‡-\mbn F∂ IYm-h-kvXp-sh, hr£-ßsf \\®pw kwkm-cn-®p-ap-ff B H∂m-a-¶-

ambn hnI-kn-∏n-®-Xns\ A¿∞-k-w-hn-[m-\-Ønse Ie-bmbn DZm-l-cn-°mw.

Imh-y-Ønse h¿Æ-\-Iƒs°m≠p i_vZm¿∞-X-e-ßƒ°-∏pdw \ΩpsS a\- n¬ \hw-\-

h-ß-fmb `mh Nn¥-I-fp-W¿∂v ]pXnb kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-t\-Sp-∂-XmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Atß

A‰sØ Ie. CXp Xs∂-bmWv ck- m-h-[-z-\n. a\- w-kvI-c-Ww- am-X-amWv ]n∂o-Sp-f-fXv.

a‰p-I-e-I-fnepw `mh-ßfpZbw sNøm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ Ah-bn¬ hnNnX `mh-ß-fpsS

kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bn-√. Nn¥-I-fpsS kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bp-an-√. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ hmZ-y-I-e-Iƒ°v

]m]n-°m-\mhmØXpw kwKo-X-Øn\pw NnX-I-ebv°pw Aev]-sam∂p kv]¿in-°m≥ km[n-°p-

∂-Xp-amb mh-Nn-¥m-kw-hn-[m-\-Øns‚ D∂-X-ta-J-e-I-fn-em-Wv km-ln-X-y-Ønse Ie hmgp-∂Xv.

i_vZ-`w-Knbpw A¿∞-`w-Kn-bp-ap-ff Nne Imh-y-ßfpw `mh-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏´p

t]mhm-dp-≠v. "t_m¿' Bbn s]mXp-P\w Ahsb Fgp-Xn-Ø-f-fp-∂p. mh-Nn¥m kwhn-[m-\-ß-

fnse wKn-bmWv Bk-zm-Z-I\v lrZ-bm-h-÷-I-am-bn tØm-∂p-∂Xpw Abmsf a\- -wkvI-c-W-Øn-

tebv°v \bn-°p-∂-Xpw. \ΩpsS a\- ns‚ t_m[m-t_m-[-X-e-ß-fn-ep-ff ]e-Xn-t\bpw DW¿Øn,

Db¿Øn DNn-X-ambn kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp-Im-Wn®v \ΩpsS A¥:-I-c-WsØ kwkv°-cn-°p-I-

bmWv kmln-Xyw sNøp-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-h-ym-]m-c-ß-fpsS ]n∂n¬ Ahbv°p t]c-I-ambn h¿Øn-

°p∂ i‡n hnti-jsØ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw (A-¥:-cw-KsØ) B hym-]m-c-ßƒ°v Bh-i-y-

amb \nb¥Ww \¬Ip-hm-\p-ap-ff Ign-hmWv kmln-X-y-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb e£-yw. CXp

Xs∂-bmWv lrZ-b-ip-≤o-I-c-Ww.

kmln-X-yhpw Pohn-Xbpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ Cßs\ amX-ta- \n¿∆-Nn-°m-\m-hq. AXp-

sIm≠p P\-ßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ Nn¥n-°p-I-b√ kmln-X-y-Im-c≥ sNtø-≠Xv. adn®v

P\ßsf Xs‚ Nn¥-bpsS IqsS \n¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. kmln-X-y-Øn\v Cßs\ Hcp ]c-a

-hn-in-jvS-amb lrZ-b -ip-≤o-I-cWw F∂ [¿Ω-ap-s≠-∂n-cns° Ie Ie-bv°p-th-≠ntbm a‰p

h√-Xn\pw th≠ntbm F∂o \n-c-¿∞-I-hm-Z-ßfn¬ \ncq-]-I≥ sN∂p-s]- p-Iq-Sm. kmln-Xyw

hnZ-y-bm-Wv. a\- w-kvI-c-W-am-W-Xns‚ e£-yw. AXn-\p-ff D]m-[n-bmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie.

B A¿∞-Øn¬ Hmtcm IrXnbpw F-X-tØmfw hnP-bn-°p-∂p≠v F∂mWv \ncq-]-I≥

]c-ym-tem-Nn-t°-≠-Xv.

kmln-X-yhpw Pohn-Xbpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ Cßs\ amX-ta- \n¿∆-Nn-°m-\m-hq. AXp-

sIm≠p P\-ßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ Nn¥n-°p-I-b√ kmln-X-y-Im-c≥ sNtø-≠Xv adn®v P\ßsf

Xs‚ Nn¥-bpsS IqsS \n¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. kmln-X-y-Øn\v Cßs\ Hcp ]c-a-hn-in-jvS-amb lrZ-

b-ip-≤o-I-cWw F∂ [¿Ω-ap-s≠-∂n-cns° Ie Ie-bv°p-th-≠ntbm a‰p h√-Xn\pw th≠ntbm

F∂o- \n-c¿-∞-I-hm-Z-ßfn¬ \ncq-]-I≥ sN∂p-s]- p-Iq-Sm. kmln-Xyw hnZ-y-bm-Wv. a\- w-kvI-c-

W-am-W-Xns‚ e£-yw. AXn-\p-ff D]m-[n-bmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie. B A¿∞-Øn¬ Hmtcm

IrXnbpw F-X-tØmfw hnP-bn-°p-∂p≠v F∂mWv \ncq-]-I≥ ]c-ym-tem-Nn-t°-≠-Xv.



samU-yqƒ 4

ImgvN

sªkn

1963 ¬ Xncp-h-√-bn¬ P\n-®p. BZ-y-kn-\n-a-bmb ImgvN ]Xn-\-t©mfw ]pc-kv°m-c-

ßƒ°v A¿l-ambn X≥amX (2005) \mj-\¬ Ahm¿Upw tIc-f-tÃ‰v nenw -A-hm¿Upw

G‰hpw \√ \nc-°-Y, \S≥, Ub-d-IvS¿ F∂o \ne-I-fn-ep-ff Ahm¿Up-Ifpw Ic-ÿ-am-°n.

]fp¶v (2006)I¬°´ \yqkv (2008)àcw (2009)]Wbw (2011) F∂o kn\n-a-I-fpsS kwhn-[m-b-I-≥, Ne-Nn-X-cw-KsØ kw`m-h-\-I-sf√mwBk-zm-Z-I-i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰n-b-h-bm-Wv.

ImgvN

Ne-®n-X-ß-fpsS `mj- Zr-i-y-ß-fp-sS-Xm-Wv, IY ]d-®n-ent‚X√ F∂v "ImgvN' sXfn-bn-

°p-∂p. kn\n-a-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff Cu k¶ev]w ImgvN-bn¬ hy-‡X t\Sp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. mj

Bh-i-y-an-√m-ØtXm A]-k-‡-am-Ip-∂tXm Bb Pohn-X-kvt\-l-Øns‚bpw a\p-j-y-X-z-Øns‚bpw

ImgvN-I-fmWv Cu Ne-Nn-XØnep-f-f-Xv. sNdn-b-tjm- p-I-fn¬ HXp-ßp∂ Zri-y-ßfpw kvt\lØn‚

`mj-bpsS hni-z-hn-im-e-amb kwKo-Xhpw AXns\ AXn-I-an-®p-b-cp∂ \n¿∆n-Im-c-amb ÿm]-\-

h¬°-c-Whpw \ΩpsS kn\n-am-tem-I-Øn\v ]pXnb ImgvN ]I-cp-∂p. kn\n-a-bpsS ÿncw kqX-

hm-I-y-ß-fmbn Icp-Xm-hp-∂-sXm∂pw ImgvN \ap-°mbn IcpXn shbv°p-∂n-√. kn\na hnt\m-tZm-

]m[n amX-a-s√∂pw Hm¿a-°-an-∏n-°p∂ Imgv® a\p-j-y -a-\- p-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-bn¬ A]q¿∆-

am-sb¶nepw _m°n-bm-hp∂ \njv°-f-¶-X-sb-°p-dn®pw temIw AXns\ Xnc-kv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-

°p-dn®pw \ap°v ]pXn-b-]m-T-ßƒ ]d-™p-Xcp∂p.

sXcp-hns‚ ImgvN-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv kn\na Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. hne-t]in CS-]mSp \S-Øp∂

kvXo, a≤-y-h-b-kvI≥, Bcp-tStbm \n¿t±-i-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v IS-bn-se-Øp-∂, Ima-°-Æp-Iƒ°p

]mX-am-hp∂ s]Ïp- n˛ Zri-y-ßƒ hmNm-e-ß-fm-Wv. Hma-\n-°-s∏-tS≠ _me-y-Iu-am-c-ßƒ sXcp-

hn-se-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. mj Adn-bmØ ]hs\ X√n-sIm≠v hr≤≥ n£ bmNn®v ]Ww sIm≠p-h-

∂mte Xn∂m≥ In´q Ft∂m¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. HmSn -c-£-s∏-Sp∂ ]h≥ sXcp-hp-Ip- n-I-fpsS CS-

bn¬ sdmń Xn∂p-∂-Xn-\nsS bqWn-t^m-an´ t]meo-kp-Im-cs‚ t\m -∏p-f-fn-bm-hp-∂p. B "skmb-

º≥ Infp∂n' s\ Abmƒ°p-th-Ww. th -bm-S-s∏´ Ip™m-Sn-s\-t∏mse Ai-c-W-s\-¶nepw

t]meo-kp-Im-c-\n¬ \n∂v c£-s∏ v ]h≥ HmSn-am-dp-∂p.

IS-∏pdw ]f-fn-bnse s]cp-∂m-fn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®p \S-Øp∂ ^nenw tjmbpsS ]cn-k-c-

ØmWv ]h≥ FØp-∂-Xv. kvIo\n¬ (kv -Sn-Iw) kn\n-a-bm-Wv. BSp-tXm-am-bpsS CSn-sIm-f-

fp∂ t]meo-kp-Im-cs\ I≠v ]h≥ sN-dp-Xmbn Bi-z-kn-°p-∂p. ap°p-h-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fmWv ImWn-

Iƒ. \mse-Æw ASn-®p-an-∂n®v kn\na ImWm≥ Bth-i-tØm-sS-bn-cn-°p∂ ]√n-√m-°n-g-hnbpw

B Iq -Øn-ep-≠v.



kn\n-abpw Pohn-Xhpw CSbv°v anvi-am-Ip-∂p. I]-ym¿ kn\n-a-bv°-IsØ A—s\ I≠p

Xs‚ ]f-fo-e-®-s\∂p IcpXn aZ-y-]m-\Øn-te¿s∏´ NΩ-temsS Hgn™p-am-dp-∂p. kn\n-a-bnse

]md-aS s]mń-sØ-dn-°p-tºmƒ ]hs‚ Hm¿Ω-bnepw Fs¥m-s°tbm kvt^mS-\-ß-fm-Wv. Ah¿

Npgen _m[n®v hogp-∂p. CsXm∂pw bmYm¿∞-y-a-s√∂p Hcp-hI SnIm-sW-∂p-ap-ff Hm∏-td-‰-

dpsS hm°p-Iƒ IjvSn®p a\- n-em-b-Xp-t]mse Ah≥ Bi-z-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Hm∏-td-‰-dpsS hmS-I-apdn ASn-®p-hm-cm-s\-Øp∂ N´p-Imen Gen-bpsS Btcm-]Ww tI´v

Abmƒ hm]n-f¿∂p \n∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Imiv tNmZn-°p-tºm-sgms° HSp-°sØ XpΩn-°-fn-bm-W-

bmƒ°v! ]pgbpw IShpw aen-\-am-Wv. tkm∏n-s√-¶nepw hgp-h-gp-∏p-ff shf-f-Ønse tX®p-Ipfn

\S-Øp∂ Kmao-W¿°nS-bn¬ Hm∏-td-‰-dp-ap-≠v.

16 mm nenw Un-kvSn-_-yq-j≥ Hmôkv Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. j°o-em-

]-S-ß-fpsS ]c-k-y-am-sW-ßpw. B¿°mtSm Ct∏m 16 mm ]S-ßƒ th≠Xv F∂ am∏n-f-bpsS

tNmZywHm∏-td-‰-dpsS a\- n¬ A¶-em-∏p-≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. s]cp-∂m-fn-\p-]m-I-Øn¬ anin-lm-N-cn-

Xw, _m‰n¬jn∏v t]mXw-In≥ Aßs\ Nne-XmWv Hm∏-td-‰¿°v th≠-Xv. t_m´p-bm-X-bv°n-S-

bn¬ ho≠pw ]h≥ Hm∏-td‰-dpsS i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. t]gvkv \jvS-s∏´ bmX-°m-cs‚ Btcm]-

W-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ahs\ c£n-°p-∂Xv Hm∏-td‰-dm-Wv. Ahs‚ t]m°-‰n¬ BsI-bp-f-fXv Hcp

i‡n-ams‚ Ifn-∏m- -amWv. "hni-°p∂p, h√Xpw Xn∂m-\pt≠m' F∂-t\-z-jn-®p-sImt≠m Inń-b-

sX-s¥-¶nepw Xn∂p-sImt≠m BWv ]hs\ BZy cwK-ß-fn¬ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. A\m-Y-X-z-

Øn\pw mj-bn-√m-bva-°p-a-∏pdw hni∏v Hcp alm-k-X-y-ambn Ahs‚ apºn¬ \n¬°p-∂p. Xt∂m-

S-en-hp-Im-Wn® Hm∏-td-‰-tdmSv Ah≥ sas√ sas√-b-Sp-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ hni∏n\v ]Øp cq] \oń

Hgn-™p-am-dm≥ Abmƒ°v Ign-™n-√. Abm-fpsS kvIo\n¬ hnc-ep-I-fpsS \ng-em-bn, -h-f-f-

Øn¬ Npcp-≠p-In-S-∂p-d-ßp∂ cq]-ambn Ah≥ Abmsf ]n¥p-S-cp-∂p. h∂p IqSnb an∂m-an-∂n-

°q´w I≠v ]g-sbmcp \gvk-dn-∏m v Ah≥ Xmf-Øn¬ ]mSn-b-tXmsS Hm∏-td‰dS-ßp∂ If-fp-IqSn

kwLw AXn-i-bn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Abm-fpsS hmS-I-ap-dn-bn-emWv ]n∂oSv ]hs≥d -ÿm\w. \√

hni-∏p-ff sN-°\v tZmibpw hmßn Xncn-®p-h-cp-tºm-gmWv Abmƒ B ImgvN ImWp-∂-Xv.

tKmh-Wn-bn-tebv°v nenw kvSn]v ]mºn-t\-t∏mse Npcpfgn™v Cd-ßn-h-cp-∂p. Ahs\ tZj-

y-s∏´p ]pd-Øm-°n-sb-¶nepw Ahs‚ Ipń-Øhpw Ifn-∏m-´-sa-Sp-°m-\p-ff hchpw Abmsf

Nncn-∏n-°p-∂p. HmSn-bn-d-ßnb ]h≥ Hmt´m-dn£ Xń hoWp-t]m-hp-∂p. AtXmsS Hm-∏-td-‰¿ Hc-

—-s\-t∏mse Ahs\ ipiq-jn®p IqsS Iq´p-∂p. Abm-fpsS kn\n-a-bnse AΩ-tbmSv ]h≥

kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. Abm-fpsS IqsS hoń-tebv°p t]mhm\pw Ah≥ Xøm-dm-bn.

KmaoW \∑-bpsS ]Xo-I-amb Hcp Krl-Øn-te-°mWv ]h≥ IS∂p sN∂-Xv. tNmZ-y-

ßfpw Btcm-]-W-ß-fp-an-√msX B hoSv Ahs\ kvt\l-tØmsS kzo-I-cn®v hncp-∂q- n. F√m-

h¿°pw Ah≥ B hoń-en-√m-ØXpw th≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xp-amb B¨ Ip™m-bn. am[-hs‚ aIƒ

Aºn-fnbpw Ip -∏mbn F∂ ]ńbpw Ah\v ASpØ Iq´p-Im-cm-bn. Ahs‚ XI¿∂ ]mhbv°p

]Icw apØ-»≥ ]pXnb ]mh-bp-≠m-°n. apØ»n AXn-s\mcp Ip™p-Sp∏p Xp∂n.

\mńse t]meokv tÃj-\nepw kv°q-fnepw ^mZ-dns‚b-SpØpw Ahs‚ Ducpw t]cpw

adn-bm-\p-ff ia-ßƒ am[-h≥ \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw H∂pw hnPbn-®n- n-√. \S-∂p-h∂ t]meo-kp-Im-

c≥ Ahs\ b-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]pg-bn¬ hoWp-t]mb Aºn-fnbv°v ]h≥ c£-I-\m-b-tXmsS \mńepw

hońepw Ah≥ i≤ ]nSn®p ]‰n. Ah≥ ImcWw Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ am[-h\pw A`n-t\-Xm-hm-bn.

Hcp ]´m-f-°m-cs‚ CS-s]-S-temsS KpP-dmØv qI-º-Ønse A -bm¿∞n-bm-W-h-s\-∂v ]-Xps°



a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. AtXmsS Ahs\ ]ncn-tb-≠n-h-cp-sa∂v B IpSpw_w thZ-\-tbmsS

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Nm\¬ hm¿ØIƒ°p ti-jw Ahs\ At\-z-jn®v Hcp IpSpw_w FØnsb¶nepw Ah-

\-hsc Xncn-®-dn-™n-√. GtXm Hcp IpSpw_w Ahs\ tXSn hcp-sa-∂p-Xs∂ Ah¿

hni-z-kn-®p.

Ce-£≥ Ime-am-bn. ]hs‚ ]iv\w a¬k-cn-t®-s‰-Sp-°m≥ ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ ian-°p-

∂p. ]hs\ _me-th-e-bn-te¿s∏-SpØn F∂ Ip‰w NpaØn adp-]-£sØ ÿm\m¿∞n am[-

hs\ t]meo-kn-te¬]n-°p-∂p. A\m-im-k-y-sa∂ tasºmSn IqSn A Ip‰-]-X-Øn-ep-≠v. AtXmsS

Hmt∏-td-‰-dpsS ssII-fn¬ \n∂v ]h≥ Hcp Pph-ss\¬ tlman-te°v sXdn-∏n-°s∏´p. mj-b-dn-

bmsX hni-∏p-am-dmsX Npgen _m[n®v AhnS Ah≥ H‰-s∏- p. tem°-∏n¬ \nS∂ Hmt∏-td‰sd

A—≥ C-S-s]´v Cd-°n-sIm-≠p-t]m-∂p. aPn-kvtS-‰ns‚ kvt\l-h-N-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hm∏-td-‰¿

Imc-y-ßƒ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂p. ]IrXn t£m -Øn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°sf \jvS-

s∏´ ]h≥ \mń-tebv°v Xncn-®p-t]m-hp-I-X-s∂-bmWv th≠-Xv. Pq-h-ss\¬ tlman-sebpw Bip-

]-Xn-bn-tebpw \njvI-cp-W-amb kml-N-c-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hfsc ]mSp s]´mWv Abmƒ ]hs\

tamNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Zbm-ep-hmb Ie-IvS-dpsS HØm-i-bn¬ KpP-dmØn Adn-bp∂ Hcmsf Iqń

]hs‚ \mń-tebv°p t]mIm≥ am[-h≥ Xøm-dm-hp-∂p. Ahs‚ sIm®p-hoSv sS-d- v, A®≥,

AΩ, Ip™-\n-b-Øn, an∂m-an-\p-ßns\ t\m°n-bp-ff A—s‚ ]m v........

am[-hs‚ IpSpw_w th¿]m-Sns‚ thZ-\-tbmsS ]h-s\- bm-X-bm-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ acp-∂v,

Ahs‚ £-Ww......-e£van Hc-Ω-sb-t∏mse F√mw Hm¿Ωn-∏n®v Ihn-fn¬ apØ-an-Sp-∂p.

KpPdm-Ønse Ie-IvS-td-‰n¬ FØp∂ am[-h≥ ]Xo-£-tbmsS Im°p-∂p. ]hs‚ hoSpw

ÿehpw I≠-Øp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ah\v A®-\-Ω-am¿ Xncn-®p-In- p-am-bn-cn-°pw. qI-º-]-tZ-i-sa-

Øn-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ kvX_v[-cm-Ip-∂p. CSn™p s]mfn™p InS-°p∂ sIń-S-ßƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS

]cn-N-bØn‚ thK-X-bn¬ HmSnb ]h\pw ItaW oXn-°-Sn-s∏-Sp-∂p. AhnsS hoSp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-

Xns‚ Ah-injvSw amXw. sNdnb ssk°n-fnencn-°p∂ Ip™p-hm-hbpw ]m¬ B‰p∂ AΩbpw

hmhsb Ifn-∏n-°p∂ A—\pw Ahs‚ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ amXw. Ic-bp∂ ]hs\ sIń-∏n-Sn-°mt\

am[-h\v Bbp-f-fp. ]Xnaq-bm-bncw Bƒ°m¿ D≠m-bn-cp∂ qI-º-ta-J-e-bn¬ aqhm-bn-c-Øn-A-

™qdpt]¿ amXamWp-f-fsX∂pw acn-®-hcpw ImWmsX t]mb-h-cp-amWv Gsdsb∂pw dneo^v

Iym-ºn¬ \n∂v Ah-c-dn-bp-∂p.

A -bm¿∞n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]hs\ Dt]-£n-°msX Hcp aI-s\-t∏mse Xm≥ sIm≠p-

t]mbn t\m°m-sa∂pw Bsc-¶nepw At\-z-jn-®p-h-∂m¬ Xncn-t®¬∏n-°m-sa∂pw am[-h≥

]d-bp-∂p. ac-Whpw ImWm-Xm-hepw XpS¿°-Y-bmbn°-gn™ A -bm¿∞n Iym-ºnse Hmô-

k¿°v CXv Akw-_-‘-ambn tXm∂p-∂p. ]h≥ Ahs‚ `mjbpw Bƒ°m-scbpw I≠

]Xo-£-bnemWv.

]hs\ At\z-jn®v Bcpw hcm-Ø-]£w Xs‚ AU- n¬ Hc-dn-bn-∏p -aXn h∂p sIm≠p-

s]m-bvs°m-ffmw F∂v am[-h≥ ]d-bp-∂p. Hmô-k¿ hsfc \√-sX∂p Nncn-®p-sIm≠v AU v

hmßp-∂p. Ah¿ t]mb-tXmsS Hcp ]W-n-bpa-n-√mØ Hmtcmcp-Ø¿ Cd-ßn-s°m-ffpw F∂ ]p—-

tØmsS ta¬hn-em-k-sa-gp-Xnb IS-emkp thÃp-Iƒ°n-S-bn-te-bv°v hen-s®-dn-bp-I-bmWv Abmƒ.

a\ p \jvS-s∏´, IcpW \jvS-s∏´, henb hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bpsS apºn¬ Hcp-]mSp ip` ]Xo-

£I-fp-ambn a\ p \jvS-s∏´ am[-h≥ bmX-bm-Ip-∂p. ]h-s\-sNm√n X\n°p sNøm-hp-∂-sX-

√mw -A-bmƒ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.



FX ]cp-t°-‰mepw ]cm-Xn-bn-√msX \ncp-]m-[n-I-ambn kvt\ln-°p∂ ip≤ a\p-j-y-X-z-amWv

am[-h-\n¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xv. tZiw, `mj, Imew F∂n-h-bv°-Xo-X-ambn am[-h\pw ]h-\p-an-Sbnepw

am[-hs≥ IpSpw-_-Øn\pw ]h-\p-an-S-bnepw hf-cp∂. KmV-amb _‘-amWv ImgvN-bnse i‡am-b

]ta-bw.]f-fns∏cp∂mfn\v ^nenwtjm kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m≥ A—s‚ ap∂nepw ]n∂oSv k¿°m¿ Hm^o-kv,

tImS-Xn, Bip-]Xn qI-º-_m-[nX ]tZiw F∂n-hn-ß-fn-epsa√mw am[-h≥ hn\o-X\pw hnt[-b-\pambn

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ho≠pw ho≠pw s]m´p∂ sNcp-∏pIƒ XpWn t]mse ssIhn- p-t]m-Ip∂ kml-

N-cy-ßsf Ign-bp-∂X Hcp-an®p Iq´m≥ Abmƒ ian-bv°p-∂p. am[-hs‚ IpSpw_w kvt\l-

Øns‚ XWep-b¿Øp∂ ama-c-ambn \ne-sIm-f-fp-∂p.

F∂m¬ Abmsf A¶-em-∏n-em-gvØp-Ibpw \n -lm-b-\m-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-N-c-y-

ß-fm-W-[n-Iw. nenw-tjm-Iƒ Bh-i-y-L-S-I-a-√m-Xm-h∂ ]f-fn-s∏-cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ, 16 Fw Fw nen-

ap-Itf th≠m-\m-hp∂ Imew, j°oe ]Sßƒ amXw Bh-i-y-ap-ff ImWn-Iƒ˛ Aßs\

Abm-fpsS sXmgn¬ cwKw ipjv°-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]h≥ F∂ _me≥ Abm-fpsS

Pohn-X-Øns‚ tIµ ÿm\Øv ]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏- -tXmsS a‰p Nne sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Abmƒ°v

t\cn-tSt≠n-h-∂p. F∂n´pw Abmtfm IpSpw-_tam ]hs\ ssIsbm-gn-bp-∂n-√. Ahs‚ kpc-£-

sbbpw \∑-tbbpw IcpXn GX‰w hsc t]mIm\pw Xøm-dm-hp-∂p-≠-bmƒ.

`c-W-Iq-SØns‚bpw ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw t\Xm-°-fp-tSbpw \n¿∆n-Im-chpw Icp-Wm-iq-\-

yamb KXnbpw ImgvNbv°p hnj-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. "skmbº≥ Infp-∂mb' ]hs\ A\m-im-ky-

Øn-\p -]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ia-n°p∂ t]meo-kp-Im-c≥, am[-h≥ Ahs\ _me-the sNøn®p F∂v

Btcm-]n-°p∂ ÿm\m¿∞n, A\m-im-k-y-]-h¿Ø\-am-tcm-]n®v am[-hs\ IÃ-Un-bn-se-Sp-°p∂

t]meo-kp-Im¿- C-h-sc-√mw Cu temI-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv. ]pd-tabv°v Xnc-°- n-\-bn®v IrX-

y-\n¿∆-lWw \S-Øp-tºmfpw a\p-j-y-Xzw \nd™ kao-]-\-ßƒ ImWmsX t]mIp∂ dneo^v

Iyºv as‰m-cp-Zm-l-cW-am-Wv. henb ImgvNtbm Dƒ°m-gvNtbm Dff a\- p-Iƒ°v Cu kXyw

ImWm-Xm-hp-∂p. \njvI-cp-W-amb kml-N-c-y-ß-fnepw lrZbw \ndsb kvt\l-hpw- Im-cp-W-y-hp-

ambn Nne am[-h≥amcpw IpSpw-_-ßfpw _m°n-bm-hp-∂p≠v. a\p-jy lrZ-b-ß-fnse \∑ Xo¿Øpw

AI-∂p-t]m-bn- n-√. F∂m¬ \n¿∆n-Im-ctam b¥ kam-\tam Bb ÿm]-\-ßfpw hy-‡n-Ifpw

BW-[n-Iw.-



k_¿a-Xn Zqsc-bmWv

Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff (1930-- 1989)

Nnd-bn≥ Iogn¬ 1930 Pq¨ 22 \v P\n-®p. tIc-f-Ønepw ]pd-Øp-ambn ]e-tIm-tfPpI-fn¬

A≤-ym-]-I≥. kv°qƒ Hm^v Uma-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp-∂p. Fw.-Pn. k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bnse

kv°qƒ Hm^v et‰-gvkns‚ Ub-d-IvS-dmbpw ]h¿Øn-®n- p-≠v.

1957 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ kvt\l-Zq-X-\mWv BZ-y-\m-S-Iw. ae-bmf \SI kmln-Xy

Ncn-X-sa-gp-Xn.

IrXn-Iƒ

Pn. i¶-c-∏n-f-f-bpsS GIm-¶-ßƒ

_µn

`c-X-hm-Iyw

k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv

arK-XrjvW

CSm≥ ad∂ Cg

[¿Ω t£tX Ipcp-t£tX

kvt\l-Zq-X≥

hnhmlw kz¿§-Øn¬ \S-°p∂p

A©v GIm-¶-ßƒ

Ah-X-cWw `m¥m-ebw

k_¿a-Xn Zqsc-bmWv

\h-J-en-bmWv hf-sc-b-Sp-Øv. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv sslkv°qƒ hnZym¿∞n\n hmbn-

°p∂ ]mT -Øn -eq -sS -bmWv \mS -IØn‚ XpS -°w. t]cns\ A\-z¿∞-am -°p∂

kz- m-h-amWv im¥n-bp-tS-Xv. kvt\l-Ønepw ka-X-z-Ønepw Du∂nb a\- m-W-h¿°p-f-f-Xv. tXh≥Xs∂

sIm®-ºm- n-sb∂p hnfn-®-Xn¬ Ahƒ I]-S-tZ-j-y-a- n-\-bn-°p-∂p. "im¥n' F∂p hnfn-®m¬

BImiw CSn™p hogp-tam, qan ]nf¿∂p -]m-Xm-f-am-Iptam F∂m-W-h-fpsS tNmZ-yw. ]g-Inb

hi-tØ°v amXw \m°p-h-f-bp-∂- tX-h≥ -I-gp-Øn-\p-Np‰pw \m°p-tf-fm-tcmSv hmZn-°m≥ Xm\m-f-

s√∂p ]d™v hm¬k-e-y-]q¿∆w Hgn-bp-∂p. tXhs‚ acn-®p-t]mb aIƒ ame-bm-sW-t∂m¿Øv

Xs∂ I≠m¬ aXn-sb-∂mWv im¥n ]d-bp-∂Xv. IÆp-Im-WmsX ho´nen-cn-∏mb thWp Hcp

]t£ CsXm∂pw adn®p Icp-Xn-√. am[-h\v Cu ASp-∏hpw hnfn-bp-sam∂pw kln-°n-s√-∂p

tXh≥ ]d-bp-∂p. im¥n-bpsS A—\pw tXh\pw D‰ kplr-Øp-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p. aIƒ acn-®-Xn¬

]ns∂, tXh≥ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv Xºms‚ Ip´n-Iƒ°p -th-≠n-bm-Wv.



im¥n ho≠pw hmbn-°p-∂p. \h-J-en-bm-W-Sp-Øv. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bm-Wv. XpS¿∂v AXn-

I-a-ß-fpsS kqN-\-Iƒ Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ hcp-∂p. im¥n-bpsS sImt®- -\mb am[-

h≥ hb-en¬ cmXn shffw apdn -®p -hn -Sm -t\ -e v]n -®n -´p -≠v . a‰p -f -f -h -cpsS

hb-en¬ \n∂v am[-hs‚ hb-en-tebv°v shffw IS-Ø-Ww. \n m-c-°m-c-y-ßƒ°v

hg-°p-≠m-°m≥ Abmƒ°p aSn-bn-√. hmbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ]mT- mKw hy-‡-am-°m≥ im¥n

Ah-fpsS hte-y- -\mb thWp-hns‚ klm-bw-tX-Sp-∂p. Ahƒ hmbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-hm-Iyw 1947

BKÃv 14mw XobXn Km‘nPn ]d-™-Xm-sW-∂p thWp ]d-™p. \Jhen-bn¬ Hcp hr≤-ap…nw

kvXobpsS IpSn-en¬, D]-h-kn-s°-bmWv At±-l-anXp ]d-™-Xv. a\p-j-y\p \√cp tXm∂m-Ø-

Xn¬ Jn∂-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw ]X-°m¿ \n¿_-‘n-®-t∏mƒ sImSpØ ktµ-i-am-W-Xv. Cu kw-

ib \nhm-cWw Xs‚ ZuX-y-am-sW∂ a´n-emWv thWp kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. h¿§ob kw-L- -\-ß-fn-

sem-∂mWv thWp-hns‚ ImgvN C√m-Xm-°n-b-Xv. Im´p-t]m-Øns‚ t\m´hpw sN∂mbpsS hodp-ap-f-

f, tIm´pw kq´p-an´ a\pj-y¿ PmXn-bp-sSbpw aXØn‚bpw t]cn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ t]cn¬

]c-kv]cw t]mcm-Sn-bXpwIgp-Øn¬ IØn-sh-®Xpw Abm-tfm¿°p-∂p. Ak-l-y-amb B ImgvN-

Iƒs°m-Sp-hn¬ Hcp ssIt_mw_v Abm-fpsS ImgvNbpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. lnµphpw ap…napw

F¥n-s\-∂-dn-bmsX ]c-kv]c kwlm-c-Øn\v Hcp-sº- n-d-ßnb aÆmWv \hJ-en. AΩ-amcpw Ip™p-

ßfpw Ipe-hm-g- A-cn-bpw-t]mse Acn-b-s∏´ aÆv. Cu \hJcn F√m-h¿°pw ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. C∂v

Ac-tßdp-∂Xpw \h-J-en-I-fm-Wv. k_¿aXn B¿°pw ]cn-Nn-X-a-√. Xm\pw- tX-h-\p-aƒs∏´ ]gb

Xe-apd AXp ]pXn-b-h-b¿°p]d-™p sImSp-Øn√ F∂XmWv sX‰v.

k_¿aXn Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ]nb-s∏´ Bi-a-am-Wv. PmXntbm aX-Nn-¥tbm Xo≠mØ k-z-X-¥-

`qan a\p-j-ys‚ al-Ømb KpW-ßƒs°m-s°- ]-c-a-ambn hnI-kn-°m≥ Ign™ Hcp kz-]v\-am-

W-Xv. thWp Bth-i- -cn-X-\mbn k_¿a-Xn-sb-∏‰n ]d-™p-\n¬t°v, ]cp-°≥ kz- m-h-ap-ff am[-

h≥ ]th-in-°p-∂p. thWp kwkmcw \n¿Øp-∂p. im¥nbpw tXh\pw b-i¶m-Ip-e-cm-hp-∂p.

sXm- -SpØ \ne-Øns‚ DS-a-bmb apl-ΩZv Imknw am[-hs‚ hb-en¬ \n∂pw shffw

tNm¿Øm≥ ian-°p-∂p-≠v. AXp XS-b-Ww, thW-sa-¶n¬ X√p-≠m-°n-bn´pw. CXmWv

am[-h\v ]d-bm-\p-f-f-Xv. Hcn-‰p-sh-f-f-an-√msX \new InS-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ah-\-ßs\ sNøp-

∂-Xv. shffw FSp-Øp-sIm-f-f-s´ -F-∂mWv tXhs‚ ]£w. Xe-∏p-e-bs‚ \µn-sbbpw hni-z-kvX-

X-sbbpw am[-h≥ tNmZyw sNøp-∂p. D≠ tNmdn\p \µn-bn-√m-Ø-h-s\∂v A[n-t£-]n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. am[-hs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ ssII-fmWv Xs∂ Du´n-b-sX∂pw B ssIIsf Xms\m-cn-

°epw NXn-°n-s√∂pw tXh≥ Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]d-™Xp tIƒ°m≥ ]‰n-s√-¶n¬ ]mSØp

]Wnbv°v thsd Bsf-sIm≠p hcp-sa∂v am[-h≥ oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kz-Pm-Xnsb hn v A\-

y-Pm-Xnsb klm-bn-°m-s\m-cp-ßp-∂-h≥ F∂v Abmƒ H∂p-IqSn tXhs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ

"\h-Jen hf-sc-b-Sp-ØmWv' F∂ thWp-hns‚ ]cm-a-¿iw \mw Hm¿°p-∂p.

PmXow atXmw- t\m-°msX tNX-an-√m-Ø-Xm¿°pw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂mWv tXhs‚

]£w. aÆpw amt\mw as‰m-cmƒ°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]‰m-ØXp-sIm≠v tXh≥ F¥n\pw Xøm-

dm-Ip-∂p. hcºn¬ InS-∂p-d-ßm\pw shffw tNm¿Øm≥ hcp-∂-hs\ XS-bm-\pw, Abmƒ \ntbm-

Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. "taØ-Ωm-'cp°v Iog-S-ßmsX h¿§Øns‚ am\w ImWW-sa∂pw Abmsf am[-

h≥ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.



"Hcp-sh-Sn°v c≠p-]£n' F∂v Bfl-KXw sNøp∂ am[-h≥ Imkn-ans‚ ]cp°pw Iq -

Øn¬ tXhs‚ ]cp°pw X\n°p KpW-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p. tN´≥ Ib-‰n-sh® Xe-∏p-e-b\v c≠p-In-

´m-\p-ff hgnbpw IqSn-bm-W-Xv.

Znh-khpw tNmdp-X-cm≥ ]mSp-s]-Sp-∂- Xm≥, NpΩm ASp-Øn-cp∂p Nfphm N∏p∂ thWp-

th´≥ ˛ Chcn¬ im¥n°v Iqd v Xt∂m-S -s√∂p am[-h -\ -dn -bmw, im¥n -bpsS

\ym-bo-I-c-W-ßƒ Abmƒ°v t_m[n-°p-∂n-√. IÆp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ImeØpw \n -l-

I-c-Ww, lnµp-˛ -ap…nw ssaXn Fs∂m-s°-]-d™v sImSn-]n -Sn®p \S∂ thWp-hn\v

ASp-°-f-bn¬ \o ]pI™sXß-s\-sb-∂-dn-bn-√. A®≥ acn-®-t∏mƒ t]mep-ap-≠m-bn-√. F∂m¬

im¥nbv°-dnbmw thWp-hns‚ Dt± -i -ip -≤n. Abmƒ Pbn -en -em -bn -cp -∂-Xp -

sIm-≠mWv A—s‚ Ah-km\ \nan-j-Øn¬ FØm≥ Ign-bm-sX-t]m-b-Xv. thWp-hns\ AXbv°v

kvt\ln-®ncp∂ A—≥ kz-sØ√mw am[-h\v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-sØ-¶nepw thWp-hn\v C\n Abm-

fmWp XpW F∂p ]tX-yIw ]d-™mWp IÆ-S-®-Xv CXn\p tcJ-bn-√ F∂p ]d-bp∂ am[-h≥

hoń¬ A∂-Øn\p hgn-bp-≠m°p∂ X\n°v Nne-Xm-h-iy-s∏-Sm\pw A[n-Im-cp-a-p≠∂p ]d-bp-

∂p.

am[-hs\ ]tIm-]n-∏n-®Xv thWphpw im¥nbpw tXh\p \¬Ip∂ ÿm\-am-Wv. A—s‚

]mb-at√ F∂ im¥n-bpsS kam-[m-\-Øn-\v, AΩm-as‚ ÿm\Øp sh®p ]qPnt®m F∂mWv

am[-hs‚ ]p—w \nd™ adp-]-Sn. thWp-th- \v AΩm-a≥ Xs∂-bm-Wt√m F∂ Abm-fpsS IpØp-

hm-°n¬ \n∂pw tXhs‚ aIƒ amesb thWp kvt\ln-®n-cp∂p F∂p kqN-\-bp-≠v. C-Xp-tI´p-

sIm-≠mWv thWp IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv.. "Fs‚ ItÆ s]mń-bn- p-ffp F\n-s°-√mw- tIƒ°mw' F∂-

h-Im-i-s∏- p-sIm-≠mWv hnIm-c -hn-t£m`tØmsS-bp-ff B hc-hv. a\p-j-y-X-z-ap-f-f-Xp-sIm-≠mWv

X\n°o KXnh∂-sX-∂p thWp ]d-bp. t\Xm-hp-N-a-b-em-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v am[-h-\pw. Xm≥

A≤-vzm-\n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv a‰p-f-f-h¿ I™n-Ip-Sn®p InS-°p-∂-sX∂v am[-h≥ Bh¿Øn-®p ]-

d-bp-∂p-≠v. B \µn F√mhcpw Xt∂mSv ImWn-°p-Ibpw X\n°v Iogvs]´p \n¬°p-Ibpw

thWw. Zptcym[\s‚ Dcpf F∂p thWp t£m- tØmsS ]d-bp-∂p. alm- m-c-X-Ønse bp≤-k-

µ¿ -Øn¬ ie-y¿ IÆs\ Bt£-]n-°p∂ L -Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Zptc-ym-[-\≥ Acn-

I-Øp-hn-fn®v (h-f¿Øp-]- n-bvs°-∂-t]m-se) Dcpf X∂p hf¿Øn-bXp sIm≠-t√- C∂v \o Cßs\

Al-¶-cn-°p-∂-Xv F∂v. Dcpf Xcp-∂-h≥ AXp kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-\n¬ \n∂v ]q¿Æ-hn-t[-b-Xzw

Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p. thWp-hn\v AXp km≤-y-a-√. am[-h≥ bp≤-Øn-s\m-cp-ßn-b-Xp- t]mse thWp-

hn-t\mSv kwkm-cn-bv°p∂p. Abm-fpsS \n -lm-bX aqX-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠v,- X-t∂m-S-bmƒ°v \µn

thW-sa∂v ]d-™p-d-∏n-°p-I-bmWv am[-hs‚ e£-yw. "DÆm≥ t\-Sn-bm¬ \n\°p t\ -ambn'

F∂p thWphpw " Im‰p \nd® _eq¨ t]mse BZ¿iw ]k-w-Kn®p \S-∂v- H-Sp-hn¬ BZ¿ihpw

Bfpw Im‰p t]mbn' F∂p am[-h\pw ]c-kv]cw n∂m-i-b-ß-tfmsS Ie-ln-°p-∂p.

tNmdv Xcp-tºmƒ Iqdp-]p-e¿Ø-W-sa∂v shńØpd∂p ]d-bm≥ am[-h-\p-a-Sn-bn-√. tXh-

s\∂ ]pe-b\v IpSpw-_mw-K-sa-∂-t]mse ]Zhn sImSp-Ø-Xn-emWv Abm-fpsS FXn¿∏v. kz¥w

PmXn-tbbpw aX-tØbpw kvt\ln-°Ww F∂n-S-tØm-fta Abm-fpsS a\ v FØn-bn- p-f-fp.

AXn-e-∏pdw t]mIm≥ Abmƒ Xøm-d-√. ame-s∏Æv acn® ÿnXnbv°v C\n tXhs\ Ib‰n

shbv°tWm F∂v thWp-hns‚ a\- nse ]pÆn¬ sImf-fn-sh-bv°m\pw Abmƒ ian-bv°p-

∂p. ih-ß-fpsS \Sp-hn¬, Xs‚ a\kns‚ A -b-tI-µ-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-sf∂v thWp hnIm-c-hn-



t£m- -tØmsS ]d-bp-∂p.

tXh\p Int -≠Xp In´m≥ th≠n-bmWv Xm\-bmsf ]mS-tØbv°p ]d™p hn -sX∂v

am[-h≥ ]d-bp-∂p. apl-ΩZv Imkn-ans‚ ssIbpsS IcpØpw C∂v tXh-\-dnbpw. ISp-Ø-th-Z-\-

tbmsS im¥nsb Iq´p-]n-Sn®v hb-en-tebv°v t]mhm-s\m-cp-ßp-I-bmWv thWp. c≠p-t]cpw IqSn

t]mIm-\n-d-ßth, "Xam' F∂p hnfn-®p-sIm≠v Xe-bv°-Sn-tb‰v c‡samen-∏n-®p-sIm≠v tXh-s\-

Øp-∂p. am[-h≥ \n¿∆n-Im-c-\mbn \n¬s° im¥n shf-f-sa-Sp -°m\pw tXhs≥d

apdn-hp-sI- m\pw HmSp-∂p. thWp tXhs\ kz-i-co-c-tØmSp tN¿Øm-i-z-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. ap…o-ans\

Xncn®p ]l-c-ta¬]n-°msX h¿§-Øns‚ A¥ p sISp-Ønb tXhs\ am[-h≥ i-Im-cn-°p-∂p.

tIm]w sIm≠p hnd® thWp A]-Xo-£n-X-ambn am[-hs\ ]l-cn-°p-∂p. \mS-Iob kwL¿jw

aq¿≤-\-y-Øn-se-Øp∂ Cu L -Ønepw \obpw Ahfpw Fs‚ tNmdm-sWSm, Fs‚ tNmdv, F∂-

-l-kn-°p-I-bmWv am[-h≥. thWp,- Xm-\bmƒ°p mc-am-sW∂pw Hcn-°epw Ahs‚ ]£Øp

\ne-sIm-f-fm-\m-hn-s√∂w Xncn-®-dn-™-tXmsS B hoń¬ \n∂n-d-ßm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. tXh\pw

IqsS Fgp-t∂-ev°p∂p. "tN¿®-bp-f-fXp tN¿°p' F∂p ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ am[-h≥ Imsi-Æp-

Ibpw \mW-y-ßƒ C´p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bmWv im¥n thWp-hns‚ IqsS Cd-ßm-\m-K-ln-

°p-∂p. F∂m¬ temIw Ahƒt°m Ahƒ temI-Ønt\m ]mI-am-ImØ ÿnXn°v Ahsf

IqsS Iq´m≥ thWp-hn-∂m-hp-I-bn-√. im¥n-sIm≠v hcp∂ hSn ]nSn®p hmßn®v XI¿°p∂

tXh≥ " C\n tXh\m Xams‚ hSn. Cu hSn HSn™nt´ Xam≥ hogq' F∂p ]J-ym-]n-°p-∂p.

im¥n-bpsS s]mń-°-c-®n-en\pw am[-hs‚ s]mń-®n-cnbv°pw CS-bn¬ tXh\pw thWphpw bmX

XpS-ßp-I-bmWv. CXmWv \h-Jen At√ ' F∂p im¥n thWp-hns\ Hcp \nan-j-tØbv°v kw-

i-b-\n-hm-cW-Øn-\mbn hnfn®p tNmZn-°p-∂p. "k_¿aXn Zqsc-bm-sW∂pw Xm\p tXh\pw t]mIp-

∂Xv Ahn-tS-bv°m-sW∂pw BWv thWp-hns‚ adp-]-Sn. Abmƒ°v F¥p sImSp°pw F∂m-

tem-Nn-°p-I-bmWv im¥n. Xt‚Xmb F√mw Dt]-£n-®mWv tN´s‚ t]m°v, Cu hoń¬ Xt‚X-

√m-Ø-sX-¥p≠v F∂v s]mń-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv am[-h≥'. im¥n dm¥-se-SpØv tN -\p-sIm-Sp-°p-

∂p. AX-hƒ°v kv°qfn¬ \n∂pw kΩm-\-ambn Inń-b-Xm-Wv. hgn-bn-eXp shfn-®-ta-Ipw.

Ccp- n¬ am[-hs‚ henb \ngepw im¥n-bpsS ]Xo-£bpw Ah-ti-jn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v \mSIw

Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. k_¿aXn ˛ PmXna-tXX-chpw a\p-j-y-kvt\-l-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-hpamb Imew

ÿew hfsc Zqsc-bm-Imw. F¶nepw F∂m-bmepw AhnsS \mw B™p-\-S-∂m¬ FØm-Xn-cn-

°n√ F∂p-im¥n ]X-ymi ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. H∏w am[-hs‚ ]cn-lmkw \nd™ s]mń-®ncn

apgßp-∂p. AXv kao-]-Øp-ff \hJ-en-bpsS apg-°-am-Wv. oa-amb A[¿Ω-ß-fp-sSbpw aXkv]¿≤-

I-fp-sSbpw \h-J-en-I-tfmSv a√n- v im-¥n-bp-tSbpw aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bp-tSbpw kl¿a-Xn-bn-seØn-

t®-cpI F∂Xv F∂-tØbpw a\p-j-ys‚ sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv Zqsc-bm-sW-¶n-epw, bmX ITn-\-am-

sW-¶nepw lrZ-bm-ep-°-fmb Nne-sX-¶nepw B e£ys-Øn-se-Øn-t®cp-Ibpw a‰p-f-f-hsc Atßm´p

\nbn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂ ]X-ymi ]pe¿Øp-I-bmWv \mS-I-Ir-Øv.



tNmZ-y-am-Xr-I-Iƒ (e-Lp-hmbn DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)

1. ssSK-dns\ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw a\p-j-y-h¿§-Øn¬ c≠n-\-ta-bp-ffp t]meo-kp-Imcpw Ip‰-

hm-fn-Ifpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI

2. XS-hp-Im-cs‚ kz¿§-amWp Pbn¬. Ahs‚ \cIw t]meokv tem°-∏m-Wv˛ Dt±-in-°p-∂-

sX¥v?

3. Kh¨sa‚ v ssSK-dmWv -F∂p XS-hp-Im¿ ]d-bm≥ ImW-sa-¥v?

4. XS-hp-Im¿°v ItaW ]cm-Xn-Itf C√m-Xm-b-sX-ßs\ ?

5. \qep-s]m- n-bn´pw \qsem∂pw s]m´n-bn-√t√m F∂v AΩ Hm¿°p-Ibmhmw kµ¿ -ta-Xv?

6. Xr»qcp \n∂v \n\-°n-jvS-ap-f-f-sXm-s° -hm-ßn-Ø-cmt´m F∂v aq∂m-a-sXm-cmfnse A—≥ ]d-

bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v ?

7. _nkvta F∂ IS-°m-c∂p _p°mdmw F∂ If-f\pw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kulrZw

8. Hcp If-f-s\-¥n\mWv _m_p kabw ? Ccp´pw shfn-®-hp-amWv Ah\v LSn-Imcw kµ¿`w

hni-Z-am-°pI

9. _p°mdmw k¶¬∏n-°p∂ Abm-fpsS Ah-km-\sØ ]m]-sa-¥mbn-cp∂p ?

10. If-fs‚ a\ p \nd-™p-t]mbn Imc-W-sa-¥v?

11. Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ GsX∂v N¿® sNøpI

12. F¥mWv ]Xn` ? BcmWv klr-Z-b≥?

13. P∑-kn-≤-amb ]Xn- -sIm-≠p-amXw Imhy cN\ A\m-bm-k-am-hp-I-bn√ hni-Z-am-°pI

14. A -ym-kw, Z¿i\w Ch Fs¥∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI

15. Pohn-X-k-X-yhpw Imh-y-k-X-yhpw Fßs\ XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p?

16. cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ k¶¬∏sØt∏mepw XI¿Øp sIm≠v Ie Nne-t∏mƒ as‰mcp cq]w

]m]n°mw hni-Z-am-°pI

17. Acn-tÃm- n-ens‚ Imhy Nn¥

18. a\-k-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\p-XIpw hÆw hmb-\-°m-cs\ ]m´n-em°n \n¿Øm-\p-ff D]mbw

amX-amWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie. hni-Z-am-°pI

19. Iesb amcm¿ Fßs\ \n¿∆Nn-°p∂p ?

20. Iesb a‰p Ie-Isf At]-£n®v kmln-X-y-Ønse Iemw-i-Øn-\p-ff hy-X-ym-k-sa-¥v?

21. kmln-X-yhpw Pohn-Xhpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ Cßs\ amXta \n¿∆-Nn-°m-\mhq ˛

hni-Z-am-°pI

22. ]h≥ F∂ A\mY _me≥ Hm∏-td-‰-dpsS Acp-a-bm-bnØo-cp∂-sX-ß-s\?

23. mj Bh-i-y-an-√mØ kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¶-X-am-bn-cp∂p am[-hs‚ Krlw hne-bn-cpØpI

24. KpP-dm-Ønse Ie-IvStd-‰nepw qIº _m[nX ]tZ-iØpw am[- h≥ t\-cn-Sp-∂-ÿnXn



hnti-j-ßƒ ?

25. sXcp-hn¬ \S-°p-∂-sX√mw h\-y-ar-K-ß-fm-sW∂v tXm∂n® kabw. tIm´pw kq´p-an´

h\-y-ar-K-ßƒ kµ¿`hpw kml-Ncyhpw hni-Z-am-°pI

26. k_¿a-Xn-sb-°mƒ C∂sØ a\p-j-y≥ Adn-bp-∂Xpw \hJ-en-bm-Wv. kr-jvSn-sb-°mƒ

\io-I-c-W-w˛ thWp Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?

27. ChnsS Ccp- p-aXn G´m. Ccp- m-\-√Xv ' F∂p im¥n ]d-bm-\n-S-bmb kml-N-c-yw.

28. Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ Dcpf kml-N-c-y-taXv ?

D-]-\-ymk amXr-I-Iƒ

1. ssSK¿ mK-y-hm-\mb Hcp \mb-bm-Wv. F∂ IY-bnse Bh¿Øn-°p∂ ]cm-a¿i-Øns‚

km≤-y-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

2. kvt\l-Øn\pw Icp-X-en\pw ac-W-an-√ F∂ tXm∂¬ aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ F∂ IYsb FX-

tØmfw i‡-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂p F∂v N¿® sNøp-I.

3. ka-b-hpw-L-Sn-Im-chpw LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw F∂ IYbv°v tIµ-_nw-_-

ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

4. `mc-Xob Nn¥-I-fnse Imh-y-tl-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI

5. tπt‰m, tkmI- o-kv, Acn-kvt‰m- n¬, temwKn\kv, tImf-dnUvPv F∂n-h-cpsS Imh-y-Nn-¥-I-fn¬

]Xn- -bv°p-ff ÿm\-sa-s¥∂v hni-Z-am-°pI

6. kmln-Xy \ncq-]-Whpw Iem-\n-cq-]-W-hpw-H-∂m-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ \ncq-]-I\v sX‰p-]‰pw

hniZo-I-cn-°pI

7. kmln-X-y-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb Dt±iyw a\- w-kvI-c-W-am-sW∂v amcm¿ Fßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p?

8. \ncp-]m-[n-I-amb a\p-j-y-kvt\-l-amWv ImgvNsb i‡-am-°p-∂Xv ]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

9. ]h\pw am[-h\pw t\cn-Sp∂ \njvI-cp-W-amb Pohn-X-km-l-N-c-yßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

10. ImgvN F∂ io¿jIw FX-tØmfw ]k-‡-am-sW∂p ]cn-tim[n-°p-I.

11. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv F∂m¬ AXp≠v F∂ hni-zmkw \mS-I-Øn¬ FX-tØmfw ]I-S-amWv ?

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BA-BSc III Sem. Common Course Malayala Sahithyam.pmd

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