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BA 1/12
Write a paragraph explaining how you would describe the word “culture.”
In this paragraph, include how art (paintings, poetry, TV, movies, books, etc.) have an impact on our culture.
Lastly, why is culture important?
**Since you are writing a paragraph, you do NOT have to write the question**
Greek Culture
Chapter 5
SSWH3 The student will examine the political,
philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.
b. Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s
pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar.
c. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law, gender, and science.
d. Describe polytheism in the Greek and Roman world and the origins and diffusion of Christianity in the
Roman world.
7 Areas of Focus
1. Philosophy
2. Drama
3. Literature
4. Religion
5. Architecture
6. Daily Life
7. Olympics
Philosophy
Philosopher: thinker who uses logic & reason to investigate nature of the universe, human society, and morality Greek word for “lover of wisdom”
Assumed:1. Universe is put together in an orderly way & subject to
absolute & unchanging laws
2. People can understand these laws through logic & reason
Concerned with the development of critical or rational thought about the nature of the universe
(video)
Sophists
Questioned beliefs of justice and values
3 Beliefs:
1. Impossible for human mind to understand the universe
2. Important for individuals to improve themselves
3. No absolute right or wrong
SocratesLittle is known about his writings Died at age 70
Accused of corrupting youth and neglecting the godsFound guilty of crimes & given option of a fine or death
• He chose death
Beliefs:
1. All real knowledge is present within each person
2. Socratic methodQuestion/answer method by using reason
3. People should constantly question themselves
Plato
Student of Socrates
One of greatest philosophers of Western Civilization
Wrote The RepublicVision of a perfectly governed society
Started The AcademyAcademy: school of philosophy
School lasted 900 years
Plato continued
3 Beliefs:
1. Distrusted democracy
2. Society should be ruled by intellectuals
3. Divided people into 3 groups:Philosophers: rulersWarriors: protected societyMass population: producers
Aristotle
Student of Plato
Taught Alexander the Great
Invented method of arguing based on logicBasis for scientific method
Question, Hypothesis, Materials, Procedure, Data, Results, Conclusion(video)
DramaPerformed in outdoor theaters
1st Greek dramas were tragediesBased on love, hate, war, or betrayal
2 Characteristics of tragedies
1. Conflict between the protagonist (hero) & a superior force
2. Protagonist brought to ruin and extreme sorrow
BA 8/10
1. Define philosopher.
2. What are the sophists 3 beliefs?
3. What are Socrates beliefs?
4. Who is Plato? What did he write and build?
5. Why is Aristotle important?
Literature
Learned history through spoken wordDid not write history down during this period
Epic poem: narrative poem celebrating heroic deeds, courage, and honor
Homer most famous poetWrote Iliad and The Odyssey
Iliad: Trojan War with Achilles Odyssey: A soldier’s attempt to go home 10 years after the
Trojan War
Myth
Myth: traditional stories about Greek gods
Designed to understand mysteries of nature & power of human passionsEx: changing of the seasons
Greeks believed in gods and goddesses in which they attributed human qualities, such as love, hate, and jealousy
Religion
Affected every aspect of Greek lifeConsidered necessary to the well-being of the state
Polytheistic
Gods and goddesses thought to live on Mount Olympus
Among the 12 were:Zeus: chief god & father of the godsAthena: goddess of wisdom & craftsApollo: god of sun & poetryAphrodite: goddess of love
Architecture & Art
Architecture: temples dedicated to godsAltar was outside in open
Temples used to store treasure given to the god or goddess & display the god’s picture
Columns and open structures were common
Best Example: Parthenon
Daily Life in Athens
Family:
Important institution in ancient Athens
Primary function was to produce new citizens
Women could only participate in religious festivals Excluded from public life
Women’s life
Could not own property
Had male guardians
Married at 14-15
Expected to remain at home
No education
Olympics
Greatest of all ancient Greek sport festivals
Held every 4 years beginning in 776 BCE
Designed to honor Zeus
Games: footraces, wrestling, boxing, javelin, discus throwing, long jumping, chariot racing
Olympics continued
Only one winnerReceived wreath of olive leaves as prize
Olive leaves considered sacred to Zeus
Games could be dangerousWrestlers gouge out opponents eyes
Slam opponent head first onto hard surface
Some athletes killed during games