BA 101 Introduction to Business

10. Employee Motivation, Workforce Trends, and Labor

Relations

What Is Motivation?

NeedsNeeds

OutcomesOutcomes

ActionsActions

Workforce Motivation

Monetary Rewards

Fair Treatment

Satisfying Work

Work-Life Balance

Theories of Motivation

Frederick W. Taylor

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Theory X, Theory Y, and Theory Z

Equity Theory

Expectancy Theory

Frederick W. Taylor

MonetaryRewards

PersonalProductivity

ScientificScientificManagementManagement

ScientificScientificManagementManagement

Self-Esteem NeedsSelf-Esteem Needs

Social NeedsSocial Needs

Safety NeedsSafety Needs

Physiological NeedsPhysiological Needs

Self-Self-ActualizationActualization

Maslow’s HierarchyMaslow’s Hierarchy

Five NeedCategoriesFive NeedCategories

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

MotivationMotivationMotivationMotivation

•AchievementAchievement•RecognitionRecognition•ResponsibilityResponsibility•Work itselfWork itself•Personal growthPersonal growth

•AchievementAchievement•RecognitionRecognition•ResponsibilityResponsibility•Work itselfWork itself•Personal growthPersonal growth

HighlyHighlySatisfiedSatisfied

HighlyHighlyDissatisfiedDissatisfied

Neither SatisfiedNeither SatisfiedNor DissatisfiedNor Dissatisfied

Motivators InfluenceMotivators InfluenceSatisfaction LevelSatisfaction Level

Hygiene FactorsHygiene FactorsInfluence SatisfactionInfluence Satisfaction

Area of Area of SatisfactionSatisfaction

Area ofArea ofDissatisfactionDissatisfaction

Hygiene FactorsHygiene FactorsHygiene FactorsHygiene Factors

•Working conditionsWorking conditions•Pay and securityPay and security•Company policiesCompany policies•SupervisorsSupervisors•Interpersonal relationshipsInterpersonal relationships

•Working conditionsWorking conditions•Pay and securityPay and security•Company policiesCompany policies•SupervisorsSupervisors•Interpersonal relationshipsInterpersonal relationships

McGregor’s Assumptions

Theory X EmployeesTheory X Employees Theory Y EmployeesTheory Y Employees

Dislike workDislike work

Motivated by threats Motivated by threats

Avoid responsibilitiesAvoid responsibilities

Value securityValue security

Enjoy workEnjoy work

Committed to goals Committed to goals

Accept responsibilitiesAccept responsibilities

Have mental potentialHave mental potential

Ouchi’s Theory Z

Informal Controlwith Formal

Measurements

Slow Evaluationand Promotion

Moderate Degreeof Career

Specialization

Holistic Concernfor the Individual

Consensus-BasedDecision Making

Long-TermEmployment

IndividualResponsibility

Equity TheoryEquity TheoryRatio

Comparison*Employee’sPerception

Outcomes A

Inputs A

Outcomes A

Inputs A

Outcomes A

Inputs A

Outcomes B

Inputs B

Outcomes B

Inputs B

Outcomes B

Inputs B

<

=

>

Inequity (Under-Rewarded)

Equity

Inequity (Over-Rewarded)

*Where A is the employee, and B is a relevant other or referent.

Expectancy Theory

IndividualEffort

IndividualEffort

IndividualPerformance

IndividualPerformance

OrganizationalRewards

OrganizationalRewards

IndividualGoals

IndividualGoals

Quality ofeffort put forthdepends on. . .

Quality ofeffort put forthdepends on. . .

…expectationsof

…and expectationsof

…attractiveness of rewards relative to

Workplace Motivation Strategies

SettingSettingGoalsGoals

SettingSettingGoalsGoals

ReinforcingReinforcingBehaviorBehavior

ReinforcingReinforcingBehaviorBehavior

Management by Objectives

Setting GoalsSetting Goals

Planning ActionPlanning Action

Implementing PlansImplementing Plans

Reviewing PerformanceReviewing Performance

1

2

3

4

Reinforcement Theory

Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification

Avoid UnpleasantAvoid UnpleasantConsequencesConsequences

Obtain PleasantObtain PleasantConsequencesConsequences

PositiveNegative Reinforcement

Work-Life Balance

Job EnrichmentJob EnrichmentJob EnrichmentJob Enrichment

ReducesReducesSpecializationSpecialization

ReducesReducesSpecializationSpecialization

ExpandsExpandsResponsibilitiesResponsibilities

ExpandsExpandsResponsibilitiesResponsibilities

Job RedesignJob RedesignJob RedesignJob Redesign

RestructuresRestructuresWorkWork

RestructuresRestructuresWorkWork

CoordinatesCoordinatesSkills and JobsSkills and JobsCoordinatesCoordinates

Skills and JobsSkills and Jobs

Workforce Diversity Issues

ImmigrationImmigration

AgeAge

ReligionReligion

GenderGender

RaceRace

GlobalizationGlobalization

Alternative Work Arrangements

FlextimeFlextime

TelecommutingTelecommuting

Job SharingJob Sharing

Flexible Career PathsFlexible Career Paths

Working With Labor Unions

Wages and BenefitsWages and Benefits

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Job SecurityJob Security