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וכויות האדם בשטחים מרכז המידע הישרא<״

B7SELEM - The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories

INFORMATION SHEET: UPDATE FEBRUARY-MARCH 1990 (English Version)

I n t i f a d a F a t a l i t i e s

CENSORSHIP OF THE PALESTINIAN PRESS I N EAST JERUSALEM

I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . 4

The Eas t J e r u s a l e m Press and I s r a e l i C e n s o r s h i p — A S u r v e y . . . 5

S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s . . . . io

Conclusions 17

C e n s o r s h i p Examples. 20

Edited by Yuval Ginbar English by E l l i o t Appel, Zack Braiterman, Isabel Kershner, Ralph Mandel ISSN 0792-4003

B'Tselera, the Is rae l i Information Center fo r Human Rights in the Occupied Terr i to r ies , was founded in February 1989 by a group of lawyers, in te l lec tua ls , journa l is ts , and Members of Knesset. The objective of B'Tselem is to document and to bring to the attent ion of policy makers and the general public, v io lat ions of human r ights in the t e r r i t o r i e s .

רחוב קרן היסוד 18, •וושלים 92140, נ1לפון 02-667271,667274, פקס׳ 02-667946• T . 11VT VI / \ - \ X \ M ^.xiJI \A-j j״״* oje5 tJ^" 18 Keren Hayesod St., Jerusalem 92149, Tel. 02-667271, 667274, Fax. 02-667946

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INTIFADA FATALITIES - TOTALS

627 Palest in ian residents of the t e r r i t o r i e s have been k i l l e d by I s r a e l i secur i ty forces between the beginning of the In t i f ada and the end of February 1990. Of these:

* Shooting deaths ( inc lud ing p l a s t i c and ״rubber״ b u l l e t s ) : 594 * Non-shooting deaths (beat ings, burns and o ther ) : 33 * Children: 140

Aged 12 and younger: 40 Aged 13 to 16: 100

More than 75 add i t iona l people died a short time a f t e r exposure to tear gas, of whom some 30 were in fan ts . From a medical standpoint i t is d i f f i c u l t to determine whether tear gas was the sole and direct cause of death.

An add i t iona l 29 Palest inians have been k i l l e d , apparently by I s r a e l i c i v i l i a n s , and 5 apparently by co l labora tors .

During t h i s period, 10 IDF sold iers and 9 I s r a e l i c i v i l i a n s were k i l l e d by Palest inians in the t e r r i t o r i e s . 3 of them were in fan ts .

According to the Associated Press, 190 Palest in ians suspected of co l labora t ing wi th the I s r a e l i au tho r i t i es have been k i l l e d .

During t h i s period, according to the IDF Spokesperson, 23 I s r a e l i c i v i l i a n s and 4 so ld iers were k i l l e d w i t h i n the Green Line by Palest in ian residents of the t e r r i t o r i e s . At least 5 Palest in ian residents of the t e r r i t o r i e s have been k i l l e d by I s r a e l i c i v i l i a n s .

B'Tselenrs data are based on f ie ldwork , independent invest iga t ions , and o f f i c i a l I s r a e l i sources, as wel l as on the data of Palest in ian sources, especia l ly human r i gh ts groups such as PHRIC and al־Haq.

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FATALITIES IN JANUARY AND FEBRUARY - ANALYSIS

During the month of January 1990, according t o B'Tselem 's in fo rmat ion , 11 Pa les t i n ian res idents were k i l l e d in the occupied t e r r i t o r i e s by secu r i t y f o r ces , a l l by g u n f i r e .

9 of the f a t a l i t i e s were res idents of the West Bank, and 2 were res iden ts of the Gaza S t r i p . Among the f a t a l i t i e s were two boys, one aged 13 and the other 16.

Two, add i t i ona l k i l l i n g s are suspected of having been c a r r i e d out by co l l abo ra to r s .

According t o the Associated Press, 9 Pa les t i n i an res idents suspected of co l l abo ra t i on w i th the a u t h o r i t i e s were k i l l e d in January 1990.

In February 1990, 9 Pa les t i n ian res iden ts o f the t e r r i t o r i e s were shot dead by secu r i t y fo rces , 3 on the West Bank and 6 in the Gaza S t r i p .

Regarding one add i t i ona l inc ident in which a Gazan g i r l was k i l l e d by a m i l i t a r y veh ic le , a p re l im ina ry i nqu i r y repor ted ly impl ica tes a so l d i e r w i th reck less d r i v i n g , and b r ing ing him to t r i a l i s repor ted ly being considered.

Two of those shot dead by secu r i t y fo rces were 15 year o ld boys.

One add i t i ona l Pa les t i n ian was k i l l e d , apparent ly by gun f i r e from an I s r a e l i c i v i l i a n .

According to the Associated Press. 15 Pa les t in ians suspected of c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i th the a u t h o r i t i e s were k i l l e d in February 1990.

The number of Pa les t in ians k i l l e d by secu r i t y forces in February 1990 is the lowest number f o r a s ing le month since the beginning of the I n t i f a d a . The number in January was also low compared to most months of the I n t i f a d a . The dec l ine in the number of Pa les t in ian f a t a l i t i e s began in November 1989.

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CENSORSHIP OF THE PALESTINIAN PRESS IN EAST JERUSALEM

Everyone has the r״ ight to freedom of opinion and expression; this r ight includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of f ront iers . *

Universal Declarat ion of Human Rights, A r t i c l e 19

INTRODUCTION

The vast ma jo r i t y of the d a i l y and per iod ica l press ava i lab le in the t e r r i t o r i e s is published in East Jerusalem. There the press operates under I s r a e l i law and is subject to fewer r e s t r i c t i o n s than the handful of per iod ica ls published in the t e r r i t o r i e s themselves. We thought i t appropriate t o concentrate on the East Jerusalem press both because of i t s i n t r i n s i c importance and because i t operates under the same laws tha t apply in I s rae l .

The f i r s t part of t h i s Information Sheet surveys censorship of the East Jerusalem press in the context of censorship r e s t r i c t i o n s r e l a t i n g to the I s r a e l i press in general.

We have chosen not to touch here on other harsh manifestat ions tha t abridge freedom of the press, such as arrests of j o u r n a l i s t s , c los ing of newspapers, and re fusa l to l icense or a l low d i s t r i b u t i o n of papers.

The second part consists of an analysis of mater ia l approved and censored in two East Jerusalem papers over given periods.

The t h i r d part consists of examples co l lec ted by B'Tselem -repor ts , a r t i c l e s , photos, and cartoons - tha t were banned fo r pub l i ca t ion in the East Jerusalem press, and of correspondence between the censor and the ed i tors of the papers in question.

Freedom of expression is general ly regarded as one of the yardst icks of democracy. Hence the heavy r e s p o n s i b i l i t y that devolves upon the censor.

This Information Sheet examines the question of whether the r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed by the censor on the Palest in ian press in East Jerusalem are in fac t confined to what i s necessitated by considerat ions of state secur i t y .

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THE EAST JERUSALEM PRESS AND ISRAELI CENSORSHIP - A SURVEY

A. The Palestinian press in East Jerusalem*

Unt i l 1967 East Jerusalem was the center of the Jordanian press -f i v e of the kingdom's s ix d a i l i e s were published in the c i t y . In March 1967 a new press law reduced the number of d a i l i e s published in East Jerusalem to one, but the Six Day War broke out before the change was enacted.

No Palest in ian papers appeared in East Jerusalem during the f i r s t ׳year of I s r a e l i r u le . In December 1968 the da i l y A1-Quds resumed pub l i ca t ion a f t e r receiv ing a permit from the D i s t r i c t Commissioner in the M in is t ry of the I n t e r i o r . Al -Fajr and Asha'b fo l lowed su i t in 1972, and gradual ly other d a i l i e s , as we l l as weeklies and monthl ies, began pub l i ca t ion .

At present four d a i l i e s are published in East Jerusalem (the three named above and An-Nahar), along w i th two p o l i t i c a l weeklies (Al־Bayader Assiyasi and A t t a l i ' a ) and several other weeklies and monthl ies. East Jerusalem is undoubtably the cap i ta l of the Palest in ian press in the t e r r i t o r i e s . Not a s ing le d a i l y is published outside Jerusalem, and the few per iod ica ls that are published in the t e r r i t o r i e s are l im i ted in terms of both c i r c u l a t i o n and importance.

This stems from the h i s t o r i c c e n t r a l i t y of East Jerusalem f o r the Palest in ian press, and from the f a c t tha t I s r a e l i law, to which the East Jerusalem press is subject , a f fords f a r greater freedom than that accorded by m i l i t a r y law in e f f ec t in the t e r r i t o r i e s .

For a l l these reasons, t h i s report w i l l focus on the East Jerusalem press.

B. Is rae l i laws which affect freedom of the press2

I s r a e l i l e g i s l a t i o n enacted since the establishment of the s ta te makes no provis ion f o r the defence of freedom of expression. The only laws r e l a t i n g s p e c i f i c a l l y to the w r i t t en press - deal ing wi th the l icens ing of publ icat ions and the d i s t r i b u t i o n and supervision of papers - are ordinances and regulat ions from the B r i t i s h Mandatory period which were incorporated into I s r a e l i law in 1948.

Roughly speaking, these Mandatory orders and regulat ions a f fec t freedom of the press in two areas:

1. Licenses and permits for newspapers

Although these regulat ions are not the subject of t h i s repor t , we thought f i t to discuss them b r i e f l y f o r two reasons: the inordinate powers they accord the M in i s t r y of

the I n t e r i o r , and t h e i r frequent reference to the subject of freedom of the press in East Jerusalem.

The Press Ordinance (1933) p roh ib i t s the p r i n t i n g or pub l ica t ion of any newspaper without a l icense from the D i s t r i c t Commissioner, as opposed to the major i ty of Western countr ies where no such permit is requi red. 3 A r t i c l e 94 of the Defence (Emergency) Regulations, 1945 in e f f ec t overlaps the provis ions of the Press Ordinance. I t s Par. 2 s ta tes ;

The Dist (״94—(2 r ic t Commissioner, in his discretion and without assigning any reason therefor, may grant or refuse any such permit and may attach conditions thereto and may at any time suspend or revoke any such permit or vary or delete any conditions attached to the permit or attach new conditions thereto.׳׳

Just ice Moshe Landau, in a judgment of the High Court of Justice,"* termed the power vested in the Min is ter of the I n t e r i o r under t h i s a r t i c l e ״Draconian,״ adding that ״ i t does not conform to the fundamental tenets of a democratic s ta te per ta in ing to freedom of speech and freedom of express ion. . . ״

However, not even t h i s unequivocal statement brought about rev is ion or annulment of the Regulations, and in most instances the High Court of Just ice has re f ra ined from intervening in the considerations of the Min is ter of the I n t e r i o r regarding l icens ing the pub l i ca t ion and d i s t r i b u t i o n of papers in East Jerusalem.3

Censorship

The m i l i t a r y censor operates under Part V I I I of the Defence (Emergency) Regulations, 1945. Following are the per t inent clauses:

Prohib i ted Matter:

87—(1) The Censor may by order p r o h i b i t general ly or spec ia l l y the publ ish ing in pub l icat ions of matter the publ ishing of which, in his opin ion, would be, or be l i k e l y to be or become, p r e j u d i c i a l to the defence of Palest ine or to the publ ic safety or to publ ic order.

(2) Any person who publishes any matter in contravention of an order under t h i s regu la t ion and the p ropr ie to r and ed i to r of the pub l i ca t ion in which i t is published and the person who wrote, p r in ted , drew or designed, the matter sha l l be g u i l t y of an offence against these Regulations.

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Power to requi re submission of matter f o r censorship before pub l i ca t ion :

97—(1) The Censor may by order requ i re the p rop r i e to r , e d i t o r , p r i n t e r or publ isher of any pub l i ca t ion , or the p ropr ie to r or manager of any p r i n t i n g press or p r i n t i n g business, or the author o f , or any person about to p r i n t or publ ish, any matter, to submit to the Censor before p r i n t i n g or publ ishing any matter intended f o r p r i n t i n g or publ ish ing.

(2) Any such order may be given e i t he r general ly or in respect of any pa r t i cu la r subject or c lass of subject , and, in the case of a pub l i ca t ion published at regular or i r r egu la r i n te rva l s , may be given in respect of any p a r t i c u l a r issue or class of issues or of a l l issues f o r a spec i f ied period.

(3) Any person who contravenes an order under t h i s regu la t ion sha l l be g u i l t y of an offence against these Regulations.

Censorship not to be disclosed:

98-(1) The p r i n te r or publ isher of any pub l i ca t ion sha l l not , wi thout the w r i t t en permission of the Censor-

(a) p r i n t or publ ish any statement to the e f f e c t , or from which i t may be in fe r red , that any a l t e r a t i o n , add i t ion , or omission has been made by order of the Censor in any matter submitted to him;

(b) p r i n t or publ ish any matter which has been submitted to the Censor in such a way as to show or suggest that any a l t e r a t i o n , add i t ion or omission has been made by order of the Censor;

(c) p r i n t or publ ish any statement to the e f f ec t that p u b l i c i t y of such matter has been forbidden. (2) Any person who contravenes t h i s regu la t ion and the

p ropr ie to r and ed i to r of the pub l ica t ion in question sha l l be g u i l t y of an offence against these Regulations.

C. The agreement between the IDF and the Editors״ Committee

Even though the Regulations quoted above t h e o r e t i c a l l y del ineate the re la t i onsh ip of the en t i re I s r a e l i press wi th the m i l i t a r y censor, in pract ice they are ra re ly invoked against most of the Hebrew press, the Jerusalem Post, or the e lec t ron ic media. This state of a f f a i r s was brought about by a voluntary agreement between the Edi tors .Committee and the IDF ׳

This agreement" was reached in 1950 but i t s roots extend much f u r t h e r back, to the re la t ions between the Hebrew press and the pre-s ta te ״Haganah.״

Underlying the agreement were the ed i t o r s object ׳ ions to being subject to the censor's au thor i t y under the B r i t i s h regu la t ions . The agreement, which was s l i g h t l y modif ied in l ד,1966 i m i t s to a few sens i t i ve subjects the reports which

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those bound by the agreement are requ i red to submit f o r censorship. The subjects are set f o r t h in an agreed upon (and c o n f i d e n t i a l ) l i s t which i s updated p e r i o d i c a l l y .

The accord a lso s t i p u l a t e s t ha t any disagreements t h a t may a r i s e w i l l not be submitted f o r a r b i t r a t i o n by the cour ts but w i l l be resolved by a j o i n t committee, one of whose members w i l l be a pub l i c f i g u r e .

Newspapers and magazines whose e d i t o r s are not bound by the agreement w i th the s e c u r i t y a u t h o r i t i e s are subject t o a l l the clauses r e l a t i n g to censorship in the Defence (Emergency) Regulat ions, 1945. The most prominent Hebrew pub l i ca t i ons t h a t have had many of t h e i r a r t i c l e s banned over the years and had var ious sanct ions brought against them by the censor are Kol Ha'am, Ha0׳lam Hazeh, and more r e c e n t l y , the d a i l y Hadashot.8

S i m i l a r measures have been taken against the Arabic press ins ide the Green Line, most notably against the Communist pa r t y organ a l -I t t i h a d . The same clauses a lso apply t o f o r e i g n correspondents i n I s r a e l , who are requ i red t o submit t h e i r a r t i c l e s and repor ts to the censor p r i o r t o p u b l i c a t i o n . Re la t ions between the f o r e i g n press and the censor have seen periods of calm as we l l as per iods o f tens ion and d ispu tes , p a r t i c u l a r l y dur ing the Lebanon War and the I n t i f a d a . 9 However, censorship i s i nd i spu tab ly appl ied most r i g o r o u s l y against the Pa les t i n ian press i n East Jerusalem.

The agreement between the IDF and the Ed i to rs Committee has ׳been sharply c r i t i c i z e d , and when i t was signed i t was opposed by the At torney General. C r i t i c s of the agreement po in t t o two main f l aws :

1. As the agreement has no lega l v a l i d i t y , the press possesses no lega l recourse f o r tak ing ac t ion against the censor when he exceeds the powers bestowed upon him. According to j u r i s t Moshe Negbi:

As long as these r e s t r i c t i o n s are based only in an agreement, they cannot be enforced in the cour ts and the censor can d is regard or circumvent them.1 0

I t i s worth s t ress ing here t ha t in the event of an appeal, the f i n a l a r b i t e r i s the Chief of S t a f f . 1 1

2. Even i f a reasonable degree of freedom of expression i s a f fo rded by the agreement i t s e l f , t h i s does not apply in the case of those who are not s i gna to r i es to i t . Where the l a t t e r are concerned, censorship i s appl ied to a leve l f a r exceeding the norm in democracies, a l l under the absolute sanct ion of the law and w i th the t a c i t consent of papers pa r t y t o the agreement. Negbi w r i t e s :

. . . I n r e t u r n f o r the censor 's formal undertaking not to apply p o l i t i c a l censorship t o them, the members of the Ed i to rs Committee have paid a high e ׳ t h i c a l

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and moral p r i ce , becoming in e f f ec t passive accomplices in suppressing the freedom of many other papers and j o u r n a l i s t s . 1 2

D. Israe l i courts and freedom of the press

I s r a e l i courts, and the Supreme Court in p a r t i c u l a r , have tended to stress the importance of freedom of expression and the need to protect i t from the a r b i t r a r y whims of the au tho r i t i e s . A benchmark decision in t h i s respect was the precedent-set t ing judgement handed down in 1953 by the Supreme Court, s i t t i n g as the High Court of J u s t i c e . 1 3 In t h i s judgement the cour t , c i t i n g I s r a e l ' s Declarat ion of Independence, declared that freedom of expression is a ״preeminent r i g h t tha ״ t ״const i tu tes the a pr ior i condi t ion fo r the r e a l i z a t i o n of nearly a l l other freedoms,״ and that a constant e f f o r t was required to prevent t h i s freedom from being in f r inged upon or eroded. At the same t ime, the Supreme Court has general ly re f ra ined from intervening in considerations of the various au tho r i t i e s operating under a r t i c l e s of the Defence (Emergency) Regulations, 1945 - thus w i th respect both to the l icens ing of j o u r n a l i s t s and to v io la t i ons of censorship regu la t ions . 1 4

E. Dav-to-dav relations between the censor and the East Jerusalem press

From conversations wi th ed i tors and reporters on the papers we v i s i t e d , the fo l l ow ing p ic tu re emerges:13

The s t a f f maintain a kind of ״sel f -censorship״ and t r y to moderate t h e i r s t y l e when c r i t i c i z i n g I s r a e l . They r e f r a i n a pr ior i from w r i t i n g reports or a r t i c l e s that they know w i l l stand a poor chance of obta in ing the censor's approval.

Every evening the East Jerusalem papers submit to the m i l i t a r y censor two copies of a l l ״mater ial per ta in ing to state secur i t y , publ ic safety and publ ic order in Is rae l or in the Judea, Samaria and Gaza regions1״* tha t is s lated to appear in the next day's ed i t i on of the paper (items not s la ted fo r immediate pub l i ca t ion are submitted during regular working hours).

Later i n the evening the ed i to r returns and picks up one copy of each item submitted. The censor may approve any given item, ban an en t i r e item or part of one, or hold up items pending fu r the r considerat ion.

In case of la te-breaking repor ts , ed i to rs sometimes phone the censor at home.

A paper has the r i g h t to appeal any of the censor's decisions to the Chief M i l i t a r y Censor.

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CENSHORSHIP - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

B'Tselem s t a f f examined a l l mater ia l submitted to the censor from two Palest in ian papers in East Jerusalem over given periods, chosen at random. Following are the names of the papers and the periods reviewed:

* Asha'b, a d a i l y . Mater ia l examined was submitted to the censor during the second week in January 1990 (January 7-13, 1990, i nc lus i ve ) .

* Al־Bayader Ass iyas i , a weekly. Mater ia l examined was from the four ed i t ions that appeared in January 1990 (on January 7, 13, 20, and 27).

Asha'b submitted a t o t a l of 357 items ( repor ts , a r t i c l e s , p ic tures, e t c . ) to the censor during the stated period. Of these, 242 items (67.8%) were approved in t h e i r e n t i r e t y , 29 items (8.1%) were p a r t l y banned, and 86 items (24.1%) were banned in t h e i r e n t i r e t y .

Al־Bayader Assiyasi submitted 264 items to the censor in January, of which 151 (57.2%) were approved f o r pub l i ca t ion , 43 (16.3%) were pa r t l y banned, and 70 (26.5%) were banned in t h e i r e n t i r e t y .

The censor therefore banned, e i ther in part or in whole, 36.7%, or more than a t h i r d of the items submitted by the two publ icat ions together.

The fo l low ing f igures apply to the two publ icat ions together.

A. Breakdown bv item type:

Item Type Tota l Submitted Banned* Percent

Report 377 127 33.7% A r t i c l e 136 49 36.0 Pic ture 47 32 68. 1 Obituary 30 3 10.0 Cartoon 4 - 0.0 Other (announcements, in terv iews, puzzles') 27 17 63.0 Total 621 228

" I n part or in whole.

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B. Breakdown bv source on which item based

Source Type Total Submitted Banned Percent

Paper's own sources* 463 181 39.1% I s r a e l i press 122 35 28.7 E. Jerusalem press 7 1 14.3 Foreign press 16 5 31.2 News agencies 13 6 46.2 Total 621 228

The paper's own repor ters , or no c i t ed source.

C» Breakdown bv item content

Item's Main Topic Total Submitted Banned Percent

I n t i f a d a : inc idents*^ 334 150 44.9% In t i f ada : po l i t i ca l * " " 57 37 64.9 PLO 27 14 51.9 Israel-Arab re la t i ons and peace process 73 13 17.8 Is rae l domestic a f f a i r s 62 7 11.3 T e r r i t o r i e s (unrelated to I n t i f ada ) 38 4 10.5 Foreign a f f a i r s 24 3 2.5 Other 6 — 0.0 Total 621 228

Demonstrations, clashes, k i l l i n g s and woundings, IDF and Adminis t rat ion po l i cy (curfew, detentions and releases, house demol i t ions and seal ing, e t c . ) . General reference to the I n t i f ada , the ״s t rugg le , e ״ t c . , wi thout spec i f i c reference to p a r t i c u l a r inc idents .

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Following are questions that reporter Shosh Avigal put to the Chief Mi l i ta ry Censor and his repl ies, as published in Hadashot on December 9, 1988.

What is the logic behind p roh ib i t i ng Arab papers from quoting mater ia l tha t has already appeared in the I s r a e l i or fo re ign press?

According to what c r i t e r i a do censors remove passages and ban a r t i c l e s by Arab journa l i s ts?

Palest in ian j o u r n a l i s t s , led by the chairperson of t h e i r union, Radwan Abu Ayash, contend that what is l e f t of t h e i r papers today is a sad joke, that they are not permitted to express opinions on any subject . Was t h i s the in ten t ion of the lawmaker?

Brig. Gen. Yitzhak Shani:

1. Censors do not as a ru le ban mater ia l from the fo re ign or I s r a e l i press unless in the censor's judgement such mater ia l threatens state secur i t y , publ ic safety, or publ ic order in Israe l and the areas of the C i v i l Admin is t rat ion.

2. The c r i t e r i a are the law the censor's judgement as to whether secur i ty is threatened, and/or whether there is incitement to cause disturbances.

3. Arab j o u r n a l i s t s are ce r ta i n l y able to express themselves and present t h e i r opinions. Any sensible person who knows Arabic and reads these papers w i l l see t h i s fo r h imsel f .

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Following is the text of a le t ter that B'Tselem sent to the IDF Spokesperson on this matter. Samples of the censor's work were attached to the le t te r and are included in the chapter ״Examples.*

Re: Censorship of the East Jerusalem press

Subsequent to our telephone conversation, I am forwarding to you the fo l l ow ing questions regarding the po l i cy of censorship of the East Jerusalem press.

1. What are the c r i t e r i a according to which the censor approves or d i s q u a l i f i e s the pub l i ca t ion of mater ia l in East Jerusalem newspapers?

2. Is there a d i r ec t i ve or po l i cy which e n t i t l e s East Jerusalem newspapers to report on the In t i fada only by c i t i n g items previously broadcast on I s r a e l i radio or te lev is ion?

3. Are there instances where the pub l ica t ion of an item is authorized in one newspaper but forbidden in another? I f so, why?

4. I would be g ra te fu l i f you could c i t e the reasons f o r the d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n of each of the a r t i c l e s , photographs, and i l l u s t r a t i o n s enclosed herein.

Sincerely,

Yuval Ginbar Information Coordinator B'Tselem

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IDF SPOKESPERSON'S REPLY

(Parts of the rep ly r e l a t i n g to spec i f i c examples of the censor's work are reproduced in the ״Examples״ chapter.)

IDF Spokesperson Information Department חי - 2 3004February 15, 1990

To: B'Tselem - Yuval Ginbar

Re: Censorship of the East Jerusalem Press (your r e f . 349 of January 30, 1990)

1. F i r s t question: The c r i t e r i a according to which censorship is pract iced are based in the law - that i s , in the Defence (Emergency) Regulations, 1945. The censor excercises h is au tho r i t y whi le g iv ing due considerat ion, among other th ings , to the Supreme Court r u l i n g which views freedom of expression as one of the basic p r inc ip les of democratic government. This is evident in a l l the newspapers published in Jerusalem, inc luding those published in Arabic.

The censor acts to prevent the pub l i ca t ion of mater ia l which c a l l s f o r or encourages c i v i l r ebe l l i on , opposi t ion of au tho r i t y or of calm; which can reasonably be suspected of incitement to or i d e n t i f i c a t i o n wi th cr iminal t e r r o r i s t acts ; which may upset pub l ic order; and of course m i l i t a r y top ics whose pub l i ca t ion is l i a b l e to subs tan t i a l l y compromise state secur i t y .

2. Second quest ion: No such po l i cy ex i s t s .

3. Third quest ion: Generally not. As f a r as the censors are concerned, such cases can be defined as random exceptions. Some resu l t from the appearance of d i f f e r e n t versions of a given s tory in d i f f e r e n t newspapers, others resu l t from d i f f e r e n t circumstances under which mater ia l i s submitted to the censors, and also human e r ro r .

In any case, the censor is open to appeals from the ed i to rs both in w r i t i n g and ve rba l l y .

4. The examples c i ted in your l e t t e r do not represent an accurate r e f l e c t i o n of the s i t ua t i on . Nevertheless, upon inspect ion of the mater ia l , i t can be said that some of the samples might indeed have been approved when submitted.

I have enclosed notes r e l a t i n g to the spec i f i c examples.

( - ) L ieu t . Av i t a l Margal i t O f f i c e r , Information Dept.

- 15 -

Notes on Examples:

Censorship of part of a photograph:

Only a small proport ion of the photographs of the demonstration held in Jerusalem at the end of 1989 were censored. Only those p ic tures which the censor considered at the time to be harmful to publ ic order and publ ic safety were banned. On the other hand, many other photographs of the same demonstration were approved.

B'Tselem׳ repo r t :

The above mentioned a r t i c l e was censored by mistake on December 19, 1989. I t should be noted that a r t i c l e s on the same subject ( inc lud ing f i gu res ) were approved in the same newspaper in the issues of December 9 and 10, 1989. Likewise, s im i la r a r t i c l e s were approved elsewhere. For instance:

a) An-Nahar - 2 a r t i c l e s on December 7, 1989 b) A l -Fa j r - 2 a r t i c l e s on December 7, others on December 8, 20

and 28, 1989. c) Asha'b - December 4, 1989. In t h i s and in some other

newspapers, some of the repor t ing of an Amnesty In te rna t iona l report was censored because i t s presentat ion was biased. Condemnation of the murder of Arabs by other Arabs was not reported although i t appeared in the o r i g i n a l repor t .

The censor intervenes in reports of the kind mentioned above when i t is feared tha t the presentat ion of the data could be harmful to publ ic sa fe ty . For instance, as f a r as one newspaper is concerned, the number of k i l l i n g s has already exceeded 800. This f i gu re includes v ic t ims of ״ i n ten t i ona l road accidents. This is ״an example of the mater ia l from the ״Palest in ian Center f o r C i t i zens Rights ׳ ״.

In your p a r t i c u l a r case, i t is regre t tab le that the ed i to r d id not excercise h is r i g h t to appeal as he has done in the past, and as has been elucidated a number of times verba l l y and in w r i t i n g (then the mistake would have been revealed).

Banned cartoon:

The censors banned mater ia l d i rected against Jewish immigration because i t i s l i a b l e to harm publ ic safety and publ ic order.

Interv iew w i th in.iured man:

The censor cut out several sections of t h i s in terv iew. Again, to the extent tha t the ed i to r fee ls these sections were wrongfu l ly censored, he could have brought t h i s to the a t ten t ion of the censor.

- 16 -

Other Reports;

Newspaper ed i to rs tend to present IDF act ions as unprovoked and u n j u s t i f i e d . In such cases, reports are censored. D is tor ted repor t ing is also seen in the f a c t tha t the very incidents which give r i se to the so-ca l led ״a rb i t r a r y act ״ ions of the IDF are given extensive coverage in those same newspapers.

Some c l a r i f i c a t i o n s f o r those who do not read the actual papers;

The censors maintain tha t the readers׳ r i g h t to freedom of informat ion i s p r imar i l y in f r inged upon not by act ions of the censors, but ra ther by the ״censorship״ of newspaper ed i to rs ,

1. Thus, f o r example, when a j o u r n a l i s t from al-Bayader Assiyasi was in jured by masked youths, the j o u r n a l i s t s preferred to re fe r to the attackers as ״un iden t i f i ed i nd i v i dua l s . "

2. The Jerusalem mun ic ipa l i t y is re fer red to in A l Fa־ j r as Teddy Kol״ leek 's mun ic ipa l i t y . Many reports emanating from ״Jerusalem are presented as reports from Tel Aviv .

3. Some sett lements inside Israe l proper are presented as set״ t lements.*״

4. The papers tend not to give extensive coverage to road accidents in general. But any accident invo lv ing a m i l i t a r y or po l ice vehic le is not only reported on the f r on t page, but is espec ia l l y h i g h l i g h t e d . . .

H״ i tnah lu t , the Hebrew term used exc ״ lus ive ly f o r sett lements in the occupied t e r r i t o r i e s - ed.

- 17 -

CONCLUSIONS

Few people, i f any, would dispute the fac t tha t I s r a e l ' s current secur i t y requirements necessitate m i l i t a r y censorship.

Secur i ty requirements may indeed cons t i t u te a j u s t i f i a b l e reason f o r tak ing leg i t imate measures intended to protect publ ic sa fe ty . However, when used unwisely, ׳ secur׳ i ty requirements״ can eas i l y be turned in to a sweeping j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r a r b i t r a r y measures and f o r u n j u s t i f i a b l e infr ingement upon publ ic and ind iv idua l freedoms.

I t is incumbent upon the censor to rea l i ze the g rav i t y of the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y inherent in his ro le when l i m i t i n g freedom of expression, a freedom which Just ice Agranat characterized as a preeminent r״ i g h t over which secur ״ i ty in te res ts have p r i o r i t y only when t״ r u l y required by the s i tua t ion . 7 " 1 This appl ״ ies even when the censor operates under the pro tec t ion of a law - the legacy of a fo re ign occupier - which grants him ex t rao rd ina r i l y broad powers.

B 'Tselem's inves t iga t ion indicates t ha t at least in the case of the Palest in ian press in East Jerusalem, the censor is a long way from adopting Just ice Agranat׳s narrow approach. The inves t iga t ion reveals that the censor pract ices massive censorship of j o u r n a l i s t i c mater ia l of almost every v a r i e t y , source, and subject . In dozens of cases we examined, the censor banned repor ts that had been t rans la ted verbatim from the Hebrew press; items that were purely p o l i t i c a l in content , inc luding statements by government min is ters and other I s r a e l i publ ic f i gu res ; items on reports of human r i gh ts organizat ions; and items that had been approved f o r pub l i ca t ion in other East Jerusalem papers, Photographs and p o l i t i c a l cartoons fared no be t te r .

The IDF Spokesperson and the censor expla in some of these phenomena as mistakes. However, the frequency w i th which such occur indicates e ״mistakes״ i the r the existence of a de l ibera te p o l i c y , or a l t e r n a t i v e l y , a degree of negligence which is e n t i r e l y inappropriate in the treatment of so sens i t i ve a subject .

In the l e t t e r sent by the IDF Spokesperson to B'Tselem, a more serious accusation re la tes to ״censorship by the ed i t o r s . ״I t was in f ac t charged tha t the ed i to rs of East Jerusalem papers are inf luenced by t h e i r p o l i t i c a l pos i t ions in t h e i r choice of terminology (e .g unknown ind״ . iv idua ls״ instead of ״masked youths״) and t i t l e s (e.g. ״the Kolleck mun i c i pa l i t y ״ ) , and in the placement and length of a r t i c l e s . This accusation is accurate f o r these ed i tors as wel l as f o r any other e d i t o r . E d i t o r i a l considerat ions are part and parcel of freedom of expression, no matter how disagreeable such considerat ions or the views that guide them may be.

I t i s important to r e i t e r a t e tha t according to I s r a e l i law, the Palest in ian press in East Jerusalem is in every respect part of the I s r a e l i press. I t is therefore hard to avoid the conclusion tha t another basic p r i n c i p l e of democracy has been v io la ted here: the p r i nc i p l e of equa l i ty before the law.

- 18 -

NOTES

1. For a short survey of the development of the Arab press in Jerusalem before and a f t e r the Six Day War, see Dov Shinar and Danny Rubinstein, Pa les t in ian Press in the West Bank: The Pol i t ica l Dimension (Jerusalem, 1987), pp. 3-6. Also, Meron Benvenisti ( d i r . ) , I s rae l i Censorship of Arab Publications: A Survey (New York, 1983), pp. 35-6 (henceforth: Benvenis t i ) .

2. For a discussion of the general laws per ta in ing to freedom of the press in Is rae l ( e . g . , Courts Law, L ibe l Law, and a r t i c l e s in the cr imina l code per ta in ing to espionage, s ta te secrets, e t c . ) , see: Gabriel Strassman, Media Laws and Professional Ethics: Theory and Practice (Te l -Av iv , 1986).

3. Ibid, p. 28.

4. Al-Ass'ad vs. Minister of Inter ior . H.Ct .J . 79/2, p. 513.

5. For a discussion of t h i s top i c , see f o r instance: The Committee to Protect Journa l is ts & A r t i c l e s 19, Journalism under Occupation: Is rae l i Regulations of the Palestinian Press (New York, 1988), pp. 108-116 (henceforth: Journalism under Occupation). Also see Moshe Negbi, A Paper Tiger: The Struggle for Freedom of the Press in Israel (Te l -Av iv , 1985), pp. 16-26 (henceforth: Negbi).

6. On the agreement, see: Benvenist i , pp. 14-15, 19-21, 29; Journalism under Occupation, pp.54-6; Negbi, p.30-1, 33-4, 83-92. See also V i r g i l Fal loon, Excessive Secrecy, Lack of Guidelines: A Report on Mi l i tary Censorship in the West Bank (Ramallah: Al-Haq, 1989), pp. 7-8 (henceforth: Fal loon) .

7. Among other things i t was emphasized that censorship would not be applied to commentary and opin ion, e d i t o r i a l s , or p o l i t i c a l analysis; the censor's au tho r i t y would, however, apply to matters concerning ״nat ional morale.״ See Benvenist i , p. 21 and Negbi, p. 36.

8. Regarding t h i s , see: Y. Be'er, ״He Also Censors Crossword Puzzles," Kol Ha ' i r , August 12, 1988.

9. See Journalism under Occupation, pp. 193-9 and Negbi, pp. 23-33.

10. See Negbi, p. 36.

11. Ibid, p. 37.

12. Ibid, pp. 33-4, as wel l as Benvenist i , p. 15, and Journalism under Occupation, pp. 55-6.

- 19 -

13. Kol Ha'am vs. Minister of the In ter ior , H.Ct.J. 73/53.

14. See Journalism under Occupation, pp. 109-116. The Supreme Court also adopts t h i s a t t i t u d e towards other a r t i c l e s in the Defence (Emergency) Regulations, 1945 that apply to the t e r r i t o r i e s , f o r example, the demol i t ion of houses and deportat ions.

15. See Fal loon, p. 6.

16. This formulat ion appeared in a l e t t e r sent by the commander of the Jerusalem censorship base, Lieutenant Colonel Avraham Gur-Ar i , to the ed i to r of A t t a l i ' a on January 27, 1987.

17. Kol ha׳Am vs. Minister of the In ter ior , p. 881.

- 20 -

CENSORSHIP - EXAMPLES

In add i t ion to the systematic inves t iga t ion , we present below examples of the censor's work. The mater ia l was co l lec ted from the e d i t o r i a l boards of Asha'b, Al-Bayader Assiyasi, and from the da i l y A1־Quds and the weekly A t t a l i ' a . The e d i t o r i a l board of an add i t iona l da i l y d id not al low us to photocopy mater ia l .

The mater ia l i s p r i n c i p a l l y co l lec ted from issues s lated f o r pub l i ca t ion in December 1989 and January 1990.

In addi t ion to delet ions that were perhaps j u s t i f i a b l e out of secur i t y considerat ions, we came across many more instances f o r which i t was d i f f i c u l t to discern any secur i t y necessity f o r censorship.

These ^ instances may be d iv ided in to the fo l low ing categor ies:*

A. Censorship of items t rans la ted from the I s r a e l i press B. A rb i t r a ry censorship (p. 27) C. Censorship of p o l i t i c a l mater ia l (p. 31) D. Confusion, lack of l og ic , or inconsistency (p. 36)

The fo l low ing examples are only a few of dozens of questionable cases of censorship co l lec ted by B'Tselem s t a f f . There are many add i t iona l examples in the archives of newspapers we v i s i t e d . Some of the examples were sent to the IDF Spokesperson; the Spokesperson's explanations w i l l appear alongside each example of these. Add i t i ona l l y , a number of l e t t e r s from from the censor to the ed i to rs and from the ed i tors to the censor are included (p. 42).

A• Censorship of items translated from the Is rae l i press

A B'Tselem s t a f f member checked the t rans la t ions of each of the fo l l ow ing reports (as wel l as many others tha t do not appear here) in the East Jerusalem papers and found that the t rans la t ions were in general precise. Here and there there was room f o r improvement in the t rans la t i on q u a l i t y , but in no case was the content or tone of the item changed, nor were remarks or commentary added.

The fac t that the censor banned t rans la t ions of a r t i c l e s concerning the Amnesty In ternat iona l repor t demands special a t t en t i on . I t is d i f f i c u l t to th ink of a more incr iminat ing measure that a goverment could take regarding the human r i gh t s s i t ua t i on than censoring reports deal ing w i th tha t very s i t ua t i on .

",The categories that we have chosen occasional ly overlap and were decided according to what seemed to us the dominant manifestat ion in each case.

- 21 -

Al-Bayader Ass i yas i , December 30, 1989 (Dates noted r e f e r to the dates on which items were submitted t o the censor)

Report e n t i t l e d : A Crate of Tomatoes...and a Curse

The i tem, o r i g i n a l l y publ ished in Davar (December 25, 1989), was censored in i t s e n t i r e t y .

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O r ig ina l a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d : Yehuda Suissa from Ami-Qz in reference to a

note to h ביהורם, סירסה מענ^עוו ?ל הפתק לעובדיו הערבים: is Arab workers: "The terms ד - . ״ dogs, די^יוריירז ׳*רדו,-,/ ״ ' and ,whores' were intended f o r ו י ע י ^ י . ת ™ the road-block so t ha t thev would ת ו ק ר י ו ה מ י ר ח י י ש ד ם כ ו ס ח מ conf ל isca te the vegetables.ראש המועצה: ביטוי שגרתי, לא מפתיע כלל ״ :

The a r t i c l e ' s content describes an inc ident in which a farmer from Moshav Ami-Oz paid h is workers from the Gaza S t r i p in par t w i th a c ra te of tomatoes. A note was attached to each c ra te to exp la in to so ld ie rs manning the road-block at the entrance to the Gaza S t r i p t ha t ״the dogs and whores each rec ieved a c ra te of tomatoes from me.״ According to an informal understanding between moshav members and so ld ie rs manning the road-b locks, crates of produce accompanied by c rass ly w r i t t e n notes are t o be conf isca ted by the so l d i e r s . The inc ident was described as rou t i ne by both Suissa himself and the Eshkol Regional D i rec to r under whose j u r i s d i c t i o n Moshav Ami-Oz l i e s .

נץ, אנלנייזודון יקרי חי*( כי ״אני רגימים מיו uvro כ*יי. וגייד ג»» **ר דיוגכלי&, »םר •וכי־• יכל< ינעת *לי׳ *rry! pc י יי־כיס 0Tcyw otiwvj נג׳היץ, נמי י**יני *n הטעסאייו וגי טי «לו צלה׳ (*©רלדנויק pw ימוי nyey יזם ליד* ייסיי/ נל* <ptw 1>w סלי* כר יא **׳סייירי ר יל־י׳שייו סיוו ליocn 0£, י׳?נ<יך. V1 «י׳& ה ני בהל־ס וזינווו. *ל *יגן 5w• 0 *יי*־, ננתג ירז ?טי owk יג צזלער ריר־ים הל רצי׳, ( ייונית קינלי <׳ד<* *<גניית לגל גלל.

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סלייז (יסר• *(w .h'rtT ד״ח *ייז *o r־?y סו נא t<0 5סיל נויסייז ייהייס יל,־"ליי׳ אין לאו מ&ינר. ערגים 0רוו*יו 7!ה וזו* א •;ו *ro בי די* (יי* לדיג®־ מכער. לזו׳. זע• *v«־, ) יול• <>כולה »כלח, ל0יוי<ז*ית עלי ידיתר-גיז *יט ל' גייי ־וה ל*« א(י. י• וזייייח נ׳אכל איי/ס ומ אנל׳, ל71י• יי« יי& וי יביס ייוןייליס יגעמיס נגעי ל<־יow>5 0 ממי. הווי0י. <ז־»י ו!א <״j־a־ כסמה TT מויאיגו (״ח! CT1«״דיד לאר(« «׳1יך rr>9 וגו וזןיני *r וגם ארג! מיי אי ?ל ה• יעוהל, M׳tv 0 י.זן0רר, סיגלרי?ל יכיס באותו יום א1לי גילו יוזם רור. תוין ןזני ר׳סו׳(ליס *(י רומו ?(״©׳מליעי. &יוי־\ם יועיז? כוכוי־״ 0יין ס-ס לי־־יס m ה*יגו. *5׳v־* יום ?דיס vyo ה0כסיןע1סן. מאס pwr כרויכ ננורר rw גי <ץ ההעמנגיהים ליץ י ־.ארגוים יגוי־כ׳ו JM **ר0י0 על יעו/ י ר כויווך כנימי ס וכן אכן ודר- מה ysjnfyaTOC־. »>r דיגוסה

- 22 -

Al-Quds, January 4, 1990

Report e n t i t l e d : Amnesty I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c i z e s I s r a e l i Regulat ions f o r Opening F i r e on Pa les t in ians

The repo r t quotes an a r t i c l e publ ished January 3, 1990. in Ha'aretz about an Amnesty I n t e r n a t i o n a l r e p o r t . The quotat ions are not accompanied by commentary on the par t of Al-Quds.

The i tem was censored in i t s e n t i r e t y .

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- 23 -

Original a r t i c le enti led: ״Amnesty: Many of those Shot Dead in the Terri tories were Not Endangering Lives or Engaging in Violence״

The ar t ic le describes Amnesty International's report which stated that ״existing guidelines for the use of firearms as well as the pattern of k i l l ings and subsequent investigations suggest the Israel i authorities are ef fect ively condoning and perhaps even encouraging extrajudicial executions as a means of controlling the unrest.״

\ אמנסטי; רבים מהנורים למוות בשטחים לא,סיכנו חיי אדם ולא פעלו באלימות

״יחם ישראל למק$1 חמורים של ניצול־סמכויות לדעה סובלני ואף מעודד״ לונדון (ע׳־ג). ארגון אמנסטי הכידלאומי הביע חשש כי ממשלת ישראל מעניקה חיפוי ועידוד להוצאות־להורג ללא העמיוללדיז של פלשתינאים על״ידי חיילי גודל,

בדי לדכא את האינתיפאדה. ברו״ח מיוחד שמתפרסם היוט, מגנה ארגון ההגנה על זכויות האדם נהלי חפתיחה־באש הנקוטים בידי צודל, אשר *יכולים להצדיק״ מקרים של הריגת פלשתינאים - במיוחד פלשתינאים שאינם נושאים נשק - ואת הפסיוויות המאפיינת את הגור* מים הרשמיים, אשד חוקרים מקרים

אלד- באשר ליחסם של השלטונות למידים אלה, מביע הרו״וו את החשש ״כי נתונים אלה, אם הם נכל- לים כתמונה אחת, נראים במי שמוסיפים מימד לסובלנות, פשוטה־ כמשמעה, הננקטת כיחס למקרים חמורים של ניצול־סמכויות לרעד״ למעשה, משמעותם היא מתן עזוז־

למש־ים כאלדי״. לדברי הארגון, ההנחיות הרחיבו עם התמשך האינתיפאדה את תחום השימוש כאש. הז מרשות את השי- מוש באש חיה לצורך מעדר חשודים- החיילים נדרשים לצעוק פקודות עצור, ואחרי p לירות באוויר לפני שהם יורים כחשוד, בכוונם - אל רגליו. לדברי הארגון, לא ברור מה צריכה להיות חומרת העבירה המרשה את השימוש באש חיה. מאז ספטמבר 1989 הורשו החיילים להתייחם לרעולי פנים כאל חשודים,

ולהפעיל אש חיה כדי לעוצרם. הארגון דזבידלאומי מוגה עתר מ-560 פלשתינאים שנורו למתת בידי כוחות ישראל מאז תחילת האי־ נתיפאדה לפני שנתיים. כ-130 הרו- גים היו בני 16 ומטה, ובהם כ-35 יל-

דים בני 12 ומטה. דווח, שלפחות 15 פלשתינאים נוספים מתו לאחר שהוכו בזי כוחות ישראל. כ-70 פלשתינאים נהרגו, על־פי הר״וח, בתקריות הקשורות לגז מדמיע, כמחציתם לאחר שרימון גז נזרק לביתם או לשטח סגור אחר. עד טוף ספטמבר 1989 נהרגו לא פחות

מ-117 אנשים מכדורי פלסטיק. מספר מזעיק של מקרים

• לטענת הארגון, למרות שרוב ההריגות אירעו כשעת הפגנות או מהומות, ׳במספר מזעיק של מקרים״ נראה שהמדים לא עסקו בשום מעשה המסכן חיי אדם או אפילו אלים. הדרח תוהה, האם תקריות של זריקת אבנים, שנהן נורו אגשים - לעתים קרובות ילדים, מהוות סכנה

המצדיקה את הפתיחה באש. הדויח מוסר, כי כמה פלשתינאים בלתי־חמושיט נהרגו בזי חיילים או ישראלים בלבוש אזרחי בשעת פעו- לה שמטרתה המוצהרת היתח מעצר. כץ הקורבנות אנשים שהיו ידועים או חשודים כפעילים מדמיים באע־ תיסאדה, ונראה שמכם נורו כניסיון בריחה. במקרים אחדים מנעו הכוחות

טיפול חירום רפואי בנפגעים. הדו״זז מציץ תריסר מקרים שאירעו ב-1989, שבהט נהרגו אנשים בנסיבות המצביעות על שי* מוש מופרז בכוח או על הריגה בנד

זיר, ביניהם: אטמה חירזאללח, סטודנט בו 26, שגורה כ-27 לפברואר בחוזרו לכפר ריר אל־איבזי עם ארבעה צעירים אחרים. נראה שהקבוצה פגשה חיי־ לים שהיו בשטח עקב תקריות של זריקת אבנים מוקרם יותר באותו יום, ואחד מהם ירח מטווח קצר

בהורגו את הסטודנט.

סאמד ערורי, כן 11, נורה בכפר סילת אל־חארטייח שבגדה ב-19 כמום, לאחר שחייל פתח כאש, לפי הטענה, ללא אזהרה, על קבוצת יל- דים שצפתה בשיירה נכנסת לכפר. לא ברור אם הילדים זרקו אכניס. סופר שאותו תייל פצע ילד נוסף ואז פנה וזה בצעירים אחרים, בהורגו

את נועמן ג׳אררת, בן 17. יאמר אבו גאוש, בן 17, נורה למ- וות לאחר מרדף קצר כרחובות רמאללה כ-10 כיולי. הוא כרח באשר שלושה אנשים כלבוש אזרחי עצרו לזו כרכב ללא מזוהה והתקרבו אליו. הם ירו כאוויר ודדפו אחריו לרחוב .צררי, אשר כו, כפי שנמסר, אחר מהם ירה בו ממרחק של עזרה מטר, ופגע בו כמה פעמים בראשו וכגכו. האנשים מנעו מרופא שהיה בקרבת מקום להושיט לו עזרה, והעמיסו אותו על רכב צבאי.

חקירות סודיות אמנסטי מדגיש כי רוב החקירות של המקרים שבהם היה ניצול* סמכויות לרעה, אשר ככסיסן עדויות של חיילי צה׳׳ל ושוטרי משטרת ישראל, מתעכבות יתר על המידה, וסיכומיהן נותרים לעתים במעמר של חשאיות וסודיות. הרו־ח מזכיר, כי בשנתיים האחרונות הוטלו עונשי

מאסר רק על ארכעח חיילים.

בסיכומו, אמנסטי דורש כחינוד מחדש של נוהלי הצבא כיחס לנשק חם ושימוש בו, וק הגברת קצב הה- קזה הפומביוו והרשעתם של האש- מים. זאת, ׳נוכח צביונן החמור זכובד־משקלט של מקרי הפרתן של

זכויות האדם בשטחים״. מקורות צבאיים מסרו בתגובה כי הררח ילמד ותשובה תימסר בהתאם.

- 24 -

Asha'b, January 15, 1990

Report e n t i t l e d : Al-Hamishmar: The PLO Cooperates w i th Hamas

The item was censored in i t s e n t i r e t y .

Or ig ina l a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d PLO co-operates w״ : i th Hamas״

The a r t i c l e quotes a member of the PLO's Central Committee exp la in ing t ha t despi te the d i f fe rences between the two organ iza t ions , the fundamental is t Hamas i s co -o rd ina t i ng i t s a c t i v i t i e s w i th the PLO in the occupied t e r r i t o r i e s .

* אש״ף משתו פעולה עם תמאסו / • / • י י ׳A ג

ניקוסיה, (ע״ר), אש״ף מתאם את פעולותיו עם תנועת חמאם בשטחים הנעןזזקים* על אף חילוקי הרעות כץ שניי הגופים באשר לצעדים שיש לנקוט.למלחמה במדינת ישראל - זאת אמר האני אל־חםאן, חבר הוועד המרכזי של פתח, בראיון שהתפרסם

אתמול בעיתון ״קאטארי א־רייה". הראיון צוטט עליידי סוכנות היריעות של קאטאר, אשר שידוריה

נקלטו בניקוסיה. ״חילוקי הרעות בין אש״ף לבין תנועת המאס אינם אידיאולוגיים. הם מתמקדים בשאלה, כיצד לנהל את המאבק נגר האוייב״, הרגיש אל־

חסאן־ בראיון. תנועת חמאם מתנגדת לוויתור על אף שעל אחר של ארמה

פלסטינית למען ישראל.

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Al~Sha׳ab, January 18, 1990

Report ent i11ed: Richard Reoch in the Jerusalem Post? Amnesty Defends i t s Report on the Sub.iect of I s r a e l i V i o l a t i ons of Human Rights in the Occupied T e r r i t o r i e s

The i tem was censored in i t s e n t i r e t y .

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- 26 -

0ן־.). ך! -Amnesty responds to criticism of its reporting on human rights violations:

'We recognize that the PLO advocates violence'

Secretary General with Israeli Min isler of Justice Dan Meridor in No• vcmbcr I W .

As in Amnesty [iilcmalionalV presumed acceptance of "orjNuii/od ,write-in* campaigns hy 1י| f > sup porters. as evidenced hy 1 it huffv nlcnlcc.nl reports by different organ!• zations on allege(5 abuses," wc would welcome knowing to whirl* pro*PLO campaign הnd Annuity International reports tins allegation refers.

Wc specify in our IVfW rqvnt t\hv conditions in (be Kct?iot detention camp were "harsh." The rcporl stales: ״Aefonimod.1(ion was in crowded !cms which provided little protection from desert tempera• Hires: medical services were inadc• qunlc: (here were no family visits: and access lo lawyers was restricted. Detainees were reported to li.ne been beaten on 111c way to the <lc* tcniion ceutrc and dmiug detention. and subjected to arbitrary punishment."

.fn November. 1W8. judges lor Hie Israeli Supreme Conrl noted overcrowding as the main problem and crilici?ed certain disciplinary measures taken against detainee*. Conditions in the camp were cidi* cizcd during the year by rirsi-haud independent observers such as the New York-based lawyer* Commit• tec for Unman Rights.

Amncsiy International op!>o<c* die death penalty in all cqvrs with• 0111 reservations. Tins is the rca«m for out opposition to ihe imposition of (he dealli penally on John Urm-janjuk. Harry Wall ami Tom Sawicki find its location in the te• porl strange. '111c normal practicc'in structuring country entries in mir annual rc!>01t i* to ittustratc dc;1th penally eases aflcr having illustrated caws of ill-trcatnicnl or torture. Iliis is also the si 1 ucture of the entry on brae I and Ihe Occupied Territories.

Pinally, 1 wish (o stress that.וין in• C4.il as it may Ik for anviuu* in a country whose human rights rccord Ins been oi l imed to accept the va• lidily of the CMtioue. I can aspire

. you tint Amncsiy international is at pain* lo apply consistent standaids lo every nation - the standards cs׳ lablishcd under international law for Ihe universal protection of hu• man rights by all goter 11*111*111*.

The writer hciuh Atmic.uv hiti'nut׳ fioit/11's Pres.< prut PuHittHfn*• DtpanturtU.

medical cvidcnce has ycl been pio-ducc<l to prove or disprove the ex< icul lo which these deaths were causcd by inhalation of gas and the Israeli authorities have corre• sponded with Amnesty Internation• al on this malter. Icar-gas, howev• er, can be lethal, ^specially if misused by being fired into homes and o I her confined places as appears to have often happened in the ocew׳ pied territories, particularly in ihe first month* oT the uprising. Reports of deaths following misuse of tear-gas led Amnesty 1111 er national to raise this concent will! the Israeli authorities in June 19W.

raeli government has in practice ex-elusive jurisdiction in the occupied territories, it is solely responsible for law enforcement, including the bringing to justice, in accordance wtih imcrnational human rights standards, of those involved in kill• ings of alleged collaborators.

'Ilie adoption by Amnesty filter• naiional of actual or alleged men!• bers of Ihe PLO as prisoners of eon• science is an old bone of contention wilh ihe Israeli authorities who be• Hevc that any memlwr of Ihe PLO must, al least, advocate violence against Israel.

Amnesty International rccogmzcs

Richard Reoch

11 should perhaps he noted in ibis context Ibaflhc Israeli Chief of Slnff icporlcdly acknowledged in au in׳ icrvicw willi Israel Radio on Sep• lember 29. 1988 tlial people liad died ns a result of the use of tear-gas. Mc was ipiotctf I >y The J envoi-km t'ozt as having said: "In very isoLilcd iucideuls it hap|>ens that |)C0pk died cvf plastic buUcts but that liappcncd 3150, by Ihe way. from rubber bullets and even by those who inhaled gas/1 Earlier that month the 11JF had issued new or׳ ders to soldiers nol 10 use tear-gas in confined spaecs.

1 he report commissioned by MK Dedi Zirckcr in June while carefully indicating the problems wllh mcdical cyidcnce, pointed out that exposure to tear-gas can l>c le-tlial and rceouimended that 115 use in confined spaces be forbidden.

Wc have been asked if we would ever ncccpt informalion from the PLO. The answer is that Amnesty Internal km*{ is open to receive in• formation from any source, pro•' government or anti-government. Tt is then the responsibility of the orga׳ nizalion to assess its reliability. Allc• gatioas are cross-clicked with olher sourccs. Tliesc inrlude Isiaelt law-ycTs and human tights activists, off*-eial Israeli Government documents, and court transcripts.

In accordance with 11s working procedures with all governments. Amnesty International also raises ils concerns with Ihe Israeli Govern* mcnl before publishitig rc!xnls on them. Ibis praclice was again eon-firmed during the meeting of out

that the PLO advocates vtolcrcc, that factious or the PLO have ear-ried out acts of violcacc againsi lira-el, and lhal obviously a large num• ber of PLO members have $yr0pathiKed with or approved of that. However, In determining whether an individual in any country is a prisoner of conscience. Amncsiy Inlcrnational applies a consistent standard: did thai person individuat-ty use or advocate violence in the circumstances relating to his or her imprisonment? Membership of an orgauitaiion that advocates or uses violence is not sufficient answer lo lhal question.

IN THE OCXUPfl;[} territories, it appears that the vast majority of Palestinians view Ihe PLO as the only vehicle for organized expres-sion of their political aspirations, Not all Palestinians with nationalist views personally use or advocalc vi• olcnce. and membership of or asso׳ ciation with the PLO or one of ils factions cannot in itself be conelu-sive evidence that a certain individ* ual has used or advocated violence. Amnesty International has eomid-ered a number of Palestinians - and Israel) Jews- to be prisoners of con-science, believing that although sus׳ peeled or actual members of the PLO, they had not been personally involved in any act of use or advoca-ey of violence. The Israeli govern-men( dtd nol produce evidence to the contrary in such eases.

During 1VM. A{) to 60 peohlc wc reported to have died following tear-gas inhalalion. No conclusive

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL'S reporting on human rights violations in Israel and the occupied territories has been strongly crilieiicd as incor־

.reel and biascJ. F tarry Wall and Tom Sawiefci [Tht JerusaloU Posl, December IX 19A9and The Jcntsn* Wm PoM IWrrnafivHot Edition. Dc• eembcr 2!*) present six arguments questioning the validity of our con-cerns and presenlalion. These dc־ serve a full, public reply.

Referring to the Amnesty Interna-riitnn/ Hrpnrt 19M, they claim that Amncsiy International "completely ignores the fact thdt Israel is facing a civil uprising hy a hostile population nlipncd with organizations and countties al war with it."

This is fnco;rcct. 711c intifada is specrfjcalty cited. The report riiakes it clear ihat violcni demonstrations arc one of the ways in which Pales-tinians have ptottsied agaiml 111c Israeli occupation. 11>e context docs not change Amncsiy International's specific terms of reference: Ihe hu-man rights responsibilities of gov. crnments. Amncsiy International would he failing in ils duty if it did not detail the "often excessive and indiscriminate" use of force, incltid* rng ihe practice of widespread puni-tivc heatings of Palestinians - some of which have resulted in death י and the killing of others by shooting, even though the victims appear nol to hove been involved in any violent activities when shot.

,111c article accuscs Amncsiy In-ternalional of JcfiAimng from dc* nouncing the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) or "FLO-in-sligaictl" acts of violence.

Asa matlcrof principle, Amncsiy International condemns ihe torture or killing of prisoners by anyone, whether pcrpclralcdt instigated or condoned by governments 01 oppo-sition groups such as the PLO or 1 bnnas. This in fact has been a long-standing position of Amnesty later-national, applicable throughout the world. It was re i I era ted in Novcm-her with regard to the killing of alleged Palestinian collaborators in the Occupied Tciritorics in order lo make c^iitc clear our posilinn on this issue.

Amnesty International, however, bases its work on international hu-man righls standards and only ad-drcstct governments or other enti* tics capable of effective law enforcement and therefore bound by such standards. Hrcanse the Is*

- 27 -

B. Arbitrary Censorhip

We collected under this heading examples which have in common a broad, radical, and occasionally astonishing interpretation of what is dangerous and forbidden for publicaiton.

First Founding.. .The

Al-Quds, December 19,1989

Report ent i t led: On the Anniversary of I ts Findings of The Is rae l i Information Center on Events in the Occupied Terri tories

relying on the Reuters presents findings from s 1989 Annual Report and conference convened by the occasion of the

The report, news agency, the B'Tselem reports on a B'Tselem on report's publication.

The majority of the figures that appeared in the news-item that relate to B'Tselem were accurately recounted from our report. Some of the figures were erroneous.

The item was censored in i ts ent irety.

Also censored was the following sentence:

The presence of MK Shulamit Aloni at״the conference was interpreted as an open reconciliation between her and MK Dedi Zucker af ter an extended period during which tense relations prevailed between the two.״

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- 28 -

The IDF Spokesperson's exp lanat ion:

B'Tselem report:

The above mentioned a r t i c l e was censored by mistake on December 19, 1989. I t should be noted that a r t i c les on the same subject (including f igures) were approved in the same newspaper in the issues of December 9 and 10, 1989. Likewise, similar a r t i c les were approved elsewhere. For instance:

a) An־Nahar - 2 a r t ic les on December 7, 1989 b) A l -Fa j r - 2 a r t ic les on December 7 , others on December 8, 20

and 28, 1989. c) Asha'b - December 4 , 1989. In th is and in some other

newspapers, some of the reporting of an Amnesty International report was censored because i t s presentation was biased. Condemnation of the murder of Arabs by other Arabs was not reported although i t appeared in the or ig ina l report .

The censor intervenes in reports of the kind mentioned above when i t is feared that the presentation of the data could be harmful to public safety. For instance, as fa r as one newspaper is concerned, the number of k i l l i n g s has already exceeded 800. This f igure includes victims of " intentional״ road accidents. This is an example of the material from the ״Palestinian Center for Cit izens׳ Rights."

In your part icular case, i t is regrettable that the editor did not excercise his r ight to appeal as he has done in the past, and as has been elucidated a number of times verbal ly and in wr i t ing (then the mistake would have been revealed).

Reports on B'Tselem were a lso censored in Al~Quds on December 10, 1989 and on December 19, 1989.

As t h i s In format ion Sheet was going t o press, we learned tha t on February 27, 1990, the censor banned the p u b l i c a t i o n of items concerning B'Tselem 's repor t on t a x a t i o n in Asha'b, Al-Quds, and An-Nahar.

- 29 -

Asha'b, January 10, 1990

E d i t o r i a l cartoon:

The man is labeled ״Mandela״ He is saying:

The chains w״ i l l soon be broken.״

The cartoon was censored.

Asha'b, January 22, 1990

A cartoon depicts the American Chief of S ta f f in the region.

The Arab is saying: ״!Hello Mr. Panama״

The cartoon was censored.

- 30 -

A t t a l i ' a , January 28, 1990

Report enti11ed: General V i lna i : Our Aim is to Reduce the Level of Violence

The item consists ent i re ly of a word for word translat ion of an item from Ha'aretz. In two instances, remarks were added. In the f i r s t instance they were wri t ten as a t ransi t ional phrase: continuing in th״ is f e r t i l e imagination.״ In the second instance, in the conclusion, a f ter quoting V i lna i ' s remark that the IDF was making Palestinians ״understand what they can and cannot do,״ i t was remarked, ״and we hope that soon Vi lnai as well w i l l understand something about r e a l i t y . ״

The item was censored in i ts ent i re ty .

Original a r t i c l e ent i t led: ״General V i lna i : We are Fighting Organizations which Want to Destroy us and Kick us Out of Here"

The a r t i c l e reports on a lecture given by the IDF OC Southern Command to a group of high-school students. In his lecture, Vi lnai describes the IDF's mission of ״reducing the level of violence in the t e r i t o r i e s and depicts the conf l ic t as an prolonged and ״existent ial״ conf l ict requiring patience.

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״צפ״ל החזיר לעצמו את כושר ההרתעה וגרם לפלשתינאים להכין מה הם יכולים לעשות ומה לא״Ol K 5נר ״ "י -••־נ-

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עת עזה היא להוריד את רמת האלי־ נעימה ועל סכלנות'. היו רוגים לעשות הרכה יותר ועשו לעשות־.

- 31 -

C. Censorship of P o l i t i c a l Mater ia l

The fo l low ing items and a r t i c l e s , l i ke many others, per ta in to purely p o l i t i c a l matters, the p o l i t i c a l pronouncements of I s r a e l i s , Palest in ians, and people of other n a t i o n a l i t i e s . These opinions are unrelated to secur i ty or to any incitement to v io lence.

Al-Quds, December 20, 1989

Report e n t i t l e d : I s r a e l i Survivor of Bus #405: We Must Speak With the Palest in ians. Time is Running Out and we Want to Live

The report is based on an interv iew conducted by Al־Ha׳mishmar wi th Amir Avramson who was ser ious ly in ju red in that inc ident . I t contains statements that were not included in the o r i g i na l such as The In״ t i fada - which fo r many I s r a e l i s i s happening as i f on a d i f f e r e n t planet - h i t them f u l l - f o r c e w i th in the pre-war borders of I s r a e l . ״

Sections from Avramson׳s l e t t e r to Prime Min is ter Shamir were t rans la ted d i r e c t l y from the in terv iew.

The fo l low ing passage was also included: " T e l l the people who don' t th ink enough, the people who don ' t understand that a f t e r many years [ o r i g i n a l : 100 years] of war we w i l l lose - i f we haven't los t already - i f we continue being tough and occupying the Palest in ian people [ o r i g i n a l : I s rae l is tougher, m i l i t a n t , occupier ] . We have to t a l k . Time is passing and we want to l i v e [ o r i g i n a l : Tomorrow i t w i l l be too la te . I have no time and I 'm not Trumpledor],

The item was censored in i t s e n t i r e t y .

The t rans la to r ommitted from the outset any attempt to include the fo l l ow ing passage from the o r i g i na l Hebrew in terv iew: ״ I want to go to Tunis. I want to speak to Arafat in person. I can be a symbol of someone who almost got i t in the I n t i f ada yet s t i l l wants to l i v e wi th yesterday's enemies as tommorrow's a l l i e s . ״

The IDF Spokesperson's explanation:

The censor cut out several sect ions of t h i s in terv iew. Again, t o the extent tha t the ed i t o r f ee l s these sections were wrongfu l ly censored, he could have brought t h i s to the a t t en t i on of the censor.

- 32 -

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- 33 -

Al-Quds, December 25, 1989

Christmas e d i t o r i a l e n t i t l e d : The Absence of Peace

Included was a quotat ion from the Pope r e f e r i n g to ״the Palest in ian people״ who s t i l l ״have no homeland or s ta te in which they can fee l l i k e c i t i zens wi th f u l l r i g h t s . The a ״ r t i c l e also mentions the ״absence of peace in the land of peace״ and notes the peace st״ rategy declared by the PLO more than a year ago.״ The a r t i c l e decries ״v io lence.״ ״counter-v io lence,״ and ״the sp i l l i ng - of innocent blood״ without po in t ing an accusing f i nger at any one s ide. Is rae l and the In t i f ada are not mentioned in the e d i t o r i a l , which concludes by wishing a Merry Christmas to ״our people.״

The a r t i c l e was censored in i t s e n t i r e t y .

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- 34 -

Asha'b, January 12, 1990

E d i t o r i a l e n t i t l e d : I s r a e l i Reject ion of Peace

Deleted se lec t ions are emphasized:

[The Baker i n i t i a t i v e ] i s s t i l l a less than p o s i t i v e response to facts determined by twenty-five months of the I n t i f a d a . . . I s r a e l ' s pos i t i on i s the natura l consequence of a s t ra tegy t h a t opposes peace...

. . . . [ I s r a e l ' s ] r e j e c t i o n of peace and even of the American Secratary of S ta te ' s i n i t i a t i v e . . . in l i g h t of the grave dangers tha t are l i k e l y t o r e s u l t from t h i s intransigence and t ha t w i l l harm not only the peoples of the region but also the fundamental security and s t a b i l i t y of the world.

In a d d i t i o n , the concluding sect ion was deleted which ca l l ed f o r the United States to pressure I s rae l t o respond favorab ly t o the ״ w i l l of the wor ld . ״

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- 35 -

A t t a l i ' a , February 17, 1988

Report e n t i t l e d : Peres Supports the Establishment of a Jo in t Administ rat ion in the Gaza S t r i p

The item reads: ״ I s r a e l i Foreign Min is ter Shimon Peres expressed readiness to conduct discussions wi th Jordan or wi th a j o i n t Palest in ian-Jordanian delegat ion without precondi t ions. However, he noted I s r a e l ' s opposi t ion to the establishment of an independent Pa les t in ian s ta te . He added, wi th c lear reference to s e l f - r u l e , that he is convinced that i t i s preferable f o r admin is t ra t ion of the c i t y of Nablus, f o r example, to be conducted by the residents of the c i t y of Nablus and s i m i l a r l y f o r other c i t i e s . Peres said that he supports the establishment of a Jordanian-Palest in ian admin is t rat ion in the Gaza S t r i p as long as i t does not cons t i t u te a threat to I s r a e l . ״

The item was censored in i t s e n t i r e t y .

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- 36 -

D. Confusion, lack o f l o g i c , and inconsistency

The fo l l ow ing are instances in which, beyond the d i f f i c u l t y in f i n d i n g secur i ty j u s t i f i c a t i o n s f o r censorship, i t is d i f f i c u l t to even i d e n t i f y any log ic or guiding p r i nc i p l es .

The phenomenon in which the exact same news item, photograph, or p o l i t i c a l cartoon is censored in one East Jerusalem newspaper and approved in another paper s t i l l occurs f requent ly . B'Tselem has many add i t iona l examples of t h i s .

A t t a l i ' a , October 25, 1989

A photograph from Yediot Aharonot of the same day.

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The photograph was censored.

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Asha'b, October 26, 1989

The same photograph as i t appeared in that paper a f t e r being approved by the censor.

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- 37 -

Asha'b, January 18, 1990

A cartoon from the Jerusalem Post. Shamir says to a Palest in ian s i t t i n g next to him ( i n s ight of an immigrant from the Soviet Union): ״Would you mind moving up a l i t t l e ? ״

The cartoon was banned.

Banned cartoon:

The censors banned mater ia l d i rec ted against Jewish immigration because i t i s l i a b l e to harm publ ic sa fe ty and publ ic order.

Al-Quds, January 18, 1990

The exact same cartoon.

The censor approved i t .

- 38 -

Al-Quds, December 31, 1989

The censor approved the photograph (from a Peace Now demonstration around the wal ls of the Old Ci ty) but deleted the c h i l d carry ing balloons and the words: ״Next to him a c h i l d i s c a r r y i n g . . . ״

The IDF Spokesperson's explanation

Censorship of par t of a photograph:

Only a small proport ion of the photographs of the demonstration held in Jerusalem at the end of 1989 were censored. Only those p ic tures which the censor considered at the t ime t o be harmful t o publ ic order and publ ic safety were banned. On the other hand, many other photographs of the same demonstration were approved.

- 39 -

Al-Quds, January 8, 1990

Report e n t i t l e d : Two Martvrs in Bethlehem and A t i l • Five Wounded in the West Bank and Gaza S t r i p

One of the sect ions t ha t was banned, concerning the circumstances behind the death of Fahd K h a l i ! e l Zabka־ l i in Bethlehem on January The American t״ :1990 ,7 e l e v i s i o n network ABC, which was in Bethlehem a t the t ime of the i nc iden t , showed footage i n which the youth e l Zabka־ l i appears in a crowd of masked stone throwers. This con t rad i c t s the army's vers ion, according to which e l -Zabka l i was ca r r y ing a ha tchet . ״

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- 40 -

Al-Quds, January 15, 1990

Approved repor t e n t i t l e d : Martyr e l - Z a b k a l i : I nves t i oa t i on Results Prove Sold ier who K i l l e d him Deviated from Orders

Among other th ings the news-item repo r t s The army repor״ : ted tha t the demonstrators were armed w i th hatchets and t h a t the so ld ie rs f i r e d in the a i r ; however, the American network showed Pa les t in ians who only threw stones and a so l d i e r f i r i n g d i r e c t l y at the demonstrators.״

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- 43 -

I t seems tha t the censor 's wrath was provoked by the f ac t t h a t A t t a l i ' a ' s e d i t o r l e f t the Arabic numeral 1״" t ha t marks the f i r s t par t of the a r t i c l e . This par t had been censored and, as noted, the p r o h i b i t i o n f a l l s upon the remains of any t race of the censor 's work.

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- 44 -

When responding please c i te : Date: January 30, 1990 Ref: A t t a l i ' a 610

The State of Israel Press and Media Censor Jerusalem, PO Box 240 Postal Code 91001 Tel: 02-691520, 02-223974

To: Editor, A t t a l i ' a Mr. Elias Nasrallah

Dear Editor,

Re! Censorship Offenses

1. Despite my repeated entreaties, you continue to leave indications censorship in your newspaper.

2. I ask that you obey the censorship regulations to the le t ter before I am forced to consider taking measures against your newspaper.

Sincerely yours,

( - )

Lt . Col. Avi Gur-Ari Censorship Base Commander, Jerusalem Chief Censor

cc: Manager, a l ־ I t t ihad press