Micro and MacronutrientsB5

Micro and macronutrients (B.5.1)

Micronutrientsrequired in very small amounts by the body (<0.005% body weight) (mg or g)

vitamins iron, copper, zinc, iodine, selenium, cobalt and manganesemany are cofactors (essential non-protein component of enzymes) in enzymes

Macronutrientschemical substances that are required in relatively large amounts (>0.005% body weight)

proteins, carbohydrates, fatssodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine

Vitamins (B.5.3)

all are micronutrientssoluble in… (remember “like dissolves like”)

waterhave many polar functional groups

vitamins B and Cfat (insoluble in water)

mostly non-polar hydrocarbon chains or ringscan accumulate in fatty tissue

vitamins A, D, E, and K

Vitamin A (retinol)insoluble in water (soluble in fat)

only one “spot” where hydrogen bonding can occur with water

Vitamin B soluble in watermany polar –OH groups, O, NH…lots of places for hydrogen bonding to occur

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)soluble in water

many polar –OH groups and C-O bondslots of places for hydrogen bonding to occur

Vitamin D (calciferol)insoluble in water

only one place for hydrogen bonding

This is NOT nearly enough to make the entire molecule polar

Vitamin Kinsoluble in water

only two “spots” (not enough) where hydrogen bonding can occur with water

Compare the structures of vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin D (B.5.3)

Vitamin A

Vitamin D Vitamin C

Causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies and suggest solutions (B.5.4)

Deficiency Effect

iron anemia (insufficient O2 transported)

iodine goiter (enlarged thyroid)

vitamin C scurvy (bleeding lesions, rotten gums)

vitamin D rickets (softening of the bones)

protein marasmus (growth retardation and wasting) and Kwasiorkor

= micronutrients= micronutrients

Solutions?providing food rations composed of vitamin and mineral enriched foodsadding nutrients to commonly consumed foodsgenetic modified food

providing nutritional supplements