B4FA 2013 Ghana: Breeding rice varieties in Ghana - Maxwell Darko Asante

Breeding rice varieties in Ghana

Maxwell Darko Asante

CSIR-Crops Research Institute

[email protected]

Road to becoming a plant breeder

What does plant breeding entail

Rice breeding at CSIR-CRI

My present work

Concluding remarks

Acknowledgement

Outline

“O” level @ Okuapemman school: 1985-1990

Best student in Agriculture

“A” @ Presec-Legon:1990-1992

BSc Agriculture @ UCC: 1993-1998

Work @ CSIR-Crops Research Institute: 1998 to date

MSc Plant breeding @KNUST: 2002-2004

PhD Plant breeding @WACCI, UG: 2008-2012

My background

Selecting a desired plant from a population

The breeder will usually have to create the desired plant by combining valuable characters from two or more plants

A group of diverse plants (germplasm) showing variation for various characters is therefore the greatest resource of the breeder

Plant breeding

Genetic diversity

Genetic diversity of sorghum (left) and millet (right) Different kinds of rice grains

Without genetic diversity within a species, breeding becomes seriously handicapped

Making crosses Two parents are crossed to combine the desired characters of

both plants into one plant

Cutting flower open Removing male portion of flowers

Adding pollen from another plant

F1 seed

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

F8

F9

F10

Parents

Pedigree Selection vs. Bulk Selection Pedigree Method Bulk Method

Ph

ase

I P

has

e II

P

has

e II

I

Testing experimental

varieties

Creating variation

Developing, testing & selecting potential cultivars

Rice breeding@ CSIR-Crops Research Institute

Variety Year of Release Ecology

CRI-Amankwatia 2010 lowland

Wakatsuki 2010 lowland

Bodia 2010 lowland

Sakai 2010 lowland

Emo teaa 2009 Upland

Otoo mmo 2009 Upland

Sikamo 1997 Lowland/ Upland

Rice Varieties Released by CRI

CRI-Amankwatia •Species: Oryza sativa

•Varietal type: Indica

•Year released: 2010

•Growing ecology: Lowland

•Days to 50% flowering: 80 – 85

•Maturity: 115 – 120 days

•Potential yield: 8.0 t/ha

•Resistance to blast: Tolerant

•Resistance to lodging: Good

•Grain shape: Long and slender

•Caryopsis color: White

•Milling yield (% White rice ) : 70.4%

•Cooking quality: Good

•Aroma: Present

Wakatsuki • Species: Oryza sativa

• Varietal type: Indica

• Year release: 2010

• Growing ecology: Lowland

• Days to 50% following: 93-98

• Maturity: 125 – 130 days

• Potential yield: 8.0 t/ha

• Resistance to leaf blast: Tolerant

• Resistance to lodging: Good

• Grain shape: Long and slender

• Caryopsis color: White

• Milling yield (%White rice ): 66%

• Cooking quality: Good

• Aroma: Absent

Bodia • Species: Oryza sativa


• Year released: 2010

• Growing ecology: Lowland

• Days to 50% flowering: 90 – 95



• Resistance to leaf blast: Tolerant


• Grain shape: long and bold


• Milling yield (%White rice ): 66%


• Aroma: Absent

Sakai Species: Oryza sativa

Varietal type: Indica

Growing ecology: Lowland

Year released: 2010

Days to 50% flowering: 95 – 100

Maturity: 135 – 140 days

Potential yield: 8 t/ha

Resistance to leaf blast: Tolerant

Resistance to lodging: Good

Grain shape: Long and slender

Caryopsis color: White

Milling yield (%White rice): 66%

Cooking quality: Good

Aroma: Absent

Otoo mmo • Species: Oryza sativa

• Varietal type: Japonica


• Growing ecology: Upland

• Days to 50% flowering: 80 – 85



• Resistance to blast: Resistant




• Milling yield (%white rice): 66%


• Aroma: Absent

Emo teaa • Species: Oryza sativa

• Varietal type: Japonica


• Growing ecology: Upland

• Days to 50% flowering: 75-80

• Maturity: 110 – 115


• Resistance to blast: Resistant




• Milling yield (%white rice): 65.6 %


• Aroma: Absent

Sikamo • Species: Oryza sativa



• Growing ecology: Lowland / Upland

• Days to 50% heading: 90 – 95



• Resistance to blast: Tolerant

• Response to drought: Tolerant

• Nitrogen use: High N use efficiency


• Milling yield (white rice%): 68.4%

• Cooking quality: Good, high expansion ratio

My work@ CSIR-Crops Research Institute

Interactions with farmers’ on varietal preference

Maintaining and studying different rice types (germplasm)

Diversity within rice populations at CRI: Indica (green), tropical japonica (red),

aromatics (yellow) and aus (blue)

Various rice types (accessions) growing in the field

Research on aroma

Allele specific marker(bad2.1) for aroma segregating in an F2 population

Aroma in Nerica 1 originates from WAB638-1

and not from its original parents, (WAB56-104

and CG14) which are both non-aromatic

N F H F F F F N N N N N N H H

The bad2.1 marker efficiently predicts for aroma

in my crosses and most of my germplasm

Asante et al. (2010). Molecular Breeding, 26, 419-424.

Research on cooking quality Cooking quality of rice is

controlled by starch properties

Starch properties are influenced

by the waxy gene

Functional SNPs found in the

waxy gene

In 1 G→T

Ex 6 A→C

Ex 10 C→T

Four waxy SNP haplotypes:

TAC- low amylose(AC)

GCC- intermediate AC

GAC-high AC

GAT-high AC & RVA

0

5

10

15

20

25

TAC GCC GAC GAT

No

. of

acce

ssio

ns

Waxy SNP-haplotype

GH

US

Distribution of waxy SNP haplotypes in my germplasm

Combining stress tolerance of

Digang (RYMV, blast) with grain

quality of Jasmine(aroma,taste)

F1

Digang x Jasmine 85

60 BC1F1

480 BC1F2 used SNPs to select for

the background of Digang

X Digang

Parents and F1

BC1F2 population

Selection of individuals from

BC1F2 population

Grain quality loci (aroma & AC) of Jasmine 85

selected using starch properties and marker data

Seven plants selected based on the criteria:

>70% Digang background

presence of aroma (bad 2.1 allele)

amylose content 16-22%

Selected plants will be backcrossed to

Digang 2X

Development of varieties thro’ Single

Seed Descent and pedigree selection

Crosses

Sikamo/Jasmine85

Digang/ IR70445-146-3-3(5)

IR71137-184-3-2-3-3(7)/

Sikamo

Bouake 189/ IR71137-184-3-2-

3-3(7)

IET 6279 /IR70445-146-3-3(5)

Viowonor short/Jasmine 85

Rice has become very important in the last two decades and

consumption is overtaking more tradition crops

The research at CRI is aimed at releasing high yielding rice

varieties that are tolerant to the stresses in our environment

and also have the preferred grain quality

Modern molecular tools are being applied to improve the

efficiency of breeding

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

CRI Rice Team

Mr. Ralph Bam

Mr. Henry Doku

Mr. George Acheampong

Dr. Kofi Dartey

Dr. E. Annan-Afful

Collaborators @ Cornell University

Dr. Susan McCouch

Jennifer Spindel

Financial support

AGRA/ WACCI

Domo arigato gozaimashita

B4FA 2013 Ghana: Breeding rice varieties in Ghana - Maxwell Darko Asante

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