B33 ppt mechanics of evolution ch 15.2
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Transcript of B33 ppt mechanics of evolution ch 15.2
Week 33Week 33
Ch. 15.2 pg 404Ch. 15.2 pg 404
Mechanics of EvolutionMechanics of EvolutionWhat’s behind the curtain?What’s behind the curtain?
gene poolgene poolAll the genes (alleles) in a All the genes (alleles) in a
population population Darwin Award videoDarwin Award video
genegeneDNA segment that DNA segment that
controls protein controls protein production and cell production and cell cyclecycle
allelic frequencyallelic frequency
The percentage of an allele The percentage of an allele
in the gene poolin the gene pool
genetic equilibriumgenetic equilibrium
When the frequency of alleles When the frequency of alleles remains the same over generationsremains the same over generations
genetic driftgenetic drift The change of allelic The change of allelic frequencies by unusual frequencies by unusual events, disrupting a events, disrupting a population’s genetic population’s genetic equilibriumequilibrium
ex. extra fingers and toes ex. extra fingers and toes due to inbreedingdue to inbreeding
stabilizing selectionstabilizing selection
natural selection that favors natural selection that favors averageaverage individuals in a populationindividuals in a population
directional selectiondirectional selection
natural selection that favors natural selection that favors individuals with an individuals with an extremeextreme variation variation of a traitof a trait
disruptive selectiondisruptive selectionnatural selection that favors natural selection that favors
individuals with individuals with either extreme either extreme variationvariation of a trait, eliminating of a trait, eliminating intermediate phenotypesintermediate phenotypes
speciationspeciation
Evolution of a new speciesEvolution of a new species
extinct
geographic isolationgeographic isolation
Occurs whenever a physical barrier Occurs whenever a physical barrier divides a populationdivides a population
reproductive isolationreproductive isolation
Occurs when Occurs when formerly interbreeding organisms formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile can no longer mate and produce fertile offspringoffspring, due to change in genetic material or , due to change in genetic material or behaviorbehavior
polyploidypolyploidymultiple of the multiple of the
normal set (2n) normal set (2n) of chromosomes of chromosomes due to mistakes due to mistakes in mitosis or in mitosis or meiosismeiosis
Examples of Polyploid CropsTriploid (3n) crops: banana, apple, ginger, watermelon, citrus[11] Tetraploid (4n) crops: durum or macaroni wheat, maize, cotton,
potato, cabbage, leek, tobacco, peanutHexaploid (6n) crops: chrysanthemum, bread wheat, oat, kiwifruit Octaploid (8n) crops: strawberry, dahlia, pansies, sugar cane
Tetraploid (4n)
gradualismgradualism
Idea that Idea that species species originate originate though a though a gradual gradual change of change of adaptatioadaptationsns
punctuated equilibriumpunctuated equilibrium
Idea Idea speciation speciation occurs occurs relatively relatively quickly in quickly in rapid burstsrapid bursts with long with long periods of periods of genetic genetic equilibrium equilibrium in betweenin between
adaptive radiationadaptive radiation
When an When an ancestral ancestral species species evolves into evolves into an array of an array of species to species to fit number fit number of diverse of diverse habitatshabitats
divergent evolutiondivergent evolution
species that once were similar to an species that once were similar to an ancestral species diverge (become ancestral species diverge (become increasingly DIFFERENT)increasingly DIFFERENT)
convergent evolutionconvergent evolution
When unrelated species evolve When unrelated species evolve similar traitssimilar traits
Report on Report on an example of an example of
convergent evolutionconvergent evolutionand divergent evolutionand divergent evolution
oror
examples of examples of stablizing, directional, and disruptive stablizing, directional, and disruptive
selectionselection
And now the quizAnd now the quiz
1. ___________ selection1. ___________ selection
natural selection that favors natural selection that favors individuals with an individuals with an extremeextreme variation variation of a traitof a trait
22 The change of allelic The change of allelic
frequencies by unusual frequencies by unusual events, disrupting a events, disrupting a population’s genetic population’s genetic equilibriumequilibrium
ex. extra fingers and toes ex. extra fingers and toes due to inbreedingdue to inbreeding
3 _________ selection3 _________ selection
natural selection that favors natural selection that favors averageaverage individuals in a populationindividuals in a population
4 _________ selection4 _________ selectionnatural selection that favors natural selection that favors
individuals with individuals with either extreme either extreme variationvariation of a trait, eliminating of a trait, eliminating intermediate phenotypesintermediate phenotypes
5_________ isolation5_________ isolation
Occurs whenever a physical barrier Occurs whenever a physical barrier divides a populationdivides a population
6________ isolation6________ isolation
Occurs when Occurs when formerly interbreeding organisms formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile can no longer mate and produce fertile offspringoffspring, due to change in , due to change in genetic materialgenetic material or or behaviorbehavior
7 ____________ radiation7 ____________ radiation
When an When an ancestral ancestral species species evolves into evolves into an array of an array of species to species to fit number fit number of diverse of diverse habitatshabitats
8 __________ evolution8 __________ evolution
The pattern of evolution in which species that The pattern of evolution in which species that once were similar to an ancestral species once were similar to an ancestral species diverge (become increasingly district)diverge (become increasingly district)
9_________ evolution9_________ evolution
When unrelated species evolve When unrelated species evolve similar traitssimilar traits
1010
Evolution of a new speciesEvolution of a new species
extinct
11 _________ ________11 _________ ________
The percentage of an allele The percentage of an allele
in the gene poolin the gene pool
12 ______ ______12 ______ ______
When the frequency of alleles When the frequency of alleles remains the same (equal) over remains the same (equal) over generationsgenerations
13 13 multiple of the multiple of the
normal set (2n) normal set (2n) of chromosomes of chromosomes due to mistakes due to mistakes in mitosis or in mitosis or meiosismeiosis
ExamplesTriploid (3n) crops: banana, apple, ginger, watermelon, citrus[11] Tetraploid (4n) crops: durum or macaroni wheat, maize, cotton,
potato, cabbage, leek, tobacco, peanutHexaploid (6n) crops: chrysanthemum, bread wheat, oat, kiwifruit Octaploid (8n) crops: strawberry, dahlia, pansies, sugar cane
1414
Idea that Idea that species species originate originate though a though a gradual gradual change of change of adaptatioadaptationsns
1515All the genes (alleles) in a All the genes (alleles) in a
population population Darwin Award videoDarwin Award videoDNA segment that DNA segment that
controls protein controls protein production and cell production and cell cyclecycle
16 16
Idea Idea speciation speciation occurs occurs relatively relatively quickly in quickly in rapid burstsrapid bursts with long with long periods of periods of genetic genetic equilibrium equilibrium in betweenin between