A five-position alph~umeric code that indi~tes the finmci~ wtegory of ...
B1_DH Alph Code Overview With Teaching Points Colour
Transcript of B1_DH Alph Code Overview With Teaching Points Colour
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/p/ ppan
-pppuppet
*Double consonant letters pp alert the reader to sound outthe preceding vowel with its shortsound.
/n/ nnet
-nnbonnet
knknot
gngnome
-ineengine
*Double consonant letters nn alert the reader to sound outthe preceding vowel with its shortsound.*Some people would refer to silent k or silent g; othersprefer to say that kn and gn are code for the /n/ sound.
/k/ kkit
ccat
-ckduck
chchameleon
qubouquet
queplaque
*Letter c represents a /k/ sound when preceding the lettersa, o and u.*Shortwords with shortvowels usually end with ck and this
grapheme never begins words.
/e/ eegg
-eahead
-aisaid
*When reading short unknown words with single letter e,teach, Try the shortvowel /e/ sound first, if that does notsound right then try the longvowel /ee/ sound.
/h/ h
hat
wh
who
*When letter names are taught, point out that the name forthe letter h is pronounced aitch not haitch.
/r/ rrat
-rrarrow
wrwrite
rhrhino
*Some people would refer to silent w or silent h; othersprefer to say that wr and rh are code for the /r/ sound(phoneme).
/m/ m
map
-mm
hammer
-mb
thumb
-mncolumn
-mewelcome
*Double consonant letters mm alert the reader to sound outthe preceding vowel with its shortsound.*Some people would refer to silent b or silent n; others
prefer to say that mb and mn are code for /m/.
/d/ ddig
-ddpuddle
-edrained
*Double consonant letters dd alert the reader to sound outthe preceding vowel with its shortsound.
*Past tense of verbs leads to ed graphemes for /t/, /d/, /u+d/.
/g/ ggirl
-ggjuggle
guguitar
ghghost
-guecatalogue
*Double consonant letters gg alert the reader to sound outthe preceding vowel with its shortsound.
*Letter u in gu acts as a block between the letters g ande, i or y indicating the g is code for /g/ and not /j/.
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
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/o/ ooctopus
wawatch
qua
qualify
altsalt
*For o, teach, Try the shortvowel /o/ sound first, if thatdoes not sound right then try the longvowel /oa/ sound.
*Alert the reader that the graphemes w or qu preceding asingle letter a can indicate that a is code for the /o/ sound.
/u/ uumbrella
oson
-outouch
ough
thorough
*For u, teach, Try the shortvowel /u/ sound first, if thatdoes not sound right then try the longvowel /yoo/ sound.*The letter u is sometimes code for a long /oo/ sound: e.g.
flu, judo, truth, Ruth, Pluto.
/l/ l
ladder
-ll
shell
*To make the /l/ sound, roll up the tongue and say ul.*Short words with shortvowels usually end with ll as in bell.*Double consonant letters ll alert the reader to sound out thepreceding vowel with its shortsound except -all (/or+l/).
schwa/ul/ -le
kettle
-ilpencil
-alhospital
-elcamel
*Teach the schwa effect involving /l/ through words such as:little, table, pupil, cymbal, label (pronounced close to ul).Teach that literal sounding out when reading, however,helps with spelling: e.g. h-o-s-p-i-t-a-l.
/f/ f
feather -ff
cliff ph
photo -gh
laugh
*Double consonant letters ff alert the reader to sound out thepreceding vowel with its shortsound.
*Short words with shortvowel sounds usually end with ff asin offand cliff.
/b/ bbat
-bbrabbit
bubuilding
*Double consonant letters bb alert the reader to sound outthe preceding vowel with its shortsound.
/j/ jjug -gecabbage ge gigygerbil giraffegymnast
-dge
fridge
*Letters e, i or y alert the reader that the preceding letter g
mightrepresent the /j/ sound. (This is often referred to assoft g.)
*Words endingwith the /j/ sound are spelt with ge or dge(dge follows single letter, short vowel sounds like fridge).
/y/ y
yawn
*Teach early on that letter y represents 4 sounds as in yes,my mummy and cymbal.It is often interchangeable with the the letter i and the
sounds /i/, between /i and ee/, and /igh/.
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
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/ai/ aiaid
-aytray
atable
-aesundae
a-ecakes
-eyprey
eigheight
-eabreak
*The a-i as in baking alerts the reader to pronounce /ai/.*Grapheme ea as code for the /ai/ sound is rare. Note thethree common root words: break, steak, great.
/w/ wweb
whwheel
*Letter w preceding vowel graphemes should alert the readerto different possible pronunciations; (w)a - wasp, wag;(w)ar - warm, wary; (w)or - work. Note: what
/oa/ oaoak
owbow
oyo-yo
-oeoboe
o-erope
ough
dough
eauplateau
*The o-i as in poking alerts the reader to pronounce /oa/.
/igh/ -ighnight
-ietie
ibehind
-yshy
i-ebike
eieider
*The i-i as in liking alerts the reader to pronounce /igh/.
/ee/ eeeel
eaeat
eemu
* -ysunny
e-econcrete
-eykey*monkey
-iechief*movie
-inesardines
*The e-i as in competing alerts the reader to pronounce/ee/.
*The y in sunny is between the sound /i/ and /ee/. Similarly,so is ey in monkey and ie in movie. [Also in /i/ row.]
/or/or
/aw/dependent onregional andnational accents
orfork
awdawn
ausauce
-alchalk
oaroars
-oordoor
oresnore
-ourfour
*Letter w preceding grapheme ar alerts the reader to saythe sound /or/: (w)ar - war, warn, wart, warder.*Sound /w/ as in qu [/k/+/w/] also alerts reader to pronouncear as /or/: (qu)ar - quart, quarter, quartz, quartile.
war
warm
quar
quarter
augh
caught
ough
thought
*Double consonant letters zz alert the reader to sound outthe preceding vowel with its shortsound.
*Short words with shortvowel sounds end with zz - jazz.
/z/ zzebra
-zzjazz
-sfries
-secheese
-zebreeze
xxylophone
*The grapheme ng can be pronounced differently accordingto regional accent and dependent upon the particular word.
*In some words, the n and g are pronounced separately
/ng/ -n
gong
-n
jungle
/ngk/
-nk
ink
-nc
uncle
*Teach nk as if it was one sound unitfor reading andspelling purposes even though it is really two; that is:
/ng/+/k/. This combined sound may be denoted as /nk/.
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
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/v/ vviolin
-vedove
*Teach that words ending with the /v/ sound end with thegrapheme ve.
short /oo/ oobook
-oulshould
-upush
*Teach the two sounds represented by the grapheme oo atthe same time; short /oo/, long /oo/.*Progress to linking the /oo/ as in moon with the spellingand pronunciation variations of ew, ue and u-e - all of
which can represent both the long /oo/ sound and the /yoo/sound.
long/oo/ oomoon
-ueblue
u-eflute
-ewcrew
-uifruit
-ousoup
-omove
ough
through
/k+s/ -xfox
-ksbooks
-cksducks
-kes
cakes
/gz/ -xexam
-ggseggs
*Teach the letter x as if it was one sound unit/ks/ whereasit is really two sounds /k/+/s/.Provide word lists of -x words, -ks, cks and -kes wordsto compare: e.g. fox, boxes, looks, beaks, ducks, likes.
/ch/ chchairs
-tchpatch
/chu/ schwa -ture
picture
*Grapheme tch indicates a preceding shortvowel sound; e.g.ditch, fetch, thatch, notch, hutch, watch.*Grapheme ch follows longvowel sounds (bleach, pooch,
reaches); but also some common words with shortvowelswhich need to be noted: rich, which, such, much, touch.*Grapheme ch follows consonants; e.g. mulch, wrench, pinch.
/sh/ shsheep
chchef
-tistation
-cimagician
-ssimission
*Draw attention to ti, ci, ssi graphemes in long words.*Provide words in groups with the same chunk endings: -tion,-cian, -cial, -ssion, -cious.
**Progress to the phoneme /zh/ as in television.
unvoiced
/th/ ththistle
*Teach unvoiced /th/ and voiced /th/ together.*Compare the sounds /f/ and /v/ and study mouth movementsof these sounds carefully. Pronouncing /th/, /f/ and /v/
frequently causes confusion because of their similarities andthe influence of regional accents.voiced
/th/ th
there
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
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/k+w/ ququeen
*In English, the letter q is always followed by the letter uand together they are code for two sounds /k/+/w/. Treat asone sound unit/kw/ for both reading and spelling purposeswhen teaching in the early stages. [qu can be code for /k/]
/ou/ ououch
owowl
ough
plough
*The graphemeou as code for the sound /ou/ is never foundat the end of a word.
*ough is a rare grapheme as an /ou/ sound: bough, plough.
/oi/ oiointment
oytoy
*The graphemeoi is never at the end of a word except in coicarp.
/y+oo/ -uestatue
uunicorn
u-etube
ewnew
eudeuce
*Point out that the graphemes ue, ew and u-e are alsospellings for the long /oo/ sound.*The u-i as in amusing alerts the reader to pronounce /yoo/.
/er/ ermermaid
irbirthday
urnurse
earearth
worworld
schwa /er/or /u/mixer
-ourhumour
-ertheatre
*Letter w preceding or alerts the reader to say wer as in:worm, work, worth. *er, our, re may sound like /er/ orschwa /u/ dependent on accent: sister, colour, centre.
/ar/ arartist
alm alf alvpalm half calves
-afather
*Mention early on that some people pronounce some wordswith the a grapheme as the /ar/ sound rather than the /a/sound: path p-ar-th, glass g-l-ar-s.
/air/ airhair
-arehare
-earbear
-erewhere
*Teach /air/ along with phoneme /eer/ (below) as there are somany similar or identical graphemes representing /air/ and
/eer/ phonemes. Teach the word their as their things.
/eer/ eerdeer
earears
-ereadhere
-iercashier
See /air/ above.
/zh/television
-sivision
-streasure
-zazure
gcourgette
-gecollage
note:
*-y, *-ey, *-ie are pronounced between /i/ and/ee/ when these graphemes are word-endingsso they appear in both /i/ and /ee/ rows.
**Progress to this sound from lessons in the /sh/ sound and itsspelling variations. There are no words with the grapheme zhand the letters zh are used to denote thephonemeonly.
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
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