B. TECH. BIOTECHNOLOGY

SEMESTER VII

S.No. Course

Code

Subject Periods Evaluation Scheme

Subject Total Sessional Exam

Theory L T P CT TA Total ESE

1. BT-701 Environmental

Biotechnology 03 01 00 30 20 50 100 150

2. BT-702 Fermentation

Engineering 03 01 00 30 20 50 100 150

3. BT-703 Bioinformatics-III 03 01 00 30 20 50 100 150

4. BT-704 Nanobiotechnology 03 01 00 30 20 50 100 150

5. BT-705

Open Elective-I

E-1. Agriculture

Biotechnology

E-2. Food

Biotechnology

E-3. Pharmaceutical

Biotechnology

03 01 00 30 20 50 100 150

6. BT-706

Open Elective-II

E-1. Bioenergetics

and Metabolic

Engineering

E-2. Medical

Biotechnology

E-3. Animal

Biotechnology

2 1 0 15 10 25 75 100

Practical’s/ Design/ Drawing

6. BT-751 Environmental

Biotechnology Lab 0 0 03 10 10 20 30 50

7. BT-752

Fermentation

Engineering Lab

0 0 06 20 20 40 60 100

8. BT-753 Bioinformatics

Project

0 0 03 10 10 20 30 50

9. GP-701 General Proficiency 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 50

Total 17 06 12 205 150 405 695 1100

B. TECH.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

SEMESTER – VII

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT-701 L T P

3 1 0

Unit I [8]

Ecology and environment: The atmosphere, Ecosystems, Energy transfer,

Introduction to air, water, soil and noise pollution, their sources and control.

Global environmental issues.

Unit II [8]

Classification and Characterization of Solid Waste: Management and

treatment of solid waste. Thermal and biological processes.

Vermicomposting.

Unit III [8]

Structural and Functional dynamics of microbes: diversity, activity and

growth, community profiling, biosensors, bioreporters, Microchips.

Methanogenesis: methonogenic, acetogenic and fermentive bacteria-

technical processes and conditions.

Unit IV [8]

Waste treatment methods, with advanced bioreactor configuration: activated

sludge process, trickling filter, fluidized expanded bed reactor, upflow

anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, contact process, fixed/packed bed reactor,

hybrid reactors, sequential batch reactors.

Unit V [8]

Process strategies for bioremediation through microbes and plants.

exploiting microbial metabolism for bioremediation of organic

contaminants, heavy metals and nitrogenous wastes.

Biofuels: Energy crops, biogas, bioethanol and biohydrogen.

Books Recommended:

1. J. Winter-Environmental Processes I-III, 2

nd ed, Wiley Publications

2. Metcalf & Fuddy –Waste Water Engineering , 3rd

ed , TMH publications.

3. P.D. Sharma – Ecology & Environment, 8th

ed.

4. R.S. Ramalho – Introduction to Waste water treatment, Academic Press.

FERMENTATION ENGINEERING

BT-702

L T P

3 1 0

Unit I [8]

Fermentative production of organic acids: Acetic acid; Fermentative

production of enzymes: Proteases and amylases; Fermentative production of

antibiotics: penicillin, streptomycin; Fermentative production organic

solvent: ethanol.

Unit II [8]

Heterogeneous reaction systems: Zero order and First order kinetics of

concentration profile with reference to spherical geometry and other shapes,

Effectiveness factor, External and internal mass transfer, General comments

on heterogeneous reactions in bioprocessing.

Unit III [8]

Downstream Processing: Filtration batch and continuous, Centrifugation

batch and continuous; Product Isolation: liquid liquid Extraction, and

Reverse osmosi.

Cell disruption: Physical, chemical methods

Unit IV [8]

Purification methods: Fractional precipitation, electrophoresis,

chromatography, adsorption, crystallization and drying; Dialysis,

Electrodialysis; Lyophilization.

Unit V [8]

Scale-up of microbial bioreactors: Various approaches to scale-up including

regime analysis and scale-down; Scale-up by rules-of-tIHUmb viz. constant

P/V, KLa etc. Problems associated with scale-up.

Books recommended:

1. McCabe WL, Smith JC, Harriot P, "Unit operations of Chemical

Engineering", McGraw-Hill.

2. Cussler EL, "Diffusion", Cambridge University Press.

3. Pauline M, "Bioprocess Engineering Principles".

4. Bailey JE, Ollis DF, "Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals",

McGraw-Hill.

5. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A, "Principles of Fermentation Technology",

Pergamon press.

6. Principles of Cell Energetics, BIOTOL series, Butterworth -

Heinemann.

7. Moser A, "Bioprocess Technology - Kinetics & Reactors", Springer-

Verlag.

8. ScIHUgerl K, "Biotechnology" Vol.4: Meaning Modeling and

Control, VCH.

9. Atkinson B, Mavituna F, "Biochemical Engineering and

Biotechnology Handbook", Stockton Press.

10. Aiba S, IHUmphrey AE, “Biochemical Engineering”, University of

Tokyo Press.

11. Moo-Young M, “Comprehensive Biotechnology”.

12. Cruger, Cruger, “Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial

Microbiology”.

13. Prescott, Dunn, “Industrial Microbiology”.

14. Rittman B, McCarty PL, “Environmental Biotechnology: Principles

and Applications”.

BIOINFORMATICS-III

BT-703

L T P

3 1 0

Unit I [8]

Protein classification: Structural elements and terminology- phi & psi bonds,

Letter code for amino acids, Helix, Sheet, Strand, Loop and coil, Active site,

Architecture, Blocks, Classes and Domains, Fold, Motif, PSSM, Profile.

CATH – Classification by Class, Architecture, Topology, Homology, SCOP

– Structural Classification of Protein, FSSP – Fold classification based on

structure – structure alignment, MMDB – Molecular Modeling Database.

Unit II [8]

Methods of Secondary structure prediction: Chou – Fasman / GOR method.

Methods for Prediction of Tertiary structures of Proteins

Knowledge-based structure prediction

Fold recognition

Ab initio methods for structure prediction

Unit III [8]

Microarray data Analysis; Exploring the microarray data set, Spatial images

of microarray data, Statistics of the microarrays, Scatter plots of microarray

data; Exploring the data Set, Filtering the genes, Cluster analysis, Principal

component analysis (PCA), Self-Organizing Maps (SOM).

Unit IV [8]

In-silico gene identification; Gene finding: Gene finding in prokaryotes and

eukaryotes. GENSCAN algorithm and its performance; VIEL (Viterbi Intron

Exon Locator) program.

Unit V [8]

Phylogenetic analysis; Introduction to phylogenetics and phylogenetic trees;

Reconstruction of Phylogenetic trees: Character based methods: Parsimony:

small parsimony (Fitch‟s Algorithm), weighted parsimony (Sankoff‟s

Algorithm) and Large parsimony problems and Compatibility; Distance

based methods: Jukes Cantor model.

Books recommended:

1. DW Mount ”Bioinformatics: Sequence and genome analysis”.

2. Bruce EN “Biomedical signal processing and signal modeling”

3. Sharma S “Signal and System”.

4. Nawab SH “Signal and System”.

5. Stekel „Microarray Bioinformatics‟, Cambridge Press.

6. Salzberg SL et al. „Computational Methods in Biotechnology‟,

Elsevier Science.

7. Evens and Grants „Statistical Methods in Bioinformatics‟, Springer-

Verlag, NY.

8. Stemberg MJE „Protein Structure Prediction-A Practical Approach‟,

Oxford University Press.

9. Setubal and Meidanis ‟Computational Molecular Biology‟, PWS

Publishing Co.

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

(BT-704)

L T P

3 1 0

Unit I

[8]

Introduction: Introduction to nanotechnology and overview of nanoscale

materials, effect of length scale on properties, introduction to

bionanotechnology, challenges and opportunities associated with biology on

the Nanoscale, bionanotechnology systems, biological and medical

applications of Bionanomaterials.

Unit II

[8]

Nanomaterials: Introduction to nanomaterials, General surface and colloid

chemistry, principles, experimental techniques, surface potential, DVLO

theory; Characteristics of nanoparticles, chemical speciation of dissolved

species, Environmental behaviour of nanoparticles, biological activity of

nanomaterial.

Unit III

[8]

Biosensors: Introduction to biosensors, the biological component, the sensor

surface, Immobilization of the sensor molecule, Transduction of the sensor

signal: Optical, Electrochemical and Mechanical sensors, Sensor

stabilization, Basics of Amperometric sensors; Potentiometric sensors;

Optical sensors; Optical waveguide sensors; Surface Plasmon Resonance

sensors; Resonant Mirror sensors; Capillary Fill devices; Electro-mechanical

devices.

Unit IV

[8]

Biophotonics and Bioimaging: Overview of imaging biological systems,

from the cellular level through to whole-body medical imaging, Introduction

to biophysics, basic physical concepts in imaging, Major techniques using

ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: fluorescence and multi-photon

microscopy, spectroscopy, OCT, MRI, X-ray CT, PET and SPECT imaging.

Unit V

[8]

Nanotoxicology: Principles of toxicology; toxicology models, experimental

toxicology studies; activation and detoxification mechanisms, importance of

biological membrane in toxicology; Toxicology and bioaccumulation of

particles.

Books Recommended:

1. Engines of Creation, KE Drexler, Oxford Paperbacks, New York ISBN

0192861492.

2. Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manfuacturing and Computation,

K E Drexler, Wiley, ISBN 0471575186.

3. Our Molecular Future: How Nanotechnology, Robotics, Genetics and

Artificial Intelligence will Transform the World, Prometheus ISBN

1573929921

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT-705 (E1)

L T P

3 1 0

Unit I [8]

Brief overview of in vitro regeneration methods of plants; Production of

disease free plants: shoot - tip and meristem cultures; Protoplast isolation,

culture and fusion, selection of hybrid cells and regeneration of hybrid

plants, somatic hybridization, cybrids; Tissue culture as a source of genetic

variability: somaclonal and gametoclonal variant selection, sources and

causes of variation, application in crop improvement.

Unit II [8]

In vitro selection of mutants; Plant cell cultures for the production of useful

chemicals: pigments perfumes, flavors, insecticides, anticancer agents and

pharmacologically important compounds; Biotransformation using plant cell

cultures; Hairy root culture and cell suspension.

Unit III [8]

Molecular Markers: RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, ARDRA, SCAR, STS, ESTs,

Microsatellites, ISSR, SSCP, QTL; Brief overview of Arabidopsis and Rice

Genome Projects.

Unit IV [8]

Ti, Ri and viral vectors for plant transformation; Brief overview of the

methods for introduction of DNA into living cells with details of

transformation mediated by Agrobacterium, microprojectile bombardment,

electroporation and microinjection; Techniques for recombinant selection

and screening: Functional (genetic) complementation, Nutritional

complementation, Colony hybridization, Plaque hybridization, Southern

hybridization, Dot blot, Northern blotting, Immunological screening,

Western blotting, HART, HAT.

Unit V [8]

Brief overview of Bioremediation, Biodegradable plastics, Biofuels/

Biodiesel, Bioinsecticides/Biopesticides, Biofertilizers; Edible vaccines.

Books recommended:

1. Chawla HS, “Plant Biotechnology: A Practical Approach”.

2. Slater A, Scott NW, Fowler MR “Plant Biotechnology: The Genetic

Manipulation of Plants”.

3. Dixon RA, Gonzales RA, “Plant Cell Culture: A Practical Approach”.

4. Mantell SH, Matthews JA, McKee RA, “Principles of Plant

Biotechnology: An Introduction to Genetic Engineering in Plants”.

5. Stafford A, Warren G, “Plant Cell and Tissue Culture (Biotechnology

Series)”.

6. Brown TA, “Gene cloning: An Introduction”.

7. Old and Primrose, “Principles of Gene Manipulation”.

8. Bhojwani SS, Razdan, “Plant Tissue Culture”.

9. Sambrook and Russell “Molecular Cloning – A Laboratory Manual”.

10. Lele S “Biodiesel”.

11. Ranjen R “Transgenic plants”.

12. Kavikishor “Plant tissue culture and biotechnology”, Universities

Press.

13. Bhojwani SS “Agrotechnology and plant tissue culture”, Oxford and

IBH.

BT-705 (E-2)

Food Biotechnology

(Revised) L T P

3 1 0

Unit 1 8

Food as substrate for microorganisms: pH, Water content (water activity)

and O-R potential. Microbial role in food process and production of new

protein foods: Single Cell Protein (SCP), mushroom, food yeast, algal

proteins.

Unit 2 8

General principles underlying spoilage of foods and different methods of

preservation of foods, Microbial food poisoning and its prevention or

control, food borne infection and food toxins. Spoilage of meat and meat

products, fish, poultry, egg, canned foods.

Unit 3 8

Organisms and their use for production of fermented foods and beverages:

pickling, and alcoholic beverages. Physico-chemical properties of milk,

toned, double toned and skimmed milk. Nutritive value of fermented milk

products: cream, butter, cheese, curd and yogurt. Antimicrobial systems in

milk.

Unit 4 8

Food adulteration and diseases caused due to food adulteration.RDA

(Recommended Dietary Allowances). Relevant Food laws: PFA, AgMark,

FSSA, ISO, BIS standard with Laboratory Services and Certification by

BIS. HACCP system, NABL and quality control and quality assurance.

Unit 5 8

Starter culture, pure culture technique: steak plate, pour plate, maintenance

of culture. Microscope colony counts, most probable numbers (MPN).

MBRT test, Saponification value, Iodine Value, RM value, Polanski Value,

Rancidity.

Books recommended: 1. Potter N and Hotchikiss “Food Science” CBS Publ.

2. Potter N “Technology of Food preservation”, CBS.

3. Eckles CH “Milk and Milk Products”, TMH Publ.

4. Frazier “Food Microbiology”.

5. De J and De “Food Microbiology”.

6 Marwaha SS and Arora “Food processing: Biotechnological

Applications”, Asitech Publ.

7. Sukumar De “Outlines of Dairy Technology”.

8. Adams MR and Moss MO “Food Microbiology”, The Royal Society

of Chemistry, Cambridge.

9. Andrews AT, Varley J “Biochemistry of milk products”, Royal

Society of Chemistry.

10. Banwart GJ “Basic food microbiology”, Chapman & Hall, New York.

11. Frazier WC and Westhoff DC “Food microbiology”, TATA McGraw

Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi.

12. Hobbs BC and Roberts D “Food poisoning and food hygiene”, Edward

Arnold (A division of Hodder and Stoughton), London.

13. May JM “Modern food microbiology”, CBS Publishers and

distributors, New Delhi.

14. Robinson RK “The microbiology of milk”, Elsevier Applied Science,

London.

15. Robinson RK “Dairy Microbiology”, Elsevier Applied Science,

London.

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT-705 (E3)

L T P

3 1 0

Unit I [8]

Monoclonal antibodies: applications, generation, recombinant antibodies,

production methods, Pharmaceutical, regulatory and commercial aspects.

Unit II [8]

Formulation of proteins and peptides: making small protein particles,

precipitation of proteins, quality control issues, multi-phase drug delivery

system; Preparation of collagen, gelatin particles, albumin microparticles.

Unit III [8]

Proteins and phospholipids: structural properties of phospholipids, injectable

lipid emulsions, liposomes, cochleal phospholipids structures; Polymeric

systems for oral protein and peptide delivery.

Unit IV [8]

Pulmonary drug delivery systems for biomacromolecules; Lipid based

pulmonary delivery; Solid colloidal particles; Polycyanoacrylates; Poly

(ether-anhydrides); Diketopiperazine derivatives; Poly ethylene glycol

conjugates; Factors affecting pulmonary dosing.

Unit V [8]

Polymers used for controlled drug delivery: Hydrophobic polymers

poly(esters), poly(cyanoacrylate), poly (ortho esters), poly (phosphazenes),

Hydrophobic polymers poly (alkyl methacrylates), poly (methacrylates),

poly (acrylates)], alginates, chitosan, polyethylene glycol. Gene therapy: the

current viral and non-viral vectors.

Books recommended:

1. Groves MJ „Pharmaceutical Biotechnology‟, Taylor and Francis

Group.

2. Crommelin DJA, Robert D, Sindelar „Pharmaceutical Biotechnology‟.

3. Kayser O, Muller R „Pharmaceutical Biotechnology‟.

4. Banga AK „Therapeutic peptides and proteins‟.

BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLIC ENGINEERING

BT-706 (E1)

L T P

2 1 0

Unit I

[8]

Principles of Thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics, The

definition of enthalpy and heat capacity, Hess's law,, Kirchhoff s law, the

second law of thermodynamics, The Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, Calculation

of entropy and Gibbs energy change, The physical nature of entropy. The

third law of Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium,

The law of mass action and the equilibrium constant, The Van't Hoff

equation. Numerical problems.

Unit II

[8]

Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics (NET): Linear non-equilibrium

thermodynamics (LNET), Formulation of the relationships between forces

and flows, Multiple inflection points, Coupling in bioenergetics,

Thermodynamic regulation in bioenergetics. Numerical problems.

Biological applications of LNET: Oxidative phosphorylation (OP),

Facilitated transport, Active transport, photosynthesis.

Unit III

[8]

ATP and it requirements: ATP the molecule, The Multiple Ionization

States of ATP and the pH Dependence of ΔG°, The Effect of Metal Ions on

the Free, Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP, The Effect of Concentration on the

Free Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP, Daily IHUman Requirement for ATP,

Numerical problems.

Unit IV

[8]

Modeling for Metabolic Engineering: Aims and Scope of Metabolic

Models, Ingredients of a Metabolic Model, Model Validation.

Stoichiometric Network Models: Basic assumptions and measured data,

Matrix generation, Metabolic flux analysis, Extreme flux patterns, Optimal

flux patterns, Elementary flux modes. Stationary Mechanistic Models: Basic

assumptions, Available data, Modeling, Simulation, Metabolic control

analysis, Branch node classification, Large parameter variations, Optimal

regulatory architectures.

References

D. Jou and J.E. Llebot., Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Biological

Processes, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990.

S.R. Caplan and A. Essig, Bioenergetics and Linear Nonequilibrium

Thermodynamics, The Steady State, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,

1983.

J. T. Edsall and H. Gutfreund, Biothermodynamics: To study of

Biochemical Processes at Equihbrium, Wiley, Chichester, 1983.

MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT-706 (E2)

(Revised)

L T P

2 1 0

UNIT I 8

Cell renewal by stem cells, stem cell therapy and its applications; genesis,

modulation and regeneration of skeletal muscle, marrow transplantation.

Basics of gene therapy, replacement therapy, hormone therapy.

Hemopheresis procedures, Hemopoietic stem cell disorders: classification

and manifestations; Aplastic, Myelo dysplastic, myeloproliferative

syndromes; Immunological principles, preservation and clinical use of blood

and blood components.

UNIT II 8

Techniques in clinical and laboratory diagnosis: hematology, biochemistry,

microbiology and serology. Molecular diagnostic techniques.

UNIT III 8

Principles, working and applications of Electrical Impedence

Cephalography; Biotelemetry; CT scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

assisting the heart and kidney; Electrocardiogram; Ultrasonography, X-Ray.

UNIT IV 8

Types of spoilage of pharmaceutical products: factors responsible,

assessment of spoilage, means of preservation, evaluation of microbial

stability of formulations.

Books recommended:

1. Chaechter M. Medoff G. and Eisenstein BC. (1993) Mechanism of

Microbial Diseases 2nd

edition. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

2. Collee, JG. Duguid JP, Fraser AG, Marimon BP. (1989) Mackie and

Mc Cartney Practical Medical Microbiology, 13th Edition. CIHUrchill

Livingstone.

3. David Greenwood, Richard CD, Slack, John Forrest Peutherer. (1992)

Medical Microbiology. 14th edition. ELBS with CIHUrchill

Livingstone.

4. IHUgo WB and Russell AD. (1989) Pharmaceutical Microbiology IV

edition. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.

5. Joan Stokes E, Ridgway GL and Wren MWD. (1993). Clinical

Microbiology. 7th

edition. Edward Arnold. A division of Hodder and

Stoughton.

6. Ronald M. Atlas. (1989) Microbiology. Fundamentals and

Applications. II edition. Maxwell Macmillan international editions

7. Topley & Wilsons‟s. (1990) Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and

Immunity, VIII edition, Vol. III Bacterial Diseases, Edward Arnold,

London.

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT-706 (E3)

L T P

2 1 0

Unit I [8]

History of animal cell culture and development, Basic techniques in

mammalian cell culture; Cell culture media; Serum free media; maintenance

of the culture and cell lines; Development of primary culture, Development

of cell line methods for primary cell & organ culture (from explants by

enzymatic disaggregation, mechanical disaggregation, EDTA treatment),

organ culture.

Unit II [8]

Permanent cell lines: cell strains (Monolayer culture, suspension culture,

stationary suspension culture, agar culture and agitated micro carrier

suspension culture, hollow fiber systems). Measurement of growth and

viability, cell synchronization, cell transformation, cryo-preservation,

application of cell cultures, Animal Tissue Engineering.

Unit III [8]

Immunity to virus, bacteria and parasites, infectious diseases: tuberculosis,

AIDS. Dysfunctions of immune system and their modulation, Approaches

for correcting immune dysfunction. Principles and strategy for developing

vaccines, Hybridoma techniques and monoclonal antibody production

Applications of monoclonal antibodies in biomedical research and in clinical

diagnosis and treatment.

Unit IV [8]

Stem cell culture, Embryonic and adult stem cells and their applications.

Animal virus vectors; cloning in mammalian cells, Integration of DNA into

mammalian genome, Methods of transformation :( Microinjection,

Electroporation, Microprojectile bombardment, Liposomal packaging). Gene

knockout technology, gene transfers, transgenic animals and embryo transfer

technology. Gene therapy, Human genome project, DNA

MicroarrayTechnology.

Books recommended:

1. Ian Freshney “Animal cell culture”

2. Davis “Basic cell culture”

3. Brown TA “Gene cloning: An introduction”

4. Old and Primrose “Principles of Gene Manipulation”

5. Davis D “Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based

Concerns”

6. Atala A, Robert P. Lanza “Methods of Tissue

Engineering”

7. Jenkins N “Animal Cell Biotechnology: Methods and

Protocols”

8. Pinkert C “Transgenic Animal Technology: A Laboratory

Handbook”

9. Riott “Immunology”.

10. Potten “Stem cells”, Elsevier.

11. Baveja and Rewari “Diagnosis and management

of HIV / AIDS”, BI publications.

12. Dracopoli et al. “Short protocols in IHUman genetics”,

Wiley.

13. Animal Cell Culture Course Manual, Cold Spring Harbour

Lab, New York.

14. Kruse PE, Patterson MK „Tissue Culture Methods &

Application‟.

15. Pollard „Basic Cell Culture Protocols‟, Blackwell

publications.

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LAB

BT-751

L T P

0 0 3

1. Physico-chemical and biological characterization of waste water.

2. Determination of heavy metal concentration in soil.

3. Determination of sludge volume index and food to microorganisms.

4. Determination of Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen.

5. Determination of BOD of wastewater samples.

6. Determination of COD of wastewater samples.

7. Enumeration of contaminating pathogenic organisms.

Books recommended:

1. Winter J „Environmental Processes series‟, Wiley Publications

2. Metcalf and Fuddy „Waste Water Engineering‟, TMH publications.

3. Sharma PD „Ecology and Environment‟.

4. Ramalho RS „Introduction to waste water treatment‟, Academic Press.

FERMENTATION ENGINEERING LAB

BT-752

L T P

0 0

6

1. A study of kinetic modeling of a batch reactor: Determination of

kinetic equation explaining biomass formation.

2. A study of kinetic modeling of a batch reactor: Determination of

kinetic equation explaining Product formation.

3. A study of kinetic modeling of a batch reactor: Determination of

kinetic equation explaining Substrate consumption.

4. A study of kinetic modeling of a batch reactor: Determination of

kinetic equation explaining Biomass formation and Product formation

considering non ideal mixing.