b-pharm syllabus GU

[ 13 ]

SECOND B.PHARM

Sr.

No. Subject

Marks Hours / Week

Theory Practical Theory Practical

1 Pharmaceutics – II

(Physical Pharmaceutics) 100 100 2.25 3

2 Pharmaceutical Engg.

(Unit Operations – II) 100 100 2.25 3

3 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence and

Ethics 100 - 2 -

4 Pharmaceutical Chemistry I (Organic) 100 100 3 3

5 Pharmaceutical Analysis I 100 100 2.25 3

6 Pharmacology I 100 100 3 3

7 Pharmacognosy II 100 100 2.25 3

Total 700 600 17.00 18

2.1 PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS)

THEORY

1. Matter, properties of matter: state of matter, change in the state of matter, latent

heats and vapor pressure, sublimation-critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-

inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glasses state, solid

crystalline and amorphous polymorphism.

2. Micromeritics and powder rheology: Particle size and distribution, average particle

size number and wt. Distribution, particle number, method of determining particle size

and volume, optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, determining surface areas,

permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing

arrangement densities, bulkiness and flow properties.

3. Surface and interfacial phenomenon: liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions,

surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tension, spreading

coefficient, adsorption and liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification,

solubilisation, detergency, absorption at solid interfaces, solid gas and solid liquid

interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interfaces,

4. Viscosity and rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of

temperature, non Newtonian systems, pseudoplastics, dilettante, plastic, thixotropy in

formulations, determination of viscosity and thixotropy by capillary, falling ball,

rotational viscometer, application of rheology in pharmacy.

5. Dispersion systems:

a. Colloidal dispersions: Defination, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids,

application of colloids in pharmacy.

b.Suspensions and emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles setteling

in suspension, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, sedimentation

[ 14 ]

of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles, controlled

flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations, emulsions ;

types, theories, physical stability.

6. Complexation : Classification of complexes, methods of preparations and analysis,

applications.

7. Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general. Buffers in pharmaceutical systems,

preparations and stability, buffered isotonic solutions. Measurements of tonicity

calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity.

PRACTICAL : 3 hrs/week

1. Determination of latent heat, vapour pressure, critical point.

2. Studies on polymorphs, their identification and properties.

3. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution and surface area using various

methods of particle size analysis.

4. Determination of derived properties of powders like density, porosity, compressibility,

angle of repose etc.

5. Determination of surface, interfacial tension, HLB value and critical miscille

concentration of surfactants

6. Studies of rheological properties of various types of systems using different

viscometers

7. Studies of different types of colloids and their properties.

8. Preparations of various types of suspension and determination of their sedimentation

parameters.

9. Preparations and stability studies of emulsions.

10. Studies on different types of complexes and determination of their stability constants

11. Preparations of pharmaceutical buffers and determination of buffer capacity.

12. Preparations involving tonicity adjustment.

13. Determination of CST and partial or mutual solubility.

14. Determination of CST of surfactant

15. Determination of isoelectric point, bloom rating of proteins and gelatin

16. Study of measurement of molecular weight of polymers macromolecular substances.

17. Temperature dependency and viscosity studies of binary systems

LIST OF BOOKS

1. Physical pharmacy by Alfred Martin, 4th

edition.

2. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design edited by M. E. Aulton(1998

edition)

3. Remingtons : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th

edition, Vol I & II

4. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems by Anacl, Popovich and

Allen, 6th

edition.

[ 15 ]

2.2 PHARMACEUTICS-III

(PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING UNIT OPERATIONS-II)

THEORY

1. Evaporation: Basic concept of phase equilibria, factor affecting evaporation,

evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators,

mathematical problems and evaporation.

2. Distillation: Rault’s law, phase diagram, volatility: simple steam and flash distillation,

principles of rectification, Mc-CabeThiele method for calculations of number of

theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillation, mathematical problems on

distillation.

3. Drying: Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and time of drying,

calculations: classifications and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical

industries and special drying methods, mathematical problems in drying.

4. Size reduction and size separation: Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors

affecting size reduction, laws governing in energy and power requirement of a mill,

types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill and micronizer .

5. Extraction: Theory of extraction, extraction methods, equipment for various types of

extraction process.

6. Mixing: Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipment,

7. Crystallization: Characteristics of crystals like ; purity, size, shape, geometry, habit,

forms size and factors affecting them. Solubility curves and calculation curves and

calculations of heat balance around S Swanson’s Walker crystallizer , super saturation

theory and its limitations, Nucleation mechanism, crystal growth, study of various

types of crystallizers, tanks, agitated batch, Swensons Walker, single vacuums,

circulating magma and crystal crystallizers, cacking of crystals and its prevention,

Numerical problems on yields.

8. Automated process control systems: Process variable, temperature, pressure, flow,

level and vacuum and their measurement. Elements of automatic process control and

introduction to automatic process control. Elements of computer aided manufacturing

(CAM)

9. Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reactions.


1. Determination of rate of evaporation, steam distillation.

2. Experiments based on steam, extractives and azeotropic distillations.

3. Determination of rate of drying, free moisture content and bound moisture content.

4. Experiments to illustrate the influence of various parameters on the rate of drying.

5. Experiments to illustrate principles of size reduction, laws governing energy and

power requirement of size reduction.

6. Experiments to illustrate solid solid mixing, determination of mixing efficiency using

different types of mixers.

7. Crystallization and smooth behavior .

8. Principles of extractions.

9. Study of Stock’s low and sedimentation.

10. Rectification.

11. Particle size determination by microscopic method.

[ 16 ]

LIST OF BOOKS

1. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, by Lachman, Lieberman and Kanig. 3rd

edition.

2. Pharmaceutical Dosage form: Tablets, Vol-II edited by Lieberman Lachman and

Schwartz. 2nd

edition.

3. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design by M. E. Aulton (1998 edition)

4. Pharmaceutical Engineering by K. Sambamurthy

5. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, vol I & II. 19th

edition.

6. Elementary Chemical Engineering by Max S. Peters.

7. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (5th

edition) by McCabe, Smith and Harriott

8. Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Hand Book by Robert Perry, (6th

edition).

9. Tutorial Pharmacy(Cooper & Gunn)

2.3 PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE

THEORY 3 hrs / week

1. Introduction:

a. Pharmaceutical Legislation- A brief review

b. Drug and Pharmaceuticals Industry – A brief review

c. Pharmaceutical Education – A brief review

2. An elaborate (practical oriented) study of the following:

a. Pharmaceutical Ethics

b. Pharmacy Act-1948

c. Drugs and Cosmetics Act-1940 and Rules –1945

d. Medicinal and Toilet preparations (Excise Duties) Act- 1955

e. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act-1985 and rules

f. Drug Price Control Order.

3. A brief study of the following with special references to the mane provisions:

a. Poisons Act-1919

b. Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements ) Act-1954

c. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act-1970 and Rules-1975

d. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act-1960

e. States Sops and Establishment Act and Rules

f. Insecticides Act-1968

g. AICTE Act-1987

h. Factories Act-1948

i. Minimum Wages Act-1948

j. Patents Act

k. Trade and Merchandise Act

l. Industrial Regulation Act (Pollution )

4. A brief study of the various prescriptions/non - prescription products, medical/surgical

accessories, diagnostic aids, appliances available in the market.

Note: The teaching of all the above acts should cover the latest amendments

LIST OF BOOKS

1. A Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy by B. M. Mithal, 8th

edition.

[ 17 ]

2. A Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy by N. K. Jain, Vallabh Prakashan

3. The Patent Act-1970 with Patens Rules –1972

4. The Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances Act-1985 with the prevention of illicit traffic

in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act-1988 along with allied rules and

orders-1993.

5. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act-1971, along with the medical termination

of pregnancy rules-1975

6. Insecticides Act-1963 to gather with insecticide rule 1971 and insecticide (Price, Stock,

Display and Submission of reports) order-1986 along with selected notifications (5th

edition, 1998)

7. The Drugs (Price Control) Order-1987 along with new drug policy-1994 and drugs

(Price Control) order-1995

8. The Opium Act-1857 with opium act-1878 and opium and revenue laws act-1950

9. The Standards of Weight and Measures Act-1976

10. The Pharmacy Act-1998

11. The Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act-1988

12. The Poisons Act –1999

13. The Minimum Wages Act-1948

14. The Drugs and Cosmetics Act-1940

15. The Medical and Toilet Preparations Act-1955

16. Factories Act-1948

17. Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act-1960

18. Drugs and Cosmetics Act-1940 by Vijay Malik, 7th

edition.

19. Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence by N. K. Jain (Vallabh Prakashan)

2.4 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

THEORY 3 hrs / week

The subject of organic chemistry will be treated in its modern prospective keeping for the

sake of convenience, the usual classifications of organic compounds

1. Structures and properties : Atomic structure, atomic orbitals, molecular orbital theory,

Wave equation, molecular orbitals bondingand anti bonding orbitals, covalent bond,

hybride orbital, intramolecular forces, bond dissociation energy, polarity of bonds,

polarity of molecules, structure and physical properties, intermolecular forces, acids

and bases.

2. Stereochemistry: Stereo selective and stereo specific reactions, isomerism and

nomenclature and associated physicochemical properties, optical activity, stereo

isomerism, specifications of configurations, reactions involving stereo isomers,

confirmations, chirality, chiral reagents, stereo chemistry of Biphenyl, Allens, Spirans

and Decalins.

3. Structure, nomenclature preparations and reactions of : Alkanes, Alkenes,

Alkynes, Cycloalkanes, Diens, Benzene, Polyneuclear Aeromatic compounds, Arenes,

Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols, Aldehydes and Ketons,

Carboxylic acids, Carbanions, Carbenes, Nitrene, Nitreniumions,

4. Nucleophillic aromatic substitutions, alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds,

conservation of orbital symmetry and rules.

[ 18 ]

5. Electrocyclic Cycloeditions and Sigmatrophic reactions, neighboring group effects,

catalysis by transition, metal complexes.


1. The students should be introduced to the various laboratory technique through

demonstrations involving synthesis of selected organic compounds(e.g. Aspirin, p-

bromoacetanalide, anthraquinone from anthracin, reduction of nitrobenzene etc.

2. Identification of organic compounds and their derivatives.

3. Exercise involving stereo selective synthesis of a compound, resolution of racemic DL-

Alanine or any other example.

4. Introduction to the use of stereo models

LIST OF BOOKS

1. “Organic Chemistry” by Morrison Boyd.

2. Organic Chemistry, Vol-I and II by Finar.

2.5 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS - I

THEORY 3 hrs / week

1. Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, different technique of analysis,

preliminaries and definition, significant figures, rules for retaining significant digits,

types of errors, mean data sets, selection samples, precision and accuracy,

fundamentals of volumetric analysis, methods of expressing concentration, primary

and secondary standards, USP parameters for methods validation, rejection criteria

and q-test.

2. Acid base titration: Acid base concept, role of solvent, relative strengths of acids

and bases, Vanslake equation, law of mass action, common ion effect, ionic product of

water, pH hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-Hesselbach equation, buffer solutions, buffer

capacity, neutralization curve, acid base indicators, theory of indicators, choice of

indicators, mixed indicators, poly-protic systems, polyamine and amino acid system,

amino acid titration, applications in assay of H3PO4, NaOH, CaCO3 etc., differential

titration, biphasic titration of salts like sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate etc.

3. Oxidation reduction titration : Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox titration,

strength and equivalent weight of oxidizing and reducing agents, theory of redox

titration, redox indicators, cell representation, measurement of electrode potential,

oxidation reduction curves, iodimetry and iodometry, titration involving ceric sulphate,

potassium iodate, potassium bromate, potassium permanganate; titanious chloride

and sodium 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol.

4. Precipitation titration : Precipitation reactions, solubility products, effect of acids,

temperature and solvent etc. upon the solubility of precipitate. Argentometric

titration, and titration involving ammonium of potassium thiocynate, mercuric nitrate

and barium sulphate indicators, Gay-lussac method; Mohr’s method, Volhar’s method

and Fajan’s method.

5. Gravimetric analysis : Precipitation techniques, solubility products; the colloidal

states, super saturational coprecipitation, post precipitation, digestional washing of

precipitate, filtration, filter paper and crucibles, ignition, brief introduction of thermo-

gravimetric methods, thermo-gravimetric curves, specific examples like barium

[ 19 ]

sulphate, aluminum as aluminum oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium as

magnesium pyrophosphate, organic precipitants.

6. Theoretical consideration, and application in drug analysis and quality control of the

following analytical techniques will be discussed :

i. Non-aqueous titration.

ii. Complexometric titration.

iii. Miscellaneous methods of analysis such as Diazotisation titration, Kjeldahl

method of nitrogen estimation, Karl-Fischer titration, oxygen flask combustion,

gasometry.

iv. Extraction procedure including separation of drugs from excipients.

v. Chromatography : the following techniques will be discussed with relevant

examples of pharmacopoeial products.

vi. TLC, HPLC, GLC, HPTLC, paper chromatography and column chromatography.

vii. Potentiometry.

viii. Conductometry.

ix. Colourimetry.

x. Polarography.

xi. Amperometry.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Analytical chemistry by Gary D. Christian, John Wiley & Sons N.Y. 5th

edi, 1994.

2. Vogel’s text book of quantitative chemical analysis ELBS UK, 5th

Edition, 1996.

3. Quantitative analysis R.A.Day and A.L.Underwood, Prentice Hall of India, 6th

Edition,

1993.

4. Quantitative chemical analysis by Gillbert H.Ayres, Harper and Row New York, 2nd

Edition, 1968.

5. Quantitative analysis by V. Alexeyev, Mir publishers, Moscow, 1st

Edition, 1994.

6. A text book of pharmaceutical analysis by Kenneth A. Connors, John Wiley and Son’s,

3rd

Edition, 1982.

7. Analytical chemistry principles by John H. Kennedy, Saunders college publishing, N.Y.

2nd

Edition, 1990.

8. Analytical chemistry Hand book by John Dean, Mc Graw Hill Inc. NY, 1st

Edition, 1995.

9. Analytical Chemistry An Introduction by Skoog, West and Holler, Saunders College

Publishing, 6th

edition, 1994.

10. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Skoog West and Holler, Saunders College

Publishing, 7th

edition, 1996.

11. Analytical Chemistry by R. M. Varma, CBS Publishers, 2nd

edition, 1991

12. Bentley and Drivers Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry revised by L M. Atherden.

Oxford University Press Bombay, 8th

edition, 1994.

13. Pharmaceutical Analysis by T. Higuchi etc. CBS Publishers, N. D, 1st

edi, 1997.

14. Basis Concept of Analytical Chemistry by S. M. Khopkar, New Age International

Publishers, 2nd

edition, 1998.

15. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis by Galen W. Furing Mc Graw Hill Book

Company, NY, 5th

edition, 1985.

16. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Willard etc. 7th

edition, 1998

17. Chromatographic Methods by A Braithwaite and F. J. Smith. Blackie Academic and

Professsional London, 5th

edition, 1996.

[ 20 ]

18. Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog and Leary, Saunders College Publishing,

4th

edition, 1992.

19. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations by P. D. Shethi, CBS

Publishers, New Delhi, 3rd

edition, 1997.

20. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry by A. H. Beckeet and J. B. Stenlake, CBS Publishers,

New Delhi, 4th

edition, 1997.


The students should be introduced to the main analytical tools through demonstration. They

should have a clear understanding of typical analytical balance, a requirement of good

balance, weights, care and use of balance, method of weighing and errors in weighing. The

students should also be acquainted with the general apparatus required in various analytical

procedure.

1. Standardization of analytical weights and calibration of volumetric apparatus.

2. Acid base titration : preparation and standardization of acid and bases; some exercises

related with demonstration of acids and bases separately or in mixture form, some

official assay procedure e.g. boric acid should also be covered.

3. Oxidation reduction titration : preparation and standardization of some redox titrants

e.g. potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, iodine, sodium thiosulphate

etc., some exercises related to demonstration of oxidising and reducing agents in the

sample shall be covered. exercises involving potassium iodate, potassium bromate,

iodine solution, titanious chloride, sodium 2,6-dichloro phenol indophenol and ceric

ammonium sulphate.

4. Precipitation titration : preparation and standardization of titrants like silver nitrate

and ammonium thiocynate, titration according to Mohr’s, Volhard’s and Fajan’s

method.

5. Gravimetric analysis : preparation of good crucibles for filtration and used of sintered

glass crucible, determination of water of hydration, some exercises related to

Gravimetric analysis should be covered.

6. Non-aqueous titration : preparation and standardization of perchloric acid and sodium

/ potassium / lithium methoxide solutions; estimation of some pharmacopoeial

products.

7. Complexometric titration : preparation and standardization of EDTA solution, some

exercises related to pharmacopoeial assay by Complexometric titration.

8. Miscellaneous titration : exercises involving Diazotisation, kjeldahl, Karl-Fischer,

oxygen flask combustion and gasometry method. Determination of alcohol contents in

glalanicals, procedure (BPC) shall be covered.

9. Experiments involving separation of drugs from excipients.

10. Chromatographic analysis of some pharmaceutical products.

11. Exercises based on titration using potentiometric technique, demonstration of acid

base dissociation constant and plotting of titration curves using pH meter.

12. Exercises involving polarimetry.

13. Exercises involving conductometric and polarographic techniques.

[ 21 ]

2.6 PHARMACOLOGY-I

(General and Systemic Pharmacology)

THEORY 3 hrs / week

1. General Pharmacology: Introduction to pharmacology, sources of drugs, dosage forms

and routes of administration, mechanism of drug action, drug receptor interactions,

combined effect of drugs, factors modifying drug action, tolerance, dependence,

pharmacogenetics.

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs , principles of basic and

clinical pharmaco-kinetics, adverse drug reactions and ADME drug interactions,

treatment of poisoning.

General principles of bioassay and bio-standardisation, evaluation of drugs in man

(clinical trials). Measurement of tonicity, Discovery and development of new drugs.

2. Pharmacology of peripheral nervous system:

(a) Neurohumoral transmission (autonomic and somatic).

(b) Parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics including

bronchodilators and antiasthamatics, adrenergic receptor and neurone blocking

agents, ganglionic stimulants and blocking agents.

(c) Neuromuscular blocking agents.

(d) Local anaesthetic .

3. Pharmacology of Central nervous system.

(a) Neurohumoral transmission in the CNS.

(b) General anaesthetics.

(c) Alcohol and disulfiram.

(d) Sedatives, hypnotics, anti-anxiety agents and centrally acting muscle relaxants.

(e) Psychopharmacological agents (antipsychotics) , drugs used in affective disorders

and hallucinogens.

(f) Anti-epileptic drugs.

(g) Anti-parkinsonism drugs.

(h) Analgesics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory and anti-gout drugs.

(i) Narcotic analgesics and antagonists including antitussives and expectorants.

(j) C.N.S. and respiratory stimulants.

(k) Drug abuse.

4. Endocrine pharmacology

(a) Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones.

(b) Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin and vitamin D.

(c) Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents and glucagon.

(d) ACTH and corticosteroids.

(e) Androgens and anabolic steroids.

(f) Estrgens, progestagens and oral contraceptives.

(g) Drugs acting on uterus.

[ 22 ]

5. Autocoids:

(a) Histamine, 5-HT and their antagonists.

(b) Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotreines and PAF.

(c) Pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, angiotensin, bradykinin and substance P.


1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology: Preparation of different solution for

experiments. Drug dilutions, use of molar and w/v solution in experimental

pharmacology. Common laboratory animals and anaesthetics used in animal studies.

Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology. Some common and

standard techniques. Bleeding and intravenous injection, intragastric administration.

Procedures for rendering animals unconscious-stunning of rodents, pithing of frogs,

chemical euthanasia.

2. Experiments on intact preparations: Study of different routs of administration of drugs

in mice/rats. To study the effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inhibitors and

induction on the pentobarbitone sleeping time in mice. Experiments on urinary

excretion of drugs/their metabolites.

3. Experiments on Central Nervous System: Recording of spontaneous motor activity,

stereotype, analgesia, anticonvulsant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and muscle

relaxant activity of drugs using simple experiments.

4. To study the effect of autonomic drugs and local anaesthetic on rabbit eye.

5. To study the effect of various agonists and antagonists and their characterization using

isolated preparation like frog’s rectus abdominis muscle and isolated ileum

preparations of rat, guineapig and rabbit, viz.:

(a) To record the concentration response curve(CRC) of acetylcholine using rectus

abdominis muscle preparation of frog.

(b) To study the effects of physostigmine and d-tubocurarine on the CRC of

acetylcholine using frog rectus abdominis muscles preparation of frog.

(c) To record the CRC of 5-HT on rat fundus preparation.

(d) To record the CRC of histamine on guineapig ileum preparation.

(e) To record the CRC of noradrenaline on rat anococcygeus muscle preparation.

(f) To record the CRC of oxytocin using rat uterus preparation.

(g) To study the effect of adrenaline on rabbit duodenum.

LIST OF BOOKS

1. Goyal R.K. – Practicals in pharmacology (1994-95) 1st

Edn. M/s. B.S.Shah Prakashan,

Ahmedabad.

2. Sheth U.K. etal – Selected topics in experimental pharmacology (1972) 1st

Edn. The

Kothari Book Depot, Mumbai.

3. Kulkarni S.K. – Handbook of experimental pharmacology(1993) 2nd

Edn. Vallabh

Prakashan, New Delhi.

4. Ghoosh M.N. – Essentials of experimental pharmacology scientific book agency,

Culcutta, 1984.

5. Rang. H.P., Dale M.M., etal –Pharmacology(1995) 3rd

Edn. Churchil livingstone,USA.

6. Satoskar R.S. , etal – Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics (1999) 16th

Edn.

Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.

[ 23 ]

7. Harvel, R.A., Champe P. C. etal, Pharmacology (1997) 2nd

edition, Lippincott-Raven

Company, Philadelphia, New Yor.

8. Craig C. R. Stitzel, R. E.-Modern Pharmacology (1994) 4th

edition. Little Browth and

Company, U.S.A.

9. Goodman and Gilman’s –The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (1996) 9th

edition.

Pergamon Press, Singapore.

10. Seth S. D., Text Book of Pharmacology, B. I. Churchill, 1997

2.7 PHARMACOGNOSY-II

THEORY 3 hrs / week

1. Study of drugs containing resins and resin combinations: Colophony, Podophyllum,

Jalap, Canabis, Myrrh, Asafoetida , Balsam of Tolu and Balsam of Peru, Benzoin,

Turmeric and Ginger.

2. Study of Tannins and Tannin containing drugs like Gambier, Black Catechu, Gall and

Myrobalan.

3. Volatile Oils: General methods of volatile oils from plants, study of volatile oils of

Mentha, Coriander, Caraway, Dill, Fennel, Cinnamon, Cassia, Lemon Peel, Orange Peel,

Lemon Grass, Citronella, Spearmint, Palmarosa, Gaultheria, Clove, Nutmeg, Eucalyptus,

Chenopodium, Cardamom, Valerian, Musk, Sandalwood.

4. Phytochemical Screening.

a. Preparations of extracts

b. Screening of alkaloids, Saponins, Cardenolides, Bufadienolides, Flavanoids,

Leucoanthocyanidine, Tannins, Polyphenols, Anthraquinones, Cynogenetic

Glycosides and Amino Acid in plant extracts.

5. Study of fibers used in pharmacy such as cotton, silk, wool, nylon, glass wool,

polyesters and asbestos.

6. Study of pharmaceutical aids like Talc, Diatomides, Kaolin, Bentonite, gelatin and

natural colors.

7. Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, chemical

constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagnostic, macroscopic and microscopic

features and specific chemical tests of following groups of drugs containing glycosides

a. Saponins-Liquorice, Ginseng, Dioscorea, Sarsaparilla and Senega.

b. Cardio active sterols- Digitalis, Squill, Stropanthus & Thevetia.

c. Anthraquinone cathartics- Aloe, Senna, Cassia Pod, Rhubarb and Cascara

d. Others- Psoralea, Ammi Visnaga, Ammi Majus, Gentian, Saffron, Chirata, Quassia,

Kalmegh, Picrorhiza.


1. Identification of crude drugs mentioned in theory.

2. Study of fibers and pharmaceutical aids.

3. Microscopic studies of seven selected drugs (crude) and their powders mentioned

under the category of volatile oils in theory and their chemical tests.

4. General chemical tests for alkaloids and glycosides containing drugs as mentioned in

theory. Study of powder drugs.

[ 24 ]

LIST OF BOOKS

1. Trease and Evans-Pharmacognosy, 14th

edition, W.B. Saunders Company-1997

2. Wallis T. E.-Textbook of Pharmacognosy 5th

edition, 1997, CBS publishers, New Delhi

3. Tyler, Brady, Robbers- Pharmacognosy, 8th

edition, K. M. Varghese Company, Mumbai

4. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. Gokhale S. B. _ Pharmacognosy, 4th

edition, 1996, Nirali

Prakashan, Pune.

5. Sim S. K. Medicinal Plant Alkaloids, 2nd

edition, 1966, University of Toronto Press,

Toronto.

6. Sim S. K. Medicinal Plant Glycosides , 2nd

edition, 1966, University of Toronto Press,

Toronto.

7. Kulkarni R. D.- Principles of Pharmacology in Ayurved, 1st

edition, 1997, Ram Sangam

Graphics, Mumbai

8. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, Edited by Atal C. K and Kapur B. M.,

1982, R. R. L. Jannu Tawi.

9. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Edited by Atal C. K and Kapur B. M.,

1982, R. R. L. Jannu Tawi.

10. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Vol I , R. R. L. Jammu Tawi.

[ 25 ]

THIRD B.PHARM

Sr.

No. Subject

Marks Hours / Week


1 Pharmaceutical Micro-Biology &

Biotechnology 100 100 3 3

2 Dispensing, Community & Hospital

Pharmacy 100 100 3 3

3 Medicinal Chemistry I 100 100 3 3

4 Pharmaceutical Chemistry

(Bio-Chemistry) 100 100 2.25 3

5 Pharmacology II 100 100 3 3

6 Pharmacognosy III 100 100 3 3

Total 600 600 17.25 18

3.1 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNILOGY

THEORY : 3 hrs / week

1. Introduction to the scope of microbiology.

2. Structure pf bacterial cell.

3. Classification of microbes & their taxonomy, Actinomycetes, Vacteria, ricketssiae,

spirochetes and viruses.

4. Identification of microbes : stains & types of staining techniques, electron

microscopy.

5. Nutritiom, cultivationm isolation of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, viruses etc.

6. microblal genetics and variation.

7. Genetic recombination : Transformation, Conjugation, proctoplast fusion and

gene cloning and their applications. Development of hybridoma for monoglonal

antibodies. Study of grugs produced by biotechnology such as Activase, Humulin,

Humatrops, HB etc.

8. Control of microbes by physical & chemical methods :

(a) Disinfection, factors influencing disinfectants, dynamics of disinfection,

disinfectants & antiseptics and their evaluation.

(b) Sterilizationm different method, validation of sterilization methods &

equipments.

9. Sterility testing of all pharmaceutical products.

10. Immunology and immunological preparations :

(a) Immunity : Primary & secondary, defensive mechanism of body, microbial

resistance, interferon.

(b) Principles of immnologym antigents & heptens, cellular & humoral immunity,

Anti-gen-antibody reactions and their application, Hypersensitivity, Active &

[ 26 ]

passive immunization, vaccines – their preparations, standardization,

standardization and storage.

11. Antibiotics l:

Historical development of antibiotics, Antimicrobial spectrum & methods used

for their standardization, screening of soil for organisms producing antibiotica,

fermenter, its design, control of different parameters, isolation of mutants,

factors influencing rate of mutation, Design of fermentation process. Lsolation of

fermentation products with special reference to penicillins, streptomycins,

teracyclins & vitamin B 12.

12. Microbilogical assays of Antibiotics, Vitamins and amino acids.

13. Microbial Transformation : Introductionm types of reactions, mediated by

microorganisms, design of biotransformation processes, selection of organisms,

biotransformation process and its improvements with special reference to

steroids.

14. Enzyme immobilization : Techniques of immobilization of enzymes, factors

affection enzyme kinetics. Study of enymes such as hyaluromidase,

pendicillinase, streptokinase and streptodornase, amylase & proteases etc.

immobilization of bacteria & plant cells.

3.1 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNILOGY

3 hrs/week

• Preparation of various types of culture media.

• Subculturing of common aerobic & anaerobic bacteria, fungus & yeast.

• Stainig of microorganisms : various methods.

• Methods of isolation and identification of microbes.

• Study of sterilization techniques & their validation.

• Evalutaion of antiseptics & disinfectants.

• Sterility testing of pharmaceuticals as per I.P.

• Microbiological assay of Antibiotics & vitamins etc.

• Preparation of vaceines.

• Demonstration of Mini-fermenter.

List of books :

(1) Pharmaceutical Microbiology, sixth end. Edited by W.B. Hugo and A.D. Rusell

Blackwell science.

(2) Principles of Microbiology. Ronald M. Altas, Second end. Wm. C. Brown

Publishers.

(3) Vergey’s Manual of Systematic Baceriology Williams & Wilkins – A Waverly

Company

(4) Disinfection, Sterillsation and Preservation. Fourth End. Symour s. Black. Lea and

Febiger Philadelphia, London.

(5) Industrial Microbiology fourth end. Prescond End. P.F. Stanbury, A Whitaker and

S. J. Hall Adity Books (P) Ltd. New Delhi.

(6) Principles of Fermentation Technology. Second End. P.F Stanbury, A Whitaker

and S.J. Hall Adity Books (P) Ltd. New Delhi.

[ 27 ]

(7) Microbiology. Pelczar/Chan Krieg Tata McGraw Hill End.

(8) Industrial Microbiology L.E. Casida, Jr. New Age International Publishers.

(9) Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology. A.J sale, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Company Ltd.

(10) Fundamentals of Microbiology by Forbisoher.

(11) Bentley’s Text Book of Pharmaceutics.

(12) Dispensing Pharmacy by Cooper & Gunn, Twelth edition.

(13) Remington Pharmaceutical Sciences, Latest edition.

(14) Manual for the identification of Medical Bacteria. Third End. Author : Cowan &

Steel Editor G.I. Barrow and R.K.A. Feltham.

3.2 DISPENSING. COMMUNITY & HOSPITAL PHARMACY

Theory : 3 hrs / week

1. Definition and scope.

2. The prescription : Handing of prescription, Source of errors in prescription, care

required in dispensing procedures includig labeling at dispensed products.

3. Dispensing techniques : Compounding and dispensing procedures, packaging,

storage and stability of medicines, labeling of dispensed products.

4. Pharmaceutical calculations : Posoloy : Calculation of doses for infants, adults &

elderly patients, enlarging and reducing recipes, percentage solutions, allegation,

alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, displacement value etc.

5. Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of : Mixtures , solutions,

emulsions, external preparations, suppositories & passaries, powders and granules,

oral unit dosage forms, inhalations.

6. Incompatibilities, Physicalm chemical and theratpeutic incompatibilities observed in

pre scriptions of above products : (a) Identification and correctiro of

incompatibilities. (b) Inorganic incompatibilities including incomp. Of metals and

their salts, non metals, acids, alkalis, (c) Organic incompatibilities : Purine basesm

alkaloids, pyazolone derivatives, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds,

carbohydrates, glycosides, anesthetics, dyes, surface active agents.

7. Community Pharmacy :

(a) Organisation and structures of retail and wholesale durg-store, types of

durgs tore and design, legal requirements for establishment,

maintenance of drug store dispensing of proprietory products,

maintenance of records of retail and wholesale.

(b) Patient counseling.

(c) Role and contribution of pharmacist in community health care and

education.

8. Hospital Pharmacy

(a) Organization and structiure : Organization of hospital & hospital pharmacy.

Responsibility of hospital pharmacist, pharmacy & therapeutic committeem

Budge preparations and implementation.

(b) Hospital formulary : contents, preparation & revision of hospital formulary.

(c) Drug store management and inventory control :

[ 28 ]

Organization of drug store, types of materials stocked, storage conditions;

Purchase and inventory control-principles purchase procedures-purchase

orders – procurement and stocking.

(d) Drug dustrubution system in hospitals.

- out patient dispensing – methods adopted

- In patient dispensing – methods adopted

- Ambulatory patient dispensing – methods adopted

- Dispensing of controlled drugs.

(e) Central sterile supply unit & their management, Types of materials for

sterilization, packing of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization

equipments, supply of sterile materials.

(f) Manufacture of sterile and non sterile products. Policy making of

manufacturable items, demand and costing, personnel requirements,

manufacturing practice, Master formula card, production control,

manufacturing records.

(g) Drug information services : Sources of information on drugs, disease,

treatment schedules, procurement of information, computerized services,

retrieval of information, Medication error.

(h) Records and reports : Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication

profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases

etc.

(i) Nuclear Pharmacy : Introduction to radiopharmaceuticals, radio active half

life, units of radioactivity, production of radiopharmaceuticals, methods of

isotopic tagging, preparation of radia isotopes in laboratory using radiation

dosimetry, Radio isotope generators, permissible radiation dose level.

Radiation hazards and their prevention, specifications for radioactive

laboratory.

3.2 DISPENSING, COMMUNITY & HOSPITAL PHARMACY

Practical : 3 hrs/week

1. Dispensing of prescription falling under the categories : Miztures, solutions,

emulsions, external preparations, powders, suppositories, oral unit dosage forms,

inhalations,

2. Dispensing procedures involving pharmaceutical calculation, pricing of prescriptions

and dosage calculations for pediatric and geriatric patients.

3. Dispensing of prescriptions involving adjustment of tonicity.

4. Identification of various types of incompatibilities in prescription, correction and

dispensing.

5. Categorization and storage of pharmaceutical products based on legal requirements

of labeling and storage.

6. Experiments based on sterilization of various types of materials used in hospitals.

7. Practicals designed on the use of computer and drug information centre,

prescripition filling, documentation of information on drug interaction.

8. Experiments to illustrate handling of radio pharmaceuticals, measurement of

radioactivity.

[ 29 ]

9. Project report on visit of the nearby community for counseling on the rational use o

drugs and aspects of health care.

Books Rrecommended

1. “Pharmaceutical Practice” by Diana M. Collett and Michale E. Aulton. E:BC

Publishers.

2. “Dispensing for pharmaceutical students” by Copper and Gunn by S.J. Carter, 12th

End. CBS Publisher.

3. “Pharmaceutical Calculation” by Mitchell J. Stoklosa & Howard C. Ansel B.l.

Waverly Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

4. “Pharmceutical Dpsage forms and Drug delivery systemrs” by Howard C. Ansel by

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

5. “Pharmaceutical Practice “ Edited by A. J. Winfield & R.M.E. Richards.

6. “Hospital Pharmacy” by William E. Hassan, Henry Kimpton Publishers, London.

7. “Hospital Organisation and Management by Kurt & Jonathan S. Ratich 4h Edn,

CBS Publishers.

8. “Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy “ Latest edn. By Mack

Publishing Company.

9. “Drug and Cosmetics Act and Rules” by Vijay Malik.

3.3 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I


1. Heterolcyclic Compounds : Chemistry, preparations and properties of some

important heterocyclocs containing 5 and 6 atoms with 1 or 2 hetero atoms like

O.N.S. and their condensed devrivatives (bicyclic only)

2. Basic principles of Medicinal Chemistry : Physico-Chemical aspects (Optical,

geometrical and bioisosterism) of drug molecules and biological action, Drug-

receptor interaction including transduction mechanisms.

3. Systhetic procedures of official drugs, mode of action (Mechanism of action),

uses, structure activity relationship including physicochemical properties of the

following class of drugs :

(a) Drugs acting on Respiratory tract : Anti-asthamatics, Anti-tussives,

Expectorants, Analeptics (Respiratory stimulants).

(b) Drugs acting on Gastro-intestinaltract : Anti-ulcers and Antacids, Anti-

Emetics, ProKinetic agents, Anti-diarrheals, Laxatuves.

(c) Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System :

Cholinergics, Anti-Cholinergics and Anti-cholinesterases, Adrenergics,

Sympatholytics, Neuro-muscular junction blocking agents.

(d) Drugs acting on central Nervous System : General Anesthetics, Local

Anesthetics, Hypnotics & Sedatives, Opiod analgesics, anti-convulsants,

Antiparkinsonism drugs, CNS stimulants Psycho-pharmacological agents

(neuroleptics, anti-depressants, anxiolytics).

(e) Autocoids : Eicosanoids and their systhesism inhibitors, NSAID’s, Anti-

Allergic drugs (H1-receptor antagonists)

4. Diagnostic agnets.

5. Pharmaceutical aids.

[ 30 ]

Note : Biochemical approaches in drug designing wherever applicable should be

discussed.

3.3 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY - I 3 hrs/week

1. Synthesis of selected drugs from the course content.

2. Spectral analysis of the drugs synthesized.

3. Workshop on stereo model use of some selected drugs.

4. Establishing the pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesized.

5. Organic spotting of Binary miztures with derivative preparation and tlc.

Books Recommended

1. J.N. Dellagado and W.A.R Remers, Eds, Wilson and Giswold’s Textbook of Organic,

Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. Lipponcott Co., Philadelphia.

2. W.C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.

3. H.E. Wolff, Ed,. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York

4. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

5. Daniel Lednicer, Stratagices for Organic Drug Synthesis & Design, John Wiley & Sons,

USA.

6. B.N. Ladu, H.G. Mandel & E.L. Way, Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism & Disposition,

William & Wikins Co., Baltimore.

7. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vol. I & Ii, ELBS / Longman, London.

8. Vogel’s Text book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman, UK.

9. Mann & Saunder, Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman, UK.

10. Shriner, Hermann, Morrill, Curtin & Fuson, The Systematic identificartion of Organic

Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, USA.

11. R.M. Silverstein, G. Olytron Bassel’s T.C. Movvill, Spectrometric identification of

Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, USA

12. William Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy. ELBS, London.

3.4 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (BIOCHEMISTRY)

Theory : 2.25 hrs/ week

1. Introduction to Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids.

2. Biochemiscal organization of the cell and transport processes across cell membrane.

3. The concept of free energy, determination of change in free energy from equilibrium

constant and reduction potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological

significance.

4. Enzymes : Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and its mechanism of action, mechanism

of inhibition, enzymes and iso-enzymes in clinical diagnosis.

5. Co-enzymes : Vitamins as co-enzymes in clinical diagnosis.

6. Carbohydrate metabolism : Conversion of polysaocharide to glucose – 1 phosphate,

Glycolysis and fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and

glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose and galactosemia, Rote of sugar nucleosides

in biosynthesis, and Pentosephosphate pathway.

7. The Citric Acid Cycle : Significance, reactions and energetics of the cycle, Amphibolic

role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid cycle.

[ 31 ]

8. Lipids metabolism : Ozidation of fatty acids, Beta-oxidation & energetics, alpha

oxidation, omega-oxidation, Biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization,

Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Control of lipid metabolism,

Essentail fatty acids & eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes) phospholipids,

and sphingolipids.

9. Biological Oxidation, Redox – Potential, enzymes and co-enzymes involved in

oxidation reduction & its control. The respiratory chain, its role in energy capture

and its control, Energetics of oxidative phosphorylation, Inhibitors of respiratory

chain and oxidative phosphorylation, Mechanism o oxidative phosphorylation.

10. Metabolism of Ammonia and Nitrogen Containing monomers : Nitrogen balance,

Biosynthesis of amino acids, Catabolism of amino acids, Conversion of amino acids to

specialized products, Assimilation of ammonia, Urea cycle, metabolic disorders of

urea cycle, Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids. Prophyrin biosynthesis,

formation of bile pigments, hyperbilirubinemia, Purine biosynthesism Purine

nucelotde interconversion, Pyrimidine biosynthesis and Formation of

deoxyribonucleotides.

11. Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids. Brief introduction of genetic organization of the

mammalian genome, alterationand rearrangements of genetic material, Biosynthesis

of DNA and its replication DNA rapair mechanism, Biosynthesis of RNA.

12. Genetic code and protein synthesis : Genetic code, compenents of Protein Synthesis,

and Inhibition of protein synthesis. Brief account of genetic engineering and

polymerase chain reactions.

13. Regulation of gene expression.

14. Techniques uses in Biochemistry : Spectrophotometry, Centrifugation,

Electrophoresis, Chromatography, Extraction & purification of nucleic acids.

15. Water and mineral Metbolism – A brief introduction

Note : Abnormal metabolism and genetic diseases should be referred to whereve

necessary throughout the syllabus.

3.4 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (BIOCHEMISTRY)


1. Preparation of standard buffers (citrate, phosphate and carbonate) and

measurement of pH.

2. Titration curve for amino acids.

3. Separation of amino acids by two dimensional paper chromatography and gel

electrophoresis.

4. The separation of lipids by TLC :

5. Separation of serum proteins by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate.

6. Quantitative estimation of amino acids

7. Quantitative estimation of proteins.

8. The identification of C-terminal amino acids of a protein.

9. The determination of glucose by means of the enzyme glucose oxidase.

10. Enzmatic hydrolysis of glycogen by alpha- ad beta-amylase.

11. Effect of temperature on the activity of alpha-amylase.

12. Estimation of SGOT, SGPT, BRN, Creatinine, Choleserol, Urea ect, in the serum.

[ 32 ]

Books Recommended

1. E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New

York,

2. A.L. Lehningar, Principles of Biochemisty, CBS Publisher and Distributors.

3. R.K. Murray, D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes, V.W. Rodwell, Harper’s Biochemsitry,

Prentice Hall International Inc., Latest Edition.

4. S.C. Rastogi, Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi, Latest Edition.

5. M.Cohn, K.S. Roth, Biochemistry and Disease, William and Wilkins Co., Baltimore,

Latest Edition.

6. U. Satyanarayana, Biochemistry, Books and Allied (P) Ltd., Calcutta, Latest

Edition.

7. G.F. Zubay. W.W. Farson, D.E. Vance, Principles of Biochemistry, WCB Publishers,

England, Latest Edition.

8. S. Ramakrishnan, K.G. Prasannan, R. Rajan, Textbook of Medical Biochemistry,

Orient Longman, Madras, Latest Edition.

9. S.K. Sawhney, Randhir Singh Eds, Introductory Practical Biochemistry, Narose

Publishing House, New Delhi.

10. D.T. Plummer, An Introduction to Practical Biochemisty, Tata McGraw Hill, New

Delhi.

11. J. Jayaraman, Laboratory Manual In Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern Limited, New

Delhi.

3.5 PHARMACOLOGY II

Theory : 3 hrs/ week

(Cariovascular, Gastrointestinal, Chemotherapy, Toxicology and Recent Advances)

1. Pharmacology of Renal and Cardiovasular System

(a) Digitalis and cardiac glycosides and cardiotonics.

(b) Antihypertensive drugs.

(c) Anti-anginal and vasodilator drugs including calcium channel

antagonists and Beta Adrenergic Antagonists.

(d) Anti-arrhythmic drugs.

(e) Antihyperlipedemic drugs.

(f) Drugs used in the Therapy of shock.

(g) Diuretics

2. Drugs Acting on the Hemopoietic System

(a) Hematinics.

(b) Anticoagulants, Vitamin K and Hemostatic drugs.

(c) Fibrinolytic and Anti-platelet drugs..

(d) Blood and Plasma Volume Expanders.

3. Drugs Acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract

(a) Antacids, Antisecretory and Anti-Ulcer drugs.

(b) Laxatives and antidiarrhoeal drugs,

(c) Appetite stimulants and suppressants.

(d) Emetics and Anti-emetics.

(e) Miscellaneous : Carminatives, Demulcents, Protectives,

Adsorbents, Astringents, Digestants, Enzymes and Mucolytics.

[ 33 ]

4. Chemotherapy

(a) General Principles of Chemotherapy

(b) Sulphonamides and Co-trimoxazole.

(c) Antibiotics : Penicillins, cephalosporins, B-Lactams, Macrolides,

Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides, quinolones

and miscellaneous antibiotics.

(d) Chemotherapy of Tuberculosos and Leprosy.

(e) Antifungal Agents.

(f) Antiviral Agents.

(g) Chemotherapy of Sexually Transmitted diseases and AIDS.

(h) Drugs used in the Therapy of Protozoal Infections : Antimalarial

and antiamoebic Drugs.

(i) Anthelmintic Drugs.

(j) Immunomodulators : Immunostimulant and Immunosuppressive

Agents.

(k) Antineoplastic agents.

5. Principles of Toxicology : Definition of Poison and General Principles of Treatment of

Poisoning with Praticular Reference to Barbiturates, Opioids, Organophosphours and

Atropine Poisoning, Heavy Metai poisoning.

6. Recent Advances

(a) Gene Based Therapy,

(b) Nitric Oxide,

(c) Endothelines,

(d) Molecular Pharmacology

Books Recommended (LATEST EDITIONS)

1. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Publisher

McGraw Hill.

2. F.S.K. Barar Essentials of Pharmacological S.Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi.

3. K.D. Tripathi Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi.

4. Pharmacology by H.P. Rang, M.M. Dale & J.M. Ritter, Publisher Churchill

Livingstone.

5. P.L. Munson Essentials of Pharmacology, Chapman & Hall, New York, USA.

6. V.N. Sharma Essentials of Pharmacology, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.

7. M.N. Ghosh Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Scientific Book

Agency, Calcutta.

3.5 PHARMACOLOGY II Practical : 3 hrs/week

1. Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System :

a. To study the intropic and chronotropic effects of drugs on isolated frog heart.

b. To study the effects of drug on normal and hypodynamic frog heart.

2. Blood Pressure of aneasthetized Dog/Cat/Rat : To demonstrate the effects of

various drugs on the B.P. and respiration including he Vasomotor Reversal of

Dale and nicotinic action of acetylcholine.

3. Experiments on lsolated Preparations :

[ 34 ]

a. To calculate the pA2 value of atropine using acetylcholine as an agonist on

ratileum preparation.

b. To calculate the pA2 value of mepyramine and chlorpheniramine using

histamine as agenist on guineapig ileum.

c. To find out the strength of the given sample of agonist (e.g. Acetylcholine,

Histamine. 5-HT, Oxytocin ect), and antagonist (e,g, pancuronium, atropine,

mepyramine etc.) using a sutiable isolated musole preparation by Graded

response method, Matching Assay, Three point Assay, Four point Assay

4. Pharmacology of the Gastrointestinal Tract :

5. Clinical Pharmacology : To determine the effects of certain clinically useful drugs

on human volunteers like a) antihistaminics, b) Anti-anxiety and sedative drugs,

c) Anal-gesies, d) Betablockers.

3.6 PHARMACOGNOSY III

Theory : 3 hrs/ week

1. systematic study of source, cultivation, collection, processing, commercial varieties,

chemical constituent’s substitutes, adulterants, use diagnostic macroscopic and

microscopic features and specific chemical tests of following alkalodis containing

drugs :

a. Pyridine – piperidne-tobacco, areca and lobelia.

b. Tropane : belladonna, hyoscyamus, datura, duboisia, coca and withania.

c. Quinoline and isoquinoline : cinchona, ipecac, opium, camptotheca.

d. Indol-ergot, rauwolfia, cathoranthus, Nux-vomica and physostigma

e. Imidazole : Pilocarpus

f. Steroidal-Kurchi and veratrum.

g. Alkaloidal amine : Ephedra, Colchium.

h. Glycoalkaloid : solanum.

i. Purines : Coffee, Tea and Cola.

j. Quinozoline : VASAKA

2. Role of medicinal plant and aromatic plants in national ecomony.

3. Biological source, preparation, identification tests and uses of following enzymes :

Diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, pancreatin.

4. General techniques of biosynthetic studies and basic metabolic pathways. Brief

introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance.

5. Introduction, classification and study of different Chromatographic methods and

their applications in evaluation of herbal drugs.

6. Chemical and spectral approaches to simple molecules of natural origin.

7. Concept of stereoisomerism taking example of natural products.

8. Chemistry, biogenesis and pharmacological activity of medicinally important

monoterpenes-acuclic-geraniol, monocyclic-limonene, menthone, carvone,

bicyclicpinene; sesquiterpenes, B-caryophyllene, borneol; diterpenes-abietic acid,

gibbereitic acid, riterpenoids-sterol-lanosterol, sitosterol, b-amyrin, oleanolic acid,

squalene, choles-terol, stigmasterol.

9. Carotenoids: beta-carotenoidsm alpha-carotenesm vitamin A, Zanthophylis of

medicinal importance.

[ 35 ]

10. Glycosids : Chemistry isolation, estimation and biosynthesis of digitoxin, digoxin,

sennosides, diosgenin.

11. Alkalodis : Chemistry and biogenesis and pharmacological activity of atropine and

related compounds, quinine reserpine, morphine, papavenine, ephedrine, ergot and

vinca alkaioids.

12. Chemistry, isolation, estimation and biogenesis of medicinally important lignans and

quassanoids, flavonoids.

13. Chemistry and therapeutic activity of penicillin streptomycin and tetracyclines.

3.6 PHARMACOGNOSY III

Practical 3 hrs / week

1. Identification of crude drugs listed above.

2. Microscopic study of characters of 9 selected drugs of Alkaloids given in theory in

entire & powdered form.

3. Chemical evaluation of powder drugs.

4. Chromatographic (T.L.C. paper) studies of some herbal constituents.

5. Laboratory experiments on isolation, separation, purification of various groups of

chemical constituents of pharmaceutical significance.

Books Rrecommended

1. Finar I.L. Organic Chemistry, Volume-2, stereochemistry and the chemistry of Natural

Products, Fifth Edition, 1996, ELBS Publication.

2. Dani V.R. Organic Spectroscopy, 1st

Edition, 1995, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company, New Delhi.

3. Morrison R.T. and Boyd R.N. Organic Chemistry, 6th

Edition, 1996 Prentice – Hall of

India Private Limited, New Delhi.

4. Chatwal G. Organic Chemistry of Natural Products Volume I and II 7th

Reprint 1998,

Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.

5. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia Volume I and II 1999. A Joint Pubilaction of IDMA and

RRL. Jammu-Tawi.

6. Trease and Evans – Pharmacognosy, 14th

Edition, 1997 W.B. Saunders Company,

Singapore.

7. Wallis T.E. Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 5th

Ed., 1997 CBS Pyblisher.

8. Tyler, Brady, Robbers – Pharmacognosy, 8th

edition, 1981, K.M. Varghese Company,

Bombay.

9. Sim. S.K. Medicinal Plant Alkalods and Glycosides. IInd Edition. 1966, University of

Toronto Press, Toronto.

10. Cultivation and Utillisation of Medicinal Plants Edited by Atal and Kapur, 1982, R.R.L.

Jammu-Tawi.

11. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. Edited by Atal and Kapur, 1982, R.R.L.

Jammu – Tawi.

12. The useful plants of India 3ro reprint, 1994, CSIR, New Delhi.

13. Harorne J.B. Phytochemical methods, 3rd

Edn., 1998 Chapman and Hall London.

[ 36 ]

FOURTH B.PHARM

Sr.

No. Subject

Marks Hours / Week


1 Pharmaceutical Technology

(Industrial Pharmacy) 100 100 3 3

2 Dosage Form Design,

Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics 100 100 3 3

3 Medicinal Chemistry II 100 100 2.25 3

4 Pharmaceutical Analysis – II 100 100 2.25 3

5 Pharmacognosy IV 100 100 2.25 3

6 Clinical Pharmacy Including

Pathophysiology 100 - 3 -

7 Pharmaceutical Management 100 - 2.25 -

Total 700 500 18 15

4.1. PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY (Industrual Pharmacy)


1. Tablets : Definition, Advantages, Disadvantages, Ideal requirements and Formulation

of tablets with a special emphasis on the influence of type and amount of adjuvants on

ease of processing and performance of tablets (in-vitro and in-vivo). Granulation

methods and its influence on physical and mechanical properties, compression

behaviour, Direct compression, Tablet Presses, Problems and remedies.

Evaluation (Pharmacopocial and non-pharmacopoeial tests) with special emphasis on

dissolution curve comparison (e.g. similarity factors f1 and f2). Brief outline of

formulation, manufacturing methods and evaluation of mouth dissolving tablets,

buccai tablets, floating tablets for colon drug delivery, matrix tablets, etc.

Tablet coating-objectivem Film (aqueous including pseudolatex, non-aqueous coation),

Sugar and compression coating, Methods, Equipment, ect. Packaging for silid unit

dosage forms, I.P. Tablets.

2. Capsules :

Hard Capsules-Definition, Advantages, Disadvantages, Ideal Requirements, Production

of hard capsules (gelatin and non-gelatin e.g. vegetable capsules), Capsule storage,

Size of capsules, Formulation and methods of capsule filling, Problems and remedies,

Quality control, Climate control in capsule department, O.P. capsules.

[ 37 ]

Soft gelatin capsules (SGCs) – Forumulation of shell and capsule core, Quality control

with special emphasis on current dissolution testing.

Microencapsules/microspheres – Importance of microcapsules and microspherse in

pharmacy, methods of preparation : phase separation coaservation, multi orifice

centrifugal method, spray congealing, polymerization, complex emulsion, air

suspension technique, coating pan and other technique, evaluation of microcapsules,

Application of biodegradable and non biodegradable polymers in

microcapsules/microspheres.

3. Sterile Dosage Forms : Definition, Advantages, disadvantages, Ideal Requirements and

Formulation of sterile dosage forms, Water for Injection Preparation and Quality

control, Design and requirements of production area, Containers and closures,

Methods of filling including “Form-fill and seal “technology Evalution sterile dosage

forms, pareneral suspension, prefilled syringes, Parenteral nutrients, Freeze dried

products Nonsosupensions, etc. I.P. Products Ophthalmic preparations : requirements,

formulation, methods of preparation, containers, and evaluation, I.P. Products

4. Liquid Dosage Forms : Introduction, Advantages and disadvantages, Types of additives

used in formulation-Vechiles, Stabilizer, Preservatives, Suspending agents, Emulsifying

agents, Solubilizers, etc., Manufacturing, packaging and evaluation of clear liquids,

suspensions and emulsions (including microemulson and multiple emulsions, etc.)

Brief out line of other liquid products such as extracts, tincture, infusion etc., I.P,

Products.

5. Semisolid dosage forms : Definitions, advantages, disadvantages and ideal

requirements, types, mechanisms of drug penetration, factor influencing penetration,

Bases and Their selection. General formulation of semi solids, clear gels,

manufacturing procedure, evaluation and packaging, I,P. Products. Transdermal Drug

Delivery, Iontophoresis, Sonophoresis

6. Suppositories : Ideal requirements Bases, Manufacturing procedure, Packaging and

evaluation.

7. Pharmaceutical Aerosols : Definition, Propellants, General formulation, Manufacturing

(cold filling and pressure filling technique) and packaging methods, evaluation and

applications.

8. Cosmeticology and Cosmetic preparation :

Fundamentals of cosmetic science, structure and functions of skin and hair. Formulation,

preparation and packaging of products such as Nail Preparations, Dental Products,

Lipstick, Skin care products, Shampoo, shaving cream etc.

9. Brief introduction to GMP (Schedule M) and Quality Assurance, Introduction to

validation Any one-unit operation used in tablet manufacturing, Validation of soft

gelatine capsule manufacturing method, validation of steam sterilization (D, Z and F

values). Brief introduction to ISO 9000.

10. Miscellaneous Topics : Introduction to manufacturing aspects of effervescent

products, (Powder, Granules) Nasal Products, Formulation of proteins and peptides.

Applications of internet in pharmaceutical technology.

[ 38 ]

4.1 PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY (Industrial Pharmacy)


1. Experiments to illustrate Preparation, Physical & Chemical evaluation of

pharmaceutical products like tablets, capsules, parenterals, microcapsules, etc.

2. Preparation, evaluation and packing of solution, suspensions and emulsions,

ointments, suppositories, aerosols, eve drops, eye ointment, etc.

3. Formulation of various types of cosmetics for skin & hair, dentifrices and manicure

preparations.

4. Evaluation of materials used in pharmaceutical packaging.

Books Recommended : Latest edition of the following books.

1. “The Theory & Practice of industrial pharmacy by Leon Lachman et. Al., Lea & Febiger,

Philadelphia.

2. “Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences”, Ed. A.R. Gennaro, Mack Publishing Co.,

3. “Modern Pharmaceutics” ed. G.S. Banker & C.T. Rhodes, Marcel Dekker inc. N.Y.

4. “Pharmaceutical dosage forms : Tablets, Parenterals, Desperse systems. Vol.: 1, 2, 3.

Leon, Lachman et al.

5. “Pharmaceutics: The science of dosage from design”. Ed. M.E. Aulton. ELBS / Churchill

Livingstone.

6. “Introduction to pharmaceutical dosage forms”, H.C. Ansel. K.M. Varghese & Co.

7. “Drug Stability”, T.Carstensen, Marcel Dekker Inc. N.Y.

8. Cosmetic science & technology, Sagarin & Balsam. Vol 1-3

9. Leading Pharmacopoeias

4.2. DOSAGE FORM DESIGN, BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS

Theory : 3 hrs/week

1. Preformulation studies :

a. Study of physical properties of drug like physical form, particle size, shape,

density, wetting, dielectric constant, solubility, dissolution & organoleptic

property & their effect on formulation, stability & bioavailability.

b. Study of chemical properties of drug like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction,

racemization, polymerization etc. and their influence n formulation and stability

products.

c. Study of prodrugs in solving problem related to stability, bioavailability and

elegacy of formulations.

2. Pharmaceutical necessities :

Effect of following adjuvants on formulation of Different pharmaceutical products :

Antioxidants, preservatives, colours, flavours, Diluents, binders, disintegrants,

antifrictional agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, ointement bases, solvents etc &

other formulation additives.

3. Stability of pharmaceuticals :

a. Kinetic principles & stability testing : Reaction rate and order, acid base catalysis,

decomposition reactions, stabilization, stability testion and guidelines like US

FDA, Indian FDA, Pharmacopoeial ICH etc.

b. Product stability : Requirements, Shelf life, overages, containers, coloures.

[ 39 ]

4. Controlled release formulations : Design, Development, and evaluation of oral,

parenteral & peroral controlled release formulations.

5. Brief Introduction to design, Development & evaluation of new drug delivery systems

(DDS) of :

- Pulmonary D.D.S, - Targeted D.D.S. – Liposomes,

- Nanoparticles, - Cellular carriers, - Osmotic D.D.S.

6. Elementary Studies on buccal dosage forms, solid dispersions, Spherical crystallization.

7. Introduction to biopharmaceutices and pharmacokinetics & their role in formulation

development & clinical setting.

8. Biopharmaceuties.

a. Passage of drugs across biological barrier (Passive diffusion, ative transport,

facilitated diffusion & pinocytosis).

b. Factor influencing absorption : Physicochemical, Physiological & Pharmaceutical.

c. Drug distribution in body, plasma protein binding

9. Pharmacokinetics :

a. Significance of plasma drug conc. Measurement.

b. Compartment model : Definition & Scope.

c. Pharmacokineties and drug absorption : Zero order and first order absorption

rate constant using Wagner – Nelson and LOD Riegelman method.

d. Volume of distribution and distribution co-efficient.

e. Compartment kinetics : One compartment and two compartment models.

Determination of pharmacokinetic Parameters from plasma & urine data after

drug administration by oral and intravaseular route.

f. Clearance concept mechanism of renal clearance, ratio, determination of renal

clearance.

g. Non-linear pharmacokinetics with special reference to one compartment model

after. I.V. drug administration, Michaels Mention Equation, detection of non

linearity (Saturation mechanism)

10. Bioavailability & bioequivalence.

a. Measurement of bioavailability, Cmax Tmax and are under curve (AUC)

b. Design of single dose bioequivalence study & relevant statistics.

c. Regulatory requirements for conduction of bio-equivalent studies.

4.2 DOSAGE FORM DESIGN, BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS

Practical 3 hrs/week

1. Evaluation of different excipients and their effect on formulations of pharmaceuticals

like : Suspending agents, Emulsifying agents, Diluents, Binders, Lubricants,

Disintegrating agents.

2. Performulation studies including drug excipient compatibility studies.

3. Stability evaluation of various dosage forms and their expiration dating.

4. Dissoluation testing and date evaluation for oral solid dosage forms.

5. Evaluation of Bioequivalence of some marketed products.

(Calculation of standard date obtained from text-books)

6. Invivo bioavailability evaluation from plasma drug conc. & urinary excretion carves

(data treatment)

[ 40 ]

7. Experiments designed for estimation of various pharmacokinetic parameters with

given data.

8. Design, Development and evaluation of controlled released dosage form.

9. Statistical treatment of pharmaceutical data.

10. Absorption studies – in vitro and in situ.

Books Recommended : Latest edition of following books.

1. “The Theory & Practice of industrial pharmacy by Leon Lachman et. Al. Lea & Febiger,

Philadelphia.

2 Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences”, Ed. A.R. Gennaro, Mack Publishing Co.,

3 Modern Pharmaceutics” ed. G.S. Banker & C.T. Rhodes, Marcel Dekker inc. N.Y.

4 “Pharmaceutical dosage forms : Tablets, Parenterals, Desperse systems. Vol.: 1, 2, 3.

Leon, Lachman et al.

5. “Pharmaceutics : The science of dosage form design”. Ed. M.E. Aulton, ELBS/Churchill

Livingstone.

6. “Drug Stability”, T.Cartensen, Marcel Dekker Inc. N.Y.

7. “Physical Pharmacy”, A.N. Martin ET. Al. K.M. Varghese.

8. “Pharmacokinetics” N.Gibaldi & D.Perrier, Marcel Dekker.

9. “Pharmaceutical calculation” N.J. Stoklosa, Lea Febiger, Philadephia.

10. “Pharmaceutical Statistics” S. Bolton. Marcel Dekker.

11. “Novel drug delivery systems : Fundamentals & Developmental concepts. Y.W. Chien,

Marcel Dekker Inc.

12. “Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics – an introductions” J.R. Robinson & Uinvent

Lee, Marcel Dekker Inc.

13. “Controlled drug Delivery, Fundamentals & applications” J.R. Robinson & Univent Lee,

Marcel Dekker Inc.

14. “Handbook of Pharmaceutical excipients” Latest edition by J.C. Boylan, American

Pharmaceutical Association & The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.

15. “Pharmaceutical Dissolution testing” Umesh V. Bankar, Marcel Dekker Inc.

4.3 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – II

Theory : 2.5 hrs/ week

1. Drug Metabolism-Various processes of drug metabolism & its importance in drug

design with specific examples and concepts in prodrugs.

2. Drug design-Introduction various approaches for lead optimization, Physicochemical

parameters used in QSAR & different methods of QSAR. Introduction to molecular

modeling.

3. Synthetic procedures of official drugs, mode of action, uses, structure activity

relationship (including physico-chemical aspects) of the following classes of druges:

A. Anti-hypertensives.

B. Anti-arrhythmic agents

C. Anti-anginal agnets,

D. Anti-hyperlipidemic agents

E. Cardiotonics

F. Diuretics

G. Anti-coagulants, Anti-Platelets & Anti-thrombolytics.

[ 41 ]

4. Synthetic procedures of official drugs, mode of action, uses, structure activity

relationship (including physico-chemical aspects) of the following classes of drugs :

A. Sulphonamides & Fluoroquinolones

B. Anti-malarials

C. Anti-Leprotic drugs

D. Anti-tubercular drugs

E. Anti-septics and Disinfectants

F. Anti-fungal agents

G. Anti-ampbic agents

H. Anti viral drugs including anti-HIv

I. Antineoplastic agents

J. Immunosuppressive agents

5. Antibiotics : General Chemistry of β-lactum antiobiotics, amino glycoside antibiotics :

tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, Macrolide antibiotics, Polyene and Polypeptide

antibiotics.

6. Hormones : A Thyroid and Antithyroid drugs. B. Insulin and hypoglycemic agents. C.

Steriod hormones : Detailed study of sex hormones & adrenal cortex hormones

including synthetic substitutes, SAR in synthetic substitutes.

Note : Biochemical approaches in drug designing wherever applicable should be discussed.

4.3 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – II Practical 3 hrs/week

1. Selected drug synthesis from the course content.

2. Special analysis of the drug synthesized.

3. Organic spotting of binary mixtures with derivative preparation and TLC.

4. Estabilshing pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesized.

Books Rrecommended

1. J.N. Delagado & W.A.R. Remers, Ed. Wilson & Giswild’s Text book of Organic, Medicinal

and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. Lipincott.

2. W.c. Foye, Principles of medicinal chemistrym Lea & Feiber Ohiladelphia.

3. H.E. Wolf, Ed., Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons.

4. Daniel Lednicer, Strategies for Organic Drug Synthesis & Design, John Wiley & Sons,

New York.

5. B.N. Ladu, H.G. Mandel & E.L. Way, Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism & Disposition,

William & Wilkins co., Baltimore.

6. Post and Perrum, “Computer Aided drug Design”, Academic Press.

7. C.Hanch, Compressive medicinal, Vol: IV, Quantitative Drug Design, Pregamon Peress,

and Oxford.

8. Y.C. Martin, Quantitative Drug Design – A Critical Introduction (Medicinal Reasearch

Monograph, Vol : 8). Marcel Dekker. Inc.

9. Exploring QSAR : Vol : I, Fundamentals & Applications in Chemistry & Biology by C.

Hanch & A. Leo, Vol:II, Hyderophobic, Electronic and Steric cnstants by C.Hanch, A.

Leo & D. Hockman, ACS book catalog.

10. P.C. Jurs, Computer Software Application in Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

[ 42 ]

11. T. Nogradydey, Medicinal Chemistry – A Biochemical approach, Oxford University

Press, New York, Oxford.

12. B.N.Ladu, H.G. Mandel and E. L. Way Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism & Disposition,

William & Welkins Co. 428E Prestone street, Baltimore.

13. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vol : I & II, ELBS, Longman, London.

14. Vogel’s textbook of practical organic chemistry, ELBS, Longman, London.

15. Mann & Saunders, Practical organic chemistry, Orient Longman, UK.

16. Shriner, Heremann, Morrill, Curtin & Fusion, The Systemic identification of Organic

Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.

17. William Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, ELBS, London.

4.4 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS II Theory 2.5 hrs / week

The following techniques will be discussed with reference to the latest edition of the Indian

Pharmacopoeia along with Pharmacopoeial applications, Pharmacopoeial validation of the

instruments and numericals related to theories.

1. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotmetry : Electromagnetic Radiation EMR), properties

of EMR, Mechanism of Absorption of EMR by molecules, Factors Affecting absorption

position and absorption intensity, Laws of photochemistry, Deviations from Beer’s

Law, Instrumentation components and their general working principles), single beam

and double beam instruments, sample handling, selection of wavelength and band

width, Applications (direct methods, indirect methods, analysis of mixtures)

2. Fluorimetry : Origin of fluorescence and phosphorescence, Factors affecting

fluorescence intensity, Relationship of fluorescence and phosphorescence to

molecular structure, Instrumentation (components and their general working

principles), Applications.

3. Infrared Spectrophotometry : Origin of an I.R. spectrum, Instrumentation (components

and their general working principles), Sample handling, A brief introduction to fourier

transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Applications, Analytieal shortcomings.

4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy : Magnetic properties of the nucleus,

Origin of NMR spectrum, Chemical shift, Coupling, Factors affecting chemical shift and

coupling, Instrumentation (CW and FTNMR), Brief Introduction to 13CNMR.

5. Mass Spectrometry : Origin of mass spectra, fragmentation rules, Recognition of

molecular ion peak, Instrumentation, Applications.

6. Atomic Absorption and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy : Origin of atomic absorption &

atomic emission spectra, Instrumentation, Applications.

7. Radiochemical techniques L Radiochemical Laboratories, Safety precautions in

handling radiochemicals, Instrumentation Radio immunoassay-its principle &

variations Radio Receptor assay.

8. Chromatography : Principle, Instrumentation and Applications of Gas Chromatography,

HPLC and HPTLC.

9. Quality Assurance : Introduction to Basic principles and applications of QA and GLP :

Importance and applications of ISO 9000 & 14000. Quality review & documentation in

QC laboratory and analytical method validation.

[ 43 ]

4.4. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS II Practicals 3 hrs/week

1. Quantitative estimation and general tests of at least ten formulations containing single

drug or more than one drug, using instrumental techniques.

2. Complete Monograph of one or two raw materials as per I.P.

3. Estimation of Na+. Ca++, ions using flame photometer.

4. Electro analytical techniques like pH metry, potentiometry, conductomtery.

5. Omer analytical techniques like Polarimetry, Karl Fischer titration, identification of

drugs by I.R.

Books Recommended

1. Principles of Instrumental Analysis – Skoog, Holler, Nieman, 5th

Ed. Saunders College

Publishing.

2. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis – Kenneth A. Connors, 3rd

Ed., John Wiley &

Sons.

3. Instrumental Mathods of Chemical Analysis – Galin W. Ewing 5th

Ed. McGraw Hill

International Editions.

4. Principles of Instrumental Analysis-Skoog, Leary, 4th

Ed., Saunders college Publishing

5. Instrumental Methods of Analysis-Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle, CBS publishers 7th

Ed.

6. Spectrometric identification of organic compounds-Silverstein, Bassler, Morrill, 5th

Ed.

Jonh Wiley & Sons, Inc.

7. Understanding ISO 9000 and implementing the basics to Quality – D.H. Stamatis,

Marcel Dekker, Inc.

8. Guidelines for Laboratory Quality Auditing – Donald C. Singer, Ronald P. Upton, Marcel

Dekker, Inc.

9. Good manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals : A plan for total quality control

Sidney H Willing james R. Stoker, Marcel Dekker, Inc.

10. O.P.P.I. Manual.

11. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations – Ed. By Sandy Weinberg, Marcel Dekker, Inc.

12. Pharmaceutical Analysis : Modern Methods, James W, Munson, Marcel Dekkar, Inc.

13. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemisty – I & II, A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, 4th

Ed. CBS

Publishers.

14. Indian, British and United States Pharmacopoeia.

PHARMACOGNOSY – IV

Theory 2.5 hrs/week

1) World-wide trade in medicinal plants and derived products with special reference to

diosgenin (Dioscorea), taxol (Taxus spp.) digitalis, tropane alkaloid containing plants,

papain, cinchona, ipecac, liquorice, ginseng, aloe, valerian, rauwolfia and plants

containing laxatives, Artemisia, camptothesia.

2) A brief account of plant based industries and institution involved in work on medicinal

and aromatic plants in India. Untilization and production of phytoconstituents such as

quinine, calcium sennosides, podophyllotoxin, diosgenin, solasodine and tropane

alkaloids.

[ 44 ]

3) Utilization of aromatic plants and derived products with special reference to

sandalwood oil, menthe oil, lemon grass oil, vetiver oil, geranium oil and eucalyptus

oil.

4) Historical development of plant tissue culture, type of cultures, nutritional

requirements, growth and their maintenance. Application of plant tissue culture in

pharmacognosy. Plant cell immobilization.

5) Chemotaxonomy of medicinal plants.

6) Marine pharmacognosy, novel medicinals from marine sources.

7) Natural allergens & photosensitizing agents & fungal toxins.

8) Herbs as health food.

9) Herbal cosmetics on commercial scale.

10) Introduction, classification & study of different methods of chromatography,

applications in evaluation of herbal drugs.

11) Studies of traditional drugs, common vernacular name, botanical sources ,

morphology, chemical nature of chief Constituents, pharmacology, categories and

common uses and marketed formulations of following indigenous drugs: Amla,

Satavari, Tylophora, Bhilama, Kalijiri, Karen, Nagod, Rasna, Punarnava, Chitrak,

Apamarg, Gokhru, Shankhapusphi, Brahmi, Adusa, Arjuna, Ashoka, Methi, Palash,

Guggal, Gymnema, Shilajit, Nagarmotha Neem, Garlic, Majith, Chakramadu, Galo,

Malkangni, Karanj, Peper & Vaj.

12) The holistic concept of drug administration in traditional system of medicine,

introduction to ayurvedic preparation like Arishtas, Asavas, Gutikas, Tailas, Churnas,

Lehyas & Bhasmas.

PHARMACOGNOSY – IV Parcticals 3 hrs/week

1) Isolation of some selected phytoconstituents studied in theory.

2) Extraction of volatitle oils and their chromatographic profiles.

3) Some experiment in plant tissue culture.

4) Chromatographic studies of some herbal constituents.

5) Exercises on paper and thin layer chromatographic evaluations of herbal drug

constituents.

6) Identification of traditional drugs listed in theory.

7) Standardization of some traditional drug formulations.

Books Recommedned

1. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. Edited by C.K. et. Al and B.M. Kapoor,

R.R.L., Jammu-Tawi, 1982.

2. Cultivation and Utillization of Medicinal Plants. Edited by C.K. et. Al and B.M. Kapoor,

R.R., Jammu-Tawi, 1982.

3. Phytochemical methods, J.B. Harbone, 3rd

Edition, 1998, Chapman and Hall, London.

4. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1983. Publish by Briotish Herbal Medicine Association,

U.K.

5. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1999. Vol. I and Vol. II. A Joint Publication of R.R.L.

Jammu and IDMA, Mumbai.

6. Medicinal plants of India Vol. I and Vol. II, 1987. Indian Council of Medical Research,

New Delhi.

[ 45 ]

7. Natural Medicines Reference Manual. First Edition 1999. Eastern Publishers, New

Delhi.

8. Herbal Drug Industry. Chief Editor R.D. Chaudhary, 1st

Edition, 1996. Eastern

Publishers, New Delhi.

9. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. I, II,III,IV, by R.P. Restogi and B.N.

Mahrotra, CDRI Lucknow, 1993.

10. The Useful Plants of India, 3rd

Reprint, 1994. Pub. & Information Directorate CSIR, New

Delhi.

11. The wealth of India. Raw Materials Revised. Edition 1985. Publication and Information

Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.

12. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants by Andrew Chevalier minimh. DORLING

KINDERSLEY, LONDON.

13. Indian Materia Medica. Edited by K.M. Nadkarni, Volume I and II. Reprint 1996.

Bombay Popular Prakashan.

14. Kiritkar K.R. and Basu B.D. Indian Medicinal Plants. Text Volume I, II, III and IV 1987.

International Book Distributirs, Dehradun,

15. Medicinal Plants Alkalodis by T.A. Henry. Reprint 1999 Anmol publication (P) Ltd., New

Delhi.

16. Methods in Plant tissue oulture by U. Kumar Agro Botanica 1999. Bikaner India.

17. Medicinal Plant Alkaloids by S.K. Sim. Second Edition, Unversity of Toronto Press.

18. Trease and Evans Pharmacognsy 14th

Edition, 1996. W.B. Saunders Company.

Singapore.

19. Pharmacogncsy Eighth Edition 1981 by VE. Typer, L.R. Brady and J.E. Robbers K.M.

Varghese Company, Bombay.

20. Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, A.P. Purohit and S.B. Gokhale. Fourth Edition 1996

Nirali Prakashan, Pune.

4.6 CLINICAL PHARMACY INCLUDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Theory 3 hrs/week

Introduction : Development and scope of clinical pharmacy, concept of health care team,

Role of clinical pharmacist as a member of health care team and his/her important

functions. Basic concepts of pharmacotherapy;

a) Recording of medication history, self medication, nonprescription drug usage,

improving patient compliance and providing patient counseling, Communication skills

– Behavioral and interpersonal, with patient and other professionals.

b) Pharmaceutical care: Novel drug delivery systems with reference to targeted and

controlled delivery, their biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic considerations.

Principles of pharmacoeconomics.

c) Drugs used during infancy and in the elderly (pediatric and Geriatric considerations).

d) Drugs used during pregnancy.

e) Adverse Drug Reactions and the role of clinical pharmacist in their monitoring and

prevention (concepts of Pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance).

f) Drug interactions : Prescription monitoring, documentation and methods for

minimizing clinically relevant drug interactions.

g) General principles of clinical toxicology.

[ 46 ]

h) Interpretation of clinical laboratory tests : Hematological, pathological and biochemical

investigations as markers of Major organ damage and their effect on drug therapy

decisions.

i) Drug utilization studies in hospitals and their impact on Hospital Formulary revision &

updating Clinical Pharmacy Practice Pathophysiology, complications. Treatment and

prognosis of the following diseases :

a. Cardiovascular : Hyperatension, angina, congestive heart failure, myocardial

infarction, cardial arrhythmias and atheroschlerosis.

b. Ranal; Acute renal failure, chronic renal failure.

c. CNS : Epilepsy, Parkinsonism schizophrenia, depression, migrane.

d. Respiratory : Bronchial asthama.

e. Gastronitestinal : Peptic ulcer disease, ulcerative colitis inflammatory bowel

disese), hepatitis, cirrhosis.

f. Endocrine : Diabetes mellitus, thyroid and parathyroid diseases.

g. Hematopoetic : Anemia’s

h. Joint and connective tissue : Rheumatoid arthritis, Gout and hyperuricemia.

i. Neoplastic : Acute leukemia’s, Hodgkin’s disease and carcinoma of breast.

j. Infections : Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections, Enteric infections, Upper

respiratory tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS.

k. Concept of acute care medicine : Managing ICUs, TPN & emergencies.

Books Recommedned : Latest edition of :

1. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Roger Walker and Clive Edwares, Churchill

livingstone Edinburgh/ London.

2. Pathology & Therapeutics for Pharmacists. Russell. J. Greene and Norman F. Harris.

Chapman & Hall, London / Glasgow / Madras.

3. Text Book of Therapeutics : Drug and Disease Management. 7th

Ed. Editors : Eric T.

Herfindal and Dick R. Gurley, Williams and Wilkins, 2000

4. Davidson’s Principle and Practice of Medicine, Eds. Christopher R.W. Edwards & lan

A.D.. Bouchers ELBS with Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

5. Applied Therapeutics : The Clinical Use of Drugs Eds. Brian S. Katcher, Lloyed Yee

Young, Marry Anne Koda-Kimble, Applied Therapeutics Inc.

6. Melmon and Morrelli’s Clinical Pharmacology, 4th

Edition. Authors : S.George

Carrathers, Brian B. Hoffman, Kenneth L. Melmon and David W. Nierenberg. McGraw

Hill, 2000.

4.7 PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT

Theory 2.5 hrs/week

1. Concept of Management : Administrative Management (Planning, Organizing, Staffing,

Directiong and Controlling), entrepreneurship development, Overative Management

(Personnel, Materials Production, Financial Marketing, Time/Space Margin/Morale).

Principles of Management (Co-ordination, Communication, Motivation, Decision-

making, Leadership. Innovation, Creativity, Delegation of Authority/Responsibility,

Record Keeping). Identification of key Points to give maximum thrust for development

and perfection, total quality management (TQM).

[ 47 ]

2. Accountancy Principles of accountancy, ledger posting and book entries, preparation

of trial balance, columns of a cash book, Bank reconciliation statement, rectification of

errors, Profits and Loss account, balance sheet, purchase, keeping and pricing of

Stocks, treatment of cheque. Bills of exchange, promissory notes and hundies

documentary bills.

3. Economics: Principles of economics with special reference to the laws of demand and

supply, demand schedule, demand curves, labor welfare, General principles of

insurance and inland and foreign trade, procedure of exporting and importing goods.

4. Pharmaceutical Marketing : Functions buying, selling, transportation, storage, finance,

Feedback, information, channels of distribution, wholesale, retail, departmental store,

multiple shop and mail order business.

5. Salesmanship : Principles of sales promotion, advertising, ethics of sales,

merchandising, literature, detailing. Recruitment, training, evaluation, compensation

to the pharmacist.

6. Market Research : Recruitment, training, evaluation, compensation to the pharmacist

Pre-requisition : Basic information services.

7. Materials Management : A brief exposure of the basic principles of Materials.

Management Purchase, stores and inventory control (Eligibility, Efficiency Evaluation,

Recruitment Methodology, Service Conditions, Termination Performance Evaluation,

etc.).

8. Production Management : A brief exposure of the different aspects of Production

Management A Visible and Invisible inputs, Methodology of Activities, Performance

Evaluation Technique, Process-Flow, Process Know-how, Maintenance Management.

Books Recommended : Latest edition

1. J.A. Stoner, R.E. Freeman & D.R. Gilbert “Management” Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

2. P.Kolter, “Marketing Management analysis, planning, Implementation & control,

prentice hall. Delhi.

3. H.A. Smith, “Principles and Method of Pharmacy Management”, Lea & Febigr,

Philadelphia.

4. P.Gopalkrishan and M. Sundaresan, Material Management: An integrated approach”,

prentice hall, New Delhi.

5. C.B. Mannoria, Personal Management, Himalaya publishing house, Bomnay.

6. L.Lachman, H.A. Lieberman and J.L. Kanic, “Theory & Of Industrial Pharmacy”, Lea &

Febiger, U.S.A.

7. P. Kotler, “Principles of marketing” Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

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