Customer Case Study Kansas City Structural Steel: LEEDing the Industry
B LEEDING. OBJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Determine type of...
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Transcript of B LEEDING. OBJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Determine type of...
BLEEDING
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this session, each student should be able to:Determine type of bleeding.Describe how to control bleeding. Identify common signs of internal bleeding.Describe how to control epistaxis.
Bleeding (hemorrhage) is the escape of blood from capillaries, veins, and arteries.
Bleeding can be external (i.e., outside the body), internal (i.e., inside the body), or external and internal.
Note:Uncontrolled bleeding (massive bleeding نزيف
whether external or internal, is life ,( شديدthreatening.
Bleeding also has three types:Arterial Bleeding شرياني :نزيف
The BRIGHT RED blood "spurts" from the wound.
Arterial bleeding is life-threatening and difficult to control.
Loss of blood is pulsating شكل على الدم تدفقاتفقد. كالنبض
Venous Bleeding وريدي : نزيف The DARK RED (reddish purple) blood flows in a
steady stream ومستمر منساب . بشكلCapillary Bleeding الدموية للشعيرات نزيف
: A slow medium red blood "oozes" from the
wound site.
Notes:Capillary bleeding is usually not serious
and can easily be controlled.Arterial and Venus bleedings are more
serious and can be life-threatening.
METHODS TO CONTROL BLEEDING
There are four methods to control bleeding: 1. Direct Pressure, 2. Elevation, 3. Indirect Pressure, and 4. The Use of a Tourniquet.
1. Direct Pressure Direct pressure is the first and most effective
method to control bleeding. In many cases, bleeding can be controlled by
applying pressure directly to the wound. Place a sterile dressing or clean cloth on the
wound, tie a knot ) ربطة ) عقدة or adhereاعملtape directly over the wound, only tight enough to control bleeding.
If bleeding is not controlled, apply another dressing over the first or apply direct pressure with your gloved hand or fingers over the wound.
2. ElevationElevation of an injured arm
or leg (extremity) above the level of the heart will help control bleeding.
Elevation should be used together with direct pressure.
Do NOT elevate an extremity if you suspect a broken bone (fracture) until it has been properly splinted.
3. Indirect Pressure (ONLY) In cases of severe bleeding when
direct pressure and elevation are not controlling the bleeding, indirect pressure must be used.
Bleeding from an artery can be controlled by applying pressure to the appropriate pressure point. Pressure is applied with the fingers, thumb, or heel of the hand.
Pressure Points are areas of the body where the blood flow can be controlled by pressing the artery against an underlying bone.
Indirect Pressure Points
Indirect Pressure Points
Notes: Indirect pressure is used in addition to direct
pressure and elevation. Indirect pressure can cause damage to the extremity
due to inadequate blood flow. Pressure points should be used with caution.
Do NOT apply pressure to the two neck (carotid) pressure points at one time, it can cause cardiac arrest.
The brachial artery is used to control severe bleeding of the lower part of the arm.
The femoral artery is used to control severe bleeding of the thigh and lower leg.
4. The Use of Tourniquet A tourniquet should be used only as a last resort حل آخر
to control severe bleeding After all other methods have failed. It is used ONLY on the extremities.
Tourniquets cause tissue damage and loss of extremities when used by untrained individuals. Tourniquets are rarely required and should only be
used when an arm or leg has been partially or completely severed and when bleeding is uncontrollable.
A tourniquet can be a strap, belt, towel, or other similar item. NEVER use wire, cord, or any material that will cut the skin.
Application of TourniquetLeave at least 2 inches (5 cm) of uninjured
skin between the tourniquet and wound. Place a pad (roll) over the artery. Wrap the tourniquet around the extremity
twice.Never cover a tourniquet. Identify the time in which tourniquet was
applied.
INTERNAL BLEEDING
INTERNAL BLEEDING
Internal bleeding, although not usually visible, can result in serious blood loss.
Victims with internal bleeding can develop
shock before you realize the extent of their injuries.
Bleeding from the mouth, ears, nose, rectum,
or other body opening (orifice) is considered serious and normally indicates internal bleeding.
Common Causes of Internal BleedingDeep chest or abdominal wound.Any cut into muscle or fracturing of bone.Bleeding ulcers ( المعدة في الداخلية التقرحات نزيف
) مثال . واألمعاء
Signs of Internal BleedingAnxiety and restlessness راحة وعدم .قلقExcessive thirst (polydipsia) شديد . عطشNausea and vomiting. Coolبارد , moistرطب , and pale skin جلد
اللون شاحبRapid breathing (tachypnea). Rapid, weak pulse (tachycardia). Bruising ازرقاقor discoloration at site of
injury (contusionرضات ).
If you suspect internal bleeding, do the following:Apply ice or cold pack [inside a cloth to
prevent damage to the skin], to reduce pain and (edema) swelling.
Call local emergency or medical personnel. Monitor circulation, airway, and breathing
(CAB). Treat for shock. Place the victim in most comfortable
position. Maintain normal body temperature. Reassure the victim.
EPISTAXIS (NOSE BLEEDING)
األنف رعاف
It is hemorrhage from the nose, due to mainly rupture of minute vessels.
ألوعية تفجر بسبب عادة ينتج األنف، من نزيف هي) صغيرة ) دقيقة
Common CausesTrauma due to:
(1) blow on the nose األنف على and ,ضربة(2) foreign body غريب . جسم
Violent sneezing وقوي شديد . عطس
Blood diseases دموية . أمراض
Hypertension الشرياني الدم ضغط . ارتفاع
First Aid TreatmentApply pressure by pinching the
nostrils for 5-10 minutes.
Keep the patient in a sitting, leaning forward position.
Apply ice over the nose.Keep the patient quite.
Hospital Emergency CareSimple packing of the nose.Use of adrenaline nasal pack. In hypertension cases: sedation and
decreasing blood pressure.Check for blood coagulative disorders.
الدم بتجلط متعلقة أمراض عن استفسر