B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.
-
Upload
jewel-mccormick -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
Transcript of B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.
![Page 1: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
B. Insect/machine combinations
![Page 2: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
C. Synthetic Transplants
![Page 3: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
D. Animal Surrogate Transplants
![Page 4: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
E. Engineered Plants/Animals
![Page 5: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Types of Biotechnology Applications
![Page 6: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. Blue Biotechnology
- Marine and aquatic applications
- rare
![Page 7: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. Green Biotechnology
-agricultural applications-micropropagation-transgenic plants (Round-up ready beans, Bt Corn)
![Page 8: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3. Red Biotechnology
- Medical applicationsEx. Antibiotics, genetic manipulations
![Page 9: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
4. White Biotechnology
- Industrial applicationsEx. Catalysts and enzymes
![Page 10: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Review of the Cell and Chemistry
![Page 11: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Basic Organic Chemistry
Monomer: a subunit of a larger macromolecue
Polymer: a large macromolecule made of monomers
![Page 12: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4 Most Important Biological Polymers
![Page 13: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1. Lipids: greasy compounds that do not dissolve in water
Monomer: fatty acidsImportant Lipids:1. Steroids2. Phospholipids: cell
membrane
![Page 14: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2. Carbohydrates: twice the hydrogen atoms as oxygen
Monomer: monosaccharides: simple sugars (C6H12O6)
Disaccharides: 12 carbon, double sugars
Polysaccharides: chain of monosaccharides (cellulose; starch)
![Page 15: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3. Proteins: polymer of many amino acids
![Page 16: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
4. Nucleic Acids: - Monomers: - Large macromolecules
found in the nucleus of cells- Contain genetic information- Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- Four bases: Adenine (A),
thymine (T), cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
![Page 17: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cell Theory – 3 postulates
1. All cells come from pre-existing cells2. Cells are the basic unit of life3. All living organisms are composed of cells
![Page 18: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Two Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells: small simple cells-lack a nucleus-DNA called chromatin
2. Eukaryotic Cells: complex cells-membrane bound nucleus-DNA in nucleus-complex organelles
![Page 19: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cell Organelles: Cell’s “organs”
![Page 21: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
1. Cell Membrane:
FX: regulates what enters/leaves the cell
-phospholipid bi-layer-
![Page 22: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2. Nucleus:
FX: 1. store DNA 2. control center of the cell
![Page 23: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
3. Cytoplasm: gel like substance in the cell
FX: site of all cell activities
![Page 24: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two Types1. Rough ER: makes and
transport proteins (has ribosomes)
2. Smooth ER: transport proteins, makes steroids
![Page 25: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
5. Ribosomes: small organelles
FX: produce proteins-500,000 per cell
![Page 26: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
6. Mitochondria: rod shaped; double membrane
FX: Produce energy molecules – adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
“Powerhouse” of the cell
![Page 27: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
7. Golgi Apparatus: flat sacs
FX: Package, sort, and transport proteins
![Page 28: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
8. Lysosome:
FX: to break down foreign contaminants
Filled with enzymes
![Page 29: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
9. Microtubules
FX: support the cell shape
Cytoskeleton
![Page 30: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
10. Centrioles: Cylindrical structures
FX: assist in cell division
![Page 31: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Other Organelles
-Chloroplast: used for capturing sunlight for photosynthesis
-Cilia: small hair like structures used for movement
-Flagella: “tail” used for locomotion
![Page 32: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cellular Respiration
-set of metabolic reactions-Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate)-breaks down carbsMajor Components:A. GlycolysisB. Krebs CycleC. Electron TransportD. Oxidative
Phosphorylation
![Page 33: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Glycolysis
-occurs in cytoplasm-aerobic or anaerobicNet Reaction:Glucose 2 pyruvate2 ATP
![Page 34: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Krebs Cycle
- Takes pyruvate- Creates electron
carriers- Produces NADH, FADH2,
NADPH- Occurs in
mitochondria
![Page 35: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Electron Transport Chain
- Moves electrons through mitochondrial membrane
- Uses protienaceous electron carriers
- Used to move protons out of mitochonria
- Produces chemical gradient
- Moves ATP synthetase
![Page 36: B. Insect/machine combinations. C. Synthetic Transplants.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e585503460f94b518aa/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Requires Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate
- Protons cause ATP Synthase to bond ADP and Pi together