B I O T E C H N O L O G Y A N D G E N E T I C E N G E N E E R I N G
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Transcript of B I O T E C H N O L O G Y A N D G E N E T I C E N G E N E E R I N G
Biotechnology and GeneticBiotechnology and Genetic Engineering
Human Cloning-The SciencegIn The News
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
• Use of scientific & engineering principalsUse of scientific & engineering principals to manipulate organisms or their genes
Products of BiotechnologyProducts of Biotechnology
• Organisms with special biochemical• Organisms with special biochemical, morphological, and/or growth characteristics
• Organisms that produce useful products
• Information about an organism or tissue that would other wise not be known
Classical BiotechnologyClassical Biotechnology
• Propagation to get selected characteristicsPropagation to get selected characteristics
Plants derived from wild mustard
Techniques for Classical Bi h lBiotechnology
• Selection
• Hybridizationy
• Mutation• Mutation
HybridHybrid • Offspring from crossing two genetically p g g g y
similar varieties of a species
• Cross between two different species
Hybrid VigorHybrid Vigor
• Hybrid improved in certain ways overHybrid improved in certain ways over parents
Stronger– Stronger– With higher yields
Important Microbiology EventsImportant Microbiology Events
• PasturizationPasturization – Louis Pasteur (1860s)– Process to kill microorganisms that causeProcess to kill microorganisms that cause
fermentive change
• Germ theory– Robert Koch (late 1800s)– Germs cause infection– Developed pure culture methods
AntibioticsAntibiotics• Alexander FlemingAlexander Fleming
(1927)
– Mold that contaminated cultures killed bacteria
– Began process of screening for antibioticsscreening for antibiotics
Molecular BiotechnologyMolecular Biotechnology
• Manipulating genesManipulating genes• Genetic recombination
E h f DNA b t– Exchange of DNA sequences between molecules
Bacterial Exchange of DNABacterial Exchange of DNA• Transformation• Transduction • ConjugationConjugation
TransformationTransformation• Donor bacteriumDonor bacterium
– Lysed– Releases DNAReleases DNA
• Recipient bacterium• Recipient bacterium– Take up DNA
• Can be induced
TransductionTransduction• Virus transfers DNA from donor to recipient
ConjugationConjugation
• Donor & recipient make contact
• DNA is transferred
• Transfer in bacteria with plasmids
PlasmidsPlasmids
• Extra chromosomal pieces of DNAExtra chromosomal pieces of DNA
R li t i d d tl• Replicate independently
• Small portion of bacteria’s DNA
• Contain genes that promote transfer
Engineering Gene TransferEngineering Gene Transfer• Recombinant DNA technologygy• Individual genes isolated and transferred
Applications of BiotechnologyApplications of Biotechnology
P d i t i f th ti• Producing proteins for therapeutic use• Producing vaccines• DNA fingerprinting• Research on genome structure & functionResearch on genome structure & function• Gene therapy to treat disease
M difi ti f f d• Modification of food
Producing Therapeutic ProteinsProducing Therapeutic Proteins
• Insert genes into bacteriaInsert genes into bacteria• Manipulate bacteria to produce proteins
P if t i f• Purify proteins for use
Finding the Gene of InterestFinding the Gene of Interest• Shotgun cloning
– Isolating & purifying genomic DNA
C tti DNA i t f t– Cutting DNA into fragments
I t f t i t b t i t– Insert fragments into bacteria or yeast
Results in complete genomic library– Results in complete genomic library
Library screened to find desired gene– Library screened to find desired gene
DNA into Gene FragmentsDNA into Gene Fragments• DNA clipped with restriction enzymespp y
– Recognize certain DNA sequences
Cloning GenesCloning Genes
• Restriction fragments into bacteria orRestriction fragments into bacteria or yeast using plasmids or viruses
Complementary DNA (cDNA) Cl iCloning
• Gene of interest is known
• Messenger RNA from gene available
• Use reverse transcriptase to make gene
• Can be expressed in bacterial systems
Gene Synthesis CloningGene Synthesis Cloning
• Desired sequence must be known
• Laboratory made gene inserted into yeast or bacteriayeast or bacteria
U d f i li l i l• Used for insulin cloning as example
Screening for Desired GenesScreening for Desired Genes
DNA ProbesDNA Probes
• Molecule that binds to a specific geneMolecule that binds to a specific gene
T f DNA P b• Types of DNA Probe
– Molecules of RNA
– Complementary sequences of DNA
Genetically Engineered VaccinesGenetically Engineered Vaccines
• Vaccines stimulate anVaccines stimulate an immune response
• Benefit of genetically engineered vaccineg– Non pathogenic
DNA VaccinesDNA Vaccines
• DNA sequence of pathogen injected• DNA sequence of pathogen injected • Immune system develops antibodies• Advantages
– No risk of infection– No risk of illness from contamination– Long lasting immune response– Can administer many vaccines in a single shot
DNA FingerprintingDNA Fingerprinting
• DNA fragments amplified
• Fragments drawn through gel
• Bands visualized by dyes
• Humans have unique patterns
Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)(PCR)
• Makes copies of DNA fragments
• Allows for analysis starting with small samplessmall samples
• Gives large number of copies
PCR can be AutomatedPCR can be Automated
ElectrophoresisElectrophoresis• Separates DNA fragmentsp g
DNA Fingerprints & PaternityDNA Fingerprints & Paternity
Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome Project
• Sequence of Human DNA
• 3 billion base pairs
• 30,000 to 40,000 genes
GenomicsGenomics
• Subdiscipline of geneticsSubdiscipline of genetics
M i i & l i• Mapping, sequencing, & analyzing
• Two areas– Structural genomicsStructural genomics– Functional genomics
DNA Arrays (DNA Chips)DNA Arrays (DNA Chips)• Allows screening of thousands of genes
Gene TherapyGene Therapy
• Uses recombinant DNA to treatUses recombinant DNA to treat genetic disorders
• Replaces defective genes
• Includes targeted gene repairg g p
Food Modification with Bi h lBiotechnology
• Increase yieldIncrease yield
• Increase quality• Increase quality
M difi ti f i i• Modification of genes in organisms
• Example: transgenic plants– Genetically altered
Transgenic & Cloned AnimalsTransgenic & Cloned Animals• Dolly
– First cloned animal– Nuclear transfer from cell to produce embryo
Transgenic & Cloned AnimalsTransgenic & Cloned Animals
• Bioengineered animalsBioengineered animals– Combine desired traits
Cow example:– Cow example:• Heavy muscle• Low fatLow fat
Genetic Engineering CControversy
• Potential dangers existPotential dangers exist
E i t d b N ti l• Experiments governed by National Institute of Health
• Genetically modified foodsy– Common in U.S.– Opposed by EuropeOpposed by Europe
Arguments Against Bi i iBioengineering
• Long term safety of engineered foodsLong term safety of engineered foods• Spread of bioengineered genes