Ayda A. Yurekli Tobacco Control Economics WHO · farmers Subsidies for growers Common policy HICs...
Transcript of Ayda A. Yurekli Tobacco Control Economics WHO · farmers Subsidies for growers Common policy HICs...
Ayda A. Yurekli
Tobacco Control Economics
Tobacco Free Initiative
WHO
The answer is WHO FCTC
Improving the crop quality and fair living for farmers Subsidies for growers Common policy HICs have stopped (USA, EU) Still ongoing in LMICs (e.g. Philippines, Indonesia,
Thailand) Price policies Encouraging farmers to stop growing tobacco in poor
quality leaf producing areas (e.g. China, previously in Turkey)
WHY TAXATION? “The Parties recognize that price and tax measures are an
effective and important means of reducing tobacco consumption by various segments of the population, in particular young persons.” (Framework Convention on
Tobacco Control, Article 6)
Promotes public health Encourages adults smokers to quit smoking Deterring young people to take the behavior
Cigarette Prices and Adult Smoking Prevalence, United States, 1970-2007
19
23
27
31
35
1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006
Prev
alen
ce
$1.25
$1.75
$2.25
$2.75
$3.25
$3.75
$4.25
Pric
e (D
ec. 2
007
dolla
rs)
Prevalence Price
6
Source: Frank Chaloupka 2010
8 Source: BI Economics of Tobacco Control Series: Mexico by Waters et al, 2010
25.0%
29.0%
33.0%
37.0%
$3.00 $4.00 $5.00
Perc
ent Q
uitte
rs
Price (dollars per pack)
Cigarette Prices and Percentage of Ever Smokers Who Have Quit Smoking, U.S. States, 2005
10
Source: Frank Chaloupka 2011
50
100
150
200
250
300
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Price
/Dea
ths (%
Rela
tive t
o 19
80)
Numb
er/ad
ult/da
y
Year
Lung Cancer Deaths: males age 35-44/4
Relative Price
Number cigarettes/adult/day
France: smoking, tax and male lung cancer, 1980-2000
Source: Jha, 2009
Source: Frank Chaloupka 2011
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
$2.50
$3.25
$4.00
$4.75
$5.50
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Sm
okin
g P
reva
lenc
e
Pric
e pe
r pac
k (8
/11
dolla
rs)
Year
Cigarette Price and Youth Smoking Prevalence United States, 1991-2011
Cigarette Price 12th grade prevalence10th grade prevalence 8th grade prevalence
WHY TAXATION? “Sugar, rum and tobacco are commodities which are no where necessaries of life, which are become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are therefore
extremely proper subjects of taxation” (Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, 1776)
Efficient revenue generation Low share of tax in price in most countries Relatively inelastic demand for tobacco products Few producers and few close substitutes
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Source: Van Walbeek, 2003
Inflation Adjusted Cigarette Taxes and Cigarette Tax Revenues, South Africa, 1961-2003
Higher taxation that lead to higher prices…. Tax levels and prices, vary widely across countries
Table: Global Cigarette Taxes and Prices 2010
Source: WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic (WHO GTCR) 2011
Can LMICs replicate EU rates? Table: EU 2011
Source: Authors calculation from publicly available EU Directorate 2011
Higher tax share does not mean higher prices
Source: Author's calculation by publicly available EU Directorate 2011
Impact of tobacco taxes on tobacco use depends on impact of tax on prices of tobacco products
Most evidence (largely from the United States) indicate that tobacco tax increases result in comparable or larger tobacco product price increases
This is very likely NOT the case for LMICs
Impact on prices will vary based on several factors, including:
Structure of excise tax system – complex tax system
Types of excises levied and for ad valorem taxes, the tax-base
Structure of tobacco product market- India, Indonesia
Cost of tobacco product production
Industry price-related efforts
Pakistan – new brands similar to existing ones but cheaper
Egypt, and Senegal Industry pricing game
Potential for individual tax avoidance and larger scale, more
organized tobacco product smuggle
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Cigarette Taxation Globally Excise System on Cigarettes
Income Group
Only specific
Only ad valorem
Both specific and
ad valorem
No Excise Total countries *
High 11 2 25 7 45 Upper Middle
16 11 9 6 42
Lower Middle
18 19 12 3 52
Low 10 28 2 3 43 By Region AFRO 14 29 1 2 46 AMRO 13 16 2 3 34 EMRO 1 7 5 7 20 EURO 10 3 36 0 49 SEARO 3 2 2 1 8 WPRO 14 3 2 6 25 All Countries
55 60 48 19 182
* Countries for which data are available Source: WHO calculations using WHO GTCR 2009 data
Complex tax systems & limited technical capacity of tax administrators to understand how taxes work Tax administrators often
Responsible for wide range of taxes including indirect taxes (e.g excises)
Receive proposals by tobacco industry, showing risks of increasing taxes
Do not have time to be expert in one area Most are not familiar with the tobacco market, pros
and cons of types of excises on revenues, manufacturers' pricing tactics etc.
Health concerns are left to MoH and are excluded from tax discussions
We need to understand: how the excise systems are set What are the pros and cons of current system, and how to
eliminate the cons Set your objectives- what do we want?
Higher prices With or without tax increases?
Reduce price gap among tobacco products, Bring all tobacco products under the tax umbrella, Create support for tax increases by encouraging the
governments to invest in TC efforts including smoking cessation via tax revenues.