,ay; MW ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; cstpay;...

245

,ay; MW

ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; cstpay; $Wfs;

kdpj tho;f;if ,d;gJd;gq;fs; epiwe;jJ. ,d;gj;ij tpUk;gp EfUk;

kdk; Jd;gj;ijj; jhq;fpf; nfhs;shky; Jtz;LtpLfpwJ. tho;f;ifapy;

Vw;gLk; Vkhw;wq;fs;> Njhy;tpfs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; cs;sj;ijg; ghjpf;fpd;wd.

cs;sj;jpd; eLepiyj; jd;ikiaf; Fiyf;fpd;wd. me;epiyapy; mtDila

elj;ijr; nray;ghLfs; khWfpd;wd.

kdpj cs;sk; gw;wpa jdp mwptpay; Jiw ,e;E}w;whz;by;

Njhd;wpaJ. cs;sj;jpd; Nghf;FfSk; ,ay;GfSk; kdpjd; Njhd;wpa

fhyk;njhl;L cUthfp epiyngw;wd. Gw cyfr; #oy;fs; khwp tUfpd;wd.

nghUs;fs;> czh;Tfs; gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfs; khWfpd;wd. MdhYk; kdpjdpd;

,ay;G+f;fq;fs;> cs;Jbg;Gfs;> mtw;wpd; tpisTfs; Kjypad mbg;gilapy;

khwhky; cs;sd. ,it vf;fhyj;Jk; kdpjdplj;jpy; xNukhjphpahfNt ,Ue;J

te;Js;sd. ,jdhy; kdpj,dk; gytpjkhd kdr;rpf;fy;fSf;F Mshfpd;wJ.

ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; cstpay; $Wfs; vt;thW

gjpT ngw;Ws;sd vd;gijf; fhz;gjhf ,t;tpay; mikfpwJ.

6.1. cstpay; - tpsf;fk;

Gwj;jpy; cs;sit mfj;jpy; vjpnuhypg;gitNa. mfj;jpy; ,y;yhjit

Gwj;jpy; ,y;iy. mfj;jpw;Nfw;gg; GwKk; Gwj;jpw;Nfw;g mfKk; khWtd.

midj;Jr; rpf;fy;fspd; gpwg;gplKk; mtw;wpw;fhd jPh;Tfs; ,Uf;FkplKk;

xd;Nw. mJjhd; cs;sk;. kdpj cs;sk; vd;gJ ,d;Wtiu ngUk;GjpuhfNt

cs;sJ. ,g;GjpUf;fhd Njly; Kjypy; fpNuf;fj; jj;JtthjpfsplkpUe;Nj

njhlq;FfpwJ. 'cstpaiyf; Fwpf;fpd;w psychology vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr;

nrhy;$l fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. fpNuf;fnkhopr; nrhw;fshd

irf;fp (psyche) vd;Dk; capiuf; Fwpf;fpd;w nrhy;iyAk; „Nyhf];‟ (logus)

vd;Dk; Md;khitf; Fwpf;fpd;w nrhy;iyAk; ,izj;J Mq;fpyj;jpy;

psychology vd;w nrhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. kNdhjj;Jtk;> cstpay; vdj;

jkpopYk; irf;fhy[p vd Mq;fpyj;jpYk; $wg;gLk; nrhy;yhdJ „Md;kh‟

246

my;yJ „Mtp‟ vDk; Neubg; nghUs; jUtjhFk; vd;gh;.1 Muk;gf; fhyj;jpy;

cstpay; vd;gJ Md;kh (Soul) kdk; (mind) Nghd;wtw;iw MuhAk;

,ayhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. cstpay; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp jj;Jtj;jpypUe;J

njhlq;fpj; njhd;ktpay;> kUj;Jttpay;> clypay;> ,aw;gpay; vdg; gy

gbfisf; fle;J te;Js;sJ. gpw mwptpay; Jiwfistpl cstpay;

fhyj;jhy; rpwpJ gpw;gl;lJ. thdtpay;> ,aw;gpay;> jhtutpay;> tpyq;fpay;

Nghd;w mwptpay; Jiwfs; tsh;e;j gpd;dNu cstpay;> r%ftpay; Nghd;w

gphpTfs; voyhapd.

cs;sk; vd;Dk; Ez;nghUs;kPjhd fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; jj;Jtj;jpYk;

mwptpaypYk; gy cs;sd. jj;Jtf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; vz;zq;fisAk;

elj;ijfisAk; nfhz;L kdk; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. mwptpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;

cs;sj;jpd; mikg;G> tbtk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L vz;zq;fs;

fzf;fplg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> ‘vz;zj;jhy; cs;sk; vd;gJ jj;Jtk;’>

‘cs;sj;jhy; vz;zk; vd;gJ mwptpay;’. ,uz;ilAk; NkNyhl;lkhfg;

ghh;f;Fk;NghJ xd;Wf;nfhd;W Kuz;gl;ldthfj; njhpAk;. Mdhy;> xd;wpd;

tsh;r;rpNa kw;nwhd;W vd;gjid tuyhW fhl;LfpwJ. mwptpaYf;F Ke;jpa

fhyj;jpy; kjj;jpd; Mjpf;fk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. kjj;jpw;F Ml;gl;l kdpjd;

ek;gpf;iffisNa Mjhukhff;nfhz;L ,aq;fp te;jhd;. mjd;topapy; cs;sk;

gw;wpa fUj;JfSk; ek;gpf;ifNahL njhlh;Giladthf ,Ue;jd.

cstpaiyg; gw;wpa Kiwahd Ma;T fpNuf;f mwpQh;fsplkpUe;J Njhd;wp

,Ug;gpDk;> jkpopy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; kdk; vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp ,lk;

ngw;wpUg;gJ gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; kdk; gw;wpa rpe;jid jkpoh;fsplj;jpy;

,Ue;jijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

fp.K.384-322,y; tho;e;j fpNuf;fj; jj;Jt mwpQh; mhp];lhl;by;

vOjpa> ‘Md;khtpd; ,ay;Gfs;’ (De anemia) vd;w E}Ny cstpay; gw;wp

KjyhtJ vOe;J E}y;. ,jw;Fg; gpd;dh; ntspte;j mwpQh;fspd; E}y;fspy;

Md;kh> cs;sk; Mfpait gw;wpa fUj;Jfs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cs;sj;jpd; mikg;G> njhopy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw XusT mwptpay; Kiwg;gb

rpe;jpj;J Kjd;Kjypy; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;lth; Nlfhh;l; vd;Dk;

gpnuQ;R mwpQuhthh;.

247

fp.gp. 16Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa ‘FNshfy;’ (Gloeckel) jk; E}Yf;F

irf;fhy[p vd;w ngaiu Kjypy; vOjpdhh;. Md;khit Ma;e;J mwpAk; Xh;

mwptpay; gphpthfNt Kjypy; cstpay; mike;jpUe;jJ. cstpay; kpFe;j

tsh;r;rp fhzj; Jtq;fpaNghJ fUj;J NtWghLfs; voyhapd. Fwpg;ghf>

Md;kh vd;gJ njsptw;w epr;rakw;w Xh; vz;zk; vd;W mwpQh;fs; fUjpdh;.

Md;kh vd xd;W ,y;iy vd;W $WthUk; cz;L. ,jd; fhuzkhf

“cs;sk; my;yJ kdj;jpd; nray;fis tpsf;Fk; ,aNy cstpay;” 2 vd

mwpQh; tpsf;fk; je;jdh;.

jw;fhyj;jpy; cstpay; vd;gJ 'kdpjdpd; Gwr;nray;fis

cw;WNehf;fp Kiwahf Muha;e;J mjd;%yk; mit vq;qdk; mfj;Nj

epfOk; rpe;jid Xl;lq;fSld; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sd vd;Wk;> Rw;Wr;#oypy;

Vw;gLk; epfo;Tfshy; vt;thW ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;Wk; tpsf;FtJ

cstpayhFk;”

3 vd tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. cstpay; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; nray;

fisAk;> elj;ijiaAk; gw;wpa mwptpay; vd ngUk;ghyhd Nkiyehl;L

mwpQHfshy; fUjg;gLfpwJ. 'clypd; xt;Nthh; mq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfSk;

%isia ikakhff;nfhz;Ljhd; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. %isia ikakhf

itj;J eilngWk; midj;J nray;fspd; $l;L eltbf;ifNa kdk;”

4

vd;fpwhh; ghQ;. ,uhkypq;fk;. cstpayhsh;fspd; $w;wpd;gb kf;fspd;

vz;zq;fs;> czh;r;rpfs;> nray;fs; Mfpatw;iw tpsq;f ciug;gJ

cstpayhFk;.

6.2. cstpay; Fwpj;j mwpQh;fspd; tpsf;fk;

“kdpj cs;sk;> cs;sj;ijj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l cly;> mt;clypy;

Njhd;Wk; czh;Tfs;> mt;Tzh;r;rpfspd; ntspghlhf my;yJ tbfhyhfj;

jpfOk; elj;ij Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ cstpay;” 5 vd;gh; mwpQH.

“kdpjkdq;fspd; nray;ghLfspd; tpistpy; xUtdpd; elj;ijfisAk;

elj;ij khWghLfisAk; tpsf;Fk; mwptpaNy cstpapy;” 6 vd;gh;.

“cs;sj;jpd; tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpaNjhh; mwptpaNy cstpay;”

7

vd;ghh; tpy;ypak; N[k;];. kdpjdpd; ,aw;ifiag; gw;wp Muha;tNj

cstpay; vd;W $wpath; Nghhpq; Mthh;. ,f;$w;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

248

gpd;dh; mwptpay; Nghf;fpy; MuhAk; Jiwahff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Mjypd;

“kdpjidg; gw;wpa cz;ikfis tpsf;Fk; mwptpay; JiwfSs; xd;Nw

cstpay;” 8 vd tiuaiw nra;fpwhh; [hd;bA+gpd;.

“jdpkdpj elj;ij cstpay; vdf; nfhs;sg;gl;ljhy; #o;epiy

rk;ge;jg;gl;l jdpatdpd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpaNjhh; mwptpay;” 9 vd;fpwhh;

Mh;. v];. cl;nthh;j;.

“cstpay; vd;gJ Xh; mwptpay;. Xh; caphpiag; gw;wp ed;F

mwpe;Jnfhs;tJk; caphpapd; vy;yh elj;ijfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk;

,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;”10 vDk; mwpQh; khf;^fy; fUj;J Vw;GilajhFk;.

,t;thwhf mwpQHfs; gyh; cstpaYf;Fg; gy tpsf;fq;fis mspj;Js;sdh;.

N[.gp.thl;rd;> Nlhy;kd; ];fpd;dh; Nghd;Nwhh; “cstpaiy

elj;ijapay;”11 vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. cstpay; elj;ij vd;Dk;

nrhy;Yf;F tphpe;j nghUs; cz;L. gpwuhy; fz;L mwpag;gLk; elj;ijfs;

ntspg;gil elj;ijfs; MFk;. rpe;jpj;jy;> czh;r;rp tag;gLjy;> Jzpjy;

Nghd;wit cs;shh;e;j elj;ijfs; MFk;.

“xt;nthU J}z;LjYf;Fk; xU Jyq;fy; cz;L vd;Wk;> J}z;ly;

Jyq;fy; ,izg;Ng elj;ij vd;gh;”.12

“tpyq;Ffs; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; etPd njhopy; El;gq;fs;

Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kdpj ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; elj;ijfs;

gw;wp Muha;tJ cstpay; vd;gjhFk;”.13 vd;W Nltpl; vg;. nuQ;r; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

'cstpay; vd;gJ caphpfspd; kdr; nray;fis tiuaWj;Jf;

$WtJ@ m/jhtJ elj;ijia vLj;Jiug;gJ. ,d;Dk; tpsf;fkhff;

$wpdhy; kf;fspd; vz;zq;fs;> czh;r;rpfs;> nray;fs; Mfpatw;iw

tpsq;f ciug;gJ cstpayhFk;” 14 vd;W e.Rg;Gnul;bahh; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

6.3. gpuha;baf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

xUtUila eltbf;iffis Muha;e;jhy; mtUila kdk;

vj;jifaJ vd mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. vdNt> cstpay; vd;gJ xUtuJ

249

elj;ijiaf; $h;e;J ftdpg;gjhFk;. cstpay; JiwahdJ rpf;kz;L

gpuha;L> fhh;y; Aq;> Ml;yh; vd;Dk; %tiuAk; Kk;%h;j;jpfs; vdf;

Fwpg;gpLk;. cstpaypd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLgth; rpf;kz;L gpuha;L

Mthh;. ,tuJ csg; gFg;gha;Tf; Nfhl;ghL cstpaypd; jdpj;j ngUik

cilajhFk;.

euk;Gr; nry;fs; xd;wd;kPJ xd;whf mLf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mtw;wpd;

nray;ghLfs; Ntfkhf eilngWfpd;wd. xd;ww;F xd;W jdf;Nf

chpaKiwapy; J}z;br;nray; Ghpfpd;wd. gy euk;Gfspd; njhFg;GfspypUe;J

fpilf;Fk; nra;jpfs; xd;wd;kPJ xd;whff; fye;J Gjpa mDgtq;fs;

cz;lhfpd;wd.

kdpjdpd; nray;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L kdpj kdj;ij>

edT kdk; (Conscious Mind)

edtb kdk; (Sub - Conscious Mind)

Mo; kdk; (Unconscious Mind)

vd %d;whfg; gphpg;ghh; gpuha;L. gpd;dh; edtpyp (Id)> mfk; (Ego)> mjPj

mfk; (Super Ego) vDk; kdg; gphpTfis Vw;gLj;jp Muha;e;jhh;.

edtpyp kdj;ij Kjd;Kjypy; fz;Lgpbj;jth; gpuha;L Mthh;.

,tUf;F Kd;Gtiu> cstpay; mwpQh;fs; kdj;ij edT kdk; vd;fpw xNu

gFjpahfNt fUjp Muha;e;J te;jdh;. edT kdkhdJ xU nghUisg;

ghh;j;jy;> my;yJ ,iriaf; Nfl;ly; Nghd;w nraiy ekJ Gyd;

cWg;Gfshy; Neubahfg; ghh;j;J mDgtpj;jy; Nghd;w nray;fisr;

nra;fpd;wJ. xUtdJ gpw;fhy tho;f;if mikg;G Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy;

cUthfptpLfpwJ. mjd; MSik mikg;gpw;fhd kdf; Nfhl;ghLfisg;

gpuha;L tFj;jhh;.

6.4. gpuha;bd; - csg;gFg;gha;T

Nrhjidf; $lq;fspd; %ykhf elj;jg;gl;L te;j csg;gFg;gha;T

Kiwfis ePf;fptpl;L mZFKiwfspd; %ykhfg; gz;gpay; Ma;Tfisr;

rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L Nkw;nfhz;L cstpay; tsh;r;rpapd; cd;djg; Nghf;fpid

ntspapl;lhh;. gpuha;bd; kd Ma;Tf; nfhs;ifapd;gb Gwkdk;> ,ilkdk;>

cs;kdk; vd %d;W epiyfshf ‘kdk;’ gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

6.4.1. Gwkdk;

250

kdpjr;nray;ghLfSf;Ff; fhuzkhd kdj;jpwidAk; vz;zq;fisAk;

xOq;FgLj;jpg; GwcyFld; njhlh;G nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ehk; md;whl

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; midj;Jr; nray;fSk; Gwkdj;jpd; ntspg;ghNlahFk;.

6.4.2. ,ilkdk;

cs;sj;ij <LgLj;Jk; ,k;kdk; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpw;FhpajhFk;.

Foe;ijfspd; nray; jpUg;gq;fspy; ,il kdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;

fhzyhk;.

6.4.3. cs;kdk;

khdpl ,ay;Gzh;TfSk;> MirfSk; Gwkdj;jpw;F tuhky; mlf;fp

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xUtDila Mokhd nfhs;iffSk;> nraw;ghLfSk;

jd;idawpahJ ntspg;gLj;Jk; KbTfSk; cs;kdj;ijg; glk;gpbj;Jf;

fhl;LfpwJ.

6.5. cstpaYk; r%ftpaYk;

cstpay; jdpahspd; nray;fis tpsf;FtJ@ r%ftpay; FOf;fspd;

nray;fis vLj;Jiug;gJ. r%ftpay; r%fq;fs;> epiyaq;fs;> rlq;Ffs;>

gof;ftof;fq;fs;> gz;ghL> ehfhPfk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $Wfpd;wJ. cstpay;

r%fq;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; nray;fis Muha;fpd;wJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;

r%ftpay; FOtpdhpd; cs;sk; ,aq;FtijAk;> cstpay; jdpahspd;

cs;sk; nraw;gLtijAk; Muha;fpd;wd.

6.6. cstpaypd; Nehf;fq;fSk; gad;ghLfSk;

r%f tho;tpy; vof;$ba my;yJ nghJthf vOfpd;w rpf;fy;fSk;>

rpf;fy;fSf;Fk; jPH;T fhz cjTjy;> rKjhaj;jpy; ek;Kld; tho;Nthh;fsJ

,ay;Gfis XusNtDk; mwpa cjTjy;> ekJ ,ay;Gfis ehNk mwpe;J

nfhs;s cjTjy;> kdpjg; gz;Gfisj; njspthf;f cjTk; Muha;r;rpfis

elj;Jjy;> clypd; nray; KiwfSf;Fk; elj;ijfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;

cz;lhFk; njhlh;GfisAk; tpisTfisAk; xOq;FKiwahf;f cjTjy;>

gyJiwfspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; mwpitf; fy;tpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jp> fy;tpr;

rPh;j;jpUj;jj;jpw;F cjTjy;> kdpjd; Foe;ijahfg; gpwe;J tsh;e;J> Kjph;r;rp

ngw;Wg; gyjug;gl;l jpwikfs; vy;yhk; nray;fshf ntspg;gl cjTjy;

Mfpait cstpaypd; Nehf;fq;fshf cs;sd.

251

,d;iwa tho;tpd; xt;nthU $wpYk;> xt;nthU JiwapYk;

cstpay; VNjDk; xU tifapy; cjtp tUfpwJ. cstpaypd; newp

Kiwfs;> cstpay; je;Js;s Muha;r;rpfspd; KbTfs; Mfpait vz;zw;w

topfspy; gad;gl;L tUfpd;wd. kdpj elj;ijg;gw;wpa cstpay; mwpT

kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gytpjr; rpf;fy;fisj; jPh;g;gjw;Fg; nghpJk;

gad;gLfpd;wJ. cly; eyKk;> cseyKk; ngw;W> r%fj;Jld; xj;J

tho;tjw;F cstpay; Jiz nra;fpwJ. cyfpy; mikjpAld; ey;tho;T

tho;tjw;Fk; cstpay; Jizg; Ghpfpd;wJ. kdpjdJ r%f tho;T rk

epiyg; gpwohky; NkYk; NkYk; Kd;NdWtjw;Fk;> kdpjdJ rpe;jid>

fw;gid> czh;r;rpfs; Nghd;w csr; nray;fspd; ,ay;Gfisg; gw;wp

mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; cstpay; gad;gLfpwJ.

',d;iwa mwptpay; cyfpy; cstpay; nghpJk; tphptile;J

gad;ey;Fk; Jiwahf kyh;e;Js;sJ. ,d;iwa rKjha tsh;r;rp

rpf;fYilajhfr; nry;fpwJ. vdNt khdplg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjpy;

cstpaypd; gq;F nghpJk; ,d;wpaikahjjhfpAs;sJ”.15

nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf; fzpg;Gfisr; rhpghh;f;fTk; jPa gof;fq;fisf;

fise;J vwpaTk; fw;gpj;jypy; rpwe;j Kiwfisf; fhzTk; kdpjd;

md;whlk; nray;gLk; fhhpaq;fspy; vspjhd eilKiwfisf; fhzTk; vdg;

gytiffspy; cstpay; gad;gLfpwJ.

cstpay; cz;ikfs; kdpj tho;f;ifapidr; rPuhf;fp cah;epiyg;

gLj;j cjTfpd;wd. csey kUj;Jtk;> Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidfs; Nghd;wit

tho;itr; rPuhf;Fk; ghijf;Fg; gad;gLk; cstpay; KiwfSf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; MFk;.

6.7. cstpay; Muha;r;rp Kiwfs;

cstpay; cz;ikfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F> ,j;Jiw ty;Yeh;fs; gy

cstpay; Muha;r;rp Kiwfisf; ifahSfpd;wdh;. ,it kdpjdJ tsh;r;rp

elj;ij Mfpait gw;wpa tptuq;fisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;Fk;> jpul;ba tptuq;fis

Muha;e;J mtw;wpdpd;Wk; cstpay; tpjpfisg; ngWtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wd. ,k;KiwfSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW.

6.7.1. mfNehf;FKiw (Method of Introspection)

252

cstpay; Muha;r;rpapy; neLq;fhykhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jKiw>

mfNehf;F my;yJ jw;Nrhjid Kiw MFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; cstpaywpQd;

jdJ cs;sj;Js; vOk; mDgtq;fisAk;> epfOk; khWjy;fisAk;> mit

epfOk; NghNj Muha;e;J> mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfis mwpa Kw;gLfpwhd;. ,f;fhy

cstpay; mwpQh;fs; ,k;Kiwiag; ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;J tjpy;iy.

Vnddpy; ,jpy; gy FiwghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cs;sj;J epfOk; epfo;r;rpfis mit epfOk; NghNj MuhAk;

nghOJ me;epfo;r;rpfspd; jd;ikNa khWgl;LtpLfpwJ. xUtdJ elj;ijia

tpsf;f> mtdJ edtpyp kdj;jpw; gJq;fpAs;s kdntOr;rpfs;> Nehf;fq;fs;>

rpf;fy;fs; gw;wpa mwpT Njit. Mdhy;> ,t;twpT mff;fhl;rp Kiwf;F

mg;ghw;gl;ljhf cs;sJ. ,J nghpath;fshy; gad;gLj;jtpaYNk jtpu

Foe;ijfshy; ifahs KbahJ. ,J Nghd;w rpy FiwghLfshy; ,k;Kiw

ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

6.7.2. cw;WNehf;fy; Kiw (Objective Observation)

gpwh; elj;ijiaj; njhlh;e;J $h;e;J ftdpj;J> mt;thW ftdpj;j

ypdpd;Wk; Njhd;Wk; cz;ikfis mwpAk; Kiw ‘cw;W Nehf;fy; Kiw’

vdg;gLk;. mfNehf;F KiwapYk; cw;WNehf;fy; mtrpakhfpwJ. Mdhy;>

mfNehf;FKiw xUtd; jd;Ds;sj;Js; Njhd;Wk; epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNd

cw;W Nehf;fp Muha;jyhFk;. cw;W Nehf;fy; Kiw gpwuJ elj;ijf;

Nfhyq;fis mth;fSf;Fg; Gwk;ghf ,Ue;J Nehf;fp Muha;jyhFk;.

6.7.3. tho;f;ifj; JZf;F Kiw (Ancedotal Method)

xt;nthUtuJ tho;f;ifapYk;> Kf;fpakhf mth;fsJ ,sikg;

gUtj;jpNy> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWfpd;wd. ,e;epfo;r;rpfs;

mtuJ kd ,ay;GfisAk;> Mw;wy;fisAk; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;.

,j;jifa tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;J itj;jy; ‘tho;f;ifj;JZf;F

Kiw’ vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiw cw;W Nehf;fy; KiwAld; njhlh;G nfhz;lJ

vd;gh;.

6.7.4. ghpNrhjid Kiw (Experimental Method)

xU Nfhl;ghL my;yJ fUJNfhspidr; rhpghh;j;jYf;fhf Muha;r;rp

ahsuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l KiwNa ghpNrhjid KiwahFk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghL

my;yJ fUJNfhs; fhuz fhhpaj; njhlh;gpidf; Fwpg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;

253

vd;Wk;> Muha;r;rpf;Fl;gl;l epfo;r;rpAld; njhlh;Gila gy;NtW fhuzpfis

KOikahff; fl;Lg;gLj;j ,aYkhdhy;jhd; mt;thuha;r;rpapy; ghpNrhjid

Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdh;. ghpNrhjid KiwAk;

cw;WNehf;fy; Kiwapd; xU gphpNtahFk;. ,k;Kiwia ‘fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F

cl;gl;l cw;W Nehf;fy;’ vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.

6.7.5. tsh;r;rp Kiw (Development Method)

xUtDila Foe;ijg; gUtk; njhlq;fp> Kjph;r;rp milAk; tiuapy;

mtDila elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fs; vg;gb tsh;r;rpailfpd;wd vt;tpjq;fspy;

khWghilfpd;wd vd;gdtw;iw Nehf;fpawpAk; KiwNa tsh;r;rp Kiw

vdg;gLk;. ,t;tsh;r;rp Kiw> xNu taJs;s rpy Foe;ijfisj; njhlh;e;J

gy Mz;Lfs; Nehf;Fjy;> gy taJf; Foe;ijfis xNu rkaj;jpy;

Nehf;Fjy; vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

6.7.6. jdpahs; tuyhw;W Kiw (Case-History Method)

kdpjhplk; fhzg;gLk; elj;ijf; NfhshWfspd; fhuzq;fisf;

fz;lwpe;J> mtw;iw ePf;f ,k;Kiw gad;gLfpwJ. xUtDila ,g;Nghija

epiyf;F mtDila Kw;fhy tho;f;if vt;tpjj;jpy; fhuzkhfpwJ vd;gJ

jdpahs; tuyhw;W Kiwapy; Muhag;gLfpwJ. ,ij ‘kUj;Jt Kiw’

vd;Wk; $Wth;.

6.7.7. tpdh thpir Kiw (Questionnaire Method)

,d;W cstpaypYk;> r%ftpaypYk; ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

Kiw tpdhthpir KiwahFk;. Muha;r;rpf;Fl;gl;l epfo;r;rp gw;wpa gy rpW

tpdhf;fs;> tpdh thpirapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t;tpdhf;fSf;Fg; gyh;

mspf;Fk; tpilfis Muha;tNj tpdhthpir Kiw vdg;gLk;.

6.7.8. fs Muha;r;rp Kiw (Field Study Method)

xU epfo;r;rpia mJ epfOk; ,aw;ifahd #o;epiyapNyNa

Muha;jy; fsMuha;r;rpKiw MFk;. ,k;Kiw ngUksT cw;W Nehf;FjYld;

njhlh;GilaJ. r%fcstpaypYk;> fy;tpcstpaypYk; ,k;Kiw ngUksT

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW cstpaypy; gy Muha;r;rp Kiwfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd vd;fpwJ tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak;.

254

6.8. cstpay; gphpTfs;

cstpaypy; gy;NtW gphpTfs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; nghJ cstpay;>

Foe;ij cstpay;> newpgpwo; cstpay;> r%f cstpay;> xg;GKiw

cstpay;> eilKiw cstpay; Mfpad Kf;fpakhditfshff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

6.8.1. nghJ cstpay; (General Psychology)

nghJ cstpay; Kjph;r;rp mile;j rhjhuz kdpjh;fspd; elj;ijia

tpthpf;fpwJ. ,g;gphptpDs; Gyd;fhl;rpAk;;;;@ kd czh;r;rpfSk;@ vOr;rpfSk;@

Cf;Ftpj;jy;> fw;wy;> rpe;jpj;jy; Nghd;witAk; mlq;Fk;. ,g;gphpT jdpkdpjh;

fspilNa fhzg;gLk; Ntw;Wikfspd; jd;ik> mtw;wpd; msT> mitj;

Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs Kjypatw;iwAk; Muha;fpwJ.

6.8.2. Foe;ij cstpay; (Child Psychology)

Foe;ijapd; tsh;r;rp> ,t;tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;> Foe;ijaplk;

fhzg;gLk; jpwd;fs;> ,tw;iw mstpLk; Kiwfs;> Foe;ij ey;y

nghUj;jg;ghl;ilg; ngw;Wtsu cjTk; topfs; Nghd;wtw;iw MuhAk; cstpay;

gphpT Foe;ij cstpay; vdg;gLk;.

6.8.3. xg;GKiw cstpay; (Comparative Psychology)

kdpjdJ elj;ijAld; gpw tpyq;fpdq;fspd; elj;ijfis xg;gpl;L>

,tw;wpDs; fhzg;gLk; njhlh;GfisAk; NtWghLfisAk; MuhAk; gphpT

xg;GKiw cstpay; vdg;gLk;.

6.8.4. eilKiw cstpay; (Applied Psychology)

njhopy; tpsk;guk; njhlh;ghd nra;jpfis eilKiw cstpay;

Muha;fpwJ. ,t;thW cstpaypy; gy;NtW gphpTfs; cs;sd vd;fpwhh;

re;jhdk;.

6.8.5. gpwo;epiy cstpay; (Abnormal Psychology)

kdpjDf;F Vw;gLk; cly;Neha;fs;Nghy csNeha;fSk; csf;

NfhshWfSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,t;Ts Neha;fs; kw;Wk; csf; NfhshWfisg;

gw;wp mwpAk; cstpay; gpwo;epiy cstpay; vdg;gLk;.

gpwo;epiy khe;jh;fis>

255

1. “cstop euk;G Nehapdh;

2. csg; gpzpahsh;

3. csj;jpwd; Fiwe;Njhh;

4. r%f vjph;r; nraypdh;” 16

vd ehd;F tifahfg; gphpg;gh;.

,t;Tstpay; nfhiy> fsT Nghd;w r%fj;Jf;F xt;thj

elj;ijfSf;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;e;J mitfisj; jLg;gjw;fhd

toptiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk;> gfw;fdT (Day Dreams)> fdT

(Dreams), mwpJapy; (Hypnosis) Nghd;wit Vw;gLtjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fisAk;

,t;Tstpay; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. kdpjd; cly; kw;Wk; csf;NfhshWfSf;F

MshFk;NghJ newp gpwo;e;jtdhfpwhd;. r%ff; fyg;gpy; xd;WgLk;NghJ

KOikahd kdpjj; jd;ik ngWfpwhd; vDk; r%ff; Nfhl;ghl;il

,t;Tstpay; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

6.8.6. r%f cstpay; (Social Psychology)

'gpwg;GKjy; ,wg;Gtiu xt;nthUtUk; VjhtJ xU r%fr;

#o;epiyapy; thoNtz;bAs;sJ. epue;jukhd FLk;gk;> fpuhkk;> Ch;> ehL

Nghd;w $l;lj;jpYk; FOtpYk; cs;s xUtdJ ,ay;Gfs; Fwpj;J

Muha;tJ r%f cstpay; MFk;”.17

jdpegh;fs; nraw;ghLfs;> jdpegUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; cs;s

nraw;ghLfs; Mfpad ,j;Jiwapy; Muhag;gLfpd;wd. r%f cstpay;

jdpegh;> r%fk; Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapyhd rpe;jid> czh;r;rp> nraw;ghL

Nghd;witfis vLj;jpak;Gtjhf ,t;Tstpay; jpfo;fpwJ. ,j;Jiwapd;

Kd;Ndhbfs; Tz;l;> hpth;]; Mth;. tpy;ypak; kf;Nfy;> ];ghd;>

khypNdht;];fp> &j;ngdpbf;l; Nghd;Nwhh; ,j;Jiwapy; kpf Kf;fpakhdth;fs;.

n\hPg;> fhz;l;hpy; MfpNahh; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;TKiwfs; FO ,af;fj;ij

mwpag; nghpJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

6.9. gpuha;bd; kdf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

6.9.1. edtpyp (Id) my;yJ ,d;g ehl;lf; Nfhl;ghL (Pleasure Principle)

,j; (Id) vd;gJ edtpyp kdg;gFjpiar; rhh;e;jJ. ,J kdpjdpd;

,aw;if czh;TfisAk; Ntfq;fisAk; fpsh;r;rpfisAk; nfhz;L

256

,aq;FtJ. Fwpg;ghfg; ghYzh;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,aq;FtJ

MFk;. ,q;F ,d;g ehl;lNk fhzg;gLk;. ,J mbg;gilahd tpyq;F

czh;r;rpjhd;. vijAk; jdjhfTk; jd; kfpo;r;rpNa ,d;wpaikahjJ vd

epidg;gJk; edtpyp vd;Dk; kdg;gFjpahFk;.

6.9.2. mfk; (Ego) (my;yJ) ajhh;j;jf; Nfhl;ghL (Reality Principle)

mfk; vd;Dk; <Nfh ntspkdg; gFjpahfpa edT kdg; gFjpiar;

Nrh;e;jJ. mfj;jpd; mbg;gFjp edtpyp gFjpAld; xl;b cs;sJ. r%ff;

Nfhl;ghLfis Vw;Wr; r%fj;NjhL xl;b tho Kaw;rp nra;tJ mfk;. ,J

ed;ndwpiag; gpd;gw;w Kay;fpwJ. mfj;jpy; mlf;fg;gl;l ,r;irfs; edtpyp

vDk; kiwg; gFjpf;Fs; nrd;W epiy nfhs;fpwJ. czh;r;rpfs;

J}a;ikaile;J ,t; mfk; vDk; gFjpapy;jhd; r%fj;jpw;F Vw;wthW

khWgLfpwJ. ,J cah;kil khw;wk; vdg;gLk;. edtpyp vd;gjpypUe;J

tpyq;Fzh;r;rpiar; r%fj;jpw;F Vw;wthW khw;w Ntz;Lk;. r%fk; tpjpf;Fk;

ed;ndwpiaf; nfhz;Ls;s mjPj mfj;jpd; fl;lisiaAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ

mfj;jpd; NtiyahFk;.

6.9.3. mjPj mfk; (Super Ego) (my;yJ) ePjpf; nfhs;if (Moral

Principle) ‘mjPj mfk;’ vdg;gLtJ mfj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,J ngUk;ghYk;

edtpyp epiyapypUe;J nray;gLfpwJ. ePjpnewpf; nfhs;iffis cila

,ij ‘kdrhl;rp’ vd;gh;. edtpyp vd;gjd; J}z;LjYf;Fk; mjPj mfj;jpd;

Fw;wr;rhl;LfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mfk; jd;idf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Kay;fpwJ.

mfk;> mjPj mfj;jpd; ed;ndwpia Vw;f kWf;Fk;NghJ xUtDf;F

kdf;NfhshW Vw;glf; fhuzkhfpwJ. kdrhl;rp vd;Dk; mjPj mfj;jpd;

mOj;jj;jhy; rpyh; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;tJz;L.

6.10. cstpay; fUj;Jf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

cstpaypy; gytpjf; fUj;Jf; Nfhl;ghLfs; mikg;Gfshf

tpsq;Ffpd;wd. mit>

1. csg;ghFghL - Psycho Analysis

2. nf];lhy;l; cstpay; - Gestalt Psychology

3. elj;ijf; nfhs;if - Behaviour Psychology

4. `hh;kPff; nfhs;if - Harmism Psychology

257

vd;gdthFk;. NkYk;> ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fg;gpd; mikg;Gfs; ,uz;lhf

cile;jd. mit> '1.kdpjhgpkhd cstpay; (Humanistic Psychology)

2.etPd elj;ij (New Behaviour Psychology) vd;gdthFk;”.18 cstpayhsh;fs;

,e;ehd;F tifahd Nfhl;ghLfSs; ,dg; ghFghl;il Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdh;.

6.11. mfKfh; (Introvert)> GwKfh; (Extrovert)

'cs;kd czh;TfSf;Nfw;g kdpjh;fis mfKfh; (Introvert) GwKfh;

(Extrovert) vd cstpay; mwpQh; Aq; tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.” 19

6.11.1. mfKfh;

mfKfh; cs;kd czh;r;rp cilatuha; ,Ug;gh;. ,th;fs; jhNk

jdpj;jpaq;Fk; tpioTilath;. gpwUld; $br; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fspy; <Lghbd;wpg;

ngUk;ghYk; jdpj;Jr; nra;tdtw;wpNyNa mjpf ehl;lKilatuha; ,Ug;gh;.

6.11.2. GwKfh;

GwKfh; jk;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s #o;epiyapy; mf;fiw cilatuha;

,Ug;gh;. kw;wth;fSld; goFtJ> kdkfpo;r;rp jUk; nray;fspy; <LgLtJ>

gazk; nra;jy; Nghd;W gpwUld; $br; nra;Ak; nray;fspy; mjpf

ehl;lKilatuhf ,Ug;gh;.

6.12. cseyg; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lr; rpf;fy;fs; (Problem of Adjustment)

'ey;y cs;sk; gilj;j kdpjd; csepiwTk; jd;dstpy;

Kuz;ghLfs; mw;w xj;jpirTk; ngw;W> r%f mstpy; ey;ypzf;fKk;

ngw;wpUg;ghd;. ,jidNa cseyj;jpd; ,UngUk; $Wfshff; fUJth;.” 20

,g;nghUj;jg;ghl;bidr; rpijf;Fk; rpf;fy;fis cstpayhsh;

%tifg; gLj;Jthh; N[k;]; rp. nfhNykd;. mit>

1. cs;s KwpT (Frustration)

2. cs;s Nkhjy; (Conflict)

3. cs;s ,Wf;fk; (Pressures)

vd;gdthFk;.

kdpj tho;f;ifapy; cseyj;ijr; rpijf;Fk; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lr;

rpf;fy;fs; cs;s KwpT> cs;s Nkhjy;> cs;s ,Wf;fk; vd;gtw;iwf;

fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; ,lk;

258

ngw;Ws;s tho;f;if ,lh;g;ghLfspd; nghJthd njhFg;gpidg; ngwyhk;.

,k;%d;W ,lh;g;ghLfSk; kpFjpahFk; #oypy; cs;sj;jpd; tPo;r;rpia

cs;sj;jpd; Nghf;Nf jLj;J epWj;JfpwJ. mit cseyj; jw;fhg;G ,aq;F

KiwfshFk;.

6.12.1. cs;sKwpT (Frustration)

“ehk; tpUk;gpa ,yf;if miltjpy; NeUk; jilfshNyh>

FWf;fPLfshNyh> Nehpjhd Fwpf;Nfhs; xd;W ,d;ikahNyh cs;s KwpT

cz;lhfpwJ vd;gh;. Xh; mOj;jkhd NjitAk; mjidg; ngw;W epiwTw

,ayhj czh;Tk; cldpiaAk;NghJ NeUk; mDgtNk cs;s KwpT

vdg;gLk;”21 vd;W gphpl;lhdpaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; $WfpwJ. 'Mir

epiwNtwhkNyh epiwNtWtjw;Fj; jil Vw;gl;Nlh ,Uf;Fk; epiyikia

kdkpbjy; vd;gh ;”.22

6.12.1.1. vspa KwpTfs; (Minor Frustrations)

tho;f;if vg;NghJk; rpf;fy; epuk;gpajhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. eilKiwapy;

md;whlk; kdpjDf;F cz;lhFk; kd neUf;fbfs; rpwpadthfTk;

vspikahditahfTk; cs;sd vd;gij cstpayhh; czh;j;jpAs;sdh;. rpy

tpUg;gf;NfLfs; vspa epiyapdthapUf;Fk;. mit epiyj;j Jd;gj;ijNah

ePbj;j Jd;gj;ijNah vspa tpUg;gq;fs; ey;Ftd my;y. <Nlwhtz;zk;

“mr;rk;> Mir> mwpahik> ,ayhik Mfpa nrhe;j ,ay;GfSk; Gwr;

#oy;fs; rpyTk; tpUg;gq;fs; <Nlwhky; nra;ayhk;. #oy; rhh;e;j GwKfk;

my;yJ jd;dpay;ghd mfKfk; Mfpa ,Uepiyj; Njhw;Wtha;fspypUe;J

cs;s KwpTfs; vOfpd;wd” 23 vd;fpwhh; N[k;]; rp. Nfhykd;.

vjph;kiwahd thh;j;ijfs; cshPjpahf ek;gpf;ifapd;ikia

Vw;gLj;Jk;. Neh;;kiwahd thh;j;ijfis kdjplj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;. mj;jifa

nrhw;fisj; Njbg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ tho;;f;ifapy; GJ cw;rhfk; gpwf;Fk;

vd;W $Wfpwhh; ituKj;J. rpd;dr; rpd;d nrhw;fshf ,Ug;gpDk; mit

nghpa khWjy;fis cz;Lgz;Zk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit. kUj;JtUk; kdey

MNyhrfh;fSk; Nehahspfsplk; ,j;jifa Neh;kiw thh;j;ijfisf;

$wpj;jhd; mth;fSf;F ek;gpf;ifA+l;Lfpd;wdh;. ,f;fUj;jpid>

“vjph;kiw thh;j;ijfs; / cjph;e;J Nghfl;Lk;

259

cld;ghl;L nkhopfs; / caph; nfhz;nlol;Lk;

gioa thh;j;ijfs; gwpj;Jg; gwpj;Jg;

Gjpa epyj;jpy; gjpad;NghLNthk;

Gspj;j thh;j;ijfs; khWk;NghJ

rypj;j tho;f;ifAk; / rl;nld;W khWk;” 24

vd;fpwhh; ftpQh;. ,J tho;f;ifapy; ntWg;Gw;w xUtiuj; jd;dk;gpf;if

cs;stuhf> tho;it Nerpg;gtuhf cstpay; hPjpahf khw;Wk; vd;W

ek;Gfpwhh;. ,Nj fUj;jpid K. Nkj;jh mth;fSk;>

fz;zPh; ejpfshy; / fly; kl;lk; cauhky;

Gd;difg; G+f;fshy; G+kp caul;Lk;

vd;Dk; thpfspy; ngwitf;fpwhh;.

ngz;fSf;F chpa gUtj;jpy; jpUkzk; eilngwhjJ mth;fsJ

kdj;jpy; Vf;fkhf cUthfpwJ. jd; tanjhj;j ngz;fs; FLk;g

tho;f;ifapy; <Lgl;Ls;sNghJ jdf;F kl;Lk; mJ tha;f;fhjNghJ

kdhPjpahfg; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhs;. r%fKk; mtis tpiy Nghfhj nghUshfg;

ghh;f;fpwJ. ngw;NwhUk; Rikahff; fUJfpwhh;fs; vd;Dk;NghJ tho;tpd;kPjhd

ntWg;G Njhd;WfpwJ. mts; eilg;gpzkhd tho;T thoNtz;bAs;sJ.

mtsJ epiyia>

“rphpg;G vd;gJ / mtSf;F / ,jopy; ,y;iy

Qhgfj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ” 25

vd;Dk; thpfspy; czu itf;fpwhh;.

tho;f;if vg;NghJk; rpf;fy; epuk;gpajhfTk;> ngUk;ghlhfTk; ,Ug;gJ

,y;iy. md;whl tho;tpy; kdpjDf;F NeUk; kd neUf;fbfs; ngUk;ghYk;

rpwpa ,ay;GilaitahfTk;> vspjpy; jPh;e;Jtplf; $baitahfTk; cs;sd.

Viog; ngz;nzhUj;jp tpwF ntl;lg;Nghfpwhs;. mts; muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd

tdj;jpy; tpwF ntl;Lfpwhs;. tpwNfhL gj;jpukha; tPLNgha;r; NrUNthkh

vd;Dk; gak; mtSf;Fs; vOfpwJ. mg;gakhdJ rpy kzp Neuj;jpy;

jPh;e;Jtplf; $baNj vd;whYk;> kdk; mt;thW mikjp miltjpy;iy.

tPl;il milAk; tiu kdj;jpd; jtpg;G mtisg; ghlha;g;gLj;JfpwJ.

,jid>

“nghRf;nfd;W kiotUNkh? / Nghifapy; Gay; tUNkh?

260

fhQ;rkuk; ntl;ilapNy / NuQ;rh; tUthNdh?

vq;fpUe;Njh gak; te;J / vr;rpy; cye;JtpLk;” 26

vd;Dk; thpfs; thapyhff; ftpQh; mts; mr;rk; nfhs;tijf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

,J jw;fhypfj; Jd;gNk. mtsJ vspa tpUg;gk; <Nlwh tz;zk; mtis

mr;rk; Ml;nfhs;fpwJ.

K. Nkj;jhtpd; ‘Kjy; Njjp’ ftpijapy; khjr; rk;gsk; thq;Fk; Xh;

Copad; kdepiyia>

“vd;Dila rk;gs ehspy; / vz;zp thq;Ffpw

gsgsf;Fk; Nehl;Lfspy; / vtnuth; KfNkh

njhpAk; / vd;Kfj;ijj; / jtpu” 27

vd;W $WtjpypUe;J fld; vd;gJ jw;Nghijf;Fj; njhy;iyahf ,Ue;jhYk;>

mJ jPh;e;JtpLfpw rpf;fyhfj; njhpahky; Rikahfj; njhptjhy; cs;sk;

Kwpe;J Gyk;Gtjhf cs;sikiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.

6.12.1.2. #o;epiyj; jilfs;

#o;epiyj; jilfs; cs;s KwpTf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wd. #o;epiyj;

jilfs; vd;git nghpJk; r%fj;ijr; rhh;e;jit MFk;. “epyeLf;fk;> ngUe;jP>

ngUk; gQ;rk;> tpgj;Jfs;> md;Gf;Fhpathpd; kuzk; Kjypaitfisr;

#o;epiyj; jilfs;” 28 vd;gh;.

jd;Dila vjph;ghh;g;Gfs; ngha;j;Jg; NghFk;NghJ kdk; gytpjkhd

rQ;ryq;fis milfpwJ. fhjyhdhYk; NtW vr;nrayhdhYk; Vkhw;wk;

vd;gJ xj;jNj. ,e;jpa ehl;L tptrhapfs; midtUk; vg;NghJk;

jq;fSila epyj;jpy; tpijj;Jtpl;L tug;NghFk; tpisr;riyf; Fwpj;j

fdTfisf; fhz;fpd;wdh;. tpise;jij tpw;W tUk; gzj;jpy; vd;ndd;d

Njitfis epth;j;jp nra;ayhk; vd;w fw;gidapy; kpjf;fpd;wdh;. ,ilapy;

gaph;fspy; Neha; tpOe;jhNyh kpf mjpf kionga;J gaph; NrjkhdhNyh

me;j ,og;ig <Lnra;a ,ayhj epiyapy; mtdJ kdk;> mtd; fz;l

fdTfs; ngha;j;Jg; Nghdijf; Fwpj;Jg; Gyk;GfpwJ.

,j;jifa epiyNa ngUk;ghd;ikahd tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fspy;

epfo;fpwJ vd;gijj; jd; kw;nwhU E}ypYk; fhl;Lfpwhh;. fhy;%l;il

tpijr;Nrhsj;ijf; fldhf thq;fp tPl;by; itj;jpUf;fpwhd; Viof;

261

Fbahdtd;. gyehl;fshf kioia vjph;ghh;f;fpwhd;. nga;atpy;iy. jpBnud

xUehs; ngUkio nga;jjpy; mtd; tPl;Lf; $iuAk;> NrhsKk; eide;J

Kisfl;bg; Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,jid>

“fhQ;R nflf;FJd;D / flTSf;F kDr;nrQ;rh

NgQ;R nfLj;jpUr;Nr / ngUkhNs vd;dgz;z?” 29

vd;w thpfspy; mtd; Gyk;Gtjhff; fhl;Lfpd;whh;. kio nga;jhYk;>

ngha;j;jhYk; Vw;gLk; gQ;rk; tptrhapfspd; cs;s KwpTf;Ff; fhuzkhfp

,j;jifa #o;epiyj; jilia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

ngz;nzhUj;jpf;F Neh;e;j mtyk; mtSf;F Mwhj; Jd;gj;ijf;

nfhLf;fpwJ. jhd; fUTw;wpUf;Fk;NghJ jd; fztidf; ifJ nra;J

rpiwapyilj;Jj; Jd;GWj;jpaNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; mtisAk; tprhuiz

vd;w ngahpy; nfhLikg;gLj;jpdh;. mtsJ fztd; fhuzk; njhpahky;

,we;J fple;jNghJ mtSf;F xd;gJ khjk;. mts; kfidg; ngw;nwLj;J

ey;ytdhf tsh;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gtpy;iy. jd; fztdpd; mepahar;

rhTf;Ff; fhuzkhdth;fisg; gop thq;fNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; td;kNk mts;

kdjpy; fhy;nfhs;fpwJ.

“kuk; Xa;ntJf;f nedj;jhYk; / fhj;J

tpJtjpy;iy / kfd; koiy nrhy;Yk;NghJ

gjpndl;L khjk;jhd; mtDf;F” 30

vd;w jhapd; thpfspy; mtdJ kfdplj;Jk; jPtputhjj;jpd; tpij J}tg;

gLfpwJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

6.12.1.3. r%fepiy KwpT

'nghUs; Kjyhd cly; rhh;e;j Njitfs; epiwtjhy; kl;Lk;

cs;sk; epiwT nfhs;tjpy;iy. gpwuJ MjuitAk; md;igAk; vjph;ghh;j;J

Vq;Fk; Vf;fKk; mit kWf;fg;gLk;NghJ NeUk; kdKwpTk; cs;s

mOj;jKk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;. cstpayhh; kdpjh;fsplk; epyTk;

md;gpw;Fk; gpwh;ey tpiotpw;Fk; fhuzk; gpwuJ Jyq;fisg; ngw Ntz;Lk;

vd;Dk; tpUg;Ng mbg;gil vd;gh;”.31 vdNt rKjhaj;jpy; kjpg;gpw;Fhpa

,lj;ijg; ngWjYk; jd;dpiy ,of;fhky; Nghw;WjYk; kdpjdpd; fUj;jhf

cs;sJ.“xt;nthUtUk; r%fj;jpd; mq;fq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;. mNjNghy;

r%fKk; xt;nthUtuJ cstho;tpYk; ngUk;gq;F ngWfpd;wJ” 32 vd;gJ

cstpay; cz;ikahFk;.

262

fhjyd; xUtd; fhjypiaf; fhz;gjw;fhf> mtsJ md;igg;

ngWtjw;fhf MtYWfpwhd;. mtSk; mtidr; re;jpf;Fk; MirNahL

jpiug;glf; nfhl;liff;F tUfpwhs;. Mdhy;> taJte;j ngz;izj; jdpNa

rpdpkhTf;F mDg;gf;$lhJ vd;W mtsJ jhAk; cld; tUfpwhs;. ,J

mt;tpUtUf;FNk ,ilA+whf ,Ue;jij>

“mb ghtp / jdpNa tUNtd; vd;wts;

jhNahL Vd; te;jha;? / gj;Jkhje;jhNd

fh;g;gfhyk;? / cd;jha; cd;id

,UgJ tU\kha; / Vdb Rkf;fpwhs;” 33

vd;Dk; ghlybfs; jdpj;Jg; Ngrpj; jq;fs; md;ig ntspg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;j fhjydpd; Mir epiwNtwhky; Nghdjw;F r%fk;

fhuzkha; ,Ue;jijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

xUjiyaha;f; fhjypj;j ngz;izg; gy tUlq;fs; fopj;J kPz;Lk;

re;jpf;Fk; xUtd; mtis tpUk;gpa gioa fzq;fis epidj;Jg;

ghh;f;fpwhd;. xU ehSk; xU thh;j;ijAk; Ngrhj mtDk; mtSk; ,g;NghJk;

xU thh;j;ij$lg; Ngrpf;nfhs;stpy;iy. mg;NghJ> ,UtUila ghh;itfSk;

ghpkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;fpd;wd. mtd;>

“cd; epidTfs; / cd; fztidg; NghyNt

cwq;fpapUf;fyhk; / Mdhy; / vd; epidTfs;

cd;idg; NghyNt / tpopj;jpUf;fpd;wd” 34

vd;W $Wfpwhd;.

fztid ,oe;Jtpl;lhy; ngz;nzhUj;jp jdpNa thOk; fhyj;jpy;

czTf;fhfg; gpwiur; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; epiy Njitg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy;>

Mz; tho;f;if mt;thwpy;iy. czT cs;sp;l;l mbg;gilj; NjitfSf;fhf

kfd;> kUkfs; cs;spl;lth;fisr; rhh;e;J thOk;NghJ mtDf;F Vw;gLk;

mtkhdk; mtd; kdKwpTf;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ vd;gij>

“vd;idf;Fg; nghz;lhl;b / vd;dtpl;Lg; NghdhNsh

md;idf;Nf vk;gLf;(i)f / jpz;izf;F te;jpUr;R

eha;jpd;Dk; Nrhj;jpy; / ehyQ;R ftsj;j

vdf;Fk; Nghl;Ltr;rhd; / ,uf;fKs;s vk;Gs;s” 35

vd;w thpfspd; %yk; r%fj;jpy; FLk;gk; vd;Dk; epiyapy; Vw;gLk;

kdKwpitf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

263

6.12.1.4. nghUs;epiy KwpT

nghUshjhur; rPh;NfL cs;sj;ijr; rpijj;JtpLk; td;ik tha;e;jjhFk;.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; xUtdJ nghUshjhu epiy> mtdJ gpwg;G> Nkw;nfhz;l

njhopy;> rKjhaj;jpy; mj;njhopypd; epiy Mfpatw;iwr; rhh;e;J mike;jJ.

mf;fhyf; fiyQh;fs; ts;sy;fis ek;gp tho;e;jdh;. vdNt> tWik

mth;fsplk; kpfvspjpy; chpik nfhz;lhbaJ. ,f;fhyj;jpYk; nghUshjhuk;

rpy gphptpdhplk; kl;LNk rpwe;jpUg;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ.

jd; %j;jFbahs; kfs; MLNka;f;fg; Nghd ,lj;jpy gUtkile;J

tpl;ljhfr; nra;jp te;jijf;Nfl;L ,isa Fbahs; jd;Dila nghUshjhu

epiyia vz;zpg; Gyk;Gfpwhs;. ngz; G+g;gilAk; nra;jpNfl;L vy;yhg;

ngw;NwhUk; kfpo;r;rp milth;. mg;ngz;Zf;F tpUe;Jk; gyfhuKk; nfhLj;J

nghpa kD\pahfj; jahh; gLj;Jth;;. Mdhy;> ,q;Nfh gjpdhW gjpNdO

tajpy; gUtkile;jpUe;jhYk; guthapy;iy. gjpd;%d;W tajpNyNa

gUtkile;Jtpl;lhNs vd;W gjWfpwhs;.

ngz; G+g;gile;j nra;jp Nfl;lhNy gyUk; ngz; Nfl;f tUth;.

mth;fSf;fhd tujl;riz toq;Fk; #oy; ,q;F ,y;iy. ,jid>

“Kf;fhy; gTDf;Nf / Ke;E}W FiwAjb

,e;j yl;rzj;jpy; / Vz;bak;kh Fj;jtr;r?” 36

vd;W Nfl;fpwhs; jha;. NkYk;> jq;fsJ nghUshjhu epiyik rPuilAk;

tiuapy; mts; rike;j nra;jpia ahhplKk; gfph;e;Jnfhs;s Ntz;lhk;

vd;Wk; vr;rhpf;fpwhs;.

“MLNka;f;fg; NghifapNy / mq;fq;Nf epy;yhj

mbNaxQ; rq;fjpa / Ml;Lf;FQ; nrhy;yhNj” 37

vd;Dk; thpfspy; jha;> je;ij> kfs; Mfpa %thpd; cs;sk; Kwptjw;Fg;

nghUs;epiy KwpT fhuzkhtijf; ftpQh; fhl;Lfpd;whh;.

“G+f;fhhpfNs / ,e;jj; njUtpy; / vd; tPl;ilf;

fopj;JtpLq;fs; / vd; fdTfspy; kl;Lk;

Fjpiufspd; Fsk;gbfs; / Mdhy; / ve;j

uh[FkhuDk; / vd; tPl;L thrypy; / ,wq;fNt ,y;iy ………………………………………

fd;df; fJg;gpy; / xU nts;spf; fk;gp

fhNjhL NgRfpwJ: / Kjypy; epw;fg;NghtJ vJ

264

khjtpyf;fh? / cd; %r;rh?” 38

“Kg;gJf;F NkYk; xg;gidf;Fs; ehzp

,UgJ tud;fis ,dpg;G fhuj;NjhL

topaDg;gp itj;Jtp;l;lhs;” 39

Nkw;fz;l ,uz;L ftpijfspYk; nghUshjhuNk ,g;ngz;fspd; tho;f;iff;Fj;

jilaha; ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

Kjph; fd;dpfspd; epiy Fwpj;Jg; gy ftpQh;fSk; ftpij

Gide;jpUe;jhYk;> K.Nkj;jhtpd; gpd;tUk; ftpij jdpj;j Kj;jpiu

ngw;wjhFk;.

“G+f;fspNy ehDnkhU / G+tha;j;jhd;

gpwg;ngLj;Njd; / G+thfg; gpwe;jhYk;

nghd; tpuy;fs; jPz;liyNa / nghd; tpuy;fs;

jPz;liyNa - ehd; / G+khiy ahfiyNa” 40

vd;Dk; ftpij nghUs;epiy Kwpthy; jiytpapd; cs;sk; Kwptijf;

fhl;LfpwJ.

nghUs;epiy Kwptpdhy; ngz;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; Mz;fSk; cs;s

KwpTf;F Mshfpd;wdh;. tho;f;if KOtJk; Nghuhl;lj;jpNyNa fopf;fNtz;ba

xUtDf;F ,t;tho;f;if Fwpj;j rpe;jidfspy; tpuf;jpNa NknyOk;.

mt;tpjkhf MnzhUtd;>

“tuq;nfhLf;Fk; Njtijfs; / te;jNghJ J}q;fpNdd;

te;jNghJ J}q;fptpl;L /tho;f;ifnay;yhk; Vq;fpNdd;!” 41

vd;W $Wfpwhd;. mtd; ve;j NjtijahYk; Mrph;tjpf;fg;gl;ltdy;y. Mdhy;

vy;yhr; rhj;jhd;fshYk; rgpf;fg;gl;ltd;. mtid ve;jg; G+q;fhw;Wk;

tUbajpy;iy. Mdhy;> vy;yhg; Gay;fNshLk; Nghuhb ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;fpwhh;

K.Nkj;jh.

guj;jikj; njhopypy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; xUj;jpf;F xt;nthU ,uTNk

capNuhl;lkhdJ. Mdhy;> mtsJ clk;Ngh czh;r;rpaw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;

vd;gjid>

“tapw;iwj; jtpu / mts;

clk;gpy; vjw;Fk; / czh;r;rpapy;iy” 42

265

vd;w thpfs; thapyhf czh;j;Jfpd;whh;.

fy;tpAk; Ntiytha;g;Gk; ngw;W ntspA+h;fspNyh ntspehLfspNyh

trpg;gth;fSf;Fk; mth;fsJ nrhe;jf; fpuhkk;> gpwe;j kz; vd;gJ jha;kb

Nghd;wJ. Mdhy; fhy khw;wk; me;j kz;izAk; khw;wptpLfpwJ. mj;jifa

khw;wj;jpw;F Mshd fpuhkj;jpw;F te;j xUtd; jd; rpWtaJj; Njhoh;fSk;>

jhd; gofpa kdpjh;fSk;> jhd; tpisahba kuq;fSk;; jw;NghJ ,y;yhjjhy;

mij ,og;ghff; fUJfpwhd; vd;gij fPo;tUk; ftpij Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

“vd; fpisfs; / ntspNa / tphpe;Jtp;l;lhYk;

vd; Nth;fs; trpg;gJ / ,q;Nfjhd;! ,q;Nfjhd;!” 43

jd;Dila ePz;lfhy ciog;gpy; rpWfr;rpWfr; Nrh;j;Jg; Gwk;Nghf;fpy;

fl;lg;gl;l rpWtPL murhq;fj;jhy; ,bf;fg;gLtJ fz;L Vioj; jhnahUj;jp

Gyk;Gfpwhs;. jd; tPL ,bf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghfNt jdf;F VNjh Jd;gk;

tug; Nghtjw;fhd mwpFwpfisj; jd; fdtpy; fz;ljhfTk; mg;Gyk;gypy;

njhpag;gLj;Jfpwhs;. nts;shl;bd; fhk;gpy; tprk; tbtjhfTk;

Xilfspnyy;yhk; jz;zPUf;Fg; gjpyhf uj;jk; Xb tUtjhfTk; fdT

fhz;fpwhs;. jPq;F Vw;gLtjw;F mwpFwpfshf ,j;jifa nfhLq;fdTfs;

tUk; vd;gijr; rpyg;gjpfhuk; njhlq;fpg; gpw;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; tiu

fhz;fpNwhk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fz;zfp jhd; fz;l fdtpidj; jd;

Njhopahfpa Njte;jpaplk; ciuf;Fk;NghJ gRf;fs; jhdhff; fz;zPh;

nrhhptjhff; $Wfpwhs;. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspYk; gRf;fs; ,ay;Gf;F khwhfj;

jq;fs; czTf;Fg; Gy;Yf;Fg; gjpy; fw;fisj; jpd;Dk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.

,j;jifa fdTfs; ngha;j;Jg; Nghdjhff; fijfspYk; fhg;gpaq;fspYk;

$wg;gltpy;iy. mit ele;JtpLtjhfNt gjpTfs; cs;sd. ,q;Fk;

,j;jhapd; fdT gypj;JtpLfpwJ. ,r;rpW tPl;ilf; fl;Ltjw;fhfj; jhd; gl;l

f\;lq;fisf; $Wfpwhs;. ,jid>

“ehd;gl;l ghL / eha;gLkh Nga;gLkh?

filAk; japh;gLkh? / fhQ;rptuk; jwpgLkh?” 44

vd;W $WtNjhL tPL fl;lj; Njitahd nghUs;fis thq;f %f;Fj;jpia

mlF itj;jJ> gpj;jisf; Flk; tpw;wJ Mfpatw;iwr; nrhy;fpwhs;. fjT

itf;ff; fhrpy;yhky; Nfhzpf;fjT nra;J itj;jpUf;fpwhs;. ,j;jifa

#oypy; tPl;il ,bj;Jtpl;lhy; jd;Dila tho;f;if vd;dhtJ vd;W

ftiyg;gLk; mts;>

266

“$L fyr;rhf;ff; / FUtpf;F Ntwkuk;

tPL ,br;rhf;fh / vq;fSf;F VJ vlk;?” 45

vd;W Gyk;Gfpwhs;.

6.12.2. cs;sg; Nghuhl;lk;

xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tpUg;gq;fs; Njhd;Wk;NghJ vjid

Vw;gJ vjid tpLtJ vd;Dk; Fog;gk; Njhd;Wk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;

KbntLf;f ,ayhj epiyAk;> nray;gl Kbahj epiyAk; Njhd;Wk;.

,j;jifa epiyNa cs;sg; Nghuhl;lk; vdg;gLk;. ,t;thW ,UNtW

Nehf;fKk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Njhd;wp NkhJk;. xNu Neuj;jpy; ,ayhjJk;

xd;ww;nfhd;W jdpj;jdpahdJkhd nray; Nehf;fKk; Cf;fKk; cs;sj;jpy;

,Ug;gjdhy; tpistNj cs;sg; Nghuhl;lk; vd kzpGrd; gpurhj; cstpayhh;

tpsf;Fth;.

xUtidf; fhjypj;Jtpl;L NtW xUtDf;F tho;f;ifg;gl;L

Foe;ijfSk; ngw;Wtpl;l gpd;dUk; gioa fhjyidg; gw;wpa vz;zq;fs;

kdjpy; te;J Nghfpd;wd. mtsJ fhjiyg; gw;wp mts; jd; fztdplk;

Kd;$l;bNa $wpapUf;fpwhs;. vNjr;irahfr; re;jpj;Jtpl;l ehnshd;wpy;

,UtUk; ntspg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s ,ayhky; kdJf;Fs; kUFfpd;wdh;. mtsplk;

tpilngw epidj;J mtisj; NjLk;nghOJ mtsJ fztd;>

“ePq;fNs mtSf;Fj; / jhypfl;bapUf;fyhk;” 46

vd;W fhjydplk; $Wfpwhd;.

ngw;Nwhh; fz;bg;G vd;Dk; ngahpy; ngz;Zf;fhd chpikia>

Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fhky; ,Ug;gjhy; mth;fsJ czh;Tfs; eRf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

gj;Jtajpy; njhlq;Fk; ,t;tlf;FKiw mtsJ ,Wjpf; fhyk; tiuapYk;

ePl;bf;fpwJ. mts; jd;Dila xt;nthU MiriaAk; jdf;Fs;NsNa

Gijj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhs;. rphpg;gJk; rj;jkhfg; NgRtJk;$l ,ayhj

tho;f;ifia epidj;J ntWg;Gf; nfhs;fpwhs;.

“rj;jkplhNj vd;W / nghj;jpg; nghj;jp

itj;jjpy; / nrj;Nj Nghapw;W fhkk;” 47

vd;W jdJ czh;Tfs; khpj;Jg; Nghdijf; $Wkplj;jpy; mtsJ kd

mOj;jj;ij czuKbfpwJ.

267

fhjYf;F Ml;gl;l ngz; jd;dhy; fhjypf;fg;gl;ltidNa kzg;gjh

my;yJ ngw;Nwhhpd; mwpTiuiaf; Nfl;L elg;gjh vd;Dk; cs;sg;

Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Mshfpwhs;. jd;kfs; jq;fSf;Fj; jFjpapy;yhj xUtidf;

fhjypf;fpwhs;. mtsJ fhjiy Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy; mts; kfpo;ths;. Mdhy;>

Ch; gopf;Fk;. ,jdhy; Vw;gjh Ntz;lhkh vd;Dk; Nghuhl;lk; jha; kdjpy;

vOfpwJ. mjdhy;>

“xd;W vd; / fz;zPUf;F tpilnrhy;@ / ,y;iy cd;

fz;;zPUf;Ff; filjpwg;Gr; / nra;Jnfhs;” 48

vd;W kfis vr;rhpf;fpwhs;. kfspd; fhjy; vd;Dk; xU nray; ,U egh;fspd;

kdg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ.

6.12.2.1. cs;s Nkhjy; (Conflict)

cs;s KwpT Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; cs;s Nkhjy; Nghuhl;lk;

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. typik cila Cf;fk; epiwTwhJ jilgLkhdhy;

cs;sKwpT Vw;gLfpwJ. Cf;fk; jilgLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %tifg;gLk;.

Kjw;fhuzk; #o;epiyg; nghUs;fSk; gpw kdpjh;fSk; Mth;. ,uz;lhk;

fhuzk; cs;s> cly; cWg;Gfs; FiwT> jpwd; FiwT. ehl;lf; FiwT

Kjypait MFk;. %d;whk; fhuzNk cs;sg; Nghuhl;lk; MFk;.

“xd;W kw;nwhd;Wf;Fj; jilahf ,Ug;gjpd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;

csepiyNa cs;s Nkhjy; (Conflict) vd;gh;. xNu Neuj;jpy; epiwTw

,ayhjJk; xd;ww;nfhd;W jdpj;jdpahdJkhd nray; Nehf;fKk; Cf;fKk;

cs;sj;jpy; ,Ug;gjdhy; cs;sg;Nghuhl;lk; tpisAk; vd cstpayhh;

$Wth;”.49

6.12.3. cs;s ,Wf;fk; (Stress)

'cs;s KwpT vt;tifj; jPh;Tkpd;wp neLq;fhyk; njhlUkhdhy;

czh;tpay; rhh;e;j Kw;wpa tpiwg;G epiy (Tension) Njhd;Wk;. me;epiyia

cs;s ,Wf;fk; vd cstpayhh; $Wth;.” 50 cs;sk; KwpTw;w epiyapYk;>

Nghuhl;lk; kpf;f epiyapYk; rpy vjph;kiwahd cs;sf; fpsh;r;rpfs;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; rpdk;> mr;rk;> ftiy Mfpa %d;wpidr; rpwg;ghf

ciug;gh;.

268

kdf;fyf;fk; cs;sj;jpd; KwpthYk; Nghuhl;lj;jhYk; Vw;gL;fpwJ.

mjd; tpisT ftiy MFk;. kdKwpTk; kdg; Nghuhl;lKk; cs;s xU

kdpjd;> fyf;fkile;j ,Wf;fkhd epiyapypUg;ghd;. mtDila %y

Cf;fpapd; J}z;ly;epiy rpwpJk; Fiwahky; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; mtDila

kd,Wf;fk; Nghuhl;lj;jpypUe;J vOe;j kdntOr;rpj; Jyq;fspdhy; typik

Cl;lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epiyiaf; ftiy my;yJ jtpg;G vd;gh;.

xUj;jpf;F jpUkzk; if$lhky; gy fhuzq;fshy; js;spg;Ngha;tpl;lJ.

mJ mtsJ kdKwpTf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. mtis mtsJ Njhopfs;

vg;NghJ jpUkzk; vd;W tprhhpf;fpd;wdh;. vjph;ghh;j;Jf; fhj;jpUe;Nj

mtSf;Fj; jpUkzj;jpd;kPJ ntWg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; fhuzkhf>

“fz;zpak; / kidtpahapUg;gjpYk; cz;L@

fd;dpaha; tho;tjpYk; / fl;lhak; cz;L” 51

vd;W gjpYiuf;fpwhs;. jpUkzj;ijf; fUjpNa neLq;fhykhf epidj;J

tUtjhy; me;epidT Kw;wpg;Ngha; kd ,Wf;fkhf khwptpl;lij mtsJ

thh;j;ijfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. ghy;a tpthfk; vd;Dk; r%ff; nfhLik

,d;wsTk; ,Ue;J tuf;$ba xd;W. jq;fSila vjph;fhyk; gw;wpg; gy

fw;gidfisr; Rke;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; gj;JtaJg; ngz;fSf;Fj;

jpUkzj;ijr; nra;J itj;JtpLtjd; %yk; mth;fsJ fw;gidfs;

fiye;JtpLfpd;wd.

,sk; tajpNyNa jpUkzk; nra;J itf;fg;gl;l xUj;jp jhd;

fdTfs; fhzj;njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpNyNa jpUkzk; ele;jjhy; mtsJ

tho;f;ifapd; me;jptiu mtSf;F tpUg;gq;fNs ,y;yhky; Nghapd. ,UgJ

taJf;Fs; thpiraha;r; rpy gps;isfisg; ngw;Wtpl;l mts; FLk;gj;jpw;fhfNt

ciof;Fk;NghJ mtsJ RatpUg;gk;> Mirfs;> G+h;j;jpahfhj Vf;fk; fhyk;

KKtJk; mtSf;F ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. mjdhy;> mts; kfpo;r;rpapd;wp

xUtpj ,Wf;fj;JlNdNa jd; tho;ehisf; fopf;fpwhs; vd;gij>

“tz;zf; fdTfs; / thrYf;F tUKd;Nd

thpiraha;g; gps;isfs;vd; / thhpRfshdhh;fs;” 52

vd;Dk; mtsJ $w;wpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

cyfk; ,d;W Mjpf;fr; rz;ilapdhy; mikjpia ,oe;J tUfpwJ.

ve;NeuKk; ve;j ,lj;jpy; Fz;L ntbf;FNkh vd;Dk; mr;rj;jpy; gazpf;f

Ntz;bAs;sJ. Nghhpdhy; rpyh; Mjhak; ngw;whYk; gyh; cWg;Gfis>

269

cwTfis> cilikfis ,oe;J Jd;GwNtz;bAs;sJ. ,j;jifa #oiy

khw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F mfpk;ir xd;Nw rpwe;jtop vd;gij Mjpf;ff;

fhuh;fSf;F czh;j;jNtz;Lk;. mjdhy;jhd;>

“,e;jpag; Gwhf;fs; thq;fp tsh;f;f / VO jpdhh;fs;

Nrh;j;jpUe;Njd; / mDg;gl;Lkh G\; mq;fps;

cq;fs; tPl;L tpyhrkpl;L?” 53

vd;W rpWkpnahUj;jp Nfl;gjhff; ftpQh; ituKj;J $Wfpwhh;.

6.13. jw;fhg;G ,aq;F Kiwfs; (Defence Mechanism)

kdpj tho;f;ifapy; Vkhw;wq;fs;> Njhy;tpfs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; Mfpait

cz;lhtJ ,ay;G. mit> kdpjDila cs;sj;ijg; ghjpj;J mikjpiaf;

nfLf;fpd;wd. ,e;j epiyapy; kdpj cs;sk;> jd;idj;jhNd ghJfhj;Jf;

nfhs;s rpy Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. ,tw;iw cstpayhsh; jw;fhg;G

,aq;F Kiwfs; vd;gh;.

cstpay; elj;ij kdpjdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ csj; jw;fhg;G

,aq;FKiw MFk;. 'kdKwpT mDgtj;jhy; NeUk; kdthl;lj;ijj;

jzpg;gjw;F cjTk; cstpay; epfo;r;rpNa jw;fhg;G ,aq;FKiw”54 MFk;

vd cstpayhh; $Wth;.

,t; ,aq;FKiwfs; xUthplk; ePbj;Jj; njhlh;e;jhy; csg; gpwo;T

epiyapd; vy;iyf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;Wtplf; $Lk;. ,j;jw;fhg;G ,aq;F

Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iynadpy; cs;sk;tpiwg;G> mOj;jk;> ,Wf;fk;

cw;Wr; rpije;J> xUikg;ghl;il ,oe;JtpLk;. vdNt> ,j;jw;fhg;G ,aq;F

Kiwfs; kdpjDf;Fj; Njit.

csj;jw;fhg;G ,aq;F Kiwfs;

'1. xLf;fk; - Repression

2. czh;nthJf;fk; - Isolation Of Affect

3. gpd;Ndhf;fk; - Regression

4. njhlh;gWjy; - Dissociation

5. gfw;fdT - Fantasy

6. nghJikahf;fk; - Generalisation

7. Jwg;gikT - Resignation

270

8. <L nra;jy; - Compensation

9. jd;Kfj;jpUg;gk; - Turning against the self

10. epiykhw;wk; - Conversion

11. nraw;gLj;Jjy; - Acting

12. vjph;tpid mikg;G - Reaction Formtion

13. ,lk;ngah;jy; - Displacement

14. Gwj;Njw;wk; - Projection

15. mwpthh;e;j tpsf;fk; - Rationalization

16. rhpnra;jy; - Undiong” 55

gphpl;lhdpah fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ,j;jw;fhg;G ,aq;F

Kiwg; gFg;Gfis ituKj;J nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; nghUj;jpf;

fhzyhk;.

6.13.1. xLf;fk; (Repression)

kdpj kdkhdJ 'cs;sg; Nghuhl;lKk;> ,Wf;fKk; kpf;f #oy;fspy;

kdpjh;rpyh; Jd;gq;fisNah FiwghLfisNah ,Ug;gjhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s

kWg;gh;. nghJthfg; gaKs;s> ntl;fg;glNtz;ba mDgtq;fis kdpjh;fs;

kwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w kdg;Nghf;Filath;fshf ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;.

mr;RWj;JtJk;> ehZwr; nra;tJkhd cs; Jbg;Gfs; Njhd;Wk;NghJ

mtw;iw cs;sj;jpd; Mw;wy;kpf;f gpw Nghf;Ffs; vjph;;f;fpd;wd. mjd;

tpisthf mj;Jbg;Gfs; epidT kdj;jpdpd;W tpyf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,g;Nghf;ifNa xLf;fk; vdg; gpuha;l; $Wfpwhh;”.56

xLf;fk; edtpyp kdj;jpd; nray;ghlhFk;. md;gpw;Fhpa xUth; ,we;J

tpl;lhh; vd;gij ek;gtpUk;ghik mlf;Fjy; vd;Wk;> mth; ,wf;ftpy;iy

,Uf;fpwhh; vd;Nw ek;gpr; nray;gLjy; xLf;fk; vdyhk;.

'mfk; (Ego) tpUk;ghj fUj;J> ghjpg;G> ce;Jjy; Mfpatw;wplkpUe;J

epidT kdk; gpd;thq;fpf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,jdhy; xLf;fg;gl;l nra;jp> epidT

kdj;Js; ,lk;ngwh tz;zk; jLj;J epWj;jg;gLfpwJ> my;yJ

tpyf;fg;gLfpwJ”57 vdg; gphpl;lhdpaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; ,t;Tj;jpia

tpsf;FfpwJ.

271

xLf;Fjy; Nghf;fpd; fhuzkhf kWg;G> cz;ik epiyiaj; jtph;j;jy;>

vjph;kiw thjk; Mfpad Njhd;Wk;. xLf;Fjy; cj;jp Njhw;fj; njhlq;Fk;

NghJ gpwjw;fhg;G ,aq;FKiwfs; kdpjh;fshy; ehlg;gLfpd;wd. tujl;riz

cs;spl;l r%ff; fhuzq;fshy; jpUkzk; if$lhky; Ngha;tpl;lij vz;zp

tUe;Jfpwhs; ngz;nzhUj;jp. Nghpsk;ngz; gUtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mtsplk;

mts; Njhopah; jpUkzk; Fwpj;j Ngr;ir vLf;Fk;NghJ mts;>

“,e;jg; Nghpsk;ngz;iz / Ngijaha; vz;zp

kidawk; Nghjpg;gij / kwe;JtpL” 58

vd;W $Wfpwhs;. jdf;Fj; jpUkzk; elf;ftpy;iyNa. jd; tanjhj;jth;fs;

,y;yw tho;tpy; <LgLk;NghJ jdf;F mJ tha;f;ftpy;iyNa vd;Dk; Vf;fk;

kdjpy; Mokhfg; gjpe;jpUf;fpwJ. jd; Jd;gk; jPutpy;iy vd;Dk;

,d;dhikia xLf;f tpUk;Gk; kdk; kidawk; ,dpg; gadw;wJ vd

vjph;kiw thjk; Ghpfpd;wJ. mjdhy;jhd; jpUkz tho;tpy; ngUtpUg;gk;

,Ue;jNghJk;>

“fz;zpak; / kidtpahapUg;gjpYk; cz;L@

fd;dpaha; tho;tjpYk; / fl;lhak; cz;L” 59

vd;W Ngrj;J}z;LfpwJ. “vjph;kiw thjk; Nfhgj; Jyq;fypd; xU tbtkhFk;.

,J rz;bj;jdk; Nghd;wjhFk;” 60 vd;Dk; cstpay; fUj;jpd; tpsf;fkhf

,j;jiytpapd; vz;zKk; Ngr;Rk; mike;Js;sd.

6.13.2. czh;nthJf;fk; (Isolation of Affect)

kdpj cs;skhdJ tpUk;gj;jfhj Jd;gr;#oiy kWf;fTk; xLf;fTk;

tpioAk;. mJ ,ayhky; Nghdhy; mDgtj;ijAk;> czh;r;rpiaAk; gphpj;Jf;

nfhz;L mDgtj;ij kl;Lk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mjNdhL ,iae;j czh;T

fspypUe;J cs;sk; xJf;fk; ngWk; nray;Kiw Njhd;WfpwJ.

'edtpyp kdj;jpd; cs;; Jbg;gpidr; rhh;e;j fUj;ijAk; mjw;Nfw;w

czh;tpidAk; jd;dpaf;fkhfTk; jd;dpay;ghfTk; gphpj;jiyAk;> mjdhy;

mf;fUj;Jk; mjw;fpizahd czh;Tk; mwpepiyf;F tu mDkjpj;jiyAk;

czh;nthJf;fk; vd cstpayhh; tiuaiw nra;th;”.61

md;id njurh kiwTf;F ,uq;fy; njhptpj;Jg; nghd;kzp ituKj;J

ftpauq;ff; ftpij thrpf;fpwhh;. ,jpy; md;id njurhtpd; kuzKk;>

272

mtUila cly; mope;Jtpl;lNj vd;Dk; tUj;jKk;> mtUila cs;sj;ij

cYf;Ffpd;wd.

“rj;jpak;jhd; monfd;why; / md;Gjhd; monfd;why;

vd;idg; nghWj;jtiu / md;id njurhjhd;

mfpyj;jpy; NguoF” 62

vd;gjpy;> njurhtpd; Gfo; cyfj;jpy; Nguofha; rj;jpaj;jpd; tbtj;jpYk;

md;G tbtpYk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;NghJ mtUila cly; mope;jhy; vd;d

vd;Dk; vz;zj;jpd; tpisNt ,g;ghly;. r%f Nrtfpahd mtUila

kuzk; Neh;tpj;j czh;it xJf;fp> kuzk; vd;Dk; Jd;g mDgtj;ij

kl;Lk; mZFk; cs;sj;jpd; Nghf;F ,q;Nf cs;sJ. ,j;jifa Nghf;F

Neh;tjw;Fg; Gfo; mopahJ vd;Dk; vz;zk; JizahfpwJ.

6.13.3. gpd;Ndhf;fk; (Regression)

tpUk;gj;jfhj epfo;r;rpfs; epfOk;NghJk; tpUg;gq;fs; KwpTw;W cs;sg;

Nghuhl;lk; kpFk;NghJk; cs;sk; jd;id mwpahky; fle;j fhyj;jpd;

,ay;Gf;Fr; nrd;WtpLk;. ,j;jifa epiyiag; gpd;Ndhf;fk; vd;gh;. mOjy;>

ifia cjwpf; fhiy cijj;jy;> tpOe;J GuSjy;> gpbthjk; nra;jy;

Mfpad Foe;ijg; gUtj;Jf;Fhpa nray;fs; MFk;.

'xU KjpNahd; kdKwpT epiyikfSf;F> Foe;ijj;jdkhdJk;

klj;jdkhdJkhd vjph;tpidfis mspg;ghNdahapd;> elj;ijapd;

njhlf;fepiyf;Fg; gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;Ytjhff; fUjg; ngWthd; vd;gJ

cstpay; fUj;jhFk;.” 63

rpWtajpypUe;J xUtUf;nfhUth; JizahapUe;J gofpa Njhopfs;

vjph;fhyj;jpYk; JizahapUe;J midj;ijAk; gfph;e;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk;

vd;W fdT fhz;fpd;wdh;. xU fztidf;nfhz;L xNu tPl;by; thoNtz;Lk;

vd;Dk; mstpw;F tphpfpwJ mth;fsJ fdT. Mdhy; fhyk; mth;fsJ

fdit epiwNtw;wtpy;iy. ,UtUk; NtWNtW jpirfspy; tho;f;ifg;

gLfpd;wdh;. eiu$ba gpd;dUk; me;jg;gioa Vf;fk; mth;fis tpltpy;iy.

,jid>

“xUGUrd; fl;b / xUtPl;by; FbapUe;J

rf;fsj;jpah thor; / rk;kjpr;Nrhk; nedtpUf;fh?” 64

273

vd;W Nfl;gts; ,d;W mtuth; gpiog;G mtuth;f;F vd;W thOk; #oypYk;

gioa epidTfs; ,e;j KJikf; fhyj;jpYk; mth;fSf;F ,d;gk; jUtjha;

,Uf;fpd;wd. mjdhy;> gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nrd;W ,sikf;fhyr; nray;ghLfis

mirNghl;Lg; ghh;f;fpd;wdh;.

kdKwptpd; fhuzkhf epfo;fhyj;ij Vw;f ,ayhkYk; vjph;fhyj;ij

vz;zp mQ;rpAk; thOk; epiyapy; fle;j fhy kfpo;r;rpfs; gw;wpa

epidNthl;lk; xUtifahd MWjiyj; jUfpwJ. “fle;j fhyj;jpy;

kfpo;r;rpahf mth;fs; tho;e;j epidTfspy; tho tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;.

kfpo;r;rpahfTk; ,d;gkhfTk; fope;j fle;j fhyk; mth;fSf;F xU

Gfyplkhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ” 65 vd ,e;epiyia cstpay; tpsf;FfpwJ.

6.13.4. njhlh;gWjy; (Dissociation)

xUthpd; nray;ghLfs; jd;dpayhfg;gpsTgLjy; my;yJ gphpTWjiyj;

njhlh;gWjy; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. gpsTgLjy; Kiwapy; edtpyp kdj;ijr; rhh;e;j

jLf;fg;gl;l J}z;Ljy;fisg; Gyg;gLj;j topNaw;gLfpwJ.

“mlf;fp itj;jy; vd;w Kiwapd;%yk; tpUk;gj;jfhj my;yJ

Vw;fj;jfhj fUj;Jf;fs; gyte;jkhf kdj;jpd; gpd;dzpf;Fj;

js;sg;gLfpd;wd. mt;tpjk; mlf;fp itf;fg;gl;l gy fUj;Jf;fs;> mb

kdjpy; rpijAz;L xd;whff;$b rpW mikg;ghf khwyhk;. mJ KOik

ngw;Wr; rhjhuz epiyapypUe;J gphpe;JtpLfpwJ” 66

vdj; njhlh;gWjiy

tpsf;Fth;.

mwpit kaf;Fk; kJit cz;lgpd; kdpjd; ,ay;G khWfpwhd;.

cs;kdjpd; J}z;LjYf;F Vw;g ele;Jnfhs;fpwhd;. ,e;epfo;itj; njhlh;gWjy;

vd cstpayhh; fUJth;.

jhd; fhjypj;jtis ,Ugj;ije;jhz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF re;jpf;fpwhd;

fhjyd;. mtisg; ghh;j;j epkplj;jpypUe;J mtd; ,ay;ghdtdhf ,Uf;f

tpy;iy. ,j;jid fhykha; kwe;Jtpl;bUe;j mts; epidTfs; mtid

kdepiy gpwo;e;jtidg; Nghy Mf;fptpl;ld. xLf;fg;gl;l cs;kd MSikf;

$Wfs; jiyik ngw;W NkNyhq;fp Kw;wpYk; khWgl;Lg; Gjpa MSik

cilatd;Nghy ele;Jnfhs;fpwhd;. ,e;elj;ij rpy epkplq;fNsh kzpfNsh

ehl;fNsh mjdpYk; rw;Nw ePz;l fhyj;jpNyh epfoyhk; vd;gJ cstpayhFk;.

274

“epy;nyd;W nrhy;Yk; / ePykzpf; fz;Zf;Fs;

rpy;nyd;W Fjpj;Jr; / nrj;Jtplj; Njhd;wpaNj

fz;fs; Jbj;jjpNy / fhjy; njhpe;jjb” 67

vd;gjpy; mtd; kdk; gpwo;e;J rhfj; Jzpe;jJ mtsJ fz; Jbg;ghy;

kPz;Lk; ,ay;G epiyf;Fj; jpUk;gpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

6.13.5. gfw;fdT (Fantacy)

“tho;tpd; epfo;Tfis Vw;f ,ayhj #oypy; cs;sk; jd;dpr;irahf

xU fw;gid tpisahl;by; <LgLfpwJ. cyifAk; tho;itAk; cs;sk;

tpUk;GkhW gilj;Jf;nfhz;L kdk; jd;Nghf;fpy; kfpo;fpwJ. ,jidg;

gfw;fdT vd cstpayhh; $Wth;. cz;ik tho;f;ifapy; ngw ,ayhj

Njitfis fw;gid nra;J kdepiwT nfhs;SjNy ,t;Ts;sg;Nghf;fpd;

mbg;gilahFk;. ,J vspikahff; fpilf;ff;$ba nghUj;jg;ghl;L

mikg;ngd cstpayhh; $Wth;.”68

gfw;fdT vd;gJ cwf;fj;jpy; tUk; fdNthLk; fw;gidNahLk;

njhlh;GilaJ. fw;gidapy; rpy nray;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gfw;fdT>

fdtpy; xU tifahFk;. NkYk;> J}f;fj;jpy; epfo;tJ fdthfTk; tpopg;gpy;

epfo;tJ gfw;fdthfTk; cs;sJ. ,uz;bw;Fk; nghpa NtWghLfs; ,y;iy

vd;gh; mwpQH.

“thd;Fila Ntz;Lk; / rpl;Lf;FUtpfspd; rpwFfisf;

fld;Nfl;Nld; / jukhl;lhd; kdpjndd;W jutpy;iy” 69

vd;Dk; ftpijapy; thdj;ij FiltJ vd;gJ kdpjDf;Fr; rhj;jpakpy;iy.

mjw;Fr; rpl;Lf;FUtpfspd; rpwFfisf; fld;ngw;Wf; Filayhk; vd

epidj;Jf; fld; Nfl;gJ gfw;fdthf mikfpwJ.

6.13.6. nghJikahf;fk; (Generalisation)

'kdKwpTk; Nghuhl;lKk; kpf;f #oypy; rhpahd rpe;jid Kiw

miktjpy;iy. mg;NghJ Njhd;Wk; rpe;jidfspy; gy jtWfs; Vw;gl

tha;g;Gz;L. mtw;Ws; jw;GidTr; rpe;jid> rhh;ngz;zr; rpe;jid Mfpa

,uz;bd; mbg;gilapYk; nghJikahf;f vz;zk; Vw;gLk;”.70 vd;fpwhh;

[p.b.Nghth];.

275

XhpU mDgtq;fshy; Neh;e;j xU Kbtpid> midj;Jr; #oy;fSf;Fk;

nghUe;Jtjha; Mf;fepiyf; Nfhl;ghlhf;fpf; nfhs;tJ nghJikahf;fk;

MFk;. nghJg;gl mikj;jy; vd;w fUJNfhs; Mf;f epiyapUj;jy;

Nfhl;ghl;bw;F xU ika mr;Rg; Nghd;wjhFk;. ,uz;L %d;W r%fr;

#oy;fspy; xU tFg;igr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; my;yJ xU ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;

Neh;ik jtwp elg;gijf; fz;L me;j tFg;igr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; midtUk;

Neh;ikaw;wth;fs; vd;W nghJg;gl miof;fpd;wdh;. ,r;rpe;jid ehk;

kw;wth;fisg;gw;wp jtwhd jPH;g;G nfhs;Stjd; mbg;gilapy; mikfpd;wJ

vd;fpwhh; K.,uhrkhzpf;fk;.

Mz; xUtdhy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd ngz; xl;Lnkhj;j Mz;th;f;fj;ijNa

Fiw $wyhk;. nghJg;gilahf mt;thW $WtJ jtwhdJ vd;fpwhh;

nghd;kzp ituKj;J. ,J xUgb thh;g;ghd Kbtpid Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

,r;rpe;jid nghJikahf;fj;jpw;F chpa rhd;whFk;.

“ey;y Mz;kf;fSk; / r%fj;jpy; / rQ;rhpf;Fk;NghJ

mbNahL Mzpdj;ijr; / rgpj;jy; $lhJ / fatd;Nky;

tPrg;gLk; fj;jp / fz;zpathidf; / fhag;gLj;jyhfhJ” 71

vd;Dk; thpfspy; Mz;fspYk; ey;yth;fs; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ xl;Lnkhj;jkhf

Mz; rKjhaj;ij Nkhrkhfg; ghh;g;gJ $lhJ. XhpU mDgtq;fshy; Neh;e;j

xU Kbtpid midj;Jr; #oy;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jtjha; Mf;fepiy

Nfhl;ghlhf;fpf; nfhs;tJ nghJikahf;fk; MFk;.

6.13.7. Jwg;gikT (Resignation)

'<Lnra;jy;> jd;Kfj;jpUg;gk; Mfpatw;iw xd;wpizj;Jj;

Jwg;gikTf;F cstpayhh; tpsf;fk; jUth;. “nghUis miltjw;fhd

Kaw;rpia tpl;LtpLjy;> fpilf;fhj nghUSf;Fg; gjpyhff; fpilf;Fk;

nghUs; xd;iw miljy;> jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;Sjy;> Jd;gj;jpd; %yk;

,d;gk; ngWjy; Nghd;witfshfpa jd;idj; jhNd jhf;Fjy; Mfpa

topfisj; Jwg;gikT vd;W Fwpg;gh;”.72 kdpjd; Njhy;tp> my;yJ ftiy cz;lhf;ff;$ba #o;epiyfspypUe;J

tpyfp> my;yJ gpd;dile;J nry;tjd;%yk; ek; mfj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; jPq;fpidf;

Fiwf;fr; rpy rkaq;fspy; Kay;fpwhd;. xU Kaw;rpiaj; njhlu Kbahj

epiyapy; Njhy;tp Vw;gLk;Nghy; njhpe;jhy; mk;Kaw;rpiaf; iftpl;LtpLjy;

276

Jwg;gikT MFk;. jd;idj; Njb uh[Fkhud; vtdhtJ Fjpiuapy;

tUthd; vd;W Vq;fpapUe;jhs; ngz;nzhUj;jp. Mdhy;> vtDk; tUtjhfj;

njhpatpy;iy. vjph;ghh;j;Jf; fhj;jpUe;J khjtpyf;F epw;Fk; gUtk;

neUq;fptp;l;lJ. mjdhy;> mts; ,dp uhkDk;> \h[fhDk; fpilf;f khl;lhd;

vd;gij czh;e;Jnfhs;fpwhs;. fpilf;fhj nghUSf;Fg; gjpyhff; fpilf;Fk;

nghUs; xd;iw mila tpUk;Gfpwhs;. vdNt>

“\h[fhDk; Ntz;lhk; / uhkDk; Ntz;lhk;

ePahtJ uhtzh… / ePahtJ” 73

vd;W $Wtjd; %yk;> uhtzidAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; kdepiyf;Fj; jd;idj;

jahh;gLj;jpf;nfhs;fpwhs; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. ,q;F xU Kaw;rpiaj; njhlu

epidj;jts; mjpy; Njhy;tp Vw;gLk; Nghyj; njhpe;jjhy; mk;Kaw;rpiaf;

iftpl;Lr; rhj;jpakhff; $ba Kaw;rpfspy; jd;cs;sj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpwhs;.

,isa rKjhak; jdf;F vjphpy; cs;s rpf;fy;fis> rpf;fy;fisj;

jPhj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahky; Nfhioj;jdkhd KbTfisj; Njbf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

kdjplk; ,y;yhky; mj;jifa epiyf;F Mshtjw;F mth;fsJ kdKwpT

fhuzkhf mikfpwJ vd;gjid>

'kj;jpahdg; Ngg;ghpy / xU ek;gh; jtwpUr;R

cs;ehf;F tpOe;jpUr;R / %f;FKop cs;s iga

%Q;rp nrj;Jg;NghapUr;R / nej;jpapy ifaOj;jp

ePskh %r;Rtpl;L / xf;fhe;j gajhd; / xU thh;j;ij NgriyNa

gUj;jpf;F thq;fptr;r / ghyplhy; kUe;njLj;J

xUj;jpf;Fk; njhpahky; / xU%r;rpy; Fbr;rhNd” 74

vd;Dk; ,f;ftpijapy; jhd; ngw Ntz;ba Njh;r;rpiag; ngw ,ayhj

khztd; jw;nfhiyia mjw;Fj; jPh;thfj; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhz;lik

Jwg;gikthf mikfpwJ.

6.13.8. <Lnra;jy; (Compensation)

'xd;iwr; rhjpf;f ,ayhj #oypy; Vkhw;wKk; KwpTk; ftiyAk;

cw;w cs;sk; gpwpnjhd;iwr; rhjpf;f Kay;fpd;wJ. cs;sj;jpd; ,t;tpay;ig

cstpayhh; <Lnra;jy; vd;gh;. <Lnra;jy; vNjh xU rhjidiag;

ngWtjw;Fj; jtwpajhy;; Vw;gl;l ftiyf;F vjpuhf tphptile;j xU

277

topaikg;G vd;gJ cstpay; tpsf;fkhFk;”.75 xU epiyapd; ,og;ig

kWepiyapy; <L nra;Jnfhs;s cs;sk; KaYjyhy; ,jid ,og;gPL

vdyhk;. kdpj tho;tpy; rpWtaJ KjNy xd;wpw;F <lhf Ntnwhd;iwg; ngw;W

kfpOk; Nghf;F <L nra;jy; MFk;.

xU Fiwia kiwf;f my;yJ rhpnra;a VNjDk; clypay;> cs;stpay;>

czh;tpay; rhh;e;j nraw;ghLfspd; vy;iyiaf; fle;J tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk;

jd;dpaf;fkhd edtpyp kdj;jpd; Nghf;Fk; <Lnra;jy; vdg;gLk;. kdpj

tho;tpy; rpWtaJ KjNy xd;ww;F <lhf Ntnwhd;iwg; ngw;W kfpOk;

Nghf;F cs;sJ. fhjYw;w tajpy; jd; fhjypiar; re;jpj;Jg; Ngr

tpUk;Gfpwhd;. mJ <Nlwtpy;iy. mjdhy; mtisg; ghh;j;jhy; NghJk;>

mtsJ ghh;it gl;lhYk; NghJk; vd;Dk; epiyf;F khWfpwhd;. ,jid>

“gdptdf; fpspNa! cd;idg; / ghh;j;jNj NghJk;@ cd;wd;

kzpr;ru tpopfs; vd;Nky; / kyh;e;jNj NghJk;! NghJk;!” 76

vd;Dk; thpfspy; ngwitf;fpwhh;. ,J>

“…………………… fhjyh;

ey;fhh; eathuhapDk;

gy;fhw; fhz;lYk; cs;sj;Jf; fpdpNj” 77

vd;Dk; FWe;njhifg; ghly; fUj;NjhL xj;Js;sJ.

NtnwhU fhjyNdh mtisj; J}uj;jpy; fhz;gjw;Fk; topapd;wpj;

jtpf;fpwhd;. mj;jifa #oypy; mtis epidj;Jg; ghh;j;Nj tho;Ntd;

vd;fpwhd;. ,jid>

“NjhpNy te;J epd;w / Njtij kfNs!

cd;id / NehpNy ,y;iynad;whYk;

epidtpNy ghh;j;Jg; ghh;j;Jg; / ghhpNy fplg;Ngd;” 78

vd;W $WtjpypUe;J fhjypiaf; fhz;gjpy; Vkhw;wk; cw;w kdk; mts;

epidtpd; %yk; mjid <Lnra;a Kay;fpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk;.

6.13.9. jd;Kfj; jpUg;gk; (Turning against the self)

“kdKwpitj; jtph;f;fTk; jzpf;fTk; Ntz;bg; gpwiu cs;sj;jhYk;

clyhYk; jhf;Fjy; cz;L. khwhf> mj;jhf;Fjy; Ntfj;ijj; jd;kPNj

jpUg;gpf;nfhs;Sjy; xU jw;fhg;G ,aq;FKiwahFk;. jhf;Fjy; ce;Jjypd;

278

Ntfk; FiwaTk; kiwaTk; mJ xU topahfpwJ. jd;Kfj; jpUg;gk; vDk;

cseyj; jw;fhg;G ,aq;F Kiwiaj; jd;dpaf;fkhd edtpyp Kiwahy;

gpwkdpjh; NkYs;s ntWg;igj; jd;Kfkha;j; jpUg;gpf; nfhs;sy; vd;W

cstpayhh; tiuaiw nra;th;”.79 ,j;jifa kdg;Nghf;fpd; Njhw;Wtha;

Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpNyNa cs;sJ.

Njitfs; epiwtilahjNghJk; cjtp nra;tjw;F ahUk; ,y;yhj

NghJk; Foe;ij jd;idNa mbj;Jf; nfhs;sy;> mOjy;> cijj;jy;> fPwpf;

nfhs;Sjy; Kjypa elj;ijfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. efj;ijf; fbj;jy;>

jiyapy; mbj;Jf; nfhs;sy;> nrhhpe;J nfhs;sy; Kjypa nkd;ikahd

epiyfs; Kjyhfg; ngUkstpy; fhag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;> jw;nfhiy

Kjypa td;ikahd epiyfs; tiuapyhdit ,jd; gpw;fhy elj;ijfshFk;.

jd;dhy; fhjypf;fg;gl;ltsplkpUe;J kWnkhop VJk; ,y;yhjepiyapy;

fhjyd; Gyk;Gfpwhd;. mtis kwe;J tho;tnjd;why; neQ;R epidtpoe;J

Ngha;tpLk;. mtsJ epiditj; jtpu neQ;rpy; gpwpnjhU epidtpy;iy.

mtsJ epidthNyNa thOk; mtd;>

“nrj;jhy; vd;kPJ njspf;Fk; kyh;fSNk / gpj;jhfr;

nra;jtSd; Ngh;nrhy;Yk; - cj;jkpNa / ey;yK(J)

cd;epidthy; ehSk; mOjOnjd; /fy;yiwAk; ghLk; ftp” 80

vd;W cUFfpwhd;. jd; tpUg;gk; epiwNtwhjNghJ jd;id khpj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;

jahuhf ,Uf;fpwhd;. ,J kdKwpitj; jtph;f;f Ntz;b mtd; jd;idNa

,of;fj; Jzpe;jikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.

6.13.10. epiykhw;wk; (Conversion)

'epiykhw;wk; vd;gJ jd;dpaf;fKk; jd;dpay;Gkhd Kiwapy; rpy

ce;Jjy;fs; mwepiyf;Fg; Gwk;ghjYk; kiwKfkhd milahs cly;

nray;ghl;bd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLjYk; cldpfo;tha; Neh;jyhFk;.

,t;Tly; nray;ghL vd;gJ tof;fkhd czh;r;rpf;F chpa my;yJ

jd;dpay;ghd ,af;f mikg;gpd; rPh;NfL MFk;”.81 cs;sj;jpd; Nghuhl;lKk;>

Fog;gKk; clypd; nray;ghlhf> nka;g;ghlhf epiykhw;wk; ngWjy; xU

tifahd tbfhy; MfpwJ.

rpy tifahd cs;sf;fpsh;r;rpfs; Neubahff; $wg;gLjy; jLf;fg;gLk;

NghJ kiwKfkhd topfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtJ cz;L. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf

279

ntWg;Gzh;T Jd;GWj;JtJk; J}w;WtJkhd KiwapYk; ftiyAk; mr;rKk;

njhlh;e;jikAk; fisg;G kw;Wk; csQ;nra; Nehapd; mwpFwpfshf ntspg;

gLj;jg;gLk; vd cstpayhh; fUJfpd;wdh;. ,jak; tpiuthfj; Jbj;jy;>

,uj;j mOj;jk;> %r;Rf; Foha;j; Jbg;G> fhrk;> tapw;Wg;Gz;> ngUq;Fly;

mow;rp> mbf;fb rpWePh; fopj;jy;> Mz;ik ,oj;jy;> khjtplha;f;NfhshW>

cwf;fkpd;ik> jiytypfs; Mfpait csQ;nra; Nehapd; mwpFwpfshf

epiy khWtjw;fhd rhd;Wfshfpd;wd vd cstpayhsh; $Wfpd;wdh;.

jd;dhy; Nerpf;fg;gl;lth; jdf;fhf vijAk; nra;ahtpbDk; mth;kPJ

itj;Js;s md;G FiwahkypUf;fpwhs; ngz;nzhUj;jp. mtUila epidthy;

cwf;fkpd;wpj; jtpf;fpwhs;. epiynfhs;shj kd czh;TfSf;F xU

tbfhiyj; NjLfpwhs;. ,Wjpahfr; rpy topKiwfisf; fz;Lgpbf;fpwhs;.

mtDila mOf;F Ntl;bAk;> mtd; itj;Jg; gLj;j jiyaizAk;

,Ue;jhy; cwq;fptplyhk; vd;Wk; epidf;fpwhs;. ,jid>

“xwq;fhj fz;Zwq;f / cghak; xz;Z cs;sja;ah

mofh! ehd; xwq;fxk;k / mOf;FNtl;b jhUka;ah” 82

“jPuhj jytypAk; / jPutop cs;sja;ah

ePtr;r jiyaiza / ehd;tr;rhj; jPUka;ah” 83

vd;Dk; thpfs; thapyhf epiykhw;w cj;jpiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

6.13.11. nraw;gLj;Jjy; (Actiong out)

“mlf;fp kiwj;jy;> xLf;Fjy; Mfpa cs;sg; Nghf;fpw;F Neh; vjpuhd

cstpay; nraw;gLj;Jjy; my;yJ ntspg;gLj;Jjy; MFk;. kdj;jpy;

mOe;jpf; fplf;Fk; rpf;fy;fis kWgbAk; ntspf;nfhzh;e;J mtw;iw

kWgbAk; epidtpd; %ykhf mDgtpf;Fk;gb nra;Jtpl;lhy;> me;jr;

rpf;fy;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; NfhshWfs; ePq;fptpLfpd;wd vd;gJ cstpayhFk;”.84

jkpo; mfE}y; mwpQh;> “,d;gnts;sj;jhy;> Jd;gg; Gayhy; neQ;R miyAk;

NghJ> mtw;iwg; gpwhplk; Ngrpdhy; MWjy; cz;lhFk; vd;fpwhh;”85

,t;tpay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; miktNj nraw;gLj;Jjy; vd;Dk; cstpay;

cj;jpahFk;.

jLf;fg;gl;l Mirfisr; nraw;gLj;jp mtw;iwg; Gyg;gLj;j

mDkjpg;gjd; %yk;> mt;thirfNshL ,iaGila kdtpiwg;igAk;>

280

ftiyiaAk; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sKbAk; vd cstpay; $WfpwJ. kdjpy;

kiwj;J itf;fg;gl;l ntFsp> czh;r;rp> fLQ;nrhw;fis ms;sp tPrpAk;

ifapy; fpilj;jtw;iwj; jhf;fp cilj;Jr; nraw;gLj;Jtjhy; ntFthff;

Fiwtijr; rhd;whff; $wyhk;.

ngz;zhdts; cshPjpahf khw;wk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhs;. mbikahf

Ntiyahshfg; ghh;f;fg;gl;l goq;fhyg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;G

ngw;Wtpl;l ,d;iwa ngz;fisf; fhl;bYk; ehisa jiyKiwg; ngz;

kd mstpy; khw;wk; ngw;wtshf ,Uf;fpwhs;. Mizr; rhh;e;Jjhd; ngz;

thoNtz;bapUf;Fk; vd;w kughd rpe;jidapypUe;J ngz; jdpj;J thOk;

jpwd; ngw;wts; vd;w fUj;Jilath;fshf ,Ue;JtUfpd;wdh;. MZf;F

mlq;fpj; jd; czh;Tfis kiwj;J te;jts; jw;NghJ mtDf;F vjpuhf

mt;Tzh;Tfisr; nraw;gLj;jj; njhlq;fp tpLfpwhs;. ,jid>

“gpurtr; nryT eP Vw;gpd; /ngw;Wj; jUNtd; cd; rijg;gpk;gk;

Rkf;fNth / fiyf;fNth / ,-nkapy; mDg;G” 86

vd;W MltDf;Ff; cj;jutpLfpwhs;. ,jd;%yk; mtsJ kdj;jpy; mOe;jpf;

fple;j rpf;fiy ntspf;nfhzh;e;J mjid kWgbAk; epidtpd; %ykhf

mEgtpf;Fk;gb nra;Jtpl;ljhy; me;jr; rpf;fy;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; NfhshWfs;

ePq;fp tpLfpd;wd. mtSila ftiyAk; Fiwe;JtpLfpwJ.

6.12.12. vjph;tpid mikg;G (Reaction Formation)

'Vw;f ,ayhj ce;Jjy;fis my;yJ czh;r;rpfisj; jd;dpaf;fkhd

edtpyp kdg; Nghf;fpdhy; Nenujph; epiy kdg;ghd;ikfs;> elj;ijfs;>

czh;r;rpfshf khw;wpf; nfhs;Sjy; vjph;tpid mikg;G vdyhk;. kpf

typikahf czug;gl;l cs;Jbg;Gf;F vjpuhd xU kdg;ghq;if epiy

epWj;JtJjhd; vjph;tpid mikg;gpy; cs;s Kf;fpar; nray;KiwahFk;”.87

rhd;whf kpFjpahd jho;T kdg;ghd;ikahy; njhy;iy cWgth;> mjid

kiwf;f> mbf;fb jw;ngUikahd Muthug; Ngr;rpy; <Lglyhk;. jw;ngUik>

jw;Gfo;r;rp Kjypatw;wpy; <LgLNthh; nghJthfj; jho;T kdg;ghd;ik

cilatuhfNt ,Ug;gh;.

Kjph;fd;dp xUj;jp jdf;Fj; jpUkzk; $ltpy;iy vd;Dk; jho;T

kdg;ghd;ikahy; ,Uf;fpwhs;. r%fk; mtsplk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; mij

tw;GWj;jp epidTgLj;Jk;NghJ mts; mr;nraYf;F vjpuhd> jd;Dila

,ayhikf;F vjpuhd fUj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhs;. ,jid>

281

“tho;f;if vd;gNj / fy;ahze;jhdh?

khiyAk; jhypAk; tpohtpl;lhy;

,e;j cah;jpiz m/wpizahfptpLkh?” 88

vd;w thpfs; %yk; jd; jho;T kdg;ghd;ikia vjph;tpid mikg;ghf

khwptpLtij ftpQh; fhl;Lfpd;whh;.

6.13.13. ,lk;ngah;jy; (Displacement)

gpwiuj; jd;tag;gLj;Jk; elj;ij> kdKwptpw;Fr; rk;ge;jkpy;yhjth;fs;

kPJ nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. jd;tag;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp> khw;wk; ngWtij ve;jg;

gz;ghl;bYk; FLk;gj;jpYk; fhzyhk;. rhd;whf> mYtyfj;jpy; gzpGhpAk;

xUtiug; gzpj;jiyth; Fw;wk; $wpf; fbAk;NghJ mth; tPl;Lf;F te;jTld;

kidtpapd;kPJ rPwp tpOfpd;whh;. mtUila kidtp kf;fis mbf;fpwhh;.

igad; jd;Dila tpisahl;Lg; nghk;ikiag; Nghl;L cilf;fpwhd;.

,q;qdk; kdKwptpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w Mf;fpukpg;G njhlh;r;rpahd fhl;rp

khw;wj;ij cz;lhf;ff;$Lk; vd;gh;.

' „,lk; ngah;jy;‟ vDk; jw;fhg;G topaikg;G Kiw edtpyp kdj;jpd;

ce;Jjy;fshy; KistpLk; Xh; mr;RWj;jiy NtW xU Gwr;#oy;> kdpjh;>

nghUs;> tpyq;F Mfpatw;NwhL ,izj;JtpLjyhFk;;”89 vd cstpay;

tiuaiw nra;fpwJ.

Ntiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; ngz;nzhUj;jp mYtyfj;jpy; jdf;F

Nkyjpfhhpahf ,Uf;Fk; MZf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;J elf;f Ntz;batshfpwhs;.

mthplk; kWj;Jg; NgRk; tha;g;gw;w mts; tPl;by; jdf;Ff; fl;lisapLk;

fztdplk; jd; kWg;igAk; vjph;g;igAk; fhl;Lfpwhs;. ,jid>

“mYtyfj;jpy; /me;epa mjpfhhpf;F / iffl;br; Nrtfk;

fztDf;nfhU gzpnad;why; / mbikj;jdkh?” 90

vd;Dk; thpfspy; fztDf;Fg; gzptpil nra;tij mbikj;jdk; vd;W

fUJfpwhs;. ,q;F jd; Nfhgk; ,lkhw;wk; ngWfpwJ.

6.13.14. Gwj;Njw;wk; (Projection)

'Gwj;Njw;wk; vd;Dk; cseyj; jw;fhg;G ,aq;FKiwiaj;

jd;dpaf;fkhf> edtpyp kdj;jhy;> jd;idr; rhh;e;j Mdhy; iftplg;gl;l

kdg;Nghf;FfisAk; ce;Jjy;fisAk; GwKfkhf;fp> tof;fkhf NtWkdpjd;

my;yJ kdpjh;fs;Nky; Vw;wpf; fw;gpj;Jf; $Wjy; vd;gh;”.91

282

'ekJ vz;zq;fis my;yJ Mirfisg; gpwh; Nky; Vw;wpf;

fw;gpj;Jf; $Wk;NghJ ehk; Gwj;Njw;wk; GhpfpNwhk; vd;Wk; NtW tifapy;

nghUsw;wjhf cs;s #oy;fSf;F ek;Kila Cf;fq;fSf;F chpa

Kiwapy; nghUs; jUtJ Gwj;Njw;wkhFk;”92 vd;Wk; cstpayhh;

$Wfpd;whh;.

Mz;lhs; khdplg; ngz;zhfg; gpwe;J Mz;ltidNa Mz;L

nfhz;lts;. Mdhy; ,d;iwa ngz;fSf;Nfh ruhrhp Mz;kfDk; tujl;riz

Nfl;fhky; jhyp tuk; nfhLf;f kWf;fpd;wdh;. mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

ngz;nzhUj;jp jd; epiyia Mz;lhspd;Nky; Vw;wpf; $Wfpwhs;.

“#bf;nfhLj;j Rlh;f;nfhbNa / ee;jNfhgd; kfideP

nrhe;jq; nfhz;lhd gpwFk; / cd; md;Gj; Njhopah;

mg;gbNa cs;shNu / mwpe;jhah jhNa?” 93

vd;W Nfl;gjpy; mtSf;F tha;j;j tho;f;ifg; Nghypy;yhtpl;lhYk;

Kjph;fd;dp vd;Dk; mtg;ngah; ,y;yhky; jpUkzk; ele;jhy; NghJk; vd;Dk;

kdepiyia ,t;thpfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

NkYk;> Mz;lhs; jpUkhiy milAk; NgW ngw;wts; vd;gjhy;

mtsplk;>

“khg;gps;isfs; tUk;tiuahtJ / ,e;j

kq;ifah; / khh;f;fz;Nladpfsha; ,Uf;Fk;gb

cd; / khjtdplk; xU / tuk; thq;fpj; jh!” 94

vd;Dk; xU Nfhhpf;ifiaAk; itf;fpwhs;.

6.13.15. mwpthh;e;j tpsf;fk; (Rationalisation)

Njhy;tpfisAk; Nghuhl;lq;fisAk; ftiyfisAk; jzpj;Jf;

nfhs;sTk; mtw;wpd; cz;ikahd fhuzq;fisj; jtph;j;Jtpl;L NtW Vw;fj;

jFe;j fhuzq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; cs;sj;jpd; ,ay;ghFk;.

,t;cseyj; jw;fhg;G ,aq;FKiw mwpthh;e;j tpsf;fkhFk;.

'cstpayhh; ,jid Vw;f ,ayhj edtpyp kdj;jpd; tpUg;gq;fs;

my;yJ mt;tpUg;gq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; Nghf;fpy; Neh;e;j mwpTf;Fg;

283

nghUe;jhj elj;ijf;F edtpyp kdj;jpd; Cf;fj;jhYk;> jd;dpay;ghYk;

fhuzfhhpak; cila ek;gj; jFe;j tpsf;fq;fisf; $Wjy; vd;gh;”.95 Kg;gj;ije;J taijf; fle;j ngz; jdf;nfd xU tho;f;if tha;f;f

tpy;iy vd;gij mwpe;jpUf;fpwhs;. ,j;Njhy;tpiaj; jtph;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F

jdf;Fs;NsNa NtW tpsf;fk; nfhLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhs;. ,jid>

“,utpd; kbapy; fple;J / el;rj;jpuq;fNshL

gioa Qhgfq;fis / vz;zpf;nfhz;L

vd; uhr;rpaj;jpy; / uhzpahfNt ,Uf;fpNwd;” 96

vd;W $Wtjpy; jd;Dila Njhy;tpf;F xUfhuzk; nrhy;Yk; eltbf;ifahf

cs;sJ.

6.13.16. rhpnra;jy; (Undoing)

“Vw;Gilikaw;w vz;zk;> ce;Jjy;fs; my;yJ nray;fis

kwj;JtpLjy; my;yJ mtw;wpw;Ff; fOtha; NjLjy; Kiwapy; mikag;

ngWtNj ,t;tpaq;F KiwahFk;. ,J xUth; xU nrhy;iy vOj;Jg;

gpioNahL vOjptpl;lgpd; mopg;ghd;nfhz;L Jilj;Jtpl;Lg; Gjpjhf

vOJjy; Nghd;wjhFk;. gpwh;f;Fr; nra;j jPikfSf;fhf kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;ly;>

fOtha;f;fhfj; jd;idj;jhNd xWj;jy;> foptpuf;fk;> jz;lidf;Fl;gLjy;

Mfpait rhp nra;jypd; nghJthd tbtq;fSs; rpythFk;”.97 vd;W

cstpayhh; ,r;nray;Kiwia tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.

ftpQh; ituKj;J mtUila jkpohrphpaUf;F ve;jg; gpujpgyidAk;

nra;ahky; Nghdijj; jd; jtwhff;; fUJfpwhh;. ,jid>

“cq;fSf;F ehd; / xd;WNk nra;atpy;iy ma;ah

vdJ jq;fr; rpiwr;rhiyapy; / cq;fs; Qhgf

nkOFth;j;jpfis / vg;NghjhtJ Vw;wpf; nfhs;fpNwd; ma;ah” 98

vd;W jd; jkpohrphpaUf;Fr; nra;ahky; Nghdjw;Ff; fOtha; NjLk;

Kiwapy; $Wfpwhh;.

njhFg;Giu

Md;kh my;yJ Mtp vdg;gLk; Logus vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny irf;fhy[p

vd Mq;fpyj;jpYk; cstpay; kNdhjj;Jtk; vdj; jkpopYk;

toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

284

Nlfhh;l; vDk; gpnuQ;R mwpQh; Kjd;Kjypy; Md;kh my;yJ

cs;sk; Fwpj;j rpe;jidia ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

cstpay; JiwahdJ rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L> fhh;y; Aq;> Ml;yh; vd;Dk;

%tiuAk; Kk;%h;j;jpfs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLk;.

cstpay; Fwpj;j mwpQh;fspd; tpsf;fk;> gpuha;baf; Nfhl;ghLfs;>

gpuha;bd; kdMa;Tf; nfhs;ifapd;gb Gwkdk;> ,ilkdk;> cs;kdk;

vd %d;W epiyfshf ‘kdk;’ gphpf;fg;gLtijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

gpuha;bd; kdf;Nfhl;ghLfshfpa edtpyp> mfk;> mjPj mfk; Fwpj;J

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. cstpaypy; gytpjf; fUj;Jf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

mikg;Gfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wijr; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cstpaypd; Nehf;fq;fSk;> gad;fSk; $WtNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;

cstpay; Muha;r;rp KiwfSk;> cstpay; gphpTfSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

cs;s KwpT> cs;s Nkhjy;> cs;s ,Wf;fk; Nghd;wit csNeha;

nghUj;jg;ghl;Lr; rpf;fy;fshFk;. ,itNa kdpjtho;itr; rPh;Fiyf;Fk;

rf;jpfshFk;.

cs;s KwpthdJ vspa fhuzq;fshYk; Vw;glf;$baJ. NkYk;>

#o;epiyj; jilfs;> cs;s - cly; FiwghLfs;> nghUs;epiy KwpT>

clDiw kdpjdpd; kuzk; kw;Wk; r%fepiy KwpTfshYk; cs;s

KwpT Vw;gLfpwJ.

ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfspy; cs;sg; Nghuhl;lj;ijf;

Fwpf;Fk; njhlh;fSk; #oy;fSk; cstpay; El;gk; kpf;fdthf

cs;sd. cstpay; $Wk; cs;sg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %tiffSk;

,UtUila ftpijfspYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

kdpjdpd; mftho;tpYk;> Gwtho;tpYk;> cs;sj;jpy; KwpTk;>

Nghuhl;lKk;> ,Wf;fKk; Neh;fpd;wd. rpdk;> mr;rk;> ftiy Mfpa

cs;sf; fpsh;r;rpfs; Njhd;WtijAk; cs;sk; tpiwg;G epiyAw;W

mOj;jk; kpFe;J ,Wf;fkhtijAk; ftpQh;fspd; ftpij top mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ.

cstpayhh; kdpj cs;sk;> jd;idj;jhNd ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s rpy

Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;tij jw;fhg;G ,aq;FKiw vd tpsf;fk;

jUfpd;wdh;. xLf;Fjy; Nghf;fpd; fhuzkhf kWg;G> vjph;kiw thjk;

Mfpad Njhd;Wtijf; fhz KbfpwJ.

285

kuzk; Neh;tpj;j czh;it xJf;fp> kuzk; vd;Dk; Jd;g mDgtj;ij

kl;Lk; mZFk; cs;sj;jpd; Nghf;F czh;nthJf;fkhfpwJ.

Jd;gk; kpFjpahd Neuq;fspy; gioa ,d;g epfo;r;rpfis epide;J

MWjy; nfhs;Sjy; gpd;Ndhf;fkhfpwJ.

kdk; gpwo;e;J rhfj; Jzpe;j xUtd; jiytpapd; fz;Jbg;ghy;

kPz;Lk; ,ay;G epiyf;Fj; jpUk;gpajhff; $wg;gLtJ njhlh;gWjy;

nrayhfpd;wJ.

thdj;ij FiltJ vd;gJ kdpjDf;F rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;W njhpe;j

NghJk; mjw;Fr; rpl;Lf;FUtpfspd; rpwFfisf; fld;ngw;Wg;

Filayhk; vd epidj;Jf; fld; Nfl;gjhff; fw;gid nra;tJ

gfw;fdT vd;Dk; ,aq;F KiwahfpwJ.

XhpU mDgtq;fshy; Neh;e;j xU Kbtpid midj;Jr; #oy;fSf;Fk;

nghUe;Jtjha; Mf;fepiy Nfhl;ghlhf;fpf; nfhs;tJ nghJikahf;fk;

MFk;.

Jd;gr; #oy;fspy; tho;tpd; nghWg;GfspypUe;J jw;fhypfkhfNth

epue;jukhfNth tpyFjy; kw;Wk; rq;flkhd #oy;fspy; mr;#oiy

tpl;L cly; kw;Wk; cs;sk; rhh;e;j Kiwfspy; tpyFjy; Jwg;gik

thfpwJ.

fhjypiaf; fhz;gjpy; Vkhw;wk; cw;w kdk; mts; epidtpd; %yk;

mjid <Lnra;a Kay;fpd;wikiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.

kdKwpitj; jtph;f;f Ntz;b jd;idNa ,of;fj; Jzpe;jik> caph;

tho;tjpy; Vw;gl;l ntWg;G jd;Kfj; jpUg;gkhfpwJ.

cs;sj;jpd; Nghuhl;lKk;> Fog;gKk; cly; mwpFwpfshf epiy

khw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

kdj;jpy; mOe;jpf; fple;j rpf;fiy ntspf;nfhzh;e;J mjid

kWgbAk; epidtpd; %ykhf mDgtpf;Fk;gb nra;Jtpl;lhy; me;jr;

rpf;fy;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; NfhshWfs; ePq;fp tpLfpd;wd. ftiyAk;

Fiwe;JtpLfpwJ. ,J nraw;gLj;Jjy; KiwahFk;.

jpUkzk; if$lhjts; jpUkzk; kl;LNk tho;f;ifah vd;W

ntWj;Jg; NgRtJ vjph;tpid mikg;ghFk;.

mYtyfj;jpy; Nkyjpfhhp jd;id elj;Jk; Kiwiaj; jd; tPl;by;

fhl;Lk;NghJ mJ ,lkhw;wk; ngWfpwJ.

286

tujl;riz thq;fhky; jpUkzk; nra;a kWf;Fk; Mz;kfdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;nzhUj;jp jd; epiyia Mz;lhspd; Nky; Vw;wpf;

$WtJ Gwj;Njw;wkhfpwJ.

Njhy;tpfisAk;> Nghuhl;lq;fisAk;> ftiyfisAk; jzpj;Jf;

nfhs;s mtw;wpd; cz;ikahd fhuzq;fisj; jtph;j;Jtpl;L NtW

Vw;f jFe;j fhuzq;fis cUthf;Fjy; mwpthh;e;j tpsf;fkhf

mikfpwJ.

ftpQh; jdJ jkpohrphpaUf;F ve;j gpujpgyidAk; nra;ahky;

Nghdijj; jd; jtwhff; fUjp mjw;Ff; fOtha; NjLk;Kiw rhp

nra;jyhfpwJ.

287

rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. re;jhdk;> v];.> fy;tp cstpaYk; fy;tpr; r%ftpaYk;> g. 1

2. NkyJ> g. 2

3. ehfuh[d; fp. fy;tp cstpay;> g. 1

4. ,uhkypq;fk;> ghQ;.> khdpl cstpay;> g. 12

5. rhujhk;ghs;> nr.> ,yf;fpaKk; csg;gFg;gha;Tk;> g. 2

6. NkyJ> g. 3

7. rz;Kfk;> jh.V.>(f.M)> gftjp> F.>(g.M)> jpwdha;T mZFKiwfs;> g. 92

8. ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> K.> cstpay; Jiwfs;> ,. njh> g. 3

9. NkyJ> g. 3

10. rz;Kfk; jh.V.(f.M)> gftjp> F.(g.M)> jpwdha;T mZFKiwfs;> g. 92

11. ehfuh[d;> fp.> fy;tp cstpay;> g. 3

12. NkyJ> g. 3

13. n[ayl;Rkp> j.> FyNrfuho;thh; ghly;fs;: cstpay; Ma;T> g. 41

14. NkyJ> g. 41

15. Ernest R. Gilgard and others, Introductions to Psychology, P. 4

16. N[k;];> b. Ng[;.> gpwo;epiy cstpay;> g. 13

17. ,yf;Ftd;> nr.> kdr;rpwif tphpj;J> g. 84

18. rz;Kfk; jh.V.>(f.Mh;)> gftjp> F.>(g.Mh;)> jpwdha;T mZFKiwfs;> g. 92

19. ,yf;Ftd;> nr.> kdr;rpwif tphpj;J> g. 84

20. rptuh[;> J.> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cstpay;> g. 1

21. James C Coleman, Psychology and Effective Behaviour, P.176

22. ngl;Nghh;L> Mh;.I.> kdkpbjy; - fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> njh. 8> g.198


24. ituKj;J> nga;nadg; nga;Ak; kio> g. 77

25. ituKj;J> ,d;ndhU NjrpafPjk;> g. 19

26. ituKj;J> ,e;jg; G+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y> g. 22

27. Nkj;jh> K.> Ch;tyk;> g. 46



30. ituKj;J> nfhQ;rk; NjePh; epiwa thdk;> g. 57

288

31. N[k;];> b. Ng[;.> gpwo;epiy cstpay;> g. 40

32. rz;Kfk;> jh.V.> cseytpay;> g. 40


34. ituKj;J> nfhb kuj;jpd; Nth;fs;> gf;. 11-12

35. ituKj;J> ,e;jg; G+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y> gf;. 97-98

36. NkyJ> g. 170

37. NkyJ> g. 172

38. NkyJ> gf;. 71-72

39. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> nghd;kzp ituKj;J ftpijfs;> g. 21

40. Nkj;jh> K. fz;zPh;g; G+f;fs;> g. 42

41. NkyJ> g. 64

42. ituKj;J> nfhb kuj;jpd; Nth;fs;> g. 37

43. NkyJ> g. 60

44. ituKj;J> jkpOf;F epwk; cz;L> g. 100

45. NkyJ> g. 101


47. NkyJ> g. 63

48. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp> g. 74

49. James C Coleman, Psychology and Effective Behaviour, P. 201

50. Norman L. Munn, Introduction to Psychology P. 214




54. KdPh; m`kj; gUf;fp> csj; jw;fhg;G ,aq;F Kiwfs;> fiyf;

fsQ;rpak;> njh. 10> g. 306

55. Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol. 7, P. 171

56. Holling Worth, C.B., Adrenaline, The Key to your Behaviour, P. 136

57. Britanica Encyclopaedia - Vol -7. P. 171


59. NkyJ> g. 23

60. ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> K.> cstpay; Jiwfs;> ,. njh. g. 344.

289

61. Robert B. White, Robert M Gilliland, Elements of Psychopathology,

P. 69


63. Nghth];> [p.b.> nghJ cstpay; - ,. njh. g. 325


65. ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> K.> cstpay; Jiwfs;> ,. njh. 1> g. 438

66. Mjp ehuhazd;> v];.gp.> kdpjcs;sk;> g. 291

67. ituKj;J> jkpOf;F epwk; cz;L> g. 150

68. ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> K.> cstpay; Jiwfs;> njh. 2> g. 334


70. Nghth];> [p.b.> nghJ cstpay; - ,. njh. gf;. 226-227

71. nghd;kzp ituKj;J> kPz;Lk; ru];tjp> gf;. 109-110


73. ituKj;J> ,e;jg; G+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y> gf;. 71-73

74. ituKj;J> nga;nadg; nga;Ak; kio> gf;. 176-177


76. ituKj;J> itfiw Nkfq;fs;> g. 75

77. NrhkRe;judhh; ngh.Nt.> (c.M)> FWe;. gh. vz;. 60

78. ituKj;J> itfiw Nkfq;fs;> g.57


P. 87

80. ituKj;J> itfiw Nkfq;fs;> g. 43


P. 42


83. NkyJ> g. 54

84. J}ud;> ng.> mbkdk;> g. 16

85. khzpf;fk;> t.Rg.> jkpo;fhjy;> g. 53

86. ituKj;J> nfhQ;rk; NjePh; epiwa thdk;> g.47

87. ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> K.> cstpay; Jiwfs;> ,. njh. g. 339


290


P. 52



P. 83

92. Norman L. Munn, Introduction to Psychology P. 222


94. NkyJ> g. 4


P. 57


97. James C Coleman, Psychology and Effective Behaviour, P. 227


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