Axial Skeleton

Axial Skeleton

Lab # 4

Skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

Axial Skeleton Skull

Vertebral column

Thoracic cage

The SkullAxial Skeleton I

Skull

1- Frontal (1) 2- Parietal (2) 3- Temporal (2) 4- Occipital (1) 5- Sphenoid (1) 6- Ethmoid (1) 7- Ear ossicles (6)

1- Nasal (2) 2- Lacrimal (2) 3- Inferior nasal concha (2) 4- Palatine (2) 5- Vomer (1) 6- Zygomaticus (2) 7- Maxilla (2) 8- Mandible (1)

Cranial bones

Facial bones

CRANIAL BONES

PARIETAL BONE

TEMPORAL BONE

OCCIPITAL BONE

LACRIMAL BONE

FRONTAL BONE

SPHENOID BONE

ETHMOID BONE

NASAL BONE

MAXILLA

MANDIBLE

ZYGOMATIC BONE

Coronal suture Squamous suture

Styloid process

Mastoid process

External auditory canal

Lateral view

Mandibular fossa

Condyloid process of mandible

CRANIAL BONES

FACIAL BONES

FRONTAL BONECoronal suture

SPHENOID BONE

Squamous suture

PARIETAL BONE

TEMPORAL BONE

Styloid process

External auditory canal

Mastoid process

Condyloid process of mandible

ETHMOID BONE

MANDIBLE

NASAL BONE

LACRIMAL BONE

ZYGOMATIC BONE

MAXILLA OCCIPITAL BONEAlveolar process

of maxilla

Alveolar process of mandible

Mandibular fossa

Lateral view

The Skull

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Nasal septum

Middle nasal concha

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer

Alveolar process of maxilla

Alveolar process of mandible

FRONTAL BONE

Anterior view

CRANIAL BONES

FACIAL BONES

MAXILLA

VOMER

MANDIBLE

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

LACRIMAL BONE ETHMOID BONE

SPHENOID BONE

Alveolar processes of maxilla

Alveolar processes of mandible

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA

ZYGOMATIC BONE

Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid)

NASAL BONE

TEMPORAL BONE

PARIETAL BONE

SPHENOID

Hypophyseal fossa or sella turcica

CRANIAL BONES

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

Crista galli of ethmoid bone

Carotid canals

Jugular foramen

Foramen ovale

Foramen lacerum

Foramen ovaleForamen lacerum

Hard palate

Posterior cranial fossa

Anterior cranial fossa

Middle cranial fossa

SPHENOID BONE

OCCIPITAL BONE

TEMPORAL BONE

OCCIPITAL BONE

Inferior view Interior view

Palatine process of

maxillaPALATINE

BONE

SPHENOID BONE

VOMER BONE

Mandibular fossa Styloid

process

Mastoid process

Occipital condyles

Foramen spinosum

Foramen rotundum

Foramen magnum

Carotid canal

Jugular foramen

Optic foramina

Crista galli of ethmoid bone

Hypophyseal fossa

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

CRANIAL AND FACIAL BONES ARE CONNECTED BY JOINTS, WHICH ARE INMOVABLE AND ARE

REFERRED AS SUTURES

1- Sagittal suture2- Coronal suture3- Lambdoid suture4- Squamous suture

Posterior view Superior view

OCCIPITAL BONE

PARIETAL BONE (right)

PARIETAL BONE (left)

FRONTAL BONE

SUTURES

Sagittal suture

Coronal suture

Lambdoid suture

PARIETAL BONE FRONTAL

BONE

OCCIPITAL BONE

TEMPORAL BONE

SPHENOID

ETHMOID

Squamous suture

SUTURES

MANDIBLE

Mastoid process

TEMPORAL BONE

PARIETAL BONE

PARIETAL BONE

PARIETAL BONE

PARIETAL BONE

OCCIPITAL BONE

FRONTAL BONE

Posterior view Superior view

Coronal suture

Sagittal suture

Lambdoid suture

OCCIPITAL BONE

Lambdoid suture

SINUSES: They are air-filled chambers in the interior of some bones

PARIETAL

Midsagittal view

OCCIPITAL

FRONTAL

TEMPORAL

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Hypophyseal fossa

Crista galli

Sphenoidal sinus


Cribriform plate of ethmoid

PALATINE BONE

Palatine process of maxilla

SPHENOID ETHMOID

Frontal sinus

MAXILLA

VOMER

PARIETAL

Midsagittal view

OCCIPITAL

FRONTAL

TEMPORAL

Cribriform plate of ethmoidSPHENOID

ETHMOID

Hypophyseal fossa

Sphenoidal sinus

Crista galli

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal sinus


Palatine process of maxilla

PALATINE BONE

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Mandibular notch

Mandibular angle

Ramus of mandible

Mental foramen

Lateral view

The Mandible

Alveolar margin

Mandibular condyle

Coronoid process

Mandibular foramen

FONTANELS: Are areas of fibrous tissue that connect the cranial bones of the infant. The connection are quite flexible, so the skull can be distorted during delivery without damage

Anterior or frontal fontanel

Anterolateral or sphenoid fontanel

Posterolateral or mastoid fontanel

Posterior or occipital fontanel

Frontal bone

Parietal bone

Temporal bone Occipital

bone

Sphenoid bone

Squamous

suture

Coronal suture

Lambdoidal suture

Anterolateral (sphenoid) fontanel

Posterior fontanel

Anterior fontanel

Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel

Lateral View of Fetal Skull

Fetal Skull

Vertebral body

Spinous process

Transverse processVertebral foramen

Vertebra (prototype)

Inferior articular surface

Inferior view

Superior articular surface

Atlas

Axis

Dens of axis

Transverse ligament

Superior articular facet

Cervical curve

Thoracic curve

Lumbar curve

Pelvic curve

Vertebral Column of an Adult

Lateral view

C7T1

T12L1

L5

Atlas (C1)

Axis (C2)Intervertebral

discs

Intervertebral foramina

Coccyx

Sacrum

Atlas (C1) Axis (C2)

Superior view Superior view

Vertebral foramen

Vertebral foramen

Posterior arch

Transverse process

Anterior arch

Lamina

Spinous process

Superior articular facet Dens

Transverse process

Transverse foramen


Vertebral foramen

Body

Cervical Vertebra

Superior view Lateral view

Spinous process


Transverse foramen

Spinous process

Inferior articular process

Body

Transverse process

Transverse process

Bifid tip of spinous process

Superior articular process


Vertebral foramen

Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib

Body

Body

Thoracic Vertebra


Inferior notch

Spinous process


Superior costal demifacet for

head of rib


Superior costal demifacet for

head of rib

Inferior costal demifacet for

head of ribSpinous process

Transverse process

Vertebral foramen Body

Body

Lumbar Vertebra


Spinous processSuperior articular processSuperior

articular process

Superior articular

facet

Transverse process

Spinous process Inferior articular process

Superior view

Lateral view

Thoracic (12) Cervical (7) Lumbar (5)

A comparison of vertebrae from cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions

Intervertebral foramina are passageways for spinal nerves running to or from the enclosed spinal cord

Intervertebral foramina

Vertebral foramen

Transverse foramina

Together, the vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae form the vertebral canal , which encloses the spinal cord

Transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae are passageways for vertebral artery (and vein, no shown)

Anterior view

Posterior view

Sacrum and Coccyx

Coccyx

Sacrum(Fused components of 5 vertebrae)

S1

S2

S3S4

S5

Coccyx (3 to 5 coccygeal

vertebrae)

Superior articular processes

Median sacral crest

Sacral foramina

Lateral sacral crest

Sacral hiatus

11

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8 9 9

T1

They are connected to the sternum by separated costal

cartilages

True or vertebrosternal

ribs (ribs 1-7)

False ribs (ribs 8-12)

T12

L1

1 1

2 2

3 3

44

55

6

7 7

6

Floating ribs Floating ribs

The Thoracic Cage

Floating or vertebral (11,12)

Vertebrochondral (8,9,10)

Costal cartilages

12 1211 11 1010

Sternum

Anterior view

Rib

Articulation between the ribs and thoracic vertebrae

Superior view

Posterior (vertebral)

end

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid process

Neck

Head

Anterior (sternal) end

Tubercle

Tubercle Transverse costal facet

Demifacet

Neck

Head

SternumSternum

Inhalation

Exhalation

Movements of curve ribs affects the volume

of the thoracic cage Rib cage elevates and diaphragm contracts

Rib cage returns to the

normal position and diaphragm

relaxes

Axial Skeleton

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