Axel Mecklinger Experimentel Neuropsychology Unit
Transcript of Axel Mecklinger Experimentel Neuropsychology Unit
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Axel Mecklinger
Experimentel Neuropsychology Unit
Department of Psychologie
Saarland University
The retrieval of inter-item and intra-item associations
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Experimental Neuropsychology Unit
• Neurocognition of Learning
• Memory and Emotion
• Binding Mechanisms
• Memory in Early Childhood
• Cerebrovascular Dementia
• EEG / ERP • fMRI / Patient studies
http://www.neuro.psychologie.uni-saarland.de
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Experimental Neuropsychology Unit
Binding in Human Memory:
• Binding of Emotional Stimuli
• Binding and Familiarity
• Associational vs Relational Binding
Research Group 448: Germany Research Society
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Memory Binding
• The hippocampus plays an important role in memory binding.
- sparse representations /
- pattern separation - pattern completion
Norman and O`Reilly (2003)
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Binding and the Hippocampus
• Research supporting the recollection hypothesis of the parietal old/new (EM) effects can be conceptualized as requiring binding:
- Source Memory (Wilding & Rugg, 1996; Trott et al. 1997)
- Associative Recognition (Donaldson & Rugg, 1998)
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Neuroanatomical Considerations
The perirhinal cortex is a multimodal association area!
Suzuki (1996)
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Psychological Considerations
• Familiarity is contextually insensitive. Atkinson and Juola, (1974); Mandler, (1980)
• Familiarity tracks the global match (similiarity) between a test probe and a study item.Norman and O‘Reilly (2003); Hintzman (1988)
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Support for the Contextual Insensitivity Account:
• Tsivilis et al. (2001) • König, Mecklinger, Paller (2005)
Associative recognition with maintained and rearranged feature combinations.
The mid-frontal old/new effect is not sensitive to associative
variation.
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Maintained vs Rearrangement Face- Occupation pairings
Tsivilis et al (2001)
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Maintained vs Rearrangement Face- Occupation pairings
König, Mecklinger & Paller (2005)
newsame3same1rearranged3rearranged1
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But ...
Associative effects on familiarity could
depend on the ease with which the
to-be-associated information can be
encoded as a single unitized representation.
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Intra-item binding: Easy unitisation
Yonelinas et al, (1999)
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Probing the Sensitivity of Familiarity to Associations
• Emotionally valenced spoken words
- Easy unitization: Congruent intonation - Difficult unitization: Neutral intonation
H: Familiarity is capable of binding congruent valence-intonation pairs to create a new episodic representation:
Frontal old/new effect: congruent > neutral
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Gender Differences in the Processing of Emotional Prosody
“Men don‘t really understand !
There are pronounced gender differences in the time courseof processing emotional prosody“
Short ISI Long ISI
Schirmer et al. (2002, 2003)
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Experimental Design
Participants- N=30 [16 female] - Age: 21-30, Ø 24,7- Reading span [0-6]: Male: 3,7; Female: 3,9
Material- 144 words [72 positive, 72 negative]- Spoken in CONGRUENT or NEUTRAL Prosody by male and female speakers
Study Phase: Auditive - 72 words [36 pos, 36 neg] – each 18 congruent, 18 neutral prosody – each 9 male,
9 female
Test Phase: Visual - 144 words: 72 old [36 congruent, 36 neutral], 72 new
EEG recording- 58 electrodes [250 Hz sampling rate]- Reference nose tip
Mecklinger et al (in prep)
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StudyStudy
Task: Task: Remember word and prosody!
+
ITI
200 ms
1500 ms
2000 ms
+
„„ausgelacht“ausgelacht“
Experimental Design
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TestTest
+
Source Task: Source Task: ”congruent“ vs. “neutral”
prosody during study
200 ms
300 ms
300 ms
1200 ms
2000 ms
2.Response Window/ITI
ausgelachtausgelacht
1. Response Window
Old/newOld/new
judgmentjudgment
SourceSource
judgmentjudgment
Experimental Design
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Behavioral Data
Item Pr
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
male female
neutral
congruent
Source Performance
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
male female
Co
rrec
t re
spo
nse
s
neutral
congruent
Item memory is better for congruent than for neutral wordsSource memory: Females outperform males !
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ERPs: Source Memory
LPN for neutral and congruent words; Posterior maximum &left lateralization. No gender effects
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ERPs: Source Memory: Males
400-600 ms: Neutral > new (parietal and parieto-occipital sites)
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ERPs: Source Memory: Females
400-600 ms: Neutral > new, congruent > new600-700 ms: Congruent > neutral
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Sensitivity of Familiarity to Associations?
Females: 250-400 ms: congruent > neutral (p<.10)
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Effects of Emotion
400 – 700 ms: negative > positive (left and mid parieto-occipital sites). No gender effects.
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Are males less able to discriminateemotional prosody?
• Follow up study: Classification of intonation: Congruent or neutral?
• 12 male and 12 female participants.
Mecklinger et al. (in prep)
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Are males less able to discriminateemotional prosody?
Performance
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
male female
Co
rre
ct
Re
sp
on
se
s
neutral
congruent
Reaction Times (correct responses)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
male female
Tim
e neutral
congruent
RTs faster for neutral than for congruent words but:
No gender differences in prosody discrimination !
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• Partial support for the view that familiarity is sensitive to assosiations in case of easy-to associate features (congruent valence – intonation pairs) in females.
• Females show better source memory for easy- (and difficult) to-associate features. They are better capable to unitize features to create a single episodic represenations (at least with emotional prosody).
• Though no gender differences in item memory and emotional processing were obtained, males seem to have problems in binding auditory – verbal features in episodic memory.
Conclusions
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Experimental Neuropsychology Unit
• Mikael Johansson
• Anne-Cecile Treese
• Annett Schimer
• Andrea Gäbel
http://www.neuro.psychologie.uni-saarland.de
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