”WISE-PLANS” Co-operation between Communities...

PROJECT – EIE/05/217/SI2.420182

”WISE-PLANS”

Co-operation between Communities for Energy Action Plans Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE) Action: HKA1 – Sustainable Energy Communities

Publishable result-oriented report Period covered: from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2007 Submission deadline: 28th February 2007 Start date of the project: 1st January 2006 Duration: 24 months End date of the project: 31st December 2007 Project coordinator: Dott. Dario Furlanetto Consorzio Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino [email protected] Telephone number: 0039 02 97 210 234

EIE//05/217/SI2.420182 WISE-PLANS

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1 INTRODUCTION

During the WISE-PLANS Project, communities from the four countries represented in the project - Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK – developed Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAPs), aimed to reduce fossil fuel consumptions inside their territory. The Project started in January 2006 and terminated in December 2007. This report provides a brief description of the work carried out during the Project and presents its main results. In section 2 it is presented a brief description of the project. Section 3 illustrates the common methodology of work initially defined by partners to develop SEAPs, that are presented in section 4. Finally section 5 presents guidelines for other Communities that want to undertake the development of Energy Plans. It is also described the methodology that has been defined and tested by the Communities participating in the WISE-Plans Project.


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2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

Communities from four countries in northern, western and southern Europe worked co-operatively towards the objectives of the EU’s Sustainable Development Strategy and, in particular, its policies for sustainable energy. Programmes, such as European Climate Change and Europe Intelligent Energy, legislation including the Directives on Support for Renewable Electricity and on Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, and other EU-led actions, identify requirements to mitigate the impacts of the production and supply of energy, to reduce emissions of CO2 from fossil fuels and reduce dependence on external resources. Before such policies can be implemented, however, citizens must be motivated and given a broader understanding of the possible solutions, for example technologies and other tools developed under the 6th Framework Programme. The partnership includes public-sector bodies representing a diverse range of local communities, some of which are in deprived urban areas; others are in rural and agricultural settings, and indeed two are in natural parks. One of the partners already had very great experience of implementing actions and achieving a high level of dependency on sustainable energy, and wanted to make further progress; another partner had made hardly any steps in that direction yet, but was determined to do so. The other partners also had special positions, and the intention was therefore to work together to the common good, and to disseminate the results so that they may be used by others, including communities in the more central and eastern Member-States of the EU, with whom some of the partners already have links. The main objective of the project is the promotion of Sustainable Energy Communities in four Member-States of the EU via the preparation of local SEAPs (Sustainable Energy Action Plans), which are founded on deep examination of all of the relevant issues in each of the communities studies, and on co-operation between the partners to evolve common methodologies and learn from each other’s knowledge and experience. The participant at the Project are listed here below. Partic. Role* Participant name Participant short name Country CO Consorzio Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino PDT Italy CB Comitato Termotecnico Italiano CTI Italy CB Fundación para el Desarrollo Sostenibile de

Doñana y su intorno-Doñana 21 FDO Spain

CB City and County of Swansea CCS Wales, UK CB Green Land Reclamation Limited GLR United

Kingdom CB Skellefteå Kraft SKE Sweden CB �� AAE Spain * CO = Co-ordinator or beneficiary CB = Co-beneficiary Since the proposal of the Project, the intention was that energy action plans had to be agreed by the community’s civil society and had to be formally adopted by the local authorities that are involved in it. Each local community intended to persuade several municipalities/communities in the local area under study to adopt energy plans and programmes that derive from the developed SEAP and possibly replicate the actions proposed in it. The process to reach the adoption of SEAPs started with an initial phase consisting of the review of policies and plans in force in each country. Local Action Boards were formed by drawing in actors such as policy-makers, local associations, and players in the energy-market, to produce drafts of local Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAPs) that evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of


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existing practices in the various user-sectors, including residential, industrial and agricultural users. The drawing in of this wide range of stakeholders stimulated the inclusion of sustainability issues as guiding principles in the overall management of energy-resources within the local communities. The SEAPs were then refined, taking advantage of cross-referral between all partners, to derive relevant, common methodologies; that step will lead to the production of high-grade, community-scale plans for the more effective use and management of local energy resources. A summary report was then produced to define guidelines for best practices for planning of Sustainable Energy Communities, so that further replications may be implemented more easily and at lower levels of cost. Those guidelines were disseminated to the wider community, at both the national and European levels. The SEAPs should have exhibited economic resources that are formally committed to the implementation of the envisaged actions according to a scale of priorities which will be defined. Actions that can contribute to reduce fossil fuels consumption by approximately 5 % in the coming years in each community under study were expected to be defined in the plans (also depending on the sectors which are primarily targeted with proposed actions). This result is in line with objectives already defined in EU programmes and directives. Actions contained in SEAPs were mainly intended to overcome non-economic barriers that hinder an effective diffusion of renewable energy and energy efficiency solutions and technologies in respective Member States. Some of the most important barriers are time-consuming and ineffective planning procedures, lack of critical mass for energy markets, lack of knowledge about available technologies and solutions. Removal of these barriers can trigger even higher reductions in energy consumption in the long term. Particularly, it was expected that actions formalized in the plans could contribute to create conditions for the development of specific local energy markets and/or services, favouring creation of enterprises/consortiums for, e.g., district or community heating, energy efficiency services, biomass recovery and supply for energy use, installation and management of mini-hydro and photovoltaic power stations. Last but not least, it was expected a strong commitment of the local population in the development of these energy action plans, so that local energy actors (planners, market actors, associations of consumers and users in civil, industrial, farming sectors, etc.) would have been informed about the project and involved in the planning process through their participation to local action boards (LABs). Finally, through the transfer of knowledge and resolution of problems, expertise was intended to be developed and disseminated to local actors, and then to the wider community, both at the national and European level. Therefore, the potential impacts of the project include:

(a) Marked accelerations of improvements in energy-saving and replacement of fossil fuels with renewable fuels, with consequent reductions in emissions of fossil CO2 in the areas covered by the project.

(b) Reductions in dependency on imported fuels. (c) Replications of these benefits in other areas driven by the dissemination programme. (d) Contributions to meeting national, European and international environmental targets and

obligations. In particular, as regards replication of the benefits in other communities, it was expected that a few local authorities in each of the Member States involved in the project, and possibly also in other Member States, would launch sustainable energy initiatives and respectively develop Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAPs) by referring to plans and guidelines already produced under this project.


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3 DEFINITION OF A COMMON APPROACH

The first intermediate result was the definition of a Common Approach aimed at providing principles for a broad common methodology for the development of the Sustainable Energy Actions Plans (SEAPs). The methodology was to be used by the partners to provide qualitative and quantitative information about each community from which opportunities and priorities for actions would emerge.

A scheme of the common methodology is illustrated in Figure 1.

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4 SUMMARY OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION PLANS

Through the work undertaken at local and European level communities from the four countries represented in the project - Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK – developed Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAPs), availing themselves with a common work method, provided by the so called Common Approach. This section provides a summary of the actions that each partners included in the SEAP. The actions are illustrated following a common template, shared by all the partners of the WISE PLANS project, to make easier the comparison among the different plans. Each action is then described with the following information:

• Line action: These are indicated with a capital letter close to the Wise Plans logo (S: Solar, M: Municipal; B; Business; F: Biofuels; D: Dissemination)

• Target: The objective to be achieved is indicated.

• Improvement area: The energy improvement is indicated.

• Description and procedures: The action description and the procedure to be completed are indicated.

• Responsibilities: - Execution: The organisation in charge of the action to be developed (company, county hall, etc.) is indicated. - Monitoring: The organisation in charge of the action to be monitored (company, county hall, etc.) is indicated.

• Deadlines: The time schedule to carry out the measure is indicated.

• Cost/financial: The cost of the action and how the action is going to be paid is indicated.

• Needed resources/prerequisites: The resources needed to complete the action measure are indicated.

• Results: The direct and indirect results obtained (CO2 reduction, etc), learned lessons, possibility to extrapolated it to other communities, and difficulties detected, etc. are indicated.

• Indicators: How to measure the evolution of the action is indicated.


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4.1 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION PLAN OF DOÑANA COMMUNITY

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4.4 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION PLAN OF SWANSEA COMMUNITY

Type of Action: Direct

Table A.1.1 A sustainable measures for the design of Llwynderw Welsh-Medium Primary School

TARGET

A new Welsh medium primary school will be built in partnership as a “detail design and build”. The design will include a high standard of energy efficiency and renewable measures.

IMPROVEMENT AREA

• Improve the energy efficiency of Swansea’s buildings • Increase the amount of locally generated electricity from renewable sources

DESCRIPTION AND PROCEDURES

The following energy-related features will be incorporated: (a) high-frequency “T5”, fluorescent light-fittings, with automatic motion-activated controls; (b) high-efficiency condensing gas-fired boilers, combined with zone-controls and variable-speed pumps; (c) natural ventilation of the main building spaces; (d) heat-recovery systems; (e) a building energy management system; (f) a photovoltaic array; and (g) solar shading to reduce passive heat-gain. Other sustainable features include rain-water harvesting and water-saving devices and external cedar cladding. The project team are investigating opportunities for using the energy-monitoring terminal for educational purposes

RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING John Fletcher- City and County of Swansea Sarah Weir – Project Manager Education Department City & County of Swansea Contractor – Willmott Dixon

John Fletcher and John Llewellyn

DEADLINES COST / FINANCIAL School to be completed for the academic year 2008/09

Approximate estimates: Floor area - 2,262 m2 Cost - £5.2 million


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NEEDED RESOURCES / PREREQUISITES

Performance-specification developed, with design work now in hand. Consultancy advice funded by Carbon Trust

RESULTS

A target of 8 kg of carbon/m2 A BREEAM design rating of “Very good, 2007” has been specified A BREEAM post-construction review.

INDICATORS

Energy performance targets to be measured monthly and reviewed annually.


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Table A.1.2 Sustainable measures for the re-design of Penyrheol Comprehensive School.

TARGET

Penyrheol Comprehensive School is being rebuilt after it was destroyed by a fire in 2006. The project is currently at the design stage; the aim is to include suitable energy-efficient measures within�the agreed budget.� IMPROVEMENT AREA

• Improve the energy efficiency of Swansea’s buildings


the following energy-related features will be incorporated: (a) high-frequency “T5”, fluorescent light-fittings, with automatic motion-activated controls; (b) high-efficiency condensing gas-fired boilers, combined with zone-controls and variable-speed pumps; (c) natural ventilation of the main building spaces; (d) heat-recovery systems; (e) a building energy management system; (f) a photovoltaic array; (g) a solar thermal system.

RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING Geraint Flowers – Project Manager, Education Department CCS

John Llewellyn and Penny Gruffydd

DEADLINES COST / FINANCIAL School ready for opening in academic year 2009/10

Approximate estimates: Floor area - 5431 m2 Cost - £9.4 m


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Budget relies on an insurance settlement. Consultancy advice funded by Carbon Trust TBA Potential opportunity to apply for Low Carbon Buildings Programme grant funding for the renewable energy systems

RESULTS

A 10% improvement above the Building Regulation requirements for CO2 emissions has been specified. A BREEAM design rating of “Very good, 2007” has been specified

INDICATORS

Energy performance targets to be measured monthly and reviewed annually


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Develop Swansea’s use of green heat


Table A.1.3 Plan for a community-heating scheme at Hazel Court. TARGET

Construction of community-heating scheme at Older People’s Complex (Hazel Court)

IMPROVEMENT AREA


Construction of a new complex, consisting of 120 units, linked to a central boiler system A 600-kW biomass boiler will provide most of the heat. Small gas-fired micro-CHP units will deal with occasional peaks RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING Lyn Davies- Family Housing Association (Wales)

Tanya Nash

DEADLINES COST / FINANCIAL May, 2008

£250k


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Grant-aid for the purchase of the boiler and construction of the boiler house

RESULTS Construction of new district heating scheme as part of the Hazel Court infrastructure .

INDICATORS Amount of heat energy generated/purchased Amount of electricity generated by CHP


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Type of Action Direct

Table A.1.4 A Plan for energy-saving at Pen Plas

TARGET

Lower carbon emissions in private-sector housing at the Pen Plas Development Site (10 to 12 ha).

IMPROVEMENT AREA

• Improve the energy efficiency of Swansea’s buildings


The land is owned by CCS, which will require targets for carbon-emissions that are more stringent than those demanded by Building Regulations will be required for 10 per cent of the new housing on this site. The site will be marketed to developers for housing development. An additional requirement for tighter carbon emissions (target of 15% more than those currently required by building regulations) on a minimum of 10% of the units will be included within the development brief and will form art of the contract terms of the sale of land RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING Liz Jowett, Property Development, CCS

Phil Holmes

DEADLINES COST / FINANCIAL 2010

A reduction in the value of sold asset to be gained by the City & County of Swansea from this site


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Developers might request a reduction in the price they pay for the land. Commitment is required from CCS to such terms Property Development, CCS (Liz Jowett) has agreed to this in principle

RESULTS

10% of the units built on the 12-acre site will be built to this higher standard; this should amount to approximately 15- 20 homes

INDICATORS

The Target Emissions Rate for the proposed buildings


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Table A.1.5 A plan for Canolfan Gorseinon

TARGET

Development of the Canolfan Gorseinon Centre – a new, two-storey innovation-centre at the former Bryn Gwyn Steelworks. The Centre will include meeting-rooms, office space, a crèche, and a café/healthy-living bar open to the local community. The building is to be heated by a biomass boiler

IMPROVEMENT AREA

Develop Swansea’s use of green heat and increase the amount of locally generated electricity from renewable sources

DESCRIPTION AND PROCEDURES Building to reach “BREEAM Excellent” status. Boiler (Binder Type RRK/PRF 130-250 rated at 185 kW) to be supplied by Wood Energy Ltd

RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING Peter Kaminaris, Economic and Strategic Development CCS;

Phil Holmes

DEADLINES COST / FINANCIAL To start April, 2007, and to be completed in April, 2008


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Objective-1 funding

RESULTS Successful in achieving “BREEAM excellence” standard

INDICATORS Building to be operated by Gorseinon Development Trust – monitoring to be arranged by the Trust


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Table A.1.6 A plan for the Bus Station at the Quadrant Centre

TARGET RUE and RES at the new Bus Station/Transport Interchange at the Quadrant Centre Swansea

IMPROVEMENT AREA

Improve the energy efficiency of Swansea’s buildings Develop Swansea’s use of green heat and increase the amount of locally generated electricity from renewable sources


Initially it was thought to achieve a BREAM rating of “very good” for the building, but it has now been decided to apply the principles of BREEAM without defining an absolute target Measures will include rainwater-recovery and solar-thermal hot-water generation for the public toilets Light-reflective technology will be used to reduce the number of light-fittings used

RESPONSIBILITIES EXECUTION MONITORING

Chris Taylor, Technical Services, CCS Liz Jowett, CCS Welsh Assembly Government

LAB Phil Holmes


c. £50K


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Grant from WAG

RESULTS

BREEAM Excellence Certification A substantially reduced consumption of potable water There will also be reductions in the consumption of natural gas and electricity

INDICATORS

Gas use will be measured. Rainwater collection will be measured Hot water generated by solar thermal will be measured Electricity consumption will be measured


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Table A.1.7 A plan for the production of RES with a wind-turbine at Swansea West Business Park

TARGET

The erection of a wind-turbine at Swansea West Business Park

IMPROVEMENT AREA



A 500 kWp turbine will be built on a business site in the Swansea West Business Park

RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING Gareth Tucker, Seren

Jake Griffiths


£300k


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Planning permission and grant-aid for scheme

RESULTS Construction and commissioning of the turbine and then its successful operation

INDICATORS Output (KWh) of electricity


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Table A.1.8 A plan for the production of RES using biogas at Swansea Sewage Works at Fabian Way

TARGET

Installing biogas-fired CHP at the Waste-Water Treatment Plant

IMPROVEMENT AREA



Installation of generators rated at 580 kW, with associated gas-scrubbing and heat-recovery equipment CHP The heat and some of the electricity will be used on site to process the waste sludge

RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING Paul Chesterman Kelder

Tanya Nash

DEADLINES COST / FINANCIAL September, 2007

£550,000


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Planning permission

RESULTS

Install two generators, each rated at 290 kWe

INDICATORS

KWe electricity and heat produced


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Table A.1.9 A plan for the use of 5% bio-diesel in 700 of CCS’s fleet of 800 vehicles

TARGET

Using 5% biodiesel for 700 of CCS’s fleet of 800 vehicles. The pumps will be advertised to other local bodies to work to encourage them to fill their diesel-fuelled vehicles at CCS’s pumps, thus increasing the use of biodiesel in Swansea.

IMPROVEMENT AREA Make greener road fuels more accessible and available

DESCRIPTION AND PROCEDURES CCS would have liked to have used a higher content of biofuel, but warranties on vehicle would not then be honoured, as things now stand

RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING Terry Avery – Corporate Fleet Manager

Tanya Nash

DEADLINES COST / FINANCIAL End of April 2008

The aim is to be budget-neutral


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Tender for company to supply biodiesel mix to CCS directly through bulk storage tanks.

RESULTS A reduction in the use of fossil fuels

INDICATORS Monitoring within the normal fleet monitoring system No extra measures to be monitored


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Table A.1.10 A plan for a tidal-powered power station

TARGET

The construction of a tidal lagoon in Swansea Bay to produce 60 MW of renewable electricity

IMPROVEMENT AREA



Construction of a tidal lagoon c. 5 km2 in area a mile or more offshore in a high tidal range area, installing hydroelectric generating equipment The plant is expected to generate power 18 hours a day, with a load-factor of at least 37% Permission is required from BERR and a lease is needed from the Crown Estates.

RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING Peter Ullman, Tidal Electric

Phil Holmes, CCS


£2.5 m for preliminaries £80m for construction


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Satisfactory environmental impact assessment Relevant permission from BERR and lease from The Crown for the area of land found in the inert-tidal region in Swansea Bay

RESULTS

Permission granted from DTI Leasehold agreed from The Crown Estates Hydro-electric lagoon constructed

INDICATORS MWh electricity produced


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Type of Action Enabling

Table A.1.11 A Plan for Low Carbon Development in the Swansea City Centre

TARGET The construction of a low carbon development site on the St David’s / Quadrant and Paxton Street / County Hall area of the City Centre

IMPROVEMENT AREA • Improve the energy efficiency of Swansea’s buildings • Develop Swansea’s use of green heat and increase the amount of locally generated

electricity from renewable sources

DESCRIPTION AND PROCEDURES The City and County of Swansea is drafting a development brief which will set the framework for future development of the St David’s / Quadrant area and Paxton Street / County Hall area in Swansea City Centre. A target for an additional 20% reduction in Carbon emissions upon current Building Regulation targets is included as part of the draft development brief. This area is the single largest development site in the City Centre. .

RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING Huw Mowbray City & County of Swansea Welsh Assembly Government

Phil Holmes


N/A


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Adoption by CCS Members Design agreed between developer(s),CCS and WAG

RESULTS

New construction on the site will be built to a higher energy standard reducing the amount of carbon the building emits during its occupation and use BREEAM Excellence Certification

INDICATORS Additional Carbon saved based upon Building Regulations targets MW RES produced


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Table A.1.12 Planning Policy Development

TARGET

The development of Supplementary Planning Guidance for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

IMPROVEMENT AREA • Improve the energy efficiency of Swansea’s buildings • Develop Swansea’s use of green heat and increase the amount of locally generated

electricity from renewable sources

DESCRIPTION AND PROCEDURES The City and County of Swansea will develop supplementary planning guidance that will set a target of a minimum of 10% reduction in carbon emissions above those required by current Building Regulations

RESPONSIBILITIES EXECUTION MONITORING FOR LOCAL ACTION

BOARD

Kim Flanders, CCS

Bryan Graham, CCS


N/A


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Welsh Assembly Government adopts Planning for Climate Change Adoption of SPG by CCS Members

RESULTS

Any new construction or refurbishment that requires planning permission will conform to these more rigorous standards

INDICATORS

Additional Carbon saved based upon Building Regulations targets. Improved SAP ratings on new and refurbished buildings Energy produced from renewable sources


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Table A.1.13 Development of Corporate Energy Policy and Technical Design Guidance

TARGET

Development of Corporate Energy Policy and Technical Design Guidance

IMPROVEMENT AREA Improve the energy efficiency of Swansea’s buildings Develop Swansea’s use of green heat and increase the amount of locally generated electricity from renewable sources

DESCRIPTION AND PROCEDURES The City and County of Swansea will adopt a Corporate Energy Policy setting the framework for energy management of the City and County of Swansea’s assets and develop technical guidance for the implementation of this policy

RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING John Llewellyn

John Llewellyn


N/A


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Adoption by CCS Members

RESULTS

Corporate Energy Policy adopted and technical design guidance published

INDICATORS

Reduction in CO2 Emissions MW of Renewable Installations on Corporate Property


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Table A 1.14 Housing Futures Programme: Achieving the Welsh Housing Quality Standard

TARGET

The Welsh Housing Quality Standard (WHQS) has been defined by the Welsh Assembly Government as a minimum standard for all social housing in Wales. One of the key requirements is for all homes to be adequately heated, fuel efficient and well insulated. Depending on the floor area, the standard also specifies minimum SAP ratings to be achieved. However, improving the Council’s stock of 13,729 dwellings up to the WHQS is likely to require significantly more investment than what the Council can access under the current public sector finance regime and an option to transfer the ownership of the stock to a specially created Registered Social Landlord that could have accessed the investment was rejected by tenants in a confidential ballot in the Spring of 2007. The programme is currently developing a long term strategy to improve the stock up to the required standard.

IMPROVEMENT AREA

Improve the energy efficiency of Swansea’s buildings


The aim of the project is to create the organisational and financial framework to enable the improvement of the housing stock up to the Welsh Housing Quality Standard. Whilst tenants voted against the proposed transfer, the challenge of meeting the standard remains. Therefore, the development of a long term strategy will need to define the best way to proceed. RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING

Strategic Director: Phil Roberts, Director of Regeneration, City and County of Swansea. Programme Manager: David Evans, City and County of Swansea

David Evans

DEADLINES COST / FINANCIAL

The WAG objective is for all social housing to meet the Welsh Housing Quality Standard by 2012

An up to date projection of costs will be developed as part of the Programme.


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The cost of developing the strategy will be borne by the City and County of Swansea

RESULTS

Improving the Council’s stock up to the Welsh Housing Quality Standard will mean that dwellings are adequately heated, fuel efficient and well insulated as defined by the published standard

INDICATORS

In addition to properties fulfilling the input specification of the Welsh Housing Quality Standard (i.e. levels of loft insulation etc.) the standard also specifies minimum SAP ratings for the dwelling which varies dependant on the floor area


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Type of Action

Table A1.15 A Plan to Build a Bio Mass power Plant

TARGET

BIO E Plc propose to build a power station to generate up to 50MW of electricity of power each year, using clean wood fuels sourced from sustainable sources

IMPROVEMENT AREA



The process will also produce steam as a by product which will be sold at a reasonable price to other users in the local vicinity. Approximately 25% of wood fuel used in the power station will be sourced from within 100 miles of the proposed power station site. The other 75% of the total wood supply will be sourced from abroad. Three wood fuel sources have so far been identified, beetle-killed spruce from North America or Canada, fire damaged eucalyptus forest from Portugal and wood pellets / briquettes from South Africa.

RESPONSIBILITIES

EXECUTION MONITORING

BIO E Plc (a member of the Hughes Group)

Phil Homes and Tanya Nash

DEADLINES COST / FINANCIAL

2010

£80m


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A successful planning application and a PPC permit

RESULTS

The power station will use up to 511,000 tonnes of clean wood fuel per year to generate up to 50 Megawatt (MW) of renewable electricity per year The investment in the proposed power station will lead to local employment and a demand for locally sourced construction materials

INDICATORS

Amount of renewably sourced electricity produced (MW) Heat sold (thermal) Number of local employers (No) Amount of wood burnt or sold (tonnes)


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5 GENERAL GUIDELINES ON DEVELOPING AND ADOPTING SUSTAINABLE

ENERGY ACTION PLANS

In the light of the experience accumulated through the ongoing process of development of SEAPs, it was possible to revise the outlined Common Approach, and produce a Refined Common Approach that was intended to assist Communities in WISE-Plans Project to adopt the Action Plan. Moreover, the Refined Common Approach constituted a solid basis for the development of Guidelines for other Communities that intend to develop a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (Figure 2).

Thus, through the experience gained in the WISE-Plans Project, the Refined Common Approach can be enriched and turned into operational guidelines by including:

- indications about how to face the critical phases of the project and

- suggestions / lessons learnt by Partners’ Communities that can be valuable for other Communities to avoid the most common problems arising in Sustainable Energy Planning.

Figure 2: Development of Guidelines from the Refined Common Approach through the experience gained in the WISE-Plans Project.

In the following sections guidelines for SEAP developments will be illustrated, including a description of the process that led WISE-PLAN partners to define a common approach.

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5.1 THE APPROACH

5.1.1 THE SCOPE An energy-plan may be written for a number of reasons, for example as part of a wider strategy for the community, or a specific tool to address climate-change. Whatever its purpose, it is important to set the approach in context of international, national, regional and local plans and policies (see the report on Task 2.1), and to identify (a) its aim, (b) the persons or bodies who will adopt it, and (c) how it will interact with other plans and policies. These topics are covered in the next paragraphs. The objectives for a SEAP are to (a) facilitate the meeting of targets for the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, and (b) construct priorities for action in the realm of sustainable energy.

5.1.2 THE STAKEHOLDERS The action to produce a SEAP may be initiated and led by a department within regional or local government, but it is important that the participation and engagement of a wider range of stakeholders is secured so that the Plan has a realistic chance of being implemented successfully. Stakeholders may include representatives of other departments within the same organisation, politicians, energy-suppliers, local businesses and householders, etc.

A few (10 to 25) representatives of key stakeholders should be invited to form a Local Action Board (LAB). As the work progresses, it might become clear that the membership of the LAB should be changed to take most advantage from the various interests that will co-operate to produce the most significant results.

A wider range of stakeholders, including those drawn from the general public and their representative organisations, private-sector professional people and other informed people, should be invited to take part in public seminars, workshops and other events.

The range of stakeholders involved will vary according to the local situation but are likely to include: • Politicians • Municipal administration (representatives from economic, environmental, spatial planning

departments) • Development organisations (regeneration and economic development) • Energy agencies/energy experts • Social Housing Providers • Private Developers • Educational establishments • Agricultural organisations • Environmental groups • NGOs/community groups • Energy distribution and supply companies • Financial institutions • Local businesses These are the basic means by which local credibility in the proposed activities can be secured.


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5.1.3 INTEGRATION OF THE APPROACH Consideration may be given to the way that energy forms a part of other local objectives such as sustainable economic growth and raising standards in construction.

5.1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIONS FOR ACTION Information will be gathered about existing local plans, financial and commercial implications, technical viability, requirements in the context of development-control and laws controlling buildings, and relevant environmental and social data. From that matrix of basic information, discussion should produce several options for further and more detailed consideration. During the process, the criteria used for decisions about the SEAPs will be recorded.

5.1.5 FINALISATION OF THE STRATEGY During the sustainable energy planning, the LABs will be active in the process of developing its SEAP and will be asked formally to endorse it at several stages. Each final Plan will consist of carefully defined and costed proposals for actions, with indications of sources of funding. Other stakeholders will also be informed during the development of the SEAP through workshops and events. The approval of the political representatives of the relevant community will be obtained before the implementation of the SEAP is begun.

5.1.6 CRITICAL ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNT REGARDING THE APPROACH In this section specific learning points that have been identified during the development of WISE-Plans Project are drawn out. As regards the general approach the following critical issues have been identified:

- Community engagement is essential for a project on sustainable energy planning to be truly successful; stakeholders should be presented very early with a clear report on objectives and likely impacts of the planning initiative

- Key actors who have political, administrative and technical competence for adoption and realisation of actions need to be involved from the beginning in the Local Action Boards (LABs) and assigned a (quasi)-formal responsibility for the adoption of the Plan

- Communities should undertake an early survey on ongoing programmes at local level to ensure that the planning initiatives can be consistent and does not collide with these activities

- Discussion on the planning process have to involve, from the beginning, a wide range of stakeholders. The participation of the widest spectrum of stakeholders in the LABs can ensure that the action plan has an higher possibility to be implemented successfully.


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5.2 ANALYSIS OF THE COMMUNITY The communities (using this term in its broadest sense) being studied need to be described. Qualitative and quantitative description of the communities is necessary to set up SEAPs. It will include information about boundaries, population-density, types of settlements including the designs of their buildings, economic activities, transport-systems, etc. It may be impossible to provide a detailed plan for every aspect (e.g. for every building) of each community, and thus some sampling of representative sub-areas might have to be undertaken. The sub-areas may be urban, rural, an island, part of a city, a small town, a group of villages or smaller. Each selected sub-area must be clearly defined within a geographical zone around which one could draw a line representing its boundaries. Particular attention has to be paid in the choice of the sample areas, so that they are representative of a useful and distinctive part of the territory. For this reason the sub-areas should be chosen, if necessary, after a preliminary analysis of the territory. The methodology for the definition of the sub areas will be defined in a second phase, when the preliminary analysis has been carried out. The information gained has, of course, to be communicated to the whole local community, even if the data is collected only in sample-areas. It might prove to be useful to apply statistical methods to extend to the total territory some general conclusions to be drawn from the information gathered from those limited sub-areas. As regards energy, it is often very difficult to gather detailed data on production, distribution and consumption, as energy actors on the market are not always willing to provide data about their production and/or sales.

5.2.1 METHODOLOGIES FOR ANALYSING THE ENERGY SITUATION OF THE COMMUNITY It is then suggested that, depending on availability of data, three different methodologies are used (all of them combining quantitative and qualitative analysis in different proportions):

1. data collection and analysis: enough energy data are gathered or estimated (see 5.3.2 – 5.3.3) in order to draw a (simplified) energy balance (see Figure 3) of the Community.

2. data extrapolation: data are not directly gathered or estimated, rather it is supposed that, from the point of view of energy, the Community is similar enough to another area that has been already analysed, that is a comparable close-by area or even a greater area which encloses the Community (e.g. a province, a region, a state, etc.)

3. experts pooling: involved stakeholders, as recognised experts, may provide opinions or suggestions, which are based on underlying facts, data or experiences . These underlying data/facts may be provided, as regards energy, not for the entire Community but for specific cases.

The analytical assessment (through data, statistics, case studies, expert opinions) of the Energy situation of the Community will then permit to draft a preliminary List of Actions to be examined thoroughly and possibly included in the final SEAP of the Community (see paragraph 5.4). In paragraphs 5.2.3 and 5.2.4 detailed inventories of data that should be collected when applying methodology 1 are presented. It is obviously possible to apply the methodology in a simplified way, estimating some data that are not easy to gather. The main objective of methodology 1 is indeed to


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produce a (even simplified) energy balance for the specific area under scope, which can be based on actual and also estimated data. Methodologies 2 and 3 will be based partially on the same data detailed in paragraphs 5.2.3 and 5.2.4, which, though: a) are available for different areas and can then be inferred for the area under scope (Meth. 2) or b) are available, without being completely disclosed, in the cultural background/working experience of involved experts (Meth. 3). In order for the energy analysis to lead to consistent and sound results, the LABs need to be somehow involved in the decision on the methodology/combination of methodologies that should be applied and on the experts that can be drawn in.

5.2.2 GENERAL INFORMATION Data on the whole community should be collected under the following headings:

(a) Areas (ha) of land allocated to various end-uses, e.g. heavy-industrial sites, light-industrial sites, commercial sites, shops, public buildings of several kinds, housing of several kinds, agricultural areas, commercial forests, land worked for minerals, natural areas; etc.;

(b) Total population of the identified community; (c) Information on the local climate; (d) Industrial activities by sectors: number of firms; some measure of outputs, etc.; and (e) Agricultural/rural activities: number of farms; some measures of crops, etc.

Geographical elements of the area, such as topography, types of vegetation, proximity to the sea and climate, etc., will illuminate opportunities for the useful exploitation of RES. A description of the infrastructure for the supply of energy1, and a comparison of costs of fuel, might provide a useful basis for consideration of the balance between centralised (i.e. external to the community) and local energy-supplies.

1 In some Communities (e.g. Ticino and in Swansea in WISE-Plans Project), natural gas has a very substantial position in the heating market, so it is clear that the gas-supplier(s) will have an important role to play in providing information about the pattern of usage of heating-fuels in those markets. Different circumstances will obviously apply in other communities.


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electricitynatural gasrenewablesliquid fossil fuelssolid fossil fuels

Electricity 2464 ktep (4)

Civil sector647.8 ktep

Residential sector

373.4 ktep

Transport (6)291.4

Agriculture15.37

Natural gas

3396 ktepElectricity production

(5)

Liquid fos.fuels (2)

333 ktep

Solid fos. Fuels (1)

6 ktep

Renewables (3)

121 ktep

39.3 ktep

9.6 ktep

0.47 ktep

2834 ktep

101.47 ktep

5.9 ktep

287.5 ktep

27.1 ktep

12.8 ktep

Industry193.6 ktep

0.1 ktep

5.6 ktep81.2 ktep

479.7 ktep

0.7 ktep

2.1 ktep

91.2 ktep

3.3 ktep

Losses 251.8 ktep

Notes: 1) Coal. 2) Diesel, oil, gasoline, LPG. 3) Biomass, solar, hydro. 4) Electricity is quantified in terms of primary energy except when referred to final uses. The amount “exported”, then, includes also the losses of energy associated to the electricity that is consumed outside the boundaries of the Park This is a normal practice in the elaboration of energy balances, but it does not take into account that all the losses of energy have their effects (emissions in atmosphere, over-heating of cooling-water, in this case the water of the river) in close proximity to the sites of electricity production, that is within the Park. 5) Concerning the output and efficiency of thermoelectric plants, expected values have been used, i.e. values referred to plants as they will be after interventions underway (e.g. Turbigo after the conversion to combined-cycle). 6) The available data for liquid fuels (diesel and gasoline) used for transport are derived from the global values for the three provinces. Then, they do not represent necessarily fuels used within the Park (more likely fuels distributed within the Park). In fact, the majority of traffic regarding Park's municipalities is to and from Milan, which is out of the Park. Besides, the available data probably exclude the consumption of Malpensa airport (around 100-120ktep).

Figure 3: Example of a simplified energy balance, Community of Parco del Ticino – Italy (data expressed in ktoe of primary energy per year); year 2005


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5.2.3 INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED ON ENERGY CURRENTLY DELIVERED. Data should be collected under the following headings:

(a) Number of plants (thermoelectric, hydro, geothermal etc.) for generation by fuel-type; installed MW; generated electricity (GWh);

(b) Numbers of heating plants rated above 30 kW, 300 kW, etc., separated by fuel-type; (c) Extent (length and percentage coverage of potential customers) of electricity network

(transmission and distribution); (d) Extent (length and percentage coverage of potential customers) of natural-gas network; (e) Local energy-prices paid by consumers for gas, oil, electricity, vehicle-fuels (separating the

element of tax/duty); (f) Estimation of local specific cost for energy production from renewables; (g) Per-capita emissions (e.g. of CO2) deriving from the generation of energy; (h) Import-export of energy sources, or electricity through the community boundaries; and (i) Other relevant environmental impacts that can be quantified.

It would be also helpful to have a table showing the current status of RES in each community, perhaps of the type shown in Table 1.

Table 1: a table to report on the current status of RES in each community.

Source Capacity of production installed

kW/MW installed

Delivery of useful heat to customers MWh/year

Delivery of electricity to customers MWh/year

Biomass-fuelled heating (including heat recovered from biomass-fired power stations)

Heat from solar collectors

Heat from ground-source heat-pumps

Other green heat

Electricity from hydro-power

Electricity from wind-power

Electricity from biomass, including biodegradable wastes

Photovoltaic electricity

Other green electricity

Totals


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5.2.4 INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED ON THE USE OF ENERGY. Total consumption. Essential data on energy-consumption will be collected, concentrating on the following variables:

(a) Total and specific consumption (average per capita per annum) of energy (kWh/year) by the community at present, separating electricity, heat and vehicle-fuel and the source of primary energy;

(b) Variations over the past ten years, and along a typical year, of consumption, divided into three sub-classes - heat, electricity and vehicle-fuels;

(c) Variation throughout the territory in the density of demand for heat and electricity; and (d) Losses of energy in distribution of energy.

Buildings. Existing buildings, retrofits of buildings, and new buildings should be considered separately. Sub-areas for sampling should be selected, where a full monitoring is not possible, and then the buildings should be classified in terms of their total floor-areas, and their energy-performance, according to the most recent European (CEN) standards (so called "Calculation Procedures")2, or another method, to be agreed3. Methodologies that have been already applied in other EU-financed projects addressing energy-consumption4 in buildings could also be taken as references whereas they prove usefully applicable to communities. Collect the following classes of data on existing buildings, but also state the current and expected values based on changes in specifications (in Wales, refer to the current Building Regulations):

(a) State energy demands (kWh/m2/yr) in terms of the total floor-area used and subject to heating/cooling, taking account of system-losses;

(b) Describe energy-carriers, and systems for heating, cooling, and ventilation (if separate from heating/cooling); lighting; hot water; and other uses; and

(c) Point out variation on energy demand through the year, or inside the monitored area (rural vs. town-centre). Differences in the specific energy demand for building built in different years should be also underlined.

It is important in this phase to separate carefully the classification of buildings, into the following sub-categories, related to their different energy demand:

(a) Houses; (b) Offices; (c) Shops; (d) Schools, leisure-centres, etc.; (e) Hospitals, residences for elderly people in care, etc.; and (f) Industrial sites.

2 the relevant information is available at: http://www.buildingsplatform.eu/cms/fileadmin/documents/information_papers/P02_EPBD_CEN_Standards.pdf (The set of CEN standards developed to support the implementation of the EPBD in the EU Member States). 3 the system for demonstrating building-energy performance shown on the Concerto Community Data Sheet seems to be similar to the assessments that CCS would make on specific buildings. The relevant web-site is: http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/rtd/concerto2/doc/2005_concerto_guide_annex_3_en.xls 4 European projects supporting the implementation of the Building Directive (http://www.buildingsplatform.eu/cms/fileadmin/documents/information_papers/P01_EPBD_SAVE_projects.pdf ).


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Agriculture (other than buildings). A broad assessment of levels of specific consumption of primary energy per unit of output should be made. Collect data on energy-costs (identify taxation separately). Transport (other than buildings). The evaluation of demand for fuel in the transport sector on a common basis is a difficult process because of the wide range of different circumstances, and the large number of factors that could intervene. This process is also complicated because, whereas in many cases, fuel-consumption is known for a larger region, which can conveniently be called a “Study Objective Zone” (SOZ), it might be difficult to establish the various patterns of the different constituent municipalities within the SOZ. The following text offers general ideas upon which a methodology could be based. This methodology is based on complex mathematical methods, the details of which are beyond the scope of this report. (a) Input data. Input data is needed to evaluate fuel-demand. The following main categories are distinguished: • socio-economic data represent information concerning the SOZ such as numbers of houses,

jobs, cars, etc. The data should be made collected at least annually. Information and tools contained on the Web can provide powerful assistance because they contains the statistical base-data; and

• fuel-consumption data should also be collected at least annually (in the same years as for the socio-economical data); information on every type of fuel should be gathered.

(b) Selection of main data. When input data is known, mathematical expressions (least squares, etc.) can be applied to the fuel-consumption data and to the most appropriate socio-economic data, that is to say, the data that closely relates to the consumption of fuel in the transport sector. These socio-economic data will be known as “Final Data” (FD). Then models are generated for the SOZ. Note: Andalusia Energy Agency (Spain) has developed a software to perform these calculations.

(c) Obtaining models at local level. Local level models are generated based on the FD and using selected mathematical algorithms (least squares, etc.). The sum of local-level fuel consumptions must match the total consumption within the SOZ. It should be understood that there may not be only one solution for this step, so consideration should be given to the generation of different models to obtain more than one solution.

(d) Estimation of demand for fuel (output data). Once a model that relates to fuel-consumption and FD has been defined, consideration of the evolution of the FD in future years allows the estimation of fuel-demand at the local level. Evolution of the local-level data should be considered by the use of adequate statistical functions.


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Figure 1: A summary of an example of the process of estimating the demand for fuel at Regional level for a SOZ consisting of four Municipalities: A, B, C and D.

2. SELECTION OF MAIN SOCIO-ECONOMICAL DATA

Final socio-economical data - Total population - Total vehicles - Etc.

Socio-economical data - Study Objective Zone - Area - Total population - Total housing - Total establishments - Total vehicles - Etc.

3. OBTAINING MODELS AT LOCAL LEVEL

4. DEMAND ESTIMATION OF FUEL

Fuel consumption data - Gasoline consumption - Diesel consumption

1. INPUT DATA

Fuel consumption data - Gasoline consumption - Diesel consumption

MODELS CONCERNING THE STUDY OBJETIVE ZONE

LLOOCCAALL LLEEVVEELL ((EExxaammppllee:: mmuunniicciippaalliittyy AA))

Final socio-economical data Fuel consumption data

MODELS CONCERNING MUNICIPALITY A

Estimation of socio-economical data in

2008

Model concerning the municipality A

Demand estimation of fuel in 2008


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Industrial activities not already covered. A broad assessment of levels of specific consumption of primary energy per unit of output should be made for each sector. This count should consider only the energy dedicated to the production cycle, excluding the installations necessary for heating the buildings, classified as civil plants. It would be very useful to collect data on energy-costs per output unit (identify taxation separately). Any variations over previous years (in, say, costs or consumptions) should be pointed out, as well as variations within the years, wherever possible.

5.2.5 EXPECTED CHANGES IN THE COMMUNITY WITHOUT THE INTERVENTION OF THE PLANS A description of expected growth in and development of the community will provide information on expected changes to energy-demand and emissions and may help to identify opportunities for RUE and RES. For example, changes in land-use might be relevant to the future perspective for RES. Similarly, likely changes in patterns of energy-demand must be taken into account when calculating targets for the reduction of emissions of GHG. The methodology used in the previous section to assess current use of energy may be applied and integrated to produce a forecast of energy-needs based on forecasts of growth in population, new building-developments etc. Expected changes in the regulations and planning will be underlined, to be considered in the definition of the SEAP.

5.2.6 CRITICAL ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNT REGARDING THE ANALYSIS OF THE COMMUNITY

A Sustainable Energy Community (SEC) is a community that will commit itself to a process of continuous improvement and defining of targets in order to:

• use less energy; • increase local renewable energy generation; • enhance security of energy supply. • maximise benefits (profits, jobs, environmental quality) deriving from local businesses

related to sustainable energy • increase energy-awareness of citizens.

In order to achieve these aspirations there are certain pre-conditions:

• a clear (geographic, demographic and socio-economic) definition of the community; • a baseline assessment of critical variables as regards energy (existing level of energy use;

existing level of renewable energy use and available resources; existing energy targets; existing planning policies; projected developments over a defined timeframe; level of energy income in the local community, etc.)

This assessment can be very demanding because of the difficult collection of data from a spectrum of bodies: electricity suppliers, fossil-fuels suppliers, regional/provincial/local energy agencies, provinces/municipalities, etc. Privacy concerns are often raised from these bodies when data on energy production and consumption are asked.

Nonetheless a clear and quite accurate energy profile of the community is a very important pre-condition to correctly define actions that can be beneficial for the Community.

When actual data cannot be collected it is then important to refer to other reliable sources of information (e.g. regional/national data survey on energy or report/studies of recognised bodies) on which the planning initiative, and especially the definition of priorities, can be based.


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5.3 IDENTIFICATION OF TARGETS/ACTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEAP.

The purpose of this step is to define:

(a) the status quo in each segment of the study; (b) the potential for improvements; (c) targets for improvements; and (d) the actions necessary to achieve those targets.

Based on (a) an analysis of policies and plans that exist at the European, national and local levels, and on (b) the evaluations referred to in previous section, the intention is to develop projections for potential beneficial changes in the next five to ten years, the costs of implementing such changes, and relevant barriers to implementation. The first topic for analysis will be the potential for reductions in the use of energy, which will address several specific aspects of the energy-saving in different sectors. The aim is to identify the exact type and specific cost of each effective intervention (e.g. euros/avoided tonne of oil equivalent) for (a) buildings of several types, (b) agriculture, (c) transport, and (d) other industries. The second topic for analysis will be the potential for the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy of the appropriate kinds (heat, electricity, transport-fuels, etc.). This will require knowledge of the main drivers for the several markets, including data on the supply-chains of the relevant resources, etc. The aim is to determine the real potential for increasing the substitution of energy derived from fossil fuels with RES within the next five/ten years.

5.3.1 INCLUSION OF ACTIONS IN THE SEAP The identified Actions to be included in the plan will undergo a more reasoned reviewing to address, in each community: - the main characteristics of the actions to be included in the Plan, that is the description of the

types of actions envisaged, considering: a) the targeted area of improvement o renewable energy promotion (or the specific renewable sources to be sustained – e.g.

biomass/biofuels, hydro, wind, geothermal, etc.) o energy saving (or the specific sectors to be addressed – e.g. industry, civil buildings,

transport, agriculture, etc.) b) the nature of the initiatives which will be planned o extensive actions (e.g. common regulations for all the municipalities in a community,

etc.); o single initiatives to be developed, mainly for dissemination purposes (e.g. pilot

initiatives in the field of renewable energies/energy saving); o other actions;

- the criteria adopted to select (and justify the choice of) actions to be included in the Plan o cost-benefit analysis → the aim is to identify the specific cost of the intervention (e.g.

euros/avoided tonne of oil equivalent) o consistency and complementarity with ongoing local programmes, o existence of proven technologies on which the actions will be based, o commitment of local actors to carry out the planned initiatives, o others


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- further information required to evaluate feasibility of actions and to decide for an ultimate inclusion of them in the Plan

o amendments to the regulatory (national/regional/local) framework needed to introduce the actions in the existing planning procedures,

o funds needed to carry out the actions and existing financing mechanisms that could be considered,

o possible initiators, o others

Indicator for cost-effectiveness analysis of carbon abatement options Analysis of cost effectiveness of carbon abatement options offers an estimate of the cost per tonne of carbon saved over the lifetime of a measure (action in the SEAP), providing a useful metric when comparing interventions. The CO2 abatement cost of a certain option refers to the additional cost of this option (compared to the reference) divided by the amount of CO2 saved (compared to the reference option). To determine the cost of the options, net present value5 calculations are carried out. Though, costs in this case are expressed as a positive values. So a negative �/ton figure indicates that the measure is cost effective. Table 2 shows some examples of GHG abatement cost estimates for different technical options. The figures in the column ‘mean’ show the value of the abatement cost of the option when it is implemented instead of the reference option, e.g. wind power on-shore instead of a coal-fired power plant, average across the EU-25 in 2010. The mean figure therefore does not apply to a specific baseline and does not reflect differences in site-specific conditions. In practice for each option, a cost curve would apply, that would show how the costs increase as a function of the cumulative capacity (of e.g. wind power) implemented.

5 The net present value (NPV) of an investment (project) is the difference between the sum of the discounted cash flows which are expected from the investment and the amount which is initially invested. It is a traditional valuation method used in the discounted cash flow measurement methodology, whereby the following steps are undertaken:

a. calculation of expected cash flows (often per year) that result out of the investment b. subtract/discount for the cost of capital (an interest rate to adjust for time and risk) the intermediate result is

called present value c. subtract the initial investments the final result is called NPV


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Table 2: Overview of cost estimates for some abatement options. Source: “Social cost-benefit analysis of climate change mitigation options in a European context”, ECN-Energy Research Center of the Netherland, December 2006, http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2006/e06059.pdf

Economic cost7 2.5% Mean 97.5%

Option Reference 6

�/tCO2 �/tCO2 �/tCO2 CHP CCGT -117 -30 35

Insulation Oil/no insulation -83 -22 106 Insulation Gas/no insulation -83 -22 106 Nuclear PCC -11 -1 9 CHP PCC -3 12 27

Heating efficiency Standard gas boiler -200 23 50 Wind on-shore PCC 11 30 49

IGCC (coal-based) PCC -5 31 66 CCS industry No CCS 10 35 60 Wind on-shore CCGT -10 46 95 PCC + CCS PCC 23 50 76

Biomass co-firing PCC PCC 40 52 65 PCC + CCS CCGT 16 105 184

Biomass co-firing PCC CCGT 64 115 159

The figures presented in Table 2 are based on various assumptions (on discount rate, specific investment costs, operation & maintenance costs, capacity factor, conversion efficiency, fuels costs, lifetime , etc.). Nevertheless they are useful to understand the kind of results that the analysis is going to determine. Communities may adopt such a methodology, when sufficient data are available, to evaluate and rank different potential actions (options) in terms of their cost-effectiveness. This is only one of the possible indicators that can be used. Other indicators, e.g. those defined and applied at international/national level (source document should be cited), could be used.

6 CCGT: Combined cycle gas turbine; CHP: Combined heat and power (co-generation); PCC: Pulverised coal combustion (power plant); IGCC: Integrated gasification combined cycle (power plant); CCS: CO2 capture and storage. 72.5%-Mean-97.5% figures are calculated based on assumptions varied according to their uncertainty distributions, with the discount rate between 5 and 10% (mean 8%).


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5.3.2 TEMPLATE FOR DESCRIBING ACTIONS INCLUDED IN THE SEAP A Template for describing actions included in the SEAP and presenting them to the wide spectrum of interested parties is given hereafter.

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5.3.3 INVESTIGATION OF FINANCING SYSTEMS Aspects to be evaluated include:

• Range of financing options (public/private programmes)

• Support to local actors (energy service companies-ESCOs; manufactures; installers; etc.), also by means of specific measures (e.g. loans, rotational funds, etc.)

5.3.4 LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES A description of expected growth in and development of the community will provide information on expected changes to energy-demand and emissions and may help to identify opportunities for RUE and RES. For example, changes in land-use might be relevant to the future perspective for RES. Similarly, likely changes in patterns of energy-demand must be taken into account when calculating targets for the reduction of emissions of GHG. The methodology used in the previous section to assess current use of energy may be applied and integrated to produce a forecast of energy-needs based on forecasts of growth in population, new building-developments etc. Expected changes in the regulations and planning will be underlined, to be considered in the definition of the SEAP. Creating “power for action” will require knowledge of the main drivers for the several markets, including data on the supply-chains of the relevant resources (including sources of capital and debt), taxation, grants, access to the market for newcomers, cultural obstacles (especially lack of knowledge and/or trained craftsmen), etc. The aim is to determine the real potential for increasing the substitution of energy derived from fossil fuels with RES within the next five/ten years. The scope of the planning initiative does not include a full financial analysis, but partners may decide to include an analysis of the financial implications of different scenarios for meeting targets for reducing emissions. In working through these topics, evidence of barriers to progress will emerge. Apart from considerations of the limits on the levels of costs that society is ready to pay to address climate-change and other perils that arise from over-dependency on fossil fuels (and indeed nuclear power), there are important regulatory issues, such as the willingness of society to accept the visual impact of new infrastructure (e.g. wind-turbines, combustion plant, etc.). After taking all these points into account, the SEAPs should each list all of the options that seem most favourable in the particular circumstances of the community studied. The SEAPs should set out clearly what needs to be done; the relevant timescales; the party(ies) responsible for leading the actions beyond the end of the planning project; and arrangements for monitoring against performance-indicators.


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5.3.5 CRITICAL ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNT REGARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEAP A sustainable energy action plan (SEAP) is a planning document that contains a list of actions defined and agreed by a Community to favour renewable energy sources and promote application of energy saving and efficiency measures. Development of such a document is only possible as a result of the strong commitment from the relevant local authorities, including local politicians as well as energy end-users, technical experts, private companies and the like. In order for the planning process to be effective, common criteria to define objectives, targets and actions, and to select actions to be included in the Plan, have to be outlined. Moreover, a well-structured process for discussion and review of targets/actions should be agreed and communicated to stakeholders joining the LABs, so that the final Plan will be more easily achieve the consensus of the local community. The leaders of the planning process should make LABs and stakeholders understand that the central phase of the development of the SEAP is the analysis of the Community to recognise strengths and weaknesses related to energy and to identify opportunities for improvements on the way towards sustainability.

As regards contents of the Plan, in principle, all sectors responsible for energy consumption (civil/residential, industry, agriculture, transport) should be analysed and targeted. Likewise, all potential renewable sources (biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, wave, tidal and hydro) should be considered for promotion or explicitly excluded when minimal pre-conditions are missing. Coordination of different parts/argument is very important because the final Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) has to be consistent.

Then, as financial and organisational resources are limited, a process for the selection of actions to be included in the Plan should be carried out, based on certain agreed criteria and on formal responsibility for ultimate decisions assigned to LABs. Criteria that permit a clear comparison of actions (e.g. cost-effectiveness evaluation) should be preferred. Nonetheless, a pragmatic approach should be envisaged when some actions already programmed by local stakeholders are encountered. These actions should be included in the planning framework and given adequate publicity to promote replication by other actors. Moreover, as exemplar projects are very important for creating awareness on sustainable energy in local communities, some demonstrative actions should be always included in the Plan.

Finally, actions should be thoroughly described in the Plan document by means of an attention-getting template so that all stakeholders and citizens can understand their impact on the Community. It is thus important that the planning process and the final document (SEAP) receives enough media coverage.


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5.4 ADOPTION OF THE SEAP The sustainable energy action plan (SEAP) must be “adopted” by local authorities/actors for the actions to be realised. Adoption means; a) a more operational outline of actions (also by splitting them in sub-actions/tasks), b) the assignation of these actions/sub-actions to some responsible entities and c) the definition of deadlines for realisation of action/sub-actions. The following scheme (table) can be very useful to discuss within LABs and comprehend what the adoption really means for the Community. Action Sub-actions/ Tasks Responsible

entity Deadline Notes

… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … The adoption phase can be considered completed when responsible entities have agreed on the actions (and sub-actions/tasks) and on the deadlines for accomplishment.

5.4.1 CRITICAL ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNT REGARDING THE ADOPTION PHASE The adoption phase is intended to define clearly what the actions consist of, who are the responsible actors for their realisation and by when they need to be accomplished.. During the adoption phase it is very important to draw the attention to the measures in the energy field that are already scheduled by national/regional/local laws/regulations. The actions included in the SEAP (except those actions that are more aimed at raising awareness of stakeholders) should aim at higher targets (“plupositive” actions) than those set by current regulations as regards promotion of renewable energies and application of energy efficiency measures. Thus, it is important that the additional requirements set by the SEAP through the various actions are discussed within the LABs and the impact is clearly figured. Difficulties may arise when these “plupositive” actions entail additional costs that responsible bodies (especially local public authorities, which face budget constraints) must bear for their application. In these cases possible funding schemes must be devised. During the adoption phase it is important that enough information is provided about specific targets and indicators related to the actions. Moreover it is necessary to comprehend implications and cross-impacts of the actions for achieving the highest effectiveness.


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6 CONCLUSIONS

This report describes the main results of the WISE-Plans Project, constituted by the Sustainable Energy Action Plan developed by the four communities involved. It is also presented the agreed methodology to carry out sustainable energy planning at local level and develop and adopt a corresponding action plan (SEAP).

Moreover, through the experience gained in the WISE-Plans Project, the methodology has been enriched by including:

- indications about how to face the critical phases of the project and

- suggestions / lessons learnt by Partners’ Communities that can be valuable for other Communities to avoid the most common problems arising in Sustainable Energy Planning.

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