Awareness Raising Workshop - CNPML · 2018-12-12 · Reduced Risk of Bovine Spongiform...

Introduction:ChemicalsintheSociety

1CENTER for GREEN CHEMISTRYand GREEN ENGINEERING at YALE

AwarenessRaisingWorkshop

GLOBALGREENCHEMISTRYINITIATIVEProfessorPeterLicence,UniversityofNottingham

Dr.PhilipCoish,YaleUniversity

EverythingisachemicalButwhatdoesthatmean?

• Nameeverythingintheroomthatisachemical• Nameeverythingintheroomthatisnotachemical

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Chemicalsarerelatedto:

• Food• Transportation• Communication• InformationTechnology• Economy

ChemicalsandFood• Fertilizers

• Morefoodcanbegrownforthepopulation

• RevolutioncamewiththeHaberBoschprocess

• Pesticides• Mosquitoscarryingdeadlydiseasescanbecontrolled

• Algalbloomswhichleadtoeutrophication arecontrolled

• Foodpreservatives• Longershelflifeleadstopopulationspreadingtolessfavorableplaces

Imagesource:Wikipedia

Intheearly1900s,theHaber-BoschprocessallowedincorporationofNitrogenfromtheairandleadtopopulationgrowth.

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Over80%ofproducedureaisusedtofertilizecrops

H2N

O

NH2

2NH3 +CO2 ⇌ H2N-COONH4H2N-COONH4 ⇌ (NH2)2CO+H2O

AETrost =76.9%

• Over190milliontonsofureaisproducedeachyear• Productionlocatednearcheapenergysources• Costandimpactoftransportation?

LivestockFarming– ForFood/Leather/Milk18%ofglobalgreenhousegasemissions

60%lessenergy,10%ofwater,1%ofland,90%fewergreenhousegasemissions,

£250,00060%lessenergy*

UniversityofMaastricht

ReducedRiskofBovineSpongiformEncephalopathy (BSE),ReducedExposuretoAntibiotics– (AMR), e-coliBacterialLoad/Cleanliness- Growth,Processing….AnimalWelfare.

ChemicalsinTransportation• Gasoline/Diesel

• Fastgroundtransportationwasenabled• JetFuel

• Airtransportationwasenabled• Globalizationandinternationaltradeispossible

• RocketFuel• SatellitesplacedontheEarth’sorbitallowcommunicationandnavigation

• VulcanizedRubber• Tires,shoesoles,hosesandconveyorbeltscanbemade

• Deicingofplanewings• Aviationinallconditionsismadepossible

Apollo15launching

Imagesource:Wikicommons 11

Boeing787- Dreamliner

PowerbytheHour

Source:RollsRoyce

ChemicalsintheEconomy• Chemicalindustrysector

• Totalpharmaceuticalrevenuehadreached$1trillionin2014

• Petrochemicals• Globalmarketisestimatedtoreach$791billionby2018

• Consumerproducts• Mostproductsthatwesee,touch,andfeelarepetroleumbased

• Jobcreation• Robustselectionofconsumer/personalcareproductsleadstojobcreationandincreaseinGDP

• Approximately1milliondirectjobsfromchemicalsindustry• Approximately6millionindirectjobs

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ChemicalsandUnintendedConsequences

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Chemicalscanalsonegativelyimpactthesociety.

How?

UnintendedConsequences

Biofuelsmadefromcornthatcompetewithfood,feed,andlanduse.

Imagesource:AdobeStock 19

Biofuelsmadefromcorn.


Purifyingwaterwithacutelylethal

substances.

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ChlorinetransportedinWashingtonD.C.


Renewableenergythroughtheuseofprecious,rare,toxic

metalsinphotovoltaics.

Imagesource:Wikipedia 21

Solarpanelinstalledontheroofofthebuilding

OtherEnvironmentalChallenges

• Population• Energy• GlobalChange• ResourceDepletion• FoodSupply• ToxicsintheEnvironment

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PopulationTrends

Source: U.N. World Population Prospects, 2000 Revision

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Populationgrowthindevelopingcountriesispredictedtoreach7.8billionby2050.G-10countriesremainthesame.

010002000300040005000600070008000900010000

1950 2000 2015 2025 2050

Popu

latio

n(in

millions)

Years

Worldpopulationandprojections

World

G-10

G-77

QualityofLifedilemma

• Empiricaldatashowsthatincreasedqualityoflifecorrelateswithsustainablepopulationcontrol

• Increasedqualityoflife,however,hashistoricallyresultedinincreaseddamagetothebiosphereandtheearth’s abilitytosustainlife

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ImpactofDevelopmentontheEnvironment

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Populationalchallenge

• Thechallenge: Howtoincreasequalityoflifewhileminimizingdetrimentaleffectstohumanhealth,theenvironment,andthebiosphere

• Thesolution: GreenChemistryandGreenEngineeringprovideamechanismtoaddressthischallengeinveryrealterms

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EfficiencythroughScienceandTechnology

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“Thegreatenemyofthetruthisveryoftennotthelie -- deliberate,contrivedanddishonest

butthemyth-- persistent,persuasiveandrealistic.”

JohnF.Kennedy

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EnergyThevastmajorityoftheenergygeneratedintheworldtodayisfromnon-renewablesourcesthatdamagetheenvironment:

• Carbondioxideandgreenhousegases• Depletionofresources

• Rareearthmetals,fossilfuels• Effectsofmining,drilling

• Contaminationofstreams,lakesandgroundwaterbyfrackingfluidorSulphurores

• Toxics• Separationagentslikebenzene,tolueneandxylene(BTX)whichareshowntobecarcinogenic.

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GrowingEnergyConsumptionEnergyusehasapproximatelydoubledinthepast30years

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Whattypeofenergyfuture?

Sources:DOE/EIA-Wordenergyprojectionsystem

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Energy

GreenChemistrywillbeessentialinboth:• Developingthealternativesforenergygeneration(photovoltaics,hydrogen,fuelcells,biobased fuels,etc.)

• Continuingthepathtowardenergyefficiencywithcatalysisandproductdesignattheforefront

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GlobalChange

Concernsforclimatechaos,oceanictemperature,stratosphericchemistry,andglobaldistillationcanbeaddressedthroughthedevelopmentandimplementationofgreenchemistrytechnologies

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Temperaturechange

36Source:http://www.sustainablescale.org/

Carbondioxide,methaneandnitrousoxideconcentrationsoverthepast1,000years

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1928

2004

Upsala Glacier - Los Glaciares National ParkPatagonia, Argentina.

ThecalvingoccurredsometimebetweenMonday10thJulyandWednesday12thJuly2017,whena5,800squarekmsectionofLarsenCbrokeaway.

Anticipatedtobeduetothermalchangesinbothseaandairtemperature.

Predictedtogiverisetoanincreaseinglobalsealeveloftheorderof2-3mm.(thisisminimalbecausetheicewasalreadyafloat)



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ResourceDepletion

Duetotheoverutilizationofnon-renewableresources,naturalresourcesarebeingdepletedatanunsustainablerate.

• Examplesofdepletingresources:preciousmetals,fossilfuels

• Theseareusedtosupportofourcurrentlifestyle,economy,etc

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ResourceDepletion

• Biomass• Algaeforfuel,ligninforplatformchemicals

• Nanoscience&technology• Transformationswithvisiblelight

• Lightratherthansolvents• Carbondioxideasfeedstock

• Inplastics• Chitinasfeedstock

• Inpackaging• Wasteutilization

• Bybiodegradation42

Renewableresourcescanbemadeincreasinglyviabletechnologicallyandeconomicallythroughgreenchemistry:

ElementsinaMobilePhone?

Roughly40differentelementsH,Li,Be,C,N,O,F,Al,Si,S,Cl,K,Ca,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,As,Br,Sr,Y,Zr,Ru,Pd,Ag,Cd,In,Sn,Sb,Ba,Ta,W,Pt,Au,Hg,Pb,Bi,Nd.

mobilephoneweighing100grams,contains

13.7gofcopper0.189gofsilver0.028gofgold0.014gofpalladium

Source:BaselConvention,2006;Lindholm (Nokiareport),2003

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ChemicalsinCommunication

Kalgoorlie goldmine,Australia

Au2mtonneswaste691,000litreswater141kgcyanide

Kalgoorlie goldmine,Australia– GoogleEarth

Newmanironoremine,Pilbara,Australia– GoogleEarth

SecondaryMetalsSynergyofSupply

OnetonofiPhoneswoulddeliver300timesmoregoldthanatonofgoldoreand6.5timesmoresilverthanatonofsilverore.

• Nanotechnology• Creationofmanymaterialsanddeviceswithapplicationsinnanomedicine(drugdelivery),nanoelectronics(computerprocessors),biomaterials,andpersonalproducts(sunscreens)

• Displays• LCD(TV,watches,calculators)

CommunicationandInformationTechnology

Displaydevicemagnifiedshowinganano structure

50Imagesource:Wikicommons

170kg

Cu



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FoodSupply

• Whilecurrentfoodlevelsaresufficient,distributionisinadequate

• Agriculturalmethodsareunsustainable• Advancesinfuturefoodproductionintensityisneeded

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IncreaseinGrainProduction

Source:FAO1989-2000

Thereisagrowingdemandingrainproductionindeveloping,industrializedandtransitioncountries.

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UseofPesticides

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FoodSupply

Greenchemistryisdeveloping:

• Pesticideswhichonlyeffecttargetorganismsanddegradetoinnocuousby-products

• Fertilizersandfertilizeradjutantsthataredesignedtominimizeusagewhilemaximizingeffectiveness

• Methodsofusingagriculturalwastesforbeneficialandprofitableuses

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Toxicsintheenvironment

Substancesthataretoxictohumans,thebiosphereandallthatsustainsit,arecurrentlystillbeingreleasedatacostoflife,healthandsustainability.

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BodyBurden• In2000-2001thestudyshowedthathumanbodyincludes148xenobiotic.

• Ofthechemicalsfound:• 76suspectcarcinogensinhumansoranimals,• 94areidentifiedneurotoxins,and• 79arelinkedtoreproductive/developmentaltoxicity.

• Thesynergisticeffectsofthesechemicalsincombinationhasnotbeenstudied.

One of Green Chemistry’s greatest strengths is the ability to design for reduced hazard.

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Paracelsus (1493-1541) - the “father of toxicology”

“the dose makes the poison”

QUESTIONS?

SponsoredbyYale-UNIDOInitiative

CENTER for GREEN CHEMISTRYand GREEN ENGINEERING at YALE

Awareness Raising Workshop - CNPML · 2018-12-12 · Reduced Risk of Bovine Spongiform...

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