Avian Influenza Updateand

Disease Prevention

Anthony Pescatore

University of Kentucky

Avian Influenza in the USis NOT the same Virus as

“Bird” Flu in Asia

Avian InfluenzaNomenclature

Birds: Influenza A type virus

Influenza A is divided into Subtypes based on their surface proteins:

Hemagglutin (HA): 16 subtypes

Neuraminidase (NA): 9 subtypes

H5N1

Influenza Virus (Flu)

Mammals and birds always have flu viruses circulating in their respective populations

Horses, Hogs, Humans, and Birds are just a few of the species that are susceptible to flu viruses

Flu viruses generally stay within species There are some exceptions like Swine flu, which

resides in hogs but can infect turkeys Flu viruses are always changing, that’s why the

human vaccine changes yearly

Avian Influenza (AI)

North America has always had Avian Influenza strains circulating in waterfowl, wild birds, and live bird markets

“Asian Bird Flu”(H5N1) is one of many strains of Avian Influenza

Poultry companies and all producers should be concerned about all avian influenza strains, not just “Asian Bird Flu”

Some Perspective on Asian Bird Flu (H5N1)

Less than 110 people have died from “Asian Bird Flu” and less than 200 are known to have gotten sick out of 3.7 Billion people in Asia

It is not contagious between people People afflicted with this disease had very close

contact with sick birds (live with them, butchered and ate products from sick birds.)

It has been known to be in Asia since 1997 but recently has moved into Africa and Europe

Asian Bird Flu (H5N1) infects birds easily but does not infect people easily

Factors in Asia that have facilitated H5N1 Infection

Eastern Asia has the most poultry and people living in very close proximity

Unsanitary conditions Live Bird (Wet) Markets are a primary source for

poultry in cities Sick animals are likely to be eaten by impoverished

people Consumption of uncooked meat or poultry products

(such as raw blood) Cockfighting (highly mobile)

Asian Bird Flu(H5N1)

This is not a subtle disease in birds It kills birds very quickly and in large

numbers (90% plus) With few exceptions, cases have been in live

markets, free roaming birds or birds kept in primitive conditions

Areas outside Asia

EU

Most of the outbreaks have been single incidences in wild birds (Swans, Tufted Ducks)

Record cold in Eastern Europe may have disrupted normal winter nesting areas

Three outbreaks in poultry (France, Germany and Sweden

EU approved vaccination of birds in France and Netherlands

Move birds inside in affected areas

Areas outside Asia

Middle East Wild Birds and Poultry Change in Migratory routes Egypt hiding of sick birds lead to human

illness

Africa Small village flocks

What is being done in US

Voluntary (mandatory) surveillance programMust test for exports Mandatory surveillance of live bird markets in NY, NJ and

east coast Expansion of surveillance to all poultry events including

shows, swap meets, flea markets and auctions Increase awareness among poultry health officials and

state officials USDA increase information to small flocks producers Import ban on poultry from Asia and affected areas

Why aren’t we vaccinating our chickens for Asian Bird Flu?

Historically, vaccinating for AI meant that a country was not serious about eradication

US Poultry relies heavily on exports: Breast meat stays in domestic markets, Leg quarters go overseas

U.S. companies believe that trade barriers would be imposed if U.S. vaccinated for AI

Overseas opposition to vaccination may vanish as more countries vaccinate for “Asian Bird Flu”

Disease Prevention

Disease is any departure from normal

•Infected Birds

•Carrier Birds

•Human vectors

•Mechanical vectors

•Contaminated Feed or Water

•Wild Birds and Animals

•Rodents and Insects

•Dead Birds

•Manure

How are diseases spread

To protect from a biological threat

Biosecurity

The Benefits of Biosecurity

•Helps keep out diseases•Reduces the risks•Limits the spread of disease•Improves overall health of the flock•Reduces mortality losses•Improves profitability

Biosecurity

Biosecurity is not all about AI, there are many diseases that need to be prevented

Biosecurity

Bursal Disease Months Coccidosis Months

Fowl Cholera Weeks Fowl Coryza Days

Influenza Weeks LT Days

Marek’s Disease Weeks Newcastle Weeks

Mycoplasmosis Days Salmonellosis Weeks

•Control the things that you can control

•Identify the things outside your control

•Let others know about the things outside your control

Biosecurity

Biosecurity W’s•Who is on your farm

•What is brought on to your farm

•When are they there

•Where have they been

•Why are they there

Biosecurity

Control the Facility•Post warning signs•Lock buildings •Log book of visitors to the farm•Do not be afraid to ask where they have been•Take measures to prevent contamination (boots are the minimum)•Family and friends are visitors

Biosecurity

Where have you been?•You may be your own biggest risk•Personal Hygiene (wash your hands)•Designated Clothes and boots for the poultry houses•How clean are the floor boards of your truck?•The corner store/restaurants/hardware store•Have you been near birds (hunting, farm ponds, pet stores, zoos, parks)

Biosecurity

Birds of a Feather•Waterfowl are a threat •Wild birds need to be kept out of the poultry houses and pens•Avoid other small flocks, shows, sales, flea market•Isolate birds returned or new to farm (30 days)•Hatching eggs or chicks less risk•If you know of a poultry show or sale in your area contact the Office of the State Veterinarian•Clean up spilled grain and feed

Biosecurity

Rodents, Animals and Insects•The only animal that needs to be in a chicken house and pens is a chicken•Active rodent control (bait stations and fresh bait)•Clean up spilled grain and feed•Mow around the houses, pens and weed control•Keep your dogs and cats out of the poultry houses•Insects carry disease

Biosecurity

Mortality•Be aware of changes in mortality patterns

•Observe the birds

•Collect dead birds frequently

•Dispose of them in a proper way•Unusual mortality or disease symptoms seek professional help

Biosecurity

Shared Equipment and Vehicles•Clean and Disinfect shared equipment between farms

•Establish a wash area away from the poultry buildings

•Log the events

Biosecurity

•Biosecurity

•Personal Hygiene

Wash your hands, Wash your hands, Wash your hands

•Separate clothes and boots for the poultry

•Protective gear if creating an aerosol

•Be aware of where you have been

•Get sick birds to a diagnostic lab

•If you have a poultry event schedule in your county let the State Veterinarian Office know.

What can small producers do?

“Doing the little things now may prevent the need to do major things later”

Biosecurity