Availability, Operation & Energy (some preliminary thoughts)
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Transcript of Availability, Operation & Energy (some preliminary thoughts)
FCC I&O Energy 1
Availability, Operation & Energy(some preliminary thoughts)
28 May 2014
Paul Collier, CERN
FCC I&O Energy 228 May 2014
Availability : ➥ Maximizing the time the machine(s) are able to take beam➥ Minimizing down time
Operation : ➥ How the machine(s) will operate – over the years➥ An operational Cycle … how we will do Physics
Energy : ➥ What kind of electrical load is it likely to represent➥ Identification of major energy consumers for optimization
Most of the talk will concentrate on the hadron machine (FCC-hh)
some additional comments concerning the specificities of FCC-ee
Discussion based on recent LHC experience
Some Preliminary Ideas for discussion on:
FCC I&O Energy 328 May 2014
Beam dump
Setup(Ramp down and Preparation for
next fill)
Injection
Ramp
Squeeze
Collide
Stable beams
LHCRamp Down/Setup 45 mins
Injection 30 mins
Ramp (7 TeV) 25 mins
Squeeze 20 mins
Collide 1 mins
Stable beams 0 – 30 hours
Ene
rgy
Operational Cycle
Should take this as a basis for FCC-hh as well and see the impact
FCC I&O Energy 428 May 2014
FCC-hh Impact of Operational Cycle: 2h to fill, 10h fill length
Injection• LHC can be filled theoretically in 8 min. • In practice with present injector cycles is takes 30 mins (minimum)• But for FCC, 4 times the number of bunches and a new injector!
• Transferring large beam energies between machines!!• Filling FCC in 10-30 mins has a big impact on the injector design
Ramp• FCC-hh will have a similar energy swing as LHC (~ x16)• Maximum ramp rate in LHC 10 A/s• Maintaining a similar ramp time in FCC-hh has big implications on:
• Powering Sector length – giving total inductance in the main circuits
• Magnet design if higher voltages are needed and for magnet inductance
• Both of these have implications on stored energy in the magnets and powering protection systems
• Similar considerations for ramp down and squeeze
FCC I&O Energy 528 May 2014
FCC-ee – Operational Cycle
Collider ring runs in DC at the physics energy
The Accelerator ring cycles at ~0.1Hz
The short beam lifetime in collision requires “top-up” operation
Theoretically the efficiency can be 100%
The last stage in the injector is included as part of the design.
However FCC-ee will be much more to exposed to faults in the Injector complex LHC (FCC-hh) Can ride through some injector downtime by staying longer in
physics.
FCC I&O Energy 628 May 2014
FCC-ee Power Consumption Estimates
Based on the 80km Machine Study – Should not be too different to a 100km version. Pre-injectors not included.
TLEP (175) MWRF System 218Cryogenics 24Cooling & Ventilation 60Magnet Systems 6General Services 15Experiments 25Total 353
It includes the infrastructure scaled to the need for TLEP and not that which would be installed to allow a future installation of a pp machine.
The Key Driver here is the RF system: Cavity characteristics and efficiency of the RF power sources (assumed 55%)
I wont s
ay more about t
his today ..
FCC I&O Energy 728 May 2014
FCC-hh Power Consumption
System LHC FCC-hhPower Converters 20 80Machine Cryogenics 35 140Cooling 20 80Ventilation 14 56RF 18 72Other Machine 2.5 10Experiments 22 30?Total / MW 131.5 468
To first approximation:
Most will scale to FCC-hh very approximately according to length (ie x4)
The Experiments are likely to be more than LHC but not by a large factor
Beware: This is a ball-park figure to set a rough scale!!
Clearly the Cryogenics is a key driver But the infrastructure itself (cooling/ventilation) will also be a large consumerThe RF system itself (if >60MV is needed) is significant same R&D for ee and hh machines !!
FCC I&O Energy 828 May 2014
How to Refine the FCC-hh Estimates
In the absence of some detailed design of the systems the best bet is to try and refine our estimates of scaling from LHC
The initial estimate was based purely on the length scale – ie 4xLHC
For each major system we need to refine this to look how the scaling should be done
Or, better still, make some preliminary estimates based on the actual FCC.
Some preliminary thoughts here mainly on the magnet powering… will need more input
FCC I&O Energy 928 May 2014
FCC-hh Magnet Powering Main Magnet Sectorization
LHC Has 8 arcs of 2.9 km. Each one a powering sector in each there are 3 main circuits – 1MB and 2MQ.
Assuming FCC-hh has 12, 6.9km length arcs we can make 2 assumptions:a) One powering sector per arc : i.e. 2.4x the length in the LHCb) Two powering sectors per arc : i.e. 1.2x the length in the LHC
In each case assume that the magnets have the same characteristics as the LHC
The voltage required for each circuit can be split into 2 parts: • Steady state voltage to overcome the resistance in the circuit
• To first approximation this does not depend on the length of the circuit• Peak voltage required to change the field – up or down.
• To maintain the 10A/s ramp rate of the LHC this voltage must increase as the inductance in the circuit increases
• Alternatively the ramp-rate will decrease• Assume that we want to keep the present LHC ramp rate for the FCC-hh.
FCC I&O Energy 1028 May 2014
LHC I V Steady
V Boost
Steady Power /kW
Peak Power /kW
Number PCs
Total Steady Power /kW
Total Peak Power /kW
MB 13000 10 180 130 2470 8 1040 19760
MQ 13000 13 5 169 234 16 2704 3744
3744 23504
FCC 12/a
MB 13000 10 388 130 5178 12 1560 62135
MQ 13000 13 12 169 327 24 4056 7842
5616 69977
FCC 12/b
MB 13000 10 194 130 2654 24 3120 63695
MQ 13000 13 15 169 360 48 8112 17300
11232 80996
The FCC/b scenario is probably the most likely … because of stored energy considerations.In addition, the time constant of the dipole chain in the a) option will be over 50,000 seconds (LHC = 23,000s)
FCC I&O Energy 1128 May 2014
Power Converters Steady State Power ..
Scaling for Steady power = 2.9 based on 12 arcs – rises to x3.1 if we split them (above).Assumptions made for the LSS have a significant effect• h-h option presently assumes 4x LHC in total length (I assume same cell length)• I Keep 2 LSS for beam cleaning – but twice as long• The dump septa is scaled by the energy and becomes enormous 8.4MW!
• Clearly a technical solution using SC septa would be lower. • Note : PC power output considered here, not mains power!Total of around 6300 power converters and 63MW!
Equip. code
Current Voltage Mains Input Power losses Qty Use Totals FCC
Ultimate
AMin
ASteady
VBoost
VPeak
VPeakkW
PeakkVA
WaterkW
AirkW
Peak
Power /kW
Steady Power /kW
Scaling ?Scaling Factor Steady
No.FCC
Steady /kW
RPTE 13000 350 10 ±180 190 2681 3540 150 50 8 Main Dipoles 21448 1040 Numer of powering sectors ( & Length) 3 24 3120
RPHE 13000 350 13 ±5 18 265 288 28 3 16 Main Quads 4240 2704 Numer of powering sectors (& Legnth) 3 48 8112
RPHF 8000 160 6 ±2 8 78 85 13 1.5 21 Final Focus 1638 1008 Number of Experiments 1 21 1008
RPHG 6000 120 6 ±2 8 59 64 10 1.2 132 Stand Alone 7788 4752 Length and number of LSS 4 528 19008
RPHH 4000 80 6 ±2 8 40 42 6.5 0.7 40 Stand Alone 1600 960 Length and number of LSS 4 160 3840
RPMB 600 Bipolar ±8 ±2 10 8.5 9 2 0.2 330 Correctors 2805 1584 Number of powering sectors (&Length) 3 990 4752
RPMC 600 Bipolar ±35 ±2 40 27 30 3 0.3 24 Correctors 648 504 Number of powering sectors (&Length) 3 72 1512
RPMB 600 0 8 2 10 8.5 9 2 0.2 70 Correctors 595 336 Number of powering sectors (&Length) 3 210 1008
RPMC 600 0 35 5 40 27 30 3 0.5 2 Correctors 54 42 Number of powering sectors (&Length) 3 6 126
RPLB 120 Bipolar ±8 ±2 10 1.7 108 0 0.5 290 Correctors 493 278.4 Length 4 1160 1114
RPMC 120 Bipolar ±35 ±5 40 5.5 6 0 0.1 10 Correctors 55 42 Length 4 40 168
RPLA 60 Bipolar ±2 ±6 8 0.7 0.8 0 0.2 752 Correctors 526.4 90.24 Length 4 3008 361
RPTL 650 60 160 0 160 113 141 0 25 3 Warm Magnets 339 312 Numer of Cleaning Sections + Length 2 6 624
RPTF 810 70 450 0 450 390 490 0 50 4 Warm Magnets 1560 1458 Numer of Cleaning Sections + Length 2 8 2916
RPTG 810 70 950 0 950 820 1025 0 40 4 Warm Magnets 3280 3078 Numer of Cleaning Sections + Length 2 8 6156
RPTM 1000 50 600 0 600 640 800 0 395 2 Dump (RT) 1280 1200 should scale with Energy? 7 2 8400
TOTAL 1720 48349.4 19388.64 6291 62225
0
50
100
150
200
250
Tcm = 4.5 K Tcm = 1.9 K Tcm = 4.5 K Tcm = 1.9 K
FCC-hh 100 km FCC-hh 83 kmTo
tal e
lect
rical
pow
er to
refr
iger
ator
[MW
]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Tcm = 4.5 K Tcm = 1.9 K Tcm = 4.5 K Tcm = 1.9 K
FCC-hh 100 km FCC-hh 83 km
Arc
equi
vale
nt re
frig
erati
on c
apac
ity [k
W @
4.5
K]
Beam screen Thermal shield Cold mass CL
Cryogenics (L. Tavian)
w/o cryo-distribution !w/o operation overhead !
LHC cryoplant
State-of-the-art cryoplant
LHC installed power
Per arc
For FCC-hh (12 arcs)
L. Tavian - 22 May 2014
FCC I&O Energy 1328 May 2014
Other Machine Equipment
CryogenicsEstimates made at the kick-off meeting – 140-190 MW power to refrigerators depending on temperature of the cold mass. Assume 1.9K. Gives a factor >4 compared to LHC
CoolingPresumably a function of the total power to remove – will therefore scale with the scaling of the total consumption?
VentilationI assumed only length – presumably it should more properly scale with volume.Since the tunnel section will be larger it might even be greater than x4.
RFInitial estimate 4xLHC (determined by beam stability).More refined estimate points to ~2.5-3However Lower/Higher harmonic cavities & crab cavities would increase the power needsFor the moment ignore them – but bear it in mind. Input from Machine needed.
Other MachineA factor 4 looks reasonable – but some things might scale with Energy!!
FCC I&O Energy 1428 May 2014
The Rest
ExperimentsSeems reasonable to assume they will consume more – but not that muchExperiments are dominated by electronics, I thinkFirst ideas from the experimental team would help a lot here.At the moment I assume ~1/3 more power
Injectors and Transfer LinesClearly nothing done here yetLikely that (part of) the transfer lines will be powered from the FCC infrastructure
General ServicesWere left off the preliminary estimate! Complicated … scale with number and size of buildings, number of shafts, total length – depending on what is being powered. Stick with x4 for the momentGeneral Services in LHC = ~20MW Therefore FCC would need ~80MW !!
FCC I&O Energy 1528 May 2014
New Estimate – It is not getting better!
Anything else I have forgotten?
At present PC’s are output power – need to estimate mains power.
Do we need to consider transmission losses for the power distribution?
System LHC Kick off Now Comment
Power Converters 20 80 63 Beam Dump septa ?
Machine Cryogenics 35 140
190 Assume 1.9KCooling 20 80 80 no new infoVentilation 14 56 56 no new infoRF 18 72 54 Assume 3xLHC, Other RF ignoredOther Machine 2.5 10 10 no new infoExperiments 22 30? 30 no new infoGeneral Services 20 80 forgotten last time!Total / MW 131.5 468 563