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Availability of local biomass for production of
electricity and heat in the Netherlands in 2020
Wolter Elbersen,
GBEP, Rome November 13 2012
Koppejan, J. H.W. Elbersen, M. Meeusen en P. Bindraban. 2009. Availability of local biomass for production of electricity and heat in The Netherlands in 2020. Report for SenterNovem
Netherlands targets: 14 or 12 or 16 %
renewable in 2020
10%
12%
14%
16%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
Aim of the study
To get a better understanding of the possible role of energy from biomass, taking into account :
● The availability of biomass, both domestic and through import
● Measures to improve the availability of biomass, taking into account competing uses, environmental impacts into account competing uses, environmental impacts etc.
● Input for Netherlands National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) to European Commission
Predict the production of electricity and heat from local biomass in The Netherlands in 2020.
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Biomass Balance of the Netherlands (Mton DM)
Rabou et al. 2006
Meesters et.al., 2010
Domestic harvestableproduction
31 27.8
Plus: Import 33 39.9
Minus: Export -22 -28.6
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Minus: Export -22 -28.6
Balance 42 39.1
Almost 2 tons per inhabitant..........
What part can we use for energy production?
• Meesters, K., P. Boonekamp, M. Meeusen, D. Verhoog en W. Elbersen. 2010. Monitoring Groene Grondstoffen. Rapport voor het Platform Groene
Grondstoffen.
• Rabou, L.P.L.M., Deurwaarder, E.P., Elbersen, H.W., Scott, E.L., Biomassa in de Nederlandse energiehuishouding in 2030, 2006.
Available? A matter of definition
Available for energy production
Financial feasibility Environmental aspects
Government policy
Available for energy production
Technical feasibility Public perception
Market mechanisms
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Which biomass categories?
� Primary by-products: At the source = sugar beet tops, straw,
verge grass, prunings, greenhouse residues, etc.
� Secondary by-products, later in the production chain =
potato peels, sugar beet pulp, sawdust, etc.
� Tertiary by-products, has had a use = used frying oil,
slaughterhouse waste, manure, household organic wastes, slaughterhouse waste, manure, household organic wastes,
used paper, demolition wood.
� Specific crops, rape, energy grain, Miscanthus, switchgrass,
SRC, sugar beet for ethanol, etc.
� Imports such as crops, primary and secondary (by)-products
Tertiary by-products
Secondary by-products
Primary by-productsBiomass crops
Byproducts and/or dedicated crops?
Dedicated crops
(Imports)
Turnhollow, 1994
Imports?Secondary + tertiary by-products
Primary by-products
Tertiary by-products
Secondary by-products
Primary by-productsBiomass crops
Byproducts and/or dedicated crops?
Dedicated crops
(Imports)
Turnhollow, 1994
Imports?
Secondary + tertiary by-products
Primary by-products
Byproducts and/or dedicated crops?
Tertiary by-products
Secondary by-products
Primary by-products
Imports?
Biomass crops
Dedicated crops
(Imports)
Turnhollow, 1994
Secondary + tertiary by-products
Primary by-products
To look into the future we use scenarios
Global open markets Local closed markets
Security of supply
1: Global Economy
Economics and financial profits prevail without national barriers
2: Transatlantic Market
Financial profits prevail within national and regional borders
Ecological and social sustainability
3: “Strong Europe” 4: Regional Communities
(also commonly used for agriculture, energy, waste, econ. devt, etc.)
Each scenario: expected biomass world view and policies:
● Presence of biomass type
● Availability of biomass type
● Energy Conversion Mix
social sustainabilityGHG and ILUC are drivers
3: “Strong Europe”
Global problems are solved collectively
4: Regional Communities
Global problems are solved on locally
Availability= Presence - T1 - T2 - T3 - T4
Availability = Availability under a scenario
Presence = Presence of biomass under a certain scenario
T1 = conventional competitive uses (Feed, Food, Fibre, etc.)
T2 = new competitive uses (2nd gen biofuels, T2 = new competitive uses (2nd gen biofuels, chemicals, etc.)
T3 = has to be left behind for C soil, nature
T4 = not financially feasible under certain scenario
Per type of biomass a qualitative assessment
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Types of biomass
Study design
Currentlypresent
currentavailability forenergy purposes
Current finalenergy potential
2020 presencein 4 scenario’s
2020 availabilityin each of these
2020 energy potentialin the 4 scenario’sin 4 scenario’s in each of these
4 scenario’s
in the 4 scenario’s
Limiting factors Conversion technologies
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Quantitative approach :
1. Determine the amount of biomass present
2. Determine how much is available for energy production
3. What is the energy content in terms of HHV and LHV
4. Which conversion technologies are applied in the scenario 4. Which conversion technologies are applied in the scenario assumed
5. How much final energy does this yield
6. How much fossil energy is avoided
k to n drog e s tof
S c ena rio
S troom
B ru te
b es c hik baa rh eid
1. G loba l
Econ om y
2 .
T ra ns atlantic
M ark et
3. (S trong
Europ e)
4. R eg ion al
C om m un ities
S tro 93 5 94 140 94 187
g r asstr o 8 5 4 6 4 9
N a tte g ew asresten a kker b o uw 74 2 - 148 18 6 297
N a tte g ew asresten tu in b o uw 28 0 - 70 84 140
G r oe n b em ester 7 0 - 14 14 28
F r u it- e n b oom te elt 80 -13 0 52 78 64 64
H o u t u it b o s z o n d er oo g s t 37 6 - 38 38 75
H o u t u it b o s m et oo g s t 1 ,244 62 249 37 3 498
H o u t u it la nds ch ap 48 0 48 96 14 4 192
N a tuu r g ras 1 ,080 54 162 27 0 378
B e rm g r as e n g ras van w aterw e g en 64 0 32 168 32 0 512
H e ide 14 6 - - 29 44
R i et 4 0 - - 12 16
E n ergi eteelt b in n en la n db o u w 9 ,900 50 99 - 50
E n ergi eteelt bu iten la nd b o u w 50 0 25 50 12 5 250
H o u t u it b eb ou w d e om g evi n g 28 0 280 280 28 0 280
N a tte b io m assa b eb ou w d e o m g evin g 49 0 25 - - -
G r as v oo r b ioraff in age 1 0,00 0 - - 10 0 200
R e sth o u t u i t h o u tver w erk en de in d u strie 57 6 383 383 38 3 383
S teekv aste (p lu im v ee)m es t 2,5 38 -2.9 33 2, 346 2, 030 2 ,346 2,0 30
D r ijfm es t 3 ,321 - 5,13 1 257 181 2 ,533 1,9 93
R W ZI s lib 34 9 349 349 34 9 349
� List of primary, secondary and tertiary biomass types and biomass crop in the A q u atis ch e b io m a ssa 0 – 5 - - 3 5
S w ill 0 - - - -
V o edin g s- en g e no tm id d ele n in du s tr ie
A ard a p p elre stp ro du cten 17 8 45 45 22 22
O liez ad en s ch ro o t 3 ,093 9 9 93 93
D ie rm ee l 21 3 213 213 85 85
A ard a p p el/tar w e z etm eel e n m eel 41 5 104 104 52 52
C ac ao d o p pe n 5 6 56 56 56 56
K offied ik 1 6 16 16 16 16
Su i ker bi eten res ts tro m en 13 2 33 33 17 17
B ie rb o stel 10 0 - - - -
G ro en teafva l 2 3 6 6 3 3
Visafval 1 5 0 0 0 0
R es tv ette n (p u tve tten ) 10 0 100 100 10 0 100
F ritu u rv ette n 13 0 - - - -
G es ch eid e n ing e za m eld G F T 73 8 738 738 73 8 738
P ap ie rre sid uen 2 64 – 317 288 262 25 8 239
T ex tiel 9 5 15 15 15 15
O u d en b e we rkt h o u t 1,5 64 – 2,0 72 1, 824 1, 517 1 ,610 1,0 89
R e stfr actie van H H A 2,9 21 – 3,8 95 3, 895 3, 041 3 ,307 2,4 83
R e stfr actie van i n du s tr ieel afval 916 – 1, 082 1, 082 885 99 8 778
R e stfr actie van K W D 1,0 82 – 1,2 26 1, 226 1, 021 1 ,170 919
V eilin g afval 3 2 25 25 25 25
C o m po s te erov erlo o p 3 0 30 30 30 30
S R F - - 800 - 800
T O T AA L 46,2 68 – 50, 364 13 ,763 13, 392 16 ,407 15,5 38
crop in the Netherlands
You lose some and you win some....
� Used cooking oil was used for electricity and heat and is now used for transport
� Household waste to electricity is reduced due to recycling
� Protein containing biomass is going to be biorefined info high and low protein fractionsbiorefined info high and low protein fractions
� Verge grass was not used, or used for composting and is being used for thermal conversion and anaerobic conversion.
� Manure was not used and is starting to be used for anaerobic fermentation
Calculation principles
Conversion efficiencies assumed (ECN, 2009)
TechnologyConversion
basis
Energy output
Electricity Heat Gas “Loss”
AD + gas engine, with heat utilisation HHV 24% 27% 0% 49%
AD + gas engine, without heat utilisation HHV 24% 0% 0% 76%
Combustion CHP small with heat utilization LHV 20% 50% 0% 30%
Combustion CHP large no heat utilisation LHV 30% 0% 0% 70%Combustion CHP large no heat utilisation LHV 30% 0% 0% 70%
Combustion WtE plant, no heat utilisation LHV 23% 0% 0% 77%
Cofiring in coal fired power plant LHV 43% 0% 0% 57%
Anaerobic digestion + feed in to natural gasgrid HHV 0% 0% 60% 40%
Small scale combustion for heat only HHV 85% 0% 0% 15%
Bio-oil engine with heat utilisation LHV 41% 40% 0% 19%
Sludge combustion LHV 20% 0% 0% 80%
Supercritical gasification with fuel cell HHV 50% 0% 0% 50%
Example: Chicken litter
Primairy energy
Large-scale
Chicken manure, 1.4 Mton
12.4 PJ HHV9.3 PJ LHV
Anaerobic digestion with
Final energy
Large-scaleCombustionwithout heat utilisation
2.8 PJ electricity 0 PJ heat 2.0 PJ electricity 2.2 PJ heat
Anaerobic digestion withgas engine and heat utilisation
Results for availability (presence in brackets)
2009
1Global
Economy
2Transatl. Market
3Strong Europe
4Regional Comm.
Mton dm 10.5 (48.6) 13.8 (50.4) 13.4 (47.1) 16.4 (47.9) 15.5 (46.3)
PJ LHV 125 (558) 173 (515) 167 (491) 179 (494) 173 (485)
PJ HHV 180 (881) 231 (910) 226 (855) 281 (868) 268 (841)
PJ Electricity 30 38 38 51 49
PJ Heat 13 15 15 28 35
PJ Fuels - 1 1 13 10
PJ Final 44 54 53 91 94
PJ av. fossil 83 101 102 155 157
bio eff (%HHV) 24% 23% 24% 32% 35%
fossil eff (%HHV) 53% 54% 54% 59% 60%
Type of biomass (PJ final) in 2020
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tertiary byproducts (waste)
Secundary byproducts (process residues)
Primary byproducts (field residues)
-
10
20
30
40
2009 1 Global
Economy)
2 (Transatlantic
Market)
3 (Strong
Europe)
4 (Regional
Communities)
Primary byproducts (field residues)
Energy crops
PJ final per type of final energy
50
60
70
80
90
100
PJ Gas
PJ Heat
-
10
20
30
40
2009 1 Global Economy) 2 (Transatlantic Market) 3 (Strong Europe) 4 (Regional
Communities)
PJ Heat
PJ Electricity
Mapping primary biomass potential
Conclusions (1)
Biomass for electricity and heat in The Netherlands:● 13-16 Mton DM in 2020 =
● 226-268 PJ primary energy =
● 54-95 PJ final energy
● 102-158 PJ avoided fossil energy =
● 3.4 to 5.4% of the expected energy use in 2020
Largest potential lies in better use of the biomass � more (energy) from available biomass �(energy) from available biomass �● Bioenergy chain efficiency 23 to 35%HHV, depending on scenario
Untapped biomass potentials are manure and primary biomass types (verge grass, crop residues, etc)
Biomass crops are over the horizon................
Beschikbaarheid biomassa 2020 23
Recommendations
• Bioenergy is a means, not a goal by itself:
• What do you want to achieve? What are your drivers?
• Get good basic data: how much biomass is there??
• What is being done with the biomass now?
• know competing uses for the biomass
•• Scenario’s help to look into the future
• The largest potential lies in “better” “more efficient” use of biomass
• Include “other aspects”:
• GHG avoidance (5 to 10 $ per ton?)
• Nutrient recycling
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Issues
Manure and GHG emissions:
Palm oil by-products:
Typha:
Energy crops:Energy crops:
Municipal waste:
Straw:
Pyrolysis oil / Torrefaction:
Avoided GHG when using manure for Anaerobic Digestion
Lesschen et al., 2009.
Example: Oil palm46.8 million tonnes Palm oil production in 2010
For every ton of palm oil almost one ton of by-product could be made available for bioenergy at the mill
Approx 40 million tons (DM) of biomass = 720 PJ of (primary) energy
How about the nutrient/soil effects?
By-product use inefficient, GHG
emissions high
Energy content Current use
GJ/ha/year
EFB 22.3mulch/bunch ash -
methane is produced
Fibre 24.6Fuel in low
pressure boilers, 3% electricity 68% steam
Shell 17.3steam
POME 6.3
Open pond treatment methane is produced
Total 70.3
POME and EFB are the largest contributors to the release of GHG:Mtotal-current= MCH4-EFBs + MCH4-pome + MN2O = 2,13 +4,72 +1,2 = 8 CO2-eq ton/ha/year.
Typha: The Senegal river basin and 2 dams
Typha utilisation vs Typha eradication
END
Koppejan, J. H.W. Elbersen, M. Meeusen en P. Bindraban. 2009. Availability of local biomass for production of electricity and heat in The Netherlands in 2020. Report for SenterNovem
Elbersen, H.W., B. Janssens en J. Koppejan. 2011. Availability of biomass for energy in the agri-industry. A report for NLAgency.