AUXILIARY(VERBS( - ntcs.on.cantcs.on.ca/yabbfiles/Attachments/Auxiliary_Verbs_001.pdf ·...
Transcript of AUXILIARY(VERBS( - ntcs.on.cantcs.on.ca/yabbfiles/Attachments/Auxiliary_Verbs_001.pdf ·...
AUXILIARY VERBS
ESLCO
Auxiliary Verbs
• There are three types of verbs: – 1. Auxiliary verbs (do, be, and have)
• Used to form tenses and show forms such as quesLons and negaLves – Example: Do you have the answers to the test?
• ExcepLons: “do”, “be”, and “have” can also be full verbs – Example: – I do my laundry on Saturdays. – We are in class at the moment – I have a job.
– 2. Modal auxiliary verbs (must, can, should, might, will and would) • “help” other verbs
– 3. Full verbs (all the other verbs such as think, go, see, etc.)
Auxiliary Verbs + Tenses
• Be and the conLnuous forms • Be + verb + ing – Used to make conLnuous verb forms which describe acLviLes in progress and temporary acLviLes
– Example: • He’s washing his hair (Present conLnuous) • They were going to work (Past conLnuous) • I’ve been learning English for two years. (Present Perfect conLnous)
• I’d like to be lying on the beach right now. (ConLnuous infiniLve)
Auxiliary Verbs + Tenses
• Be and the passive voice • Be + past par<ciple is used to form the passive – Example: – Paper is made from wood (Present simple passive) – My car was stolen yesterday (Past simple passive) – The house has been redecorated (Present perfect passive)
– This homework needs to be done tonight (Passive infiniLve)
Auxiliary Verbs + Tenses • Have and the perfect forms • Have + past par<ciple is used to make perfect verb forms
– Example: – He has worked in seven different countries (Present perfect) – She was crying because she had had some had news (Past perfect)
– I’d like to have met Napoleon (Perfect infiniLve) • Perfect means “completed before” • Present perfect means “completed before now” • Past perfect means “completed before a 9me in the past”
Auxiliary verbs and negaLves
• To make a negaLve, add –n’t to the auxiliary verb • If there is no auxiliary verb, use don’t/doesn’t/didn’t – Example: – PosiLve – He’s working – NegaLve – He isn’t working
• It is possible to contract the auxiliaries be and have and use the uncontracted not – Example: – He’s not playing today = He isn’t playing today
Auxiliary verbs and quesLons • To make a quesLon, invert the subject and auxiliary verb
• If there is no auxiliary verb, use do/does/did – Example: – What is she wearing? She’s wearing jeans. – Where were you born? You were born in Mexico. – Do I know you? I know you.
• There is usually no do/does/did in subject quesLons – Who wants ice cream? à What flavour ice cream do you want?
– Who broke the window? à How did you break the window?
Auxiliary verbs and short answers
• Short answers are common in spoken English • If you just saw Yes or No, it can sound rude • To make a short answer, repeat the auxiliary verb
• In the Present and Past Simple, use do/does/did – Example. – Are you coming with us? Yes, I am – Have you had breakfast? No, I haven’t.
ESLDO
The Tense System
• There are three types of verbs: be, do, have
Be • Be used with verb + ing to make conLnuous verb forms
– You’re lying (present) – They were reading (past) – I’ve been swimming (present perfect) – We’ll be having dinner at 8 o’clock (future) – You must be joking! (infiniLve)
• Be is used with past par9ciple to make the passive – These books are printed in Hong Kong (present) – Where were you born? (past) – The car’s been serviced (present perfect) – They city had been destroyed (past perfect) – This work should be done soon. (infiniLve)
Do
• Do/does/did used in Present Simple and the Past Simple – Do you live near here? (quesLon) – She doesn’t understand (negaLve)
• Do/does/did are used to express emphasis when there is no other auxiliary – I’m not interested in sports, but I do like tennis – “Why didn’t you tell me?” “I did tell you!”
Have
• Have is used with past parLciple to make perfect verb forms – Have you ever tried sushi? (present) – My car had broken down before (past) – I’ll have finished soon (future) – I’d like to have met Napoleon (infiniLve) – Having had lunch, we cleaned up (parLciple)
Other uses of auxiliary • Ques9on tags – It’s cold today, isn’t it? – You don’t understand, do you?
• In short answers (yes or no can sound rude) – “Are you hungry?” “No, I’m not.” – “Do you like jazz?” “Yes, I do”
• In reply ques9ons (these aren’t real quesLons; used to show that listener is paying ahenLon) – “The party was awful.” “Was it? What a pity.” – “I love hamburgers.” “Do you? I hate them.”
Modal auxiliary verbs
• Can, could, may, might, will, would, should, must, ought to, need
• These verbs “help” other verbs • Different from be, do, and have because they have their own meanings – He must be at least 70 (probability) – You must try harder (obligaLon) – Can you help me? (request) – She can’t have gohen my leher (probability) – I’ll help you (willingness)
Full verbs
• AcLon verbs: run, walk, eat, love, talk, write • The verbs be, do, and have can also be used as full verbs – Have you been to school today? – I want to be an engineer. – I do a lot of business in Russia
ESLEO
Avoiding RepeLLon
Using auxiliaries to avoid repeLLon
• When a Yes/No quesLon is asked, use the auxiliary on its own when answering rather than repea9ng the whole verb form – Example. – “Will it rain this alernoon?” “Yes, I think it will (rain this alernoon)”.
– “Should I study for this test?” “Yes, I think you should (study for this test)”
CommenLng on given informaLon • When we make comments in conversaLon, we usually avoid repea9ng informa9on that has just been given – Example – “Mary’s coming.” “I know she is” – “Angela can speak Spanish and Chinese.” “She can’t, can she?”
• When there is no auxiliary verb in Present and Past Simple posiLve statements, do/does/did is used to reply. This is to avoid repeaLng the full verb. – Example. – “I love Mexico.” “I do too, and so does James.” – “I thought the movie was fantasLc.” “I didn’t. I hated it.”
Responding with different auxiliary • To know which auxiliary verb to use, it is necessary to reconstruct the part of the sentence that is missing and to consider carefully the meaning and the 9me of events in the sentence – Example. – “I didn’t see the movie.” “Oh, you should have (seen the movie). It was great.”
– “You must see the Renoir exhibiLon. It’s wonderful!” “I have (seen it)”.
– “I wish you’d lock the door when you leave.” “But I did (I locked it)”.
Using more than one auxiliary
• When there is more than one auxiliary, we can use one or more when responding – “He could have been lying.” “Yes, he could/could have/could have been.”
– “Would I have enjoyed it?” “No, I don’t think you would/would have.”
• We use more than one if there is a change in the auxiliary – You should be given a raise.” “Well, I haven’t been.” – “She couldn’t have told him yet.” “She must have.”
Reduced InfiniLves
We can use to instead of the full infiniLve in replies – Example. – Haven’t you done the dishes yet?” “No, I’m just about to.”
– Are you coming for a walk?” “No, I don’t want to” The verb to be is not usually reduced to to. – She’s less moody than she used to be. – I wasn’t as impressed as I had expected to be.