AUXILIARY(VERBS( - ntcs.on.cantcs.on.ca/yabbfiles/Attachments/Auxiliary_Verbs_001.pdf ·...

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AUXILIARY VERBS

Transcript of AUXILIARY(VERBS( - ntcs.on.cantcs.on.ca/yabbfiles/Attachments/Auxiliary_Verbs_001.pdf ·...

Page 1: AUXILIARY(VERBS( - ntcs.on.cantcs.on.ca/yabbfiles/Attachments/Auxiliary_Verbs_001.pdf · Auxiliary(Verbs(+Tenses((• Be)and(the(conLnuous(forms( • Be)+verb)+ ing)! – Used(to(make(conLnuous(verb(forms(which(describe(acLviLes(in(progress(and(temporary

AUXILIARY  VERBS  

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ESLCO  

Auxiliary  Verbs  

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•  There  are  three  types  of  verbs:  –  1.  Auxiliary  verbs  (do,  be,  and  have)  

•  Used  to  form  tenses  and  show  forms  such  as  quesLons  and  negaLves    –  Example:  Do  you  have  the  answers  to  the  test?    

•  ExcepLons:  “do”,  “be”,  and  “have”  can  also  be  full  verbs    –  Example:    –  I  do  my  laundry  on  Saturdays.  – We  are  in  class  at  the  moment  –  I  have  a  job.  

–  2.  Modal  auxiliary  verbs  (must,  can,  should,  might,  will  and  would)    •  “help”  other  verbs  

–  3.  Full  verbs  (all  the  other  verbs  such  as  think,  go,  see,  etc.)  

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Auxiliary  Verbs  +  Tenses    

•  Be  and  the  conLnuous  forms  •  Be  +  verb  +  ing    – Used  to  make  conLnuous  verb  forms  which  describe  acLviLes  in  progress  and  temporary  acLviLes  

–  Example:  •  He’s  washing  his  hair  (Present  conLnuous)  •  They  were  going  to  work  (Past  conLnuous)  •  I’ve  been  learning  English  for  two  years.  (Present  Perfect  conLnous)  

•  I’d  like  to  be  lying  on  the  beach  right  now.  (ConLnuous  infiniLve)    

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Auxiliary  Verbs  +  Tenses    

•  Be  and  the  passive  voice    •  Be  +  past  par<ciple  is  used  to  form  the  passive  –  Example:  –  Paper  is  made    from  wood  (Present  simple  passive)  – My  car  was  stolen  yesterday  (Past  simple  passive)  –  The  house  has  been  redecorated  (Present  perfect  passive)  

–  This  homework  needs  to  be  done  tonight  (Passive  infiniLve)  

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Auxiliary  Verbs  +  Tenses    •  Have  and  the  perfect  forms  •  Have  +  past  par<ciple    is  used  to  make  perfect  verb  forms  

–  Example:  –  He  has  worked    in  seven  different  countries  (Present  perfect)  –  She  was  crying  because  she  had  had  some  had  news  (Past  perfect)  

–  I’d  like  to  have  met  Napoleon  (Perfect  infiniLve)  •  Perfect  means  “completed  before”  •  Present  perfect  means  “completed  before  now”  •  Past  perfect  means  “completed  before  a  9me  in  the  past”  

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Auxiliary  verbs  and  negaLves    

•  To  make  a  negaLve,  add  –n’t  to  the  auxiliary  verb  •  If  there  is  no  auxiliary  verb,  use  don’t/doesn’t/didn’t    –  Example:  –  PosiLve  –  He’s  working  – NegaLve  –  He  isn’t  working    

•  It  is  possible  to  contract  the  auxiliaries  be  and  have  and  use  the  uncontracted  not    –  Example:  – He’s  not  playing  today  =  He  isn’t  playing  today  

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Auxiliary  verbs  and  quesLons    •  To  make  a  quesLon,  invert  the  subject  and  auxiliary  verb  

•  If  there  is  no  auxiliary  verb,  use  do/does/did  –  Example:    – What  is  she  wearing?  She’s  wearing  jeans.  – Where  were  you  born?  You  were  born  in  Mexico.  –  Do  I  know  you?  I  know  you.  

•  There  is  usually  no  do/does/did  in  subject  quesLons  – Who  wants  ice  cream?  à  What  flavour  ice  cream  do  you  want?    

– Who  broke  the  window?  à  How  did    you  break  the  window?    

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Auxiliary  verbs  and  short  answers  

•  Short  answers  are  common  in  spoken  English  •  If  you  just  saw  Yes  or  No,  it  can  sound  rude  •  To  make  a  short  answer,  repeat  the  auxiliary  verb  

•  In  the  Present  and  Past  Simple,  use  do/does/did  – Example.    – Are  you  coming  with  us?  Yes,  I  am  – Have  you  had  breakfast?  No,  I  haven’t.  

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ESLDO  

The  Tense  System  

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•  There  are  three  types  of  verbs:  be,  do,  have    

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Be  •  Be  used  with  verb  +  ing  to  make  conLnuous  verb  forms  

–  You’re  lying  (present)  –  They  were  reading  (past)  –  I’ve  been  swimming  (present  perfect)  –  We’ll  be  having  dinner  at  8  o’clock  (future)  –  You  must  be  joking!  (infiniLve)    

•  Be  is  used  with  past  par9ciple  to  make  the  passive    –  These  books  are  printed  in  Hong  Kong  (present)  –  Where  were  you  born?  (past)  –  The  car’s  been  serviced  (present  perfect)  –  They  city  had  been  destroyed  (past  perfect)  –  This  work  should  be  done  soon.  (infiniLve)  

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Do  

•  Do/does/did  used  in  Present  Simple  and  the  Past  Simple  – Do  you  live  near  here?  (quesLon)  – She  doesn’t  understand  (negaLve)    

•  Do/does/did  are  used  to  express  emphasis  when  there  is  no  other  auxiliary  –  I’m  not  interested  in  sports,  but  I  do  like  tennis  – “Why  didn’t  you  tell  me?”  “I  did  tell  you!”    

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Have  

•  Have  is  used  with  past  parLciple  to  make  perfect  verb  forms  – Have  you  ever  tried  sushi?  (present)  – My  car  had  broken  down  before  (past)  –  I’ll  have  finished  soon  (future)  –  I’d  like  to  have  met  Napoleon  (infiniLve)  – Having  had  lunch,  we  cleaned  up  (parLciple)  

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Other  uses  of  auxiliary  •  Ques9on  tags  –  It’s  cold  today,  isn’t  it?  –  You  don’t  understand,  do  you?  

•  In  short  answers  (yes  or  no  can  sound  rude)  –  “Are  you  hungry?”  “No,  I’m  not.”    –  “Do  you  like  jazz?”  “Yes,  I  do”  

•  In  reply  ques9ons  (these  aren’t  real  quesLons;  used  to  show  that  listener  is  paying  ahenLon)  –  “The  party  was  awful.”  “Was  it?  What  a  pity.”  –  “I  love  hamburgers.”  “Do  you?  I  hate  them.”  

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Modal  auxiliary  verbs  

•  Can,  could,  may,  might,  will,  would,  should,  must,  ought  to,  need  

•  These  verbs  “help”  other  verbs  •  Different  from  be,  do,  and  have  because  they  have  their  own  meanings  – He  must  be  at  least  70  (probability)  –  You  must    try  harder  (obligaLon)  –  Can  you  help  me?  (request)  –  She  can’t  have  gohen  my  leher  (probability)  –  I’ll  help  you  (willingness)  

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Full  verbs  

•  AcLon  verbs:  run,  walk,  eat,  love,  talk,  write  •  The  verbs  be,  do,  and  have  can  also  be  used  as  full  verbs  – Have  you  been  to  school  today?  –  I  want  to  be  an  engineer.  –  I  do  a  lot  of  business  in  Russia  

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ESLEO  

Avoiding  RepeLLon  

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Using  auxiliaries  to  avoid  repeLLon  

•  When  a  Yes/No  quesLon  is  asked,  use  the  auxiliary  on  its  own  when  answering  rather  than  repea9ng  the  whole  verb  form  – Example.  – “Will  it  rain  this  alernoon?”  “Yes,  I  think  it  will  (rain  this  alernoon)”.  

– “Should  I  study  for  this  test?”  “Yes,  I  think  you  should  (study  for  this  test)”  

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CommenLng  on  given  informaLon  •  When  we  make  comments  in  conversaLon,  we  usually  avoid  repea9ng  informa9on  that  has  just  been  given  –  Example  –  “Mary’s  coming.”  “I  know  she  is”  –  “Angela  can  speak  Spanish  and  Chinese.”  “She  can’t,  can  she?”  

•  When  there  is  no  auxiliary  verb  in  Present  and  Past  Simple  posiLve  statements,  do/does/did  is  used  to  reply.  This  is  to  avoid  repeaLng  the  full  verb.  –  Example.  –  “I  love  Mexico.”  “I  do  too,  and  so  does  James.”  –  “I  thought  the  movie  was  fantasLc.”  “I  didn’t.  I  hated  it.”  

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Responding  with  different  auxiliary  •  To  know  which  auxiliary  verb  to  use,  it  is  necessary  to  reconstruct  the  part  of  the  sentence  that  is  missing  and  to  consider  carefully  the  meaning  and  the  9me  of  events  in  the  sentence  –  Example.  –  “I  didn’t  see  the  movie.”  “Oh,  you  should  have  (seen  the  movie).  It  was  great.”  

–  “You  must  see  the  Renoir  exhibiLon.  It’s  wonderful!”  “I  have  (seen  it)”.  

–  “I  wish  you’d  lock  the  door  when  you  leave.”  “But  I  did  (I  locked  it)”.  

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Using  more  than  one  auxiliary  

•  When  there  is  more  than  one  auxiliary,  we  can  use  one  or  more  when  responding  –  “He  could  have  been  lying.”  “Yes,  he  could/could  have/could  have  been.”  

–  “Would  I  have  enjoyed  it?”  “No,  I  don’t  think  you  would/would  have.”  

•  We  use  more  than  one  if  there  is  a  change  in  the  auxiliary  –  You  should  be  given  a  raise.”  “Well,  I  haven’t  been.”  –  “She  couldn’t  have  told  him  yet.”  “She  must  have.”    

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Reduced  InfiniLves  

We  can  use  to  instead  of  the  full  infiniLve  in  replies  – Example.  – Haven’t  you  done  the  dishes  yet?”  “No,  I’m  just  about  to.”  

– Are  you  coming  for  a  walk?”  “No,  I  don’t  want  to”  The  verb  to  be  is  not  usually  reduced  to  to.  – She’s  less  moody  than  she  used  to  be.  –  I  wasn’t  as  impressed  as  I  had  expected  to  be.