AUTOr^ATED SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SKIN IMPEDANCE …
111
AUTOr^ATED SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SKIN IMPEDANCE I^IASUREMENTS by STEPHEN NEIL SAJIDERSON, B.S. IN E.E. A THESIS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Approved Accepted May, 1976
Transcript of AUTOr^ATED SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SKIN IMPEDANCE …
AUTOr^ATED SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SKIN IMPEDANCE I^IASUREMENTS
by
STEPHEN NEIL SAJIDERSON, B.S. IN E.E.
A THESIS
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirement for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Approved
Accepted
May, 1976
mr-i'^''^
tir, 3 5
af^
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Dr. W. M. Portnoy for his encour
agement during the initial development of this measurement
system, and Dr. D. L. Gustafson for his guidance in prepar
ing this thesis.
Special thanks are also extended to Drs. D. L. Vines
and C. L. Burford for serving on my committee and their help
ful suggestions.
I would also like to thank my wife, Donna, for assis
tance in preparing this manuscript.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation
to the many other people whose words of encouragement enabled
me to complete this work.
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOl /LEDGMENTS ii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 5
A. Voltmeter Design
B. Phasemeter Design
C. Frequency Control
D. Synthesis of AC Equivalent Circuit
III. HARDWARE DESIGN 15
A. D/A Conversion Mode
B. Magnitude Measurements
C. Low and Mid-Frequency Phase Measurements
D. High Frequency Phase Measurements
IV. SOFTWARE DESIGN 38
V. RESULTS 46
VI. CONCLUSION AND PROPOSED MODIFICATIONS 55
VII. REFERENCES 58
VIII. APPENDICES 59
111
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Skin Impedance: equivalent circuits and representative Bode Plots 4
2. Phase Signal, X or Xored signals, V^ and V^ ^ 9 r s
3. Skin Impedance Detector: control modes and mode block diagram 16
4. Control Tables for Skin Impedance
Measurements 17
5. DAC Converter Circuit 19
6. AC Current Source and "zero-crossing detector" Circuit 22
7. Magnitude and High Frequency Phase
Sample Circuit 25
8. Output Register Circuit 27
9. Timing Diagram for Magnitude Measurements 28
10 . Phase Sample Circuit 32
11. Bode Plots: measured vs. ideal 51
12. Bode Plots of two subjects 52
13. Skin Parameters for four subjects 53
14. Graphic Option 4 for obtaining magnitude and phase coordinates off the Bode Plots 54
15. SID System Interface Diagram 62
IV
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The electrical characteristics of the human skin
have long been of interest for the diagnosis of various
skin disorders. Earlier medical research has sought to
relate the electrical properties of the skin to thyroid
function and local skin morbidity as well as impedance
plethysmography. Much of this research about electrical
properties of the skin has been concerned with the effects
of electrode type, size, and position on the values ob
tained from the skin measurements. For example, Lykken
discusses in detail his results concerning electrode
structure (including the electrolyte) and size on skin 2
resistance, while Kinnen reports at length his work with
different electrode positions.
Still other research studies revealed that the amount
of current passed through the skin remarkably affects
measurement of skin properties. The findings of Schwan
and Maczuk, for example, whose studies involved the
limits of impedance linearity with current, concluded
that skin impedance varied inversely with the current
applied. 1
These nonlinear effects, however, can be avoided if
the magnitude of current is not allowed to exceed 200VJA.
In addition, by defining electrode size and confining
measurement sites to a particular region, skin data could
be more rigorously correlated to various changes in the
subject's mental or physical condition.
Some of the more recent studies have been in the
field of psychophysiological research, which analyzed skin
impedance variations with frequency. These studies uti
lized a standard electrical circuit technique, known as
Bode analysis, to arrive at a three-parameter AC model
(Figure 1-A). This is a considerable improvement over
previous techniques, which fit a circuit to the imped
ance curve.
One major factor determining diagnostic feasibility
of any measurement system is the speed by which data can
be recorded. If the execution time of the measurements
can be minimized, then more time can be spent in corre
lating recorded data to the patient's particular charac
teristics. This thesis concerns itself with the design
and implementation of an automated system for acquisition,
processing and display of skin impedance data. The system
effectively minimizes the time and degree of manual
control, and, consequently, provides a faster means for
further correlative research.
The following chapters discuss the design philosophyi
as well as analog and digital processes associated with
the design of an automated skin impedance measurements
system. Chapter II outlines the basic design philosophy
by first treating the skin and deep tissue as a physio
logical "black box." This black box is considered as an
electrical impedance from which a Bode plot can be ob
tained. Secondly, methods using both digital and analog
processes are discussed for measuring the magnitude and
phase parameters of the black box. Finally, the appli
cation of the impedance function algorithm yields a skin
impedance function which will then be used to automatically
calculate the AC model parameters of the skin. Chapter III
discusses specific electronic circuit design associated
with the skin impedance detection system (SID). Chapter IV
discusses the various computer software CALL subroutines
specifically developed for linkage purposes between the
BASIC language and the SID. Chapter V provides details of
the actual system performance. Included in Chapter VI are
suggested modifications that will more easily lend the sys
tem to portable applications.
RO
Rl S
'X
1 — c
Ox'
1
>
\
L
-O X 1 1 1
J-1 1
--hx'
(A) (B)
I
I ^
6 lO-T
s-JO-
V /0-h
10
10
\Uo)\
1^1x01
' — 5 — L >, 1 , 1 , L
(C)
10 /O 10
(D)
Figure 1. Skin Impedance: (A) AC equivalent circuit,(B) as "black box", (C)&(D) representative Bode plots.
CHAPTER II
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
The structure of the skin and deep tissue can be
viewed, electrically, as a physiological "black box";
this term implies that the impedance function of the skin
is unknown. However, by attaching one electrode to each
palm in accordance with Burton's preliminary procedures,
and passing an AC current source of different frequencies
(lOHz-lOOkHz) through this two-terminal electrical load,
the impedance function can be obtained experimentally. It
should be noted that anodized silver-silver chloride elec-
2
trodes, 2 cm in area, were used and represented a negli
gible impedance compared to skin impedance. This can be
verified by Burton's findings. Also, the total measured
impedance represents two equivalent circuits in series
and that the individual resistive values are actually one-
half of the measured values, while the capacitor value is
twice the measured value. Restrictive circuit conditions
must also be placed on impedance measurements before any
analysis can be applied. The primary set of assumptions
is that the measured impedance must contain lumped
(non-distributive), linear, and bilateral elements. Fur
thermore, the impedance function analysis resulting from
Bode plots is good only for steady-state conditions.
Consider the hypothetical example of the following
electrical circuit. A two-terminal black box (Figure 1-B),
which represents the skin load, Z,, has an AC current
source, of magnitude T, as its input. Let the voltage, 7.
developed across the load, Z,, be measured by a phase-
sensitive voltmeter. Now suppose that the magnitude of T,
is held constant, and that the magnitude and phase of the
load voltage relative to T, are measured as the input fre
quency, f, is varied. The impedance, Z, , is given by,
_ \ _ \^^L _ ' T" X ^ ^ = 'L < L (1)
where V is the voltage measured at the frequency, f.
The phase angle, 0., (f) , is the angle measured by the phase-
meter at that frequency. The graphs of Z, , plotted on a
logarithmic scale, and of 0 , plotted on a linear scale,
versus frequency, plotted on a logarithmic scale, are two
forms of Bode plots. Examples of these plots are illus
trated in Figure 1-C and Figure 1-D. These two plots
illustrate the manner in which the overall skin impedance,
taken at palmar sites, varies with frequency.
Voltmeter Design
Since the relationship between the magnitude, or rms
value, and the peak value of a sinusoidal signal differ
only by a constant, i.e.,
I, = ^ i ^ , and V, = -^^ (2)
then a ratio of the peak values of V, and T, Is also the
magnitude of Z,. In addition, suppose the amplitude of
the AC current source is controlled by a known voltage,
namely V. , so that the current can be expressed as
I, = KV. (3) L m ^
where K is a known constant, independent of frequency.
The total skin impedance can be expressed relative to V.
as,
^ I, < 0° I, ^ KV. ^ <^) L Lp m p
where K has the units of ohms . The magnitude of the
impedance is now expressed as a ratio of two voltages.
This greatly simplifies design considerations because it
allows the same process to be used to determine the peak
values of either V._ or V, . m L
To obtain these peak voltage levels, a peak detec
tor circuit can be used. This type circuit utilizes the
high open-loop gain and high input impedance of an opera
tional amplifier to obtain the peak value of its input
8
voltage. A more detailed analysis of the peak detector
will be discussed in the following chapter.
Phasemeter Design
The phase measurement can be best accomplished by
digital means. It requires the use of a two-input, exclu
sive 'or' gate (Xor). The two digital signals, V and V ,
are outputs of "zero-crossing" detectors with the sinu
soids, V. and V, , as the inputs. The logical expression
resulting from the Xoring V and V is,
X^ = V^ . V + ? • V^ = V e V (5) r r s r s s r
This logical operation is also illustrated in Figure 2.
Note that each shaded area, or window, is proportional to
the phase difference, or with respect to one-half the
period of the input frequency,
A ^L ^L _ ^L (6) Area ^ ___ _ _ ^ ^ — —.— - — ^ ^ '
(% T)a) (% T)(27r
Therefore, if the area of the signal X can be detected,
then the phase difference can be calculated by multiplying
this area times the constant, TT .
For frequencies less than IkHz, the detection of
this area is accomplished by simply gating a clock of
known frequency with one window of X . Since the area is
M
V
V
11
II II
T
y
Figure 2. Phase S i g n a l , Xj-, of Xored S igna l s , V . and V s
10
a function not only of the phase difference, but of
frequency, then, the same counting process is needed to
A ratio of counts results in the
area of equation (6) equal to
count either V or V r s
# of X^ count 0,
# of V count TT (7)
For frequencies greater than 3kHz, a method is used
which takes advantage of both the higher frequency range
and the corresponding average value of signal X . The
equation for the average value relative to the period of
the input frequency is,
X ^ ( a v g ) = l/27r 2TT
X ^ ( 0 ) d 9
1/27T
\IU
0, d 0 +
7T / 2+0 ,
7r/2
0j^ + (Tr/2 -f- 0j^) - 7r/2
d 0
IT
(8)
Electrically speaking, the average value is simply the DC
component of signal X , which is directly proportional to
the phase angle of Z,.
The DC value (VT /-.) can be extracted by using a simple
low-pass filter. If the filter break-point frequency is
11
on the order of 100 times less than the smallest frequency
used in this method (IkHz), then very little ripple error
is introduced to the DC component ( <1X).
Frequency Control
If impedance measurements are to be fully automated,
there must be external control of the current source fre
quency. This is accomplished by using a voltage-controlled
generator (VCG). Depending on the type VCG used, a 1000:1
frequency range can be swept with a control voltage between
0-5V.
The VCG input voltage, in turn, can be controlled
by a digital to analog converting process (DAC). The
larger the digital word size of the DAC, the higher the
resolution in frequency.
Since all measurements techniques described above
can be converted to digital form, the phase-sensitive volt
meter as well as the AC current source, discussed earlier,
can be considered as being a computer-controlled system
capable of rapid impedance measurements. In addition, if
there exists a graphic-display peripheral with the compu
ter system, then Bode plot generation is available to the
operator.
Synthesis of AC Equivalent Circuit
The application of a synthesis algorithm developed
12
by Burton, provides an equation for the skin impedance
of the form,
Z, (f) = K, ^ (9)
The value of K, is obtained from the Bode plots (Figure 1)
by noting that Z( «> ) = K-, . It is also to be noted that
Z(0) = K-| (f2/f-i) , that is, the upper and lower -45 degree
points are not independent; in fact,
f2 ZL(0) ZL(0)
fi H \^-^ (10)
Now letting,
jf + f. jf + f, + (f. - f.) ^ = K. ^— (11) Z, (f) = K. — = K.
L Jf + f ^ jf + f
so that,
f2 - f Z, (f) = K, + K,-^ ^ = L 1 ^ jf + f
K.(f2/fi - 1) K, + ^ ^ ^ (12) 1 1 + j f/f.
Then, (13)
ZL(f) = K^ + + jf-
K^(f2/fi - 1) K2(f2/fi - Df^
13
which is just the impedance of the series combination of
a resistance and an R-C network (Figure 1), where
RQ = K^ = Z(<x>); (14)
Rl = K^(f2/fi - 1) = Z(0) - Z(oo); (15)
C = I = 1 2iTK (f2/fi - Df.^ 2,Tf (Z(0) - Z(=o))
2TTf]^Rl (16)
The circuit of Figure 1-A can simply be interpreted as the
series combination of the palmar skin impedance (R-.-C) and
a deep-tissue resistance, R^.
It is at this point that the analytical procedure
becomes particularly useful, since, if it is assumed that
the impedance function for human skin is represented by
that of equation (9), the values for the circuit elements
for any subject may be found by performing impedance
measurements at low and high frequencies and then deter
mining either the lower or upper frequency which corres
ponds to a phase angle of -45 degrees.
The following chapters discuss the actual hardware
implementation of a fully automated skin impedance measure
ment system. Computer software interfacing is also
included for the two peripherals of interest: the Skin
14
Impedance Detector (SID) and a graphics terminal (Bode
plot display). The equations (14, 15, 16), derived from
the impedance function given by equation (9), is also
incorporated into software to provide the operator with
this option for skin parameter calculations.
t
CHAPTER III
HARDWARE DESIGN
There are four basic control modes incorporated in
the system design. Each of these modes, generated by soft
ware subroutines, is defined as a hardware command, STC| -
STC^ (Figure 3-A). Each command is generated by gating
the various combinations of the computer words bits (BO
and Bl), with the enable line from the computer (STC).
Referring to Figure 3-B, the first hardware command
discussed, STCJ, controlls the D/A voltage by supplying it
with a 12-bit word from the A-register of the HP-21MX com
puter. When the D/A is used in the SID system, the voltage
is then used to control the VCG (Wavetek) output frequency.
This VCG output voltage then controls the current source,
located within the SID. Once the frequency is established,
then the command code, STCA, is sent to obtain magnitude
samples of V. and V . When this cycle is complete,
either the code, STCA, or STCj!, is sent to obtain phase
samples. The code, STCA, is used to obtain phase samples
V , and X , while STC| obtains the proportional phase vol
tage, Vj .
The system's software control truth tables are shown
15
16
input
STC
0
1
1
1
1
controls
BO
X
0
0
1
1 •
Bl
X
0
1
1
0
mode
0
STC^
STC3
STC2
STC J
output modes
mode description
no action taken
DAC control
magnitude measurement
digital phase measurement
analog phase measuremenl 1
(A)
STC'
d i g i t a l word
B2
STC
STC
z e r o - c r o s s i n j d e t e c t o r ( z e d ] ^
zed
s
V L
r peak detector
VT
(STC3)
(B2)
T Vr/Xr
lowpass filter
DC
A/D
(STCi)
LF/MF clock
J ^
I 12-bit word 1-
bit sign
word
sample
(B) Figure 3. Skin Impedance Detector: (A)control modes,
and (B)system block diagram.
17
STC^
0
'
B2
X
X
B3
X
X
control process
no action
D/A conversion
(A) D/A controls
STC j
0
1
1
B2
X
0
1
B3
X
-X
X
control process
no action
'lnD-t°-A/D
V, -to-A/D J up J
(B) Peak Detector-Multiplexor controls
STC?
0
1
1
1
1
B2
X
0
0
1
1
B3
X
0
-1
1
0
B4
X 1
0 j
0
0
0
control process
not action
V^ © Vg-to-SPEC-to-L.F. count
Vj. e Vg-to-SPEC-to-M.F. count
1
j Y;J.-to-SPEC-to-M.F. count
V^-to-SPEC-to-L,F. count
(C) Digital Phase controls
STCJ
0
1
1
B2
X
0
1
B3
X
X
X
B4
X
1
1
control process
no action
V 6 y -to-lowpass filter-A/D ^ 5
V -to-lowpass filter-A/D
CD) Analog Phase controls
Figure 4. Control Tables for Skin Impedance Measurements. STC—enable line;B2,B3,B4—control bits from computer,
18
in Figure 4. For actual hardware control, these tables
must be complemented with the exception of STC enable line.
This is due to the fact that available data to the SID is
encoded positive-false.
D/A Conversion Mode
Components making up the D/A converter board are:
2-74174N(12 latches), 1-7410 (3-input Nand Gates).
2-potentiometers (1 for gain adjust, 1 for zero adjust),
and 1-DAC-12QZ. The D/A converter schematic, along with
its timing diagram, is shown in Figure 5.
Upon receiving a high level enable bit from the
computer, and correct code word for STCJ, a clocking of a
new data word to the DAC will occur via the 2-Hex
D-Flipflops. There is no need for a flag to be generated J
in this mode. One reason is that the interval of time Z
before the next generated command code of STCJ is greater
conversion speed of the DAC (5 yisec) . The D/A output
voltage (0-5V) is used to control the generator frequency
(VCG input) of the Wavetek, which, in turn, controls the
current source.
Referring to the current source circuit shown in the
left-hand portion of Figure 6, if the input impedance of
the operational amplifier (op-amp) is assumed infinite
»
D than the combined time delay of the TTL components and the <
19
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20
along with the open-loop voltage gain, the current source
value can be expressed as the following:
I, = V. X 2_j4 ( 7)
^1^2^4 " L^^2^4 ~ ^1^3^
The particular op-amp chosen is a HA-2625 wide band, high
impedance, high gain, operational amplifier. The input
impedance is specified at 500 KQ with a mid-frequency gain
of 100 dB (100,000) and a high-frequency gain of at least
60 dB (1000). If one other condition is met, i.e., R-, = R/
and R2 = Ro, then equation (17) reduces to:
\ = Vi„/Ri • (18)
3 Consequently, the value of the current is simply the value
of the input voltage multiplied by the constant, 1/R-i .
Note that T, is in phase with V.^. For this reason, V.^ '
can be used as the reference phasor. The voltage V can 0
be expressed as
\ = W = (in/' l L • (19)
Solving for the load impedance Z, results in
inp
This equation can be related to equation (3), where
21
K = 1/R^. By detecting the magnitudes, V, and V^ , the
magnitude of Z, can be calculated by using equation (20).
In order to determine R,, the range of actual skin
impedance had to be determined. In Burton's report on
skin impedance measurements, the magnitude of skin imped
ance, Z,, of his measurements is within the range,
470fi < \ < 212 kfi . (21)
In order to provide a higher magnitude measurement
capability, the higher range value was, at that time,
increased to twice that of Burton's findings, or
^Lmax = ^24 k« . (22)
Noting that Z, occurs when V^ = V^^^^ = 15 V; then.
To satisfy slew-rate conditions of the zero-crossing
detectors at the higher frequencies (f > 50 kHz),
VT . = 50 mV (24) Lmin
Substituting this value into the equation.
^Lmin = Rl(Vin/^in) = ^l^^O -"V/V,^) = 470« .(25)
ft
H ^Lmax = '^l(Vax/Vin) = ^l^^^V/V.^) = 424 k« . (23) ,
0
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In order to satisfy equations 23 and 25, while keeping R^
constant,
^inl = ^ ^ /^24 kn )R^ , and, (26)
^in2 = ^^^ mV/470fi )R^ . (27)
Choosing R^ = 90 kfi , equations 26 and 27 become,
^inl = 3.18 V , and, (28)
Vi^2 = 9.6 V (29)
These voltages values correspond to the Wavetek
attenuation setting of -10 dB, and 0 dB, respectively. In
addition, the maximum current ly is given by 5
Lmax = V^^ niax/ 1 = ^-^ ^/^^ k = 107 pA . (30)
•
>
This value of maximum load current is well within the limits J
for skin impedance linearity.
Another consideration that had to be made was the
value for R« = R^. Using the above mentioned assumptions
placed on the circuit equations, the op-amp output voltage
equation is given by,
Z, (R« + R,) Vnn = V. ^ ^^ ^ - (31) op in pz
To insure non-saturated conditions for V , then, op'
V r. - 15V, or op *
(Rp + 90 kfi ) • 3V(424 kn ) < ^3 ^ ^32) (90 kfi )^
Solving for R2,
R2 - 5.5 kfi . (33)
However, to satisfy output current limitations, R2 was set
equal to 18 kfi . This effectively decreases Z, to
375 kfi , which is still well within the range of Burton's
recordings.
Magnitude Measurements ft
The basic method used to obtain the necessary routing 3
of DC information to the analog-to-digital converter uses ^
a multiplexed peak detector and a multiplexed, ramp- » 0
driven comparator. These devices are shown in Figure 7.
The. actual analog to digital conversion involves two
steps. The first step requires conversion of the sampled
amplitude into a pulse-width modulated signal. This pulse
width corresponds to the time interval necessary for a
ramp generator to rise to the value of the sampled ampli
tude. This pulse width is then used to gate a precision
crystal controlled oscillator (256kg Hz clock, kg = 1024)
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26
to the 12-bit counter register in Figure 8.
As stated above, three analog signals are digitized:
the two peak values of V^^ and V, , and the high frequency
phase DC level, Vj^^. The multiplexor consists of CMOS
analog switches: 1-HI-201 Quad analog switch and 1-HI-
1800A four-channel switch. Also included in Figure 7
is a 6 millisecond delay to allow for the ramp generation
and proper analog-digital conversion before a "flag" is
sent to the computer to indicate that the conversion is
complete.
For the frequency range less than 100 Hz, a problem
existed in that insufficient time was allowed to insure a
true peak value on the input of the peak detector. Refer
ring to Figure 9, if the command, STCA, is given by the
computer immediately after the peak of V, or V. has been *
reached, then a time of 1/f may elapse before the next ''
peak occurs. Consequently, with no time delay, the A/D 0
level of the peak detector would probably be in error.
In order to insure a positive peak reaching the peak
detector, a frequency-dependent time delay (FDD) circuit
was designed and is shown in upper left-hand portion of
Figure 7. A digital circuit operating with V^ (output of
"zero-crossing" detector for V^^ in Figure 6) as its
input waits for two negative-going edges of V^ before gen
erating a signal to start action (G) for the analog to
digital conversion.
11
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\
:ti
Figure 9. Timing Diagram for Magnitude Measurements.
29
This above method would be sufficient for all frequencies
were it not for the inherent rise time of the peak detec
tor (T = RpC = 15 milliseconds). Consequently, for
frequencies greater than 100 Hz, a constant time delay of
(5T = 75 milliseconds) is needed to guarantee accurate
peak levels to the A/D converter. This time delay was
later increased to 100 msec to also allow sufficient time
for the high-frequency phase measurement process discussed
in the next section.
A typical timing diagram for the magnitude measure
ment mode is shown in Figure 9. Since the measurement
process for V is essentially the same as that of V. ,
then the following timing discussion can be applied to
either.
At time T^, the hardware command STC^ is given.
This, in turn, multiplexes either V. or V, (depending on
• • • • •
tti
»
B2) into the input of the peak detector, and also triggers 0
either the 100 msec time delay (f >lOOHz) or enables the
FDD (f <lOOHz). The case of f <lOOHz is illustrated
because of the interesting timing characteristics. Note
that at time T-, , the sinusoid has a value less than its
peak value. Allowing time for two negative edges of sig
nal V also allows time for the sinusoid to swing through
its peak value (T^ - T2).
Upon the arrival of the second trailing edge (T2) of
V , the first JK flip-flop of the FDD is reset; its
30
Q-output then clocks the Q-output of the second JK flip-
flop (G) to a high level. This high level then starts
the ramp generation and clocks the 6 msec delay (ramp
timer). Once the ramp reaches the value of the peak
value (at time T ), the output of the PWM comparator
output goes low which disables the 256kg clock to the 12-
bit counter in Figure 8. At time T-, (T^ > T ), the 6 msec
delay goes low which sets a flag to the computer. Once
data has been transferred to the 21^K, then the hardware
command, STC^, goes low (time T/) which clears all flip-
flops and discharges the capacitors, C and C .
Low and Mid-Frequency Phase Measurements
For frequency measurements less than 3 kHz, two IV
other control bits B2 and B^ are introduced. The two ?
signals of interest are the "zero-crossing" detector out- ^
put signals, V and V . f r s
0
In order to determine a particular frequency of <
operation by measurement, the following analysis is pre
sented. A clock of frequency, f , when "Anded" to the
signal V of frequency f (or period T^), yields a pulse
train of frequency f modulated by signal V . The
number of counts (N ) within each modulated "window" is
given by.
31
Solving for the frequency f of the signal V^, then,
results in
fr = ^c' 2Nc • (35)
By knowing the count number, and clock frequency, the
operating frequency can then be determined.
Due to the unavailability of a 36-pin connector for
the SID-21MX interfacing, the word size output register
had to be limited to a 12-bit word, and a 1-bit sign.
12 Therefore, by knowing the maximum count (2 - 1) at the
lowest operating frequency of 10 Hz, the only unknown, f ,
can be found by using equation 35, or,
f , <2N f_. = 2(2^^ - 1)(10 Hz) 'v2^^ Hz (36) 3 cL — cmax rmin ^ / \ / \ / ^
Therefore, to insure no overflow will occur, f , is (T
1 5 * chosen at 2 Hz or 32kg Hz. Similarly, the mid-frequency [' clock, f , was chosen at 256kQ Hz. The implementation of cm o
a second clock was to increase accuracy over the mid-
frequency range, 100 Hz - 3 kHz.
Since a one degree of resolution of phase measurement
could be attained on either of the above ranges, 10 - 100 Hz,
100 Hz - 3 kHz, then no averaging of measurements was neces
sary. This means that only one cycle of V^ is needed to
gate the clock to the 12-bit counter. This is accomplished
by the sequential logic circuit shown in Figure 10. It is
t)
CM
32
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CO
e o o
3 Vl (U g
vH 4J
i H
u H CO
o 60 M cd a. r-l W tn
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o CO CO
Oi
a M 3 00 •ri
• • • • l!
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Wi >
o PQ
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>
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>
33
termed a "single-pulse-emitting circuit" (SPEC). Upon a
command sent by the computer and a correct command code of
STC2, the SPEC will allow one complete, % cycle of fre
quency signal V^, to gate the clock to the 12-bit output
register. This results in only one count per command sent.
Another feature is the flag generated from the second JK
flip-flop of the SPEC when all action is complete (Flag 2).
At this point, the data word has been loaded into the out
put register of the SID and is available to the computer
for processing.
The above circuit can be expanded to include phase
measurements by introducing another control bit, B2, for
routing either V or X to the SPEC. By using equation 7,
a ratio of X to V taken and multiplied by 180 gives the
phase angle of the load impedance, Z, .
However, this phase angle is insufficient because of
the lack of sign specifying a leading or lagging phase
angle. An arrangement as shown in Figure 8 using a
D-Flipflop completes the phase measurement by specifying
the sign. If the signal V^ (resulting from V ) , is leading
or lagging the signal V^ (resulting from ?^^), then the
output sign bit of the D-Flipflop to the computer is a
logical '1' or '0', respectively.
For the lower frequency range (<100Hz), a compensation
network had to be devised to eliminate unwanted digital
"noise" from the SPEC input. This noise is attributed to
the low slew rates of V. and V, (at lower frequencies) x n J-i
into the zero-crossing detectors of Figure 6. Supposin;.', tnc
magnitude of V^at 20Kz is 10 V, or in the time domain,
V^(t) = 10 sin(2Tr 20t) . (37)
Then the instantaneous slope at V = OV(t=0), is:
d(VL(t))
dt t=0
= 4 0 0 — ^ = 1.27- ^ ^ ! — (38) sec psec
For normal operation, the input slew rate of 72311 should
not fall below the value of 20 mV/psec.
Since this condition is not met for low frequencies,
output oscillations of 2 MHz occur until the input is out
of the threshold range of - 5 mV. The compensation network
(Figure 6), labelled as pulse-width extender (P\^), con-
s s a minute pulse-width extension to compensate for the
J !
sists of a dual-edge detector and a retriggerable mono- [)'
stable multivibrator. Its operation is as follows: "^^
If a change in the level of the signal, V , occurs, c,
this will trigger the monostable multivibrator via the
dual-edge detector. The multivibrator, being retriggerable
in nature, continues to indicate a high output level condi
tion (signal V,) until there is an interval of time, greater
than its set delay time (3 jusec), when no change in input
occurs. The "Oring" of signals V^ and the delayed signal
V results in a composite signal V'. The total effect is
35
leading or trailing signal noise of the original signal,
This particular scheme is used only for sinusoidal
frequencies where the slew rate is less than the minimum
acceptable slew rate ( < 100 Hz). Also, since the pulse-
extension interval is on the order of microseconds, and
the highest used frequency has a period on the order of
milliseconds, very little error is introduced into the
digital phase measurements ( < .2%). The total compensa
tion network incorporates two PWE circuits to accomodate
both Vg and V^. The control bit, B4, determines whether
signals V and V are to be modified to V and V , before s r s r
gating the SPEC. The value of B4 is, again, dependent on
the particular frequency of operation.
High Frequency Phase Measurements
For the frequency range of 3 kHz - 100 kHz, another
means of phase measurement was undertaken. Referring to
the above discussion concerning the Xoring of the two
signals, V and V , a pulse train with duty cycle, 0^/180
is generated. This particular duty cycle also has a
unique DC level which can be expressed as
Vj ^ = % duty X 15 V . (39)
The 15 volts comes from the higher level logic signal of
the buffer transistor (Figure 10). This effectively
o
3u
triples the phase measurement accuracy. The high-
frequency phase circuit uses a simple RC, low-pass filter,
with a break-point frequency of 80 Hz, to extract the DC
component of the signal X^. This minimizes the ripple
factor to 37o at 3 kHz. Since the rise time of this filter
is approximately the product of the R^C combination, then
5T = 100 msec must be allowed for steady-state conditions
to prevail. After the 100 msec delay, the DC phase voltage
is sampled in a similar manner as that discussed in the
previous section on magnitude measurements, starting at
time T2.
The control software necessary to generate the dif
ferent modes of operation for the SID is discussed in the
next chapter. The first subroutine discussed, LSKIN, is rv
used for low frequencies which enables the PWE, FDD, and
the low frequency clock (32kg Hz). The subroutine, MSKIN,
disables the above circuit functions and enables the con
stant time delay (100 msec) and the 256kg Hz clock. The
third subroutine, HSKIN, implements the analog phase
method for frequencies greater than 3 kHz. However, it
can be used for frequencies as low as 600 Hz. This is due
to the large phase angles at these frequencies which
results in negligible AC ripple content.
For frequency control, the subroutine, DAC, was
written which converts a frequency specified in the BASIC
program to a corresponding digital voltage word that is
37
sent to the D/A converter in the SID. However, the DAC
subroutine is not limited to operation with skin impedance
measurements. An available output from the D/A is
located on the front panel of SID for other laboratory
applications.
CHAPTER IV
SOFTWARE DESIGN
There are eight assembly language subroutines used
in conjunction with the SID BASIC language program. Five
of these subroutines can be used independently for other
laboratory applications. The other three subroutines,
LSKIN, MSKIN, and HSKIN, were specifically written to
process the frequency, magnitude and phase measurements
associated with the SID system. These SID subroutines i <
will be discussed first to maintain continuity with the 3
previous section. A brief discussion of the other five 1?
subroutines will be included to familiarize the operator
with the graphic and D/A capabilities for other laboratory
applications.
The BASIC CALL subroutine, LSKIN, was written to
obtain low frequency (F <100 Hz), magnitude, and phase
parameters. Its CALL statement has the following format:
10 CALL (2,F,P,M)
The first parameter, F, is the sample count obtained by
the "ANDing" of signal V of frequency f , to the low
38
M
39
frequency clock value of 32kgHz. However, to arrive at
the correct frequency value, the parameter, F, must be
multiplied by 8 in the BASIC program. The second param
eter, P, is the ratio of X^ count to V count. In order
to determine the phase, the value of P must be multiplied
by 180 in the BASIC program. The third parameter, M, is
the ratio of V ^ to V^ To determine the magnitude, Z^
the value of M must be multiplied by R, = 90kfi in the
BASIC program.
The CALL statement for the subroutine, MSKIN, has
the same parameter format as LSKIN, or:
10 CALL (3,F,P,M)
The three parameters must be algebraically modified in
the same manner as that described for the CALL subroutine,
LSKIN.
The BASIC CALL subroutine for the range 3kHz -
lOOkHz, is labelled HSKIN. Its statement format consists
of only two parameters:
10 CALL (4,M,P)
41
The parameter, M, also serves as the ratio, V, /V. Lp inp
while the parameter, P, is the data sample obtained by
the ratio Vj /15V. Again, to determine the phase, the
value of P must be multiplied by 180° in BASIC software
The CALL statement for the subroutine, DAC, has
the following form:
10 CALL (l,V/5)
To send the value of voltage, V, to the D/A converter
with output range of 0 - 5V, the parameter, V, must be
divided by 5. This fraction, in turn, is multiplied by
an all "I's" 12-bit register which is then sent to the D/A
converter.
The last four subroutines, used in the development
of SID, control all mode operations directed to the 4010
graphics terminal.
Subroutine 5, the Graphics mode, allows the operator
to plot either lines or points. The CALL statement format
for the graphics mode is:
10 CALL(5,I,X,Y)
42
Either a point, dark vector, or light vector can be plotted
depending upon the value of the intensity parameter, I = -1,
0, +1, respectively. The X-Y parameters are variables
whose values determine coordinate location where the origin
(0,0) is located at the lower left-hand portion of the
screen. These parameters should remain positive and less
than the graphics terminal maximum visible array coordi
nates (1000, 800).
The Erase subroutine, SUB6, offers the capability
of independently erasing the graphics terminal screen.
This prevents screen clutter for programs having the need
of multiple diagrams. Since there are no parameters, SUB6
has the following CALL statement format:
10 CALL (6)
Subroutine 7, the Alpha Cursor mode, is very useful
in moving the Alpha cursor anjrwhere on the screen for any
type of character output. Its BASIC CALL statement format
is :
CALL (7,X,Y,C)
i
ti
Where the X-Y parameters, again, define a particular
43
coordinate on the screen for an ASCII character print-out
of the parameter C. For character print-out of more than
one ASCII character, e.g., data print-out, axis labelling,
et cetera, the following format is used:
10 CALL (7,X,Y,0)
15 PRINT' 'ASCII string of characters"; variable field
This particular format establishes desired alpha-cursor
location and remains in the Alpha mode and same location
for characters to be printed. It is important to note
that once the Alpha-cursor reaches an end of line, it 3:
returns to one of the two margins incorporated within the
screen of the 4010 graphics terminal. Hence, in order to t"
write more than one line at coordinate X,Y, with margin at
X, the programmer must allow for additional CALL subroutine
7 statements which reset the Alpha-cursor to the margin at
parameter X.
The CURSI subroutine gives the operator flexibility
in directly determining various coordinates upon the termi
nal screen by manual adjustment of the illuminated cursor.
The BASIC CALL statement format takes the following form:
44
CALL (8,C,X,Y)
The parameter X and Y are screen coordinates sent to the
computer to establish the cursor position. The parameter C,
is the ASCII code of the key-board character used to trans
mit the coordinates X and Y.
The four graphic subroutines can be used indepen
dently of the SID system. It is necessary, though, to
load two object paper tapes into memory. The first object
tape contains only the SID subroutines (1-4) for mode
control to the SID, but has the subroutine table listed.
The second tape contains only the graphic subroutines f
(5 - 8) and lacks the format necessary to be linked inde-•• »
pendently with BASIC. The SID subroutine, DAC, can be «»
useful for other laboratory applications by simply addres- ^
sing Subroutine 1 with the correct voltage parameter and
then taking the D/A output from the SID. A listing of all
subroutines is located in Appendices F and G.
The BASIC program for the SID control is listed in
Appendix D along with a program description. This program
should be loaded after loading the object tapes containing
the system's software CALL subroutines. Otherwise, the
program tape will not be accepted correctly, and error
codes will be generated due to the CALL statements not
45
being properly defined.
The following chapter discusses measurement results
and the degree of accuracy that can be attained from the
SID system. Also included are the various illustrative
options available in the BASIC program.
r
ti
CHAPTER V
RESULTS
Upon the completion of all hardware and software
interfacing, the Skin Impedance Detection System was tested
for measurement accuracy. In order to compare magnitude
and phase errors to that predicted during design analysis,
a known impedance load, consisting of the three basic cir
cuit elements was used to represent the skin impedance. d
These values, RQ, R-., and C, were chosen according to the i
4 • mean values for the six subjects measured by Burton. The i circuit values were
RQ = 1 kohm.
f
{I
R^ = 180 kohm, and ;' n
C = .0085 microFarads. <;
The magnitude and phase values were then measured
over the frequency range, 10 Hz - 100 kHz, and stored in
computer memory. The Bode plot, obtained from the load
impedance is shown in Figure 11-A. The equivalent element
values were then calculated by computer algorithm. The
calculated circuit values were:
46
47
RQ = 1.037 kohms
R[ = 179.3 kohms
C = .00829 microFarads.
The corresponding Bode plot for these values was then
generated and is shown in Figure 11-B. The mean error
for the measured values is 2.2%.
A somewhat more significant error occurs in the phase
measurement at frequencies greater than 50 kHz (6%). This
can be attributed to the loss of high frequency components
of the "zero-crossing" detectors' outputs. This causes
the waveforms, V and V , to have rounded corners rather
than sharp corners, resulting in the loss of DC information
proportional to the phase. To compensate for this problem, I'
comparators with higher frequency responses could be used. i »-
Either way, this error at the higher frequencies does not !!
affect the AC circuit element calculations taken from palm-
to-palm measurements.
The speed at which measurements are taken is limited
to the acquisition times between the SID and the computer.
From the instant the frequency is sent to the SID, the
cycle-time for each skin impedance measurement, consisting
of four to six data samples from the SID, is roughly
800 msec. This time also includes the print-out of each
skin impedance parameter. The effective completion time
for impedance measurements, considering 40 frequency
t
I'
49
samples, is 32 seconds. For Bode plot generation and AC
model synthesis, an additional 30 seconds is needed. All
skin impedance information is available to the operator
one minute after beginning the measurements.
Since subject-data correlation was not the primary
interest of this thesis, no extensive research will be
considered at this time. However, for illustrative pur
poses, a sample set of skin impedance Bode plots are inclu
ded in Figure 12 of two hiiman subjects. Figure 12-A serves
to illustrate the degree of conformity between an actual
skin impedance Bode plot and the three-element AC model
Bode plot. Figure 13 lists the parameters obtained from
the four other human subjects.
Other graphical aids have also been incorporated
into the system software, depending upon the operator's
intentions. The operator may be interested only in obtain
ing curve values, possible because of unusual characteris
tics measured at sites other than the palmar regions. If
this is the case, the operator positions a cross-hair
cursor on the desired curve values, depresses either the
M or P keyboard character (magnitude and phase, respec
tively) , and the coordinate values will be referenced and
listed to the left of the graph (Figure 14).
The operator can also choose the manner in which he
wants the AC model to be synthesized, i.e., whether he
wishes to enter the graphical coordinates for circuit
I
(
' tJUS TCCM UB«^«^
50
element calculations either manually or automatically.
For example, if several phase points are within a few
degrees of the -45 phase crossings, the operator could
visually enter the exact -45° point off the curve to
obtain a better curve fit between the measured and ideal
Bode plots. Otherwise, a computer algorithm furnishes
the element values automatically. In addition, hard
copies of the graphical information are available in the
SID system and make it possible to generate subject-data
files.
.;
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52
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frequency, in Hz
Figure 12- Bode Plots of 2 subjects: (A)inale-age 23, (B)female-age 50
53
I' I n I
R8= J351 OHMS Rl= 136681, OHMS C= i.72939E-88 FARADS FQ.<1ST - 4 5 >= e? HZ
G^l^male-age 23
4 i
>0= 1 4 7 3 OHMS
R l = 2 3 6 6 4 5 . OHMS C= X.2917SE-SS FARADS FQ.<1ST - 4 5 ) = 42 HZ
CB) male-age 20 I • • I (
m= 7U3 OHMS R i ~ 42333. OHMS C= l..611i34E-08 FARADS FQ.<iST -45>= 233 HZ
CC) female-age A
R0= 1663 OHMS Rl= 116.305. OHMS C= 2.7930SE-08 FARADS FQ.<iST -45?= 48 HZ
(D) male-age 23
Figure 1 3 . Skin Parameters for four human subjects
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CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSED MODIFICATIONS
In summary, this thesis concerns itself with the
extension of the Bode analysis techniques used by Burton
to encompass an automated system for acquisition, proces
sing, and display of skin impedance data. Following data
acquisition, the data is processed by a computer, and a
Bode plot of the data can be graphically generated on a
display terminal. From this plot, the AC model parameters
of the skin can be automatically calculated using the re
lated equations of the skin impedance function furnished
by Burton. This Skin Impedance Detection System (SID)
essentially eliminates the time-consuming problem encoun
tered with a manually controlled system. Hence, more time
can be spent in finding possible future correlative infor
mation between a person's mental or physical condition and
his skin impedance parameters.
Depending on the success of further research, the
overall Skin Impedance Detection System can be modified
into a self-contained unit and possible even a portable
unit. With the advent of a voltage-controlled sinewave
generator on a single integrated circuit (IC) chip, the
multi-waveform generator contained in the SID system could
55
1 11
56
be completely replaced. This reduces the SID system to a
single measuring unit but still requires the control of a
general-purpose computer system. This elaborate system
can be further reduced in size by incorporating a micro
processor control system with only two I/O ports: one
port to control the various modes associated with SID, and
the second port for a micro-programmed display of the skin
impedance data.
Also, a complete unit, consisting of a VCG and
calculator IC chip, with no more than five memory loca
tions and a minimiam amount of control hardware, could be
portably used in clinical applications. The patient's
parameters could then be viewed on an LED display. This
vast simplification is due to the fact that only three
points of the Bode plot are needed to determine the three-
parameter model: the high-frequency magnitude asymptote
(obtainable at 200 kHz), the DC resistance, and the lower
frequency at which the measured phase angle is -45 (less
than 2 kHz).
Since it is known that a person's anxiety levels
remarkably affects his skin impedance values, the portable
unit could be further modified to monitor either the phase
or magnitude at a pre-determined frequency. This frequency
could correspond to the first -45° crossing of the patient's
phase angle. By monitoring at this frequency, any change in
the value of -45° could be correlated to the degree of
II
57
stress placed on the patient during examination.
Although the total capabilities of skin impedance
measurements are not yet known, it is a procedure that has
features of being quick and non-invasive. As a result,
this procedure lends itself more easily to the application
in diagnosis and prognosis of many pathological and psycho
physiological states.
REFERENCES
Lykken, D. T. Properties of Electrodes Used in Elec-trodermal Measurements. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology. 1959. 527 629-634.
Kinnen, E. Electrical Impedance of Human Skin. Medical 6e Biological Engineering. 1965, 3, 67-70.
Schwan, Herman P., & Maczuk, Juriz G. Electrode Polarization Impedance: Limits of Linearity. Engineering in Medicine & Biology, 1965.
Burton, Charles E., David, Robert M., Portnoy, Wm.M., & Akers, Lex A. The Application of Bode Analysis to Skin Impedance. Psychophysiology, 1974, 2, 517-524.
Cole, K. S. Electrical Conductance of Biological Systems. Cold Spring Harb Biology, l TT 1', lOl-TTET
A Pocket Guide to the Hewlett-Packard 2100A Computer, Hewlett-Packard Co., Palo-Alto, California, TT7
Systems. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Qualitative
53
Appendix A;
Appendix B;
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Ai;Dendix G
APPENDICES
Interfacing Procedures 60
Program Initialization 69
BASIC Program Operation 73
BASIC Program Listing 80
Connector-pin Assignments for Data Flow between SID and 21MX 89
SID Assembled Listings 92
Graphics Assembled Listings 100
59
APPENDIX A
Interfacing Procedures
60
61
Before operating procedures can be discussed, an
overview of the system and general description must be
presented. A block diagram of the total system is shown
in Figure 15. First, a discussion of the interaction
between the HP-21MX system and the Skin Impedance Detec
tor (SID) will be presented. This overall impedance-
measurement system includes both the Tektronix Graphics
Terminal (operator interface) and the Versatec Printer/
Plotter (permanent listing of program and data). This
discussion will be followed by a description of the
interaction between SID, the Wavetek waveform generator,
and the subject whose skin impedance will be measured.
Computer Peripherals
There are three computer interfaces in the total SID
system: the temporary 21MX-2100 interface, the 21MX-SID
interface, and the 21MX-Graphics Terminal interface.
The 21MX-2100 and the 21MX-SID interfaces require
the use of the Hewlett-Packard 12566A Microcircuit Inter
face Card (MCR). The MCR provides the link between SID
and the 21MX computer. For skin impedance measurements,
the select code for the MCR is octal 11. The interface
card permits bidirectional information flow: 16 bits of
parallel input and 16 bits of parallel output, to or from
the computer. The MCR also has two lines of control: the
enable line, which sends a command from the 21 MX to start
t
I
I I
62
> o
to j - i CO
Q
to C CO
•H (0
00 o
f - l CO
c <
A- f
i
u >< 0)
^ 3 <^ p.
6 04 o
0) O M C O
C ttf XJ
^ 0) <U CO CU *J
4J 3 O
>
o o > - >
4J 3 o
Q) >
M 0) 4J 0) > CO :s
CO
M
es O CO
U-l M Q) 0) > C CO 0) :s t>o
1 5 —1 . / - s <U • • o* <u c o <u ^ •H o n e u) o U4 cd
r - l u
to
00 CO
o CO
u 0)
c
<u
CO
Q M CO
i n
0)
u 3 00
action, and the flag line, which accepts an action-
complete status from the I/O device. Data signals are
encoded as ground-true and positive-false. Hence, any data
word, W, output from the MX's A/B registers, is available
as W to the I/O device. In addition, the enable line has
the option of being either encoded in positive or nega
tive logic. The flag line can also be set to either
positive or negative-edge triggering. For operation with
SID or the 2100, the flag set jumper should be set to
positive-going edge triggering and the enable line jumper
should be set to positive-true.
Before the 21MX and SID can be physically inter
faced by cable, a memory transfer must be implemented
between the 2100 located in the Computer Lab and the 211»DC
located in the Biomedical Systems Lab. This is necessary
because of the lack of read and write peripherals being
situated locally with the 21MX. Consequently, all perti
nent memory for the SID system must be loaded in the 2100
via magnetic tape and paper tape. A short machine instruc
tion program entered into each computer allows memory
transfer from the 2100 to the 21MX.
This communication linkage is bidirectional, e.g.,
if the paper tape piinch is needed following BASIC program
modification in the Biomedical System Lab. Two important
distinctions must be kept in mind if this particular
process is to be used. First of all, the select code for
/ ' IL.
the 2100's MCR is octal 14, and the select code used wiih
BASIC in the 2100 system is octal 20. The respective
select codes for the 2lMX's MCR and BASIC drivers are
octal 11 and 10. Hence, this modification must be kept
in mind when the operator is programming computers. A
more detailed set of instructions is located in Appendix
B. Once the memory transfer is complete, the interface
cable between the 21I4X MCR and the SID is connected.
During program execution, an OTA SID instruction
followed by a STC SID instruction initiates data flow from
the 21MX to the SID via the MCR. Depending on the word
output from the computer, one of three basic data proces
ses will be actuated: frequency change, magnitude measure
ment, or phase measurement. The latter two processes, when
complete, will generate a flag signal back to the 21MX.
Once this flag is received by the computer, a return to
the system's BASIC program will be initiated following
software formatting of the data obtained from the SID.
The' 21Mx - Graphics Terminal interface requires a
HP-12531C high-speed interface card. Its particular slot
ninnber in the 21MX is select code 10. The Graphics Ter
minal 4010 has several modes of operation which will be
used in skin impedance measurements. First, in the Alpha
mode, the Terminal is used to display any of the charac
ters on the keyboard. A non-storing Alpha cursor is
displayed on the screen to indicate the next writing
65
position. This is the Alphanumeric or Alpha cursor.
The display screen allows up to thirty-five lines of
information with a maximum of seventy-four characters in
each line. There are left and right margins with an
automatic carriage return and line feed at the right
margin. When first turned on, the 4010 will automati
cally reset to the Alpha Mode.
The second mode of operation is the graphic plot
mode (graph). In the Graphic Plot Mode, the 4010 uses
1024 addressable points on each axis. Only 780 of these
points are visible on the vertical (Y) axis. The addres
sable points are obtained by sending data in groups of
four bytes. An ASCII GS character gets the 4010 into the
Graphic Plot Mode. Depending on the value of the inten
sity parameter sent from the computer, either a vector or
a point will be plotted.
Thirdly, by using the Graphic Input Mode and soft
ware, the computer can request the following graphic in
put information: the Alpha cursor coordinates location,
or the Cross-hair cursor intersection coordinate location
For Cross-hair cursor operation, the cursor is enabled
from the computer. The operator must change the Cross
hair controls to the desired intersection point. When
the operator strikes a keyboard character, the character
and the coordinate location are sent to the computer.
The fourth mode of operation, Hard Copy Mode, is
between the 4010 and the Versetec Printer/Plotter.
Although the Versatec P/P is not directly interfaced to
the 21MX (Figure 16) in this thesis, it does have this
capability. The primary interest of the P/P in this
system is for a hard copy print-out of the data obtained
from the Graphics Terminal screen. This is easily accom
plished by depressing the "copy" switch on the Graphics
Terminal front panel.
Description of Wavetek-SID Interface
The Wavetek's waveform generator is used in the total
SID system for sinusoidal frequency generation and for
indirect magnitude control of the AC current source located
within the SID in performing skin impedance measurements
on the subject. The frequency actuation is accomplished
by using the voltage controlled generator (VCG) input to
the Wavetek. This connector allows external control of
the frequency. With 0 volt in, the basic generator fre
quency (50 ohm out) is determined by the frequency range
selected and the frequency dial setting on the front panel.
A positive VCG voltage will increase this frequency, and
a negative voltage will decrease the frequency. Up to a
1000:1 frequency change can be controlled by supplying an
input voltage range of 0 - 5 volts.
The output attenuation knob of the Wavetek provides
the capability of indirectly changing the amplitude of
the AC voltage controlled current source (VCG) located
67
within SID. A zero attenuation level (cw vernier and Odb).
corresponds to the VCC having a current amplitude of
126 ;iA. Knob adjustments of -lOdB, -20dB, et cetera have
the effect of decreasing the VCI' s amplitude by (l26yiA) x
(10 2) = 40;iA, 12.6MA, et cetera. For normal operation
(skin impedance range), the -lOdB (cw vernier) setting
should be chosen. This setting best suits the range in
which the magnitude of the skin impedance lies. Also, for
the most efficient operation, only two manual range adjust
ments have to be made during system operation. These
range settings should be Xlk and XlOOk (counterclockwise
(ccw) range vernier, clockwise (cw) range dial) for fre
quency ranges of lOHz - IkHz and IkHz - lOOkHz, respec
tively.
The analog voltage to the VCG is supplied by the D/A
converter output incorporated in the design of the SID.
The D/A converter, a DAC-12QZ, is a binary complement
coded, 12-bit converter with optional output voltage range
and a coriversion speed of 5;jsec (see spec, sheet). The
converter operates from -15 source, and +5 source. There
fore, jumper connections provide 5 output ranges: -2.5V,
tsv, ^lOV, 0 to +5V, 0 to +10V. By selecting the 0 to 5V
range (compatible with the Wavetek VCG input) a frequency
resolution of .24% of the range setting can be obtained.
The input impedance of the VCG of the Wavetek (5kQ) proved
adequate so that no buffering is needed. Because of these
68
different operating ranges, the DAC-12QZ can be useful in
other laboratory applications that require the use of a
programmable D/A converter. It is important to note that
the outgoing data word (W) from the computer via the MCR
is encoded W to the binary-complement D/A converter.
Hence, no word coding between devices needs to be intro
duced.
Subject-SID Interface
The subject should be connected via a coaxial cable
to the SID connector designated as "constant AC current
out." Note that since this is a current source, this out
put should be shorted when not in operation. Safety can
be accomplished simply by keeping the Wavetek off between
measurements.
There are three possibilities for a measurement
protocol:
1. Most desirable - wipe off the palmar areas with methanol. Place a good (not scratched or otherwise damaged) silver-silver chloride (NASA) electrode, filled with NASA yellow electrodermal paste on each palm and perform the measurement. Clean and refill the electrodes between each subject.
2. Next desirable - if there is no electrodermal paste, use NASA blue electrocardiography paste. Place one electrode on the inside of each forearm, halfway between the wrist and the elbow, after wiping the area with methanol. Clean and refill the electrodes between subjects.
3. Least desirable - if there is no paste at all, use NDM long or short-term disposable monitoring electrodes, Place the electrodes on the inside of each forearm, as in protocol 2; clean the electrode areas with methanol first. Use new electrodes for each subject.
APPENDIX B
Program Initialization
69
70
Since operations between the 21MX and the 210G are
not straightforv/ard to the unexperienced operator, a list
of program initialization instructions have been included.
These instructions apply even though skin impedance measure
ments are not taken, e.g., if another lab experiment
requires the use of BASIC. By following this list of step
by step procedures, the operator can transfer memory
bidirectionally between computers, to obtain a paper-
tape print-out of his program. There are five listings
of information needed to complete memory transfer:
1) A magnetic tape which includes BASIC,
2) The SID subroutines (both tapes are needed if operator is going to use graphic subroutines associated with the SID subroutines),
3) The two machine instruction programs: A) Dumper program B) Dijmpee program,
4) BASIC program used by operator, if any, (e.g., the BASIC program for SID), and
5) Listing of memory locations renumbering I/O select code (SC) instructions in BASIC.
An instructional flow chart is included for the
operator's convenience. The first flow chart is diagrammed
to show memory transfer from the 2100 to the 21MX. The
second flow chart outlines a similar procedure for memory
transfer from the 21MX to the 2100:
To Transfer Memory fror: 2100-to-2i::
71
Load BASIC via
Mag. tape.
Halt 2100
Load SID Subs.(2)
no
2100: P-15000.
run. 3F
Load 037710 = 000007
P-lOOs' run.
Load BASIC tape(Ptape)
Halt 2100
Load Dumper Program SA-lSOOOs,
via 2100 display
register (SC-lAg)
P-15000ft. run.
Load Dumpee Program SA-37000g,
via 2JMX display
register (SC-llg)
P-37700R. run.
Wait 5 seconds. (21MX will not
Halt an fOmaM-ran y^
Halt 21MX
Dump 210C
M 15000 15001 15002 " " 3 •••»4 " " 5 "•'6 " " 7 15010 15011 " " 2 " " 3 ••"4 " " 5 " " 6
>er Program l-to-21MX
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
T 10311A 10231A 027001 10671A 067016 057015 02701A 037015 163015 102614 10371A 027001 102077 000007 037677
yes
Dumpee Program 2100-to-21MX
37000 37701 37702 f I I I o
» • » » 4 I I I f r
I f f 1 ^
37710
1067JJ_ 1037j_l_ 1023n_ 027702 1025n_ 037710 027700 000007
?->
Good Memory Transfer. 2100 will indicate Halt 77
Change BASIC I/O instructions
to SC-lOg for 21MX
To address 4010 Graphics Terminal:
P-2025g(BASIC prog, in memory), or,
P-100g(No prog, in memory)
IE For Skin Impedance
Measurements: Disconnect 2100-
21MX cable 6. connect the SID cable to 21MX
run.
To Transfer Memory from 21MX-to-2100
Load Dumper Program into
21MX (SC-llg)
Make sure 2100-21MX cable connection intact.
T P-15000ft, run
Load Dumpee Program into
2100 (SC-14p) 3K
P-377008, run.
If 037710 = 037677, good
memory transfer. t U - ^
Change BASIC I/O instr. to 20Q(CRT),22ft(TTY).
APPENDIX C
BASIC Program Operation
73
a-The higher level language used in conjunction wit';.
the SID is the BASIC language which controls all communi
cation between the computer and the operator via the Tek
tronix Graphics Terminal. Once the Program Initialization
instructions have been completed (Appendix B) , the 21M::
program pointer has been set at 2025g and the computer set
in run condition, the computer will address the graphics
terminal with the status condition,
READY
At this time, the operator types the following BASIC
command,
RUN
followed by the return key. This sets the BASIC program
(listing in Appendix D) into operation by first blanking
the screen with the graphics subroutine. Erase. Since
there are no parameters needed to execute an erase, the
subroutine has the following format:
4 CALL (6)
An erase of the screen can also be performed by the opera
tor by depressing the Page key on the terminal keyboard.
When all frequency measurements from 10 Hz to 1 kHz are
complete, the program addresses the operator with the
instruction.
75
"Change frequency range to XlOOk, set output attenuation 0 dB."
These setting changes on the Wavetek are necessary for
the frequency range 1 kHz to 100 kHz to provide a sensi
tive enough output level to record low magnitude values.
Once again the calibration method described above for the
frequency, 500 Hz, is used for frequency calibration at
1.5 kHz (steps 203 - 206).
If the calibration has been completed, then measure
ments commence for this higher frequency range (steps 208
225). Again, all data measurements are stored in array
variables via BASIC subroutine 251 until the highest fre
quency has been reached. Once all impedance measurements
have been processed and stored in array variables, then
control is returned to the operator for graphic display
procedures.
Graphic Options
There are five options listed by the BASIC program
for graphic display (step 290):
1) Graph and AC model,
2) Graph, cursor derived AC model,
3) AC model only,
4) Graph, cursor, or
5) No graphic operation; End Program.
For options 1 and 3, a computer algorithm is employed to
locate the Bode Plot break-points and generate the AC
76
equivalent model parameters RQ, R^, and C (steps 700 -
742). Option 2 allows the operator to "visually" obtain
the break-points from the Bode Plot (steps 800 - 827).
These points are obtained using the cursor and the thumb
wheel dials on the graphics terminal key-board. Option U
generates a Bode Plot with no algorithm. The cursor is
used here to obtain values off the magnitude and phase
plots (steps 585 - 680). Option 5 is chosen to terminate
the program.
If an option is chosen whereby a graph is generated,
the program answers the operator's option with:
"Desired coordinates for graph's origin." (step 300)
By typing in two coordinate locations, the operator has the
option of making the graph any size he wishes. For optimum
graph size, the coordinate values for the horizontal axis
should remain between 100 and 500, while for the vertical
axis, the value should remain between 100 and 400. In all
cases, the graph, which is right-justified on the screen,
will generate a frequency axis (horizontal scale) between
10 Hz and 100 Hz and two vertical scales. The left-most
vertical axis is for magnitude plotting between 100 fi -
1 Mfi and the right-most vertical axis is for phase plot
ting between 0 - (-90) degrees. This particular phase
range was chosen because skin impedance measurements are
capacitive in nature.
Once the graph has been drawn and labelled, the
77
array values for frequency, magnitude, and phase are
instantaneously plotted. The magnitude curve is indicated
by a solid line while the phase plot is indicated by a
dotted line. At this point, the program returns control
to the operator depending on the option previously chosen.
Options 1 and ^
In the case of option 1 or 3, the program returns
control to the operator once the AC model algorithm has
generated the model parameters. If the particular curve
did not conform to the equivalent AC model used (R,C
parallel combination in series with RQ) then an error
condition is generated and the program generates an audible
tone followed by the word 'Error' printed on the screen.
If no error is generated, the control return is indicated
by the cursor illuminated on the screen. This cursor
simply allows the operator to choose any location on the
screen for printing the AC model parameters.
Option 2 '
If option 2 is chosen, then immediately following
the plotting routine, the cursor, followed by screen in
structions, is illuminated on the screen. The program
waits for four sets of coordinates that are entered by
the operator. The operator enters the four coordinates by
depressing any key (preferably the space-bar). After each
entry, the cursor will momentarily disappear to store that
78
particular coordinate and then reappear when ready for
the next coordinate.
Coordinate 1 can actually be entered by using only
the horizontal part of the cursor. This particular coor
dinate is the magnitude asymptote, which corresponds to
the low frequency range (< 30 Hz). If this portion of
the magnitude curve is not close to being horizontal, then
the operator must judge the placement of the cursor to
best suit the value of the asymptote.
The second coordinate is the positioning of the
cursor on the Z(«') magnitude curve. Similarly, the third
coordinate should be positioned on the first -45° phase
crossing. Coordinate four is the location where the AC
parameters will be printed on the screen. Coordinate four
should be entered by the S-key if the operator wishes the
ideal plot to be superimposed onto the measured plot.
Ideal Bode Plot
Immediately after entering the position where the AC
parameters are to be printed, in either Option 1, 2, or 3,
the parameters RQ, R^, and C, along with the frequencies
at which the phase crossed through -45 , will be listed.
At this point, exclusive of Option 3, control will be re
turned to the program which, in turn, calculates the im
pedance function using the calculated values of RQ, R ^ , C
in Options 1 and 2 (step 235). Then, a Bode Plot of this
7P
"idealized" model is plotted and can be superimposed o:.
the original curve by depressing the S-key. During this
plot, the magnitude will again be a solid line, but the
phase will be plotted with the symbol "*" to help distin
guish between curves. This curve graphically depicts how
close the actual measurements came to approximating the
three-element AC equivalent model. The termination of the
program is indicated by the BASIC command,
"Ready".
Option 4
As with Options 1 and 2, the measured impedance
function is plotted. Upon the termination of the plot,
the cursor will appear to be used to obtain particular
curve values. If a certain magnitude coordinate is de
sired, the operator positions the cursor at the inter
section of the desired coordinate. By depressing the
M-key, the particular coordinate will be referenced with
the number 1 and the corresponding value of magnitude and
frequency will be indexed by a 1 and listed on the left
side of the screen. Similarly, for phase coordinates, by
positioning the cursor on the phase plot and depressing
the P-key, the particular coordinate will be referenced
and indexed in the same manner as described above.
Depressing the 0 (zero) key terminates the program by the
printing of the BASIC command,
"Ready".
APPENDIX D
BASIC Program Listing
80
81
5 7 «
1 1 1 2 I 5 1 7 1«
1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 7 3H 31 3 3 3 4 3 5 37 3 9 A\ A2 4 3 4 4 4 5 46 47 48 49 59 61 6 3 6 7 6 8 6 9 70 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 9 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5
CALL < 6 )
PR INT - I S THE USER F A M I L I A R P R I N T - l y P E K Y E S ) , INPUT 0
5 7 9
OCi'J^) H T H OP ERA T I NO
A.> D I HEM K£TUKi>i'* PROCEDURES?
IF Q>1 THEN IF Q=l THEN CALL < 6) PRINT "THIS WAIT C251MH) CALL (6) PRINT "THERE
PROGRAM INVOLVES SKIM IMPEUA.XCE KEASUK EML.M IS .
PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT INPUT CALL
ARE THREE NECESSARY P E R I P H E A L b : " ! • THE WAVETEK WAVEFORM G E . N E K A I O R * "
2 . S K I N IMPEDANCE DETECTOR(SID)bELOw 3 - A SUBJECT (UK UUMwr L u A L ) ) . "
HP-2li'iA Cu.*JPuTt.K'
t(
»•(
OPERATING PROCEDURES ( A L L P E K I P H L K A L S Or^\'i'* I.SET FREQUENCY RANGE TU •10K."
A. TURN FREQUENCr UIAL i-JLLr CLUCKW. 1 SEC C w ) .'* B. TURN FREQUENCY VERNIER (DIAL I.sSIUt. FRLV,'. K A N G E "
KNOB) 3/4*S TURN C0UNTEr\CLOC/\v, 1 S£( CC».) • InE " FREUUENCr CAN LATER BE ADJUSTED IN TrtE P K J G K A M ^U^ "
CALIBRATION." SET OUTPUT ATTENUATION KNOB TO -10 (Ub)." A. TURN ITS VERNIER FULLY Cw. THIS -ILL C J K K E S P O V U "
TO A PEAK CURRENT VALUE UF 34 MICROAMPS THROuGrt" SUBJECT. CTHIS PARTICULAR SETTING IS OpTlrtJrt FOh" SKIN IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS <1 Kunh- 200 KOri.*<>." FOR MORE SE.MSITIVE MEASUREMENTS C<1 KJrtM>*lrtE" AMPLITUUATTENUATION KNOB CAN BE SET TU 0 <Ub)" FOR RANGE OF 100 OHMS-70 KOHMS. L1KcwlSE*rOR" HIGHER RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS* THE A I I E.vjA I 1 «j v" CAN BE SET AT -20 FOR A RANGE OF 3 KOriMS-'/0OKUriM. J'
OrnER WAVETEK KNOB SETTINGS" A. SYMMETRY IN OFF POSITION." B. WAVEFORM ON SINEwAvE POSITION."
' D- TRIG/START/STOP ON 0 DEGREE POSITION." E. SWEEP/STEP TIME IN OFF POSITION." F- SWEEP MODE (IRRELEVANT)." G. GEN MODE ON CONT."
"4.SID--WAVETEK CONNECTIONS" " A.CONNECT D/A OUTUT FROM SID TO VCG INPJT OF wAVETEK." "B.CONNECT WAVETEK 50 OHM OUT TO S1D'INPUT *-C . CONNECT SUoJ.
ELECTRODES--TO SID'LOAD*#D. 1 UKN Oi^ SiU A.MU W A V E T E K . "
"IF ABOVE COMPLETE#TYPE 1-RETURN."; 0 ( 6)
••
PRINT ''THE NEXT INSTRUCTION IS FOR FREU. CALIBRATION." PRINT "CALIBRATION FREU IS 500 HZ." PRINT "WHEN INSTRUCTION IS COMPLETE* TYPE I-RETURN." LET V=! LET Fl=.5/.63/5
8 6 WAIT ( ? « M t l > 82 8 7 CALL ( W F l ) 8 9 CALL ( 3 # F # P , M ) 9 0 P R I N T F*B
9 1 I F A B S C ( F * 8 - 5 0 0 ) / 5 0 0 ) < 5 . 0 0 0 v ^ . l E - O 2 TH£.>* 1 0 9 9 2 WAIT <100 '5> 9 3 L E T E l = F * 8 - 5 0 0 9 5 IF E1<0 THEN 103 97 PRINT "TURN FREQ.RANGE ^/ER.MIER CCu A FEW DEGREES." 9 9 I N P U T Q 1 0 0 I F V = 1 0 0 THEN 2 0 3 1 0 1 GOTO 8 7 103 PRINT "TURN FKEQ.RANGE VERNIER C K A f bL^ DEGREtS." 1 0 5 INPUT 0 106 IF V=100 THEN 203 I 07 GOTO 87 1 0 9 P R I N T " F R E Q . I S NOW C A L I B R A T E u TO w i F r t i i ^ b>4 M C C U K A L r . " ; " " 1 1 3 P R I N T "WHEN O P E K A T O R I S READY TO S I A « 1 MLAS JnEJ^Jt..^ I b* i i P E l - n c . i Uf^^ 1 1 5 I N P U T Q 1 1 7 CALL C 6 ) 1 1 8 I F V = 1 0 0 THEN 1 2 9 1 2 1 P R I N T " 1 0 H Z TO I K H Z . i.HEN ' B L E E P ' STOPS* 1 JR.v T K E ^ . "
1 2 2 P R I N T " S E T T I N G TO • 1 0 0 K # S E T OUTPUT A T T . TO 0 ( L)h > * I n L , \ " 1 2 3 P R I N T " T Y P E 1 - R E T U R N . " 1 2 4 WAIT < 3 0 0 0 ) 1 2 5 CALL ( 6 ) 1 2 6 P R I N T "DATA " # " C O M P U T E R " * " A C T U A L " * " M A G N I T U D E " # " P H A S E " 1 2 7 P R I N T " P 0 I N T S " * " F R E U . ( H 2 ) " * " F R E U . ( H Z ) " * " ( I N O H M S ) " * " < I N D E G K E E b ) " 1 2 8 I F V # I 0 0 THEN 1 3 5 1 2 9 P R I N T "DATA P T . " * "COMPUTER"* "CAL 1 B R A T l O.s"* " M A U N . " > " P h A S t " 1 3 0 P R I N T " " # " F R E Q . " * " F R E U . = " * " ( I N 0 H M S ) " * " ( 1 N U E L / X E L S )
1 31 L E T F = F * 3 1 3 2 I F V = 1 0 0 THEN 2 0 8 1 3 5 D I M F C 2 0 0 J # Z C 2 0 0 J * P C 2 0 0 3 1 3 6 DIM G C 2 0 0 3 1 3 7 L E T N = l 1 3 8 L E T W=l 1 40 FOR X = l TO 2 1 4 2 L E T 1 2 = 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 E - 0 2 * C X = 1 ) > . l * ( A = 2 ) 1 4 3 L E T 1 3 = 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 E - 0 2 * ( X = 1 )•»•. I * < X = 2 ) 1 4 4 L E T I 4 = . 1 * ( X = 1 ) • ! • < X = 2 > 1 4 5 FOR F 1 = I 3 TO 14 STEP 1 2 1 50 L E T F 2 = F l / . 6 3 / 5 1 5 4 CALL i1*F2)
••
1 58 I F F l > . I THE>J 1 61 1 5 9 CALL C 2 # F , P , M ) 1 6 0 GOTO 1 8 3 1 6 1 CALL ( 4# K , P )
1 6 2 L E T F = W * F l * 1 0 0 0 / 8 1 8 3 GOSUB 2 5 1 I 8 9 L E T N = N * 1
83
1 9 0 NEXT F l 1 9 5 NEXT X 1 9 9 LET V = 100 2 0 « P R I N T "CHANGE SETTING Tu • 1 0 0 K FOR MEASURING RANGE OF" 2 0 1 PR INT " I K H Z TO 100KHZ*SET TU 0DH OUlPJ l ATTEN*THEN 1 - K E T U K M " ; 2 0 2 INPUT Q 2 0 3 CALL ( 1 * 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 E - 0 2 / . 7 3 / 5 ) 2 0 4 CALL C 3 * F * P , M ) 2 0 5 P R I N T F*8#"MEASURED FOR 1500 HL*'* 2 0 6 LET F = F / 3 2 0 7 GOTO 91 2 0 8 FOR X = l TO 2 2 0 9 LET 12=1 • 0 0 0 0 0 E - O 2 * ( X = 1 ) • . 1 • ( X = 2 ) 2 1 0 LET I 3 = 2 . 0 0 0 0 0 E - 0 2 * C X = 1 ) * . 1 • ( X = 2 ) 2 1 1 LET I 4 = 9 . 9 0 0 0 0 E - 0 2 * ( X = 1 ) • ! • ( X = 2 ) 2 1 2 FOR F 1 = I 3 TO 14 STEP 12 2 1 3 LET F 2 = F l / . 6 3 / 5 2 14 LET w=100 2 2 4 CALL C 1 * F 2 ) 2 2 5 CALL ( 4 * M * P ) 2 2 7 G03UB 251 2 2 9 LET N=N-i-l 2 3 1 NEXT F l 2 33 NEXT X 2 3 4 GOTO 2 9 0 2 3 5 LET N=N-1 2 36 FOR N 1 = 1 TO N 2 3 7 LET X 1 = X 0 - K X 2 - X 0 ) / 4 * L O G ( F L N 1 J * l 0 t ( - 1 ) )/LOGC 1 v ) 2 3 8 LET Y1 = Y 0 ^ < r 2 - Y 0 ) / 4 * L O G ( Z [ M l J * 1 0 T ( - 2 ) ) / L O G ( 1 0 ) 2 39 I F N l # l THEN 2 4? 2 4 0 CALL < 5 * 0 * X 1 * Y 1 ) 2 4 1 GOTO 2 4 3 2 42 CALL ( 5* W X l #Y1 ) 2 4 3 LET Y 3 = Y 0 * < Y 2 - Y 0 ) / 9 0 * ( 9 0 * P C N I J ) 2 4 4 I F U = l THEN 2 4 6 2 4 5 CALL C 7 # X 1 * Y 3 * 4 2 ) 2 46 CALL < 5 # - l * X l # Y 3 ) 2 4 7 CALL ( 5 * 0 * X 1 # Y 1 ) 2 48 NEXT N l 2 49 I F Q 9 = 4 THEN 585 2 50 GOTO 790 2 5 1 LET F C N J = W * F 1 * 1 0 0 0 2 5 2 LET P C N 3 = P * 1 8 0 2 5 3 LET R = 9 0 0 0 0 . * M 2 5 4 LET GCN3=F«8 2 5 5 I F ABSCPCN) )>90 THEN 2 5 7 2 5 6 I F PCN3<0 THEN 2 5 9 2 5 7 LET N = N-1 2 58 GOTO 2 6 5 2 59 I F R > 5 0 0 THEN 261 2 60 OOTO 2 5 7
8^
2 6 1 P R I N T • • " ; N ,
2 6 2 L E T R 9 = 3 . O 0 0 0 0 E * 0 6 2 6 3 L E T Z C N J = R * R 9 / ( R 9 - R ) 2 6 4 P R I N T F C N J * G L N J * Z t N J * P L N J 2 6 5 RETURN 2 6 6 STOP 2 9 0 P R I N T " F O R GRAPH* AND AC MODEL* i T r L 1 - K f c . l U R N . " ; 2 9 1 P R I N T "FOr. GRAPH*CURSOK D E R I V L O AC MODEL* T t P t . ^ - i< 1.1 J/v.^. " ; 2 9 ? P K I N T "FOR AC MODEL O N L V * T i P E 3-K'E T OK.V. • " 2 9 3 P R I N T " G R A P H - C U i \ S O R ONLY* i i -R ETUKN . -.x j . \ ti ^f i-i r. Ar . v :L* D - . . c i OK >. • 2 9 4 I N P U T OV 2 9 b CALL ( 6 ) 2 9 6 I F u 9 > D THEN 2 9 . i ? 9 7 I F U V = 5 THEN 9v^' ? 9 f t I F U 9 = 3 THEN 6 9 9 2 9 9 L E T C 2 = 0 3^.0 P R I N T " D E S I R E D C O O K D I N A I L S F O K G r j A P n ' S U K 1 b I .N. . " 3.-11 P R I N T " S C R E E N ARRAY I S i e . n 0 BV - 0 ( i . ( r i J r ^ bT V E K T . ) "
3 0 ? P R I N T " O K l G l N COORDS. MUST HE C R L A T C K InA.x. / ^ W b " 3 0 3 L E T U=1 3 0 5 I N P U T X 0 * Y 0 3 0 6 CALL ( 6 ) 3!:*, 7 L E T X 2 = 9 0 0 3 0 8 LET Y 2 = 7 5 0 3 0 9 I F X 0 < 7 5 T H E N 3 0 0 3 1 0 I F Y 0 < 7 5 THEN 3 0 0 3 1 1 CALL ( 5 * 0 * X 0 * Y 0 )
3 1 5 FOR W0=1 TO 4 3 1 6 L E T N 2 = 1 3 2 0 FOR F 0 = 1 TO 10 3 2 5 L E T X 1 = X 0 - « ' C X 2 - X 0 ) / 4 * L O G ( F O * 1 0 t C k.0-1 ) ) /L.OGC 1 0 ) 3 3 0 CALL C 5 * W X W Y 0 ) 3 3 5 I F F 0 # 1 0 THEN 3 5 0 3 40 CALL ( 5 * 1 * X 1 * Y 0 * 2 0 ) 3 4 5 CALL < 5 * 1 * X 1 * Y 0 ) 3 5 0 CALL ( 5 * i ^ X l , Y 0 * 1 0 ) 3 5 5 CALL C 5 * 1 > X 1 # Y 0 ) 3 5 6 I F N 2 # l T H E N 3 7 0 3 6 0 CALL ( 7 * X l - 2 0 * Y 0 - 3 0 # 0 ) 3 6 5 PRINT " 1 0 " 3 6 6 CALL C 7 , X l - 5 * Y 0 - 2 5 * 0 > 3 6 7 P R I N T W0 3 7 0 CALL C 5 * 0 * X 1 * Y 0 ) 3 7 1 L E T N 2 = N 2 + 1 3 7 5 N E X T F 0 380 NEXT W0 381 CALL (7*Xl-20*Y0-30*0) 382 PRI'- T "10" 383 CALL <7*Xl*10*Y0-25*0) 384 PRI'' T "5" 335 CALL <5*0*X3*Y0)
85
390 FOR W0=0 TO 3 395 FOR R0=1 TO 10 400 LET Yl = Y0-..(Y2-Y0)/4*LOG<R0*I0f (w0))/LOG(I0) 40 5 CALL ( 5* 1*X0*Y1 > 410 IF R0#10 THEN 425 415 CALL ( 5« 1 *X0-*-20* Yl ) 420 CALL (5*1*X0*Y1) 425 CALL < 5* 1*X0'»-|0, Y1 ) 430 CALL < 5* 1*X0* Yl ) 431 IF R0#l THEN 450 432 CALL C7#X0-75*n-10*0) 433 PRINT R0*10t(W0-l) 434 CALL < 7#X0-1 5* Yl-1 0*0) 435 PRINT "K" 445 CALL (5*0*X0*Yl> 450 NEXT R0 4 55 NEXT W0 456 CALL C7*X0-75*Yl-10*0) 457 PRINT "I M" 460 CALL (5*0*X2*r0) 461 LET N2=0 4 7 0 FOR P 0 = 0 TO 9 0 STEP 5 ^:?4 L£T->l2sjl2.- i-- l __ . . 4 7 5 L E I Y l=Y0'»-( r 2 - i ' 0 ) / y t ) * P 0 4 9 0 CALL ( 5* 1 * X 2 * Y l ) 4 9 1 I F P 0 # 4 5 THEN 4 9 9 4 9 2 CALL ( 5* l * X 2 - 5 0 * Y l ) -^93 CALL < 5 * 1 * X 2 * Y 1 ) 4 9 4 CALL ( 7 * X 2 + 1 5 * Y 1 - 1 0 * 0 ) 4 9 5 P R I N T " - 4 5 " 4 9 6 CALL C 5 # 0 * X 2 * Y l ) 4 9 9 I F N 2 # 3 THEN 5 1 0 5 0 0 CALL < 5 > l * X 2 - 2 0 * Y l ) 5 9 5 CALL < 5 # 1 * X 2 # Y 1 > 5 0 6 L E T N 2 = l . 5 0 7 CALL C 7 # X 2 * 1 5 * Y l - 1 0 # 0 > 5 0 8 P R I N T P 0 - 9 0 5 0 9 CALL ( 5 * 0 * X 2 # Y 1 ) 510 CALL (5*1#X2-10*Y1) 515 CALL (5*l*X2*Yl) 5 40 NEXT P0 5 45 GOTO 235 5 50 END 551 CALL (7*300*40*0) 5 52 PRINT "TO FIND GRAPH VALUE* POSITION CURSOR*" 585 CALL (7*300*20*0) 587 PRINT. "TYPE:M(MAGN.)*P(PHASE)*0(END)" 600 LET N6=l 602 LET Y5=0 605 CALL (8*C*X4*Y4) 610 LET W4=(X4-X0)/(X2-X0)*4*LOG(10)
86 6 1 5 L E I F b= EAf ' ( ;./i> / 1 / . t { - J ) . 6 ? n I F C = 7 7 THEN 6 2 8 6 2 ? I F C = 8 0 THEN 6 4 r 6 2 4 I F C = 4 8 THEN 9 0 0 6 2 6 GOTO 6 0 5 6 2 8 C A L L < 7 * X 4 * Y ^ ' ^ 5 * 0 ) 6 30 P R I N T N 6 6 32 C A L L ( 7 * : l * 7 5 0 - Y 5 * 0 ) 6 3 4 L E T w 5 = ( Y 4 - Y 0 ) / ( Y 2 - Y 0 ) * / i « L O G ( 1 0 ) 6 3 6 L E T Z 0 = E X P ( ' . . 5 ) / H 1 t ( - 2 ) 6 3 B P R I N T N 6 ; " F U . = " ; F S ; " H Z " 6 40 P R I N T " M A G . = " ; Z 0 ; " O H M S " 6 4? L E T N 6 = N 6 + 1 6 4 4 L E T Y 5 = i r 5 + 4 0 6 46 GOTO 6'^5 6 4R CALL ( 7 * X / i * f / i + b * 0 ) 6 50 P R I N T N 6 6 52 CALL ( 7 * 0 * 7 5 i i - Y 5 * ^ ) 6 5 4 L E T W6=( Y 4 - Y 0 ) / ( Y ? - Y n ) * 9 f ^ 6 56 L E T P 5 = W 6 - 9 ; ! 6 5R P R I N T N 6 ; " F 0 . = " ; F 5 6 6 0 P R I N T " P H A S E = " ; P 5 6 6? L E T N 6 = N 6 + 1 6 6 4 L E T Y 5 = Y 5 - ^ 4 0 6 6 6 GOTO 6 0 5 6 8 0 I F 0 9 = 2 THEN 8 0 0 6 8 1 GOTO 7 0 0 6 9 9 L E T N = N - 1 7 0 0 L E T N l = 2 7 0 2 I F ABSC ( Z t N l 3 -ZC 1 J ) / Z L n ) < 9 . 0 0 ( ' ^ 0 0 E - 0 2 T H E N 7 1 6 7 0 4 L E T Z 3 = 0 7 0 6 FOR N 2 = l TO N l - 1 7 0 8 L E T Z 3 = Z 3 + Z t N 2 J 7 10 N E X T N2 7 1 2 L E T R 1 = Z 3 / ( N 1 - 1 ) 7 1 4 GOTO 7 2 1 7 16 L E T N 1 = N 1 + 1 7 18 I F N 1 = N V I - T ^ € N - 7 ^ 2 7 2 0 GOTO 7 0 2 7 21 L E T N 4 = 2 7 2 2 L E T N l = 1 7 2 3 L E T R 0 = Z C N 3 7 2 4 L E T R 1 = R 1 - R 0 7 2 5 L E T N l = l 7 2 6 I F A B S ( P C N 1 3 ) < 4 5 THEN 7 3 4 7 2 8 L E T L l = F [ N l - l J + ( F t N l J - F C N l - 1 3 ) * ( P t N l - l J * 4 5 ) / ( P L N l - U - f t N l J ) 7 3 0 L E T C = l / ( 2 * 3 . 1 4 1 5 9 * L 1 • R l ) 7 3 2 GOTO 7 7 0 7 3 4 L E T N l = N l - i . l 7 3 6 I F N 1 # N + 1 THEN 7 2 6 7 A\ CALL ( 7 * 0 * 3 0 0 * 0 ) 7 4 2 P R I ' ^ T " E R R O R ! ! "
1 1
a: 7 4 3 END 7 7 0 CALL C 7 * 0 * 2 0 * 0 ) 7 7 1 P R I N T " P L A C E CURSOR F OK AC READOUT ( S - K L t F o,. SUP^K I N P J S E u ) " 7 7 2 CALL ( B * C 2 * X 8 * Y 8 ) 7 7 3 I F C2 = 8 3 THEN 7 7 5 7 7 4 CALL ( 6 ) 7 7 5 CALL ( 7 * X 8 * Y 8 * 0 ) 7 7 6 P R I N T " R 0 = " M N T < R 0 ) ; " O H M S " 7 7 7 CALL ( 7 * X 8 * Y 8 - 3 0 * 0 ) 7 78 P R I N T " R l = " ; INT( i - , 1 ) ; " O H M S "
7 7 9 CALL ( 7 * X 8 * Y 8 - 6 0 * 0 ) 7 8 0 P R I N T " C = " l C ; " F A R A D S " 7 8 1 CALL ( 7 * X 8 * Y 8 - 9 0 * 0 ) 7 8 2 P R I N T " F Q . ( 1ST - 4 5 ) = " ; I N T ( L 1 ) ; " r i Z " 1^1 CALL ( 7*XP,* Y H - 1 ? 0 * 0 ) 7 8 5 I F U 9 = 3 THEN 9 0 0 7 8 6 GOTO 8 2 8 7 9 0 I F U = 2 THEN 9 0 0 7 91 I F 0 9 = 1 THEN 70C1 8 0 0 CALL ( 7 * 0 * 7 0 * 0 ) 8 0 2 P R I N T " A F T E R P O S I T I O N I N G C O K S O K ON FOLLOWING p r s . * P K t . b : j M.MJ r .c i 8 0 3 P R I N T " l . D C MAGN. A S Y M P T O T E . 3 . 1ST - 4 5 DEOREE ChOSS 1 . ^ i - . " 8 0 4 P R I N T " 2 . Z C I N F I N I T Y 3 A S M P T T . 4 . L O C A T I O N F Ofi AC MoDLL r c r l M U U O l . " 8 0 5 P R I N T " ( F O R S U P E K I M P O S E D G/sApn* I Y P E S - K E Y r u n i-I . 4 ) 8 0 6 CALL ( 8 * C 2 * X 4 * Y 4 ) . 8 0 8 L E T W 5 = ( Y 4 - Y 0 ) / ( Y ? - Y 0 ) * 4 * L U G ( 1 0 ) 8 1 0 L E T R 1 = E X P ( W 5 ) / 1 0 » ( - 2 ) 8 1 2 CALL ( 8 * C 2 * X 4 * Y 4 ) 8 1 4 L E T W 5 = ( Y 4 - Y 0 ) / ( Y 2 - Y 0 ) * 4 * L O G ( 1 0 ) 8 1 6 L E T R 0 = E X P ( W 5 ) / 1 0 » ( - 2 ) 8 1 8 L E T R 1 = R 1 - R 0 8 2 0 CALL ( 8 * C 2 * X 4 * Y 4 ) 8 2 2 L E T W 4 = ( X 4 - X 0 ) / ( X 2 - X 0 ) * 4 * L U G ( 1 ; i ) 8 2 4 L E T L l = E X P ( W 4 ) / 1 0 t ( - l ) 8 2 6 L E T C = l / ( 2 * 3 . 1 4 1 5 9 * L 1 * R 1 ) 8 2 7 GOTO 7 7 2 8 2 8 L E T N = l -8 3 0 FOR W0=1 TO 4 8 3 2 FOR F 0 = 1 TO 9 8 3 4 L E T F = F 0 * 1 0 t ( W 0 ) 8 3 6 L E T A = R 1 * C * 1 • S . 1 4 1 5 9 * F 8 37 L E T A = A « 2 8 3 8 L E T M 1 = S Q R ( A T 2 * 1 ) 8 4 0 L E T P 1 = - A T N ( A )
8 4 2 L E T R 2 = R 0 + R 1 / M 1 * C O S ( P 1 ) 8 4 4 L E T 1 2 = R 1 / M * S 1 N ( P 1 > 8 4 6 L E T M 2 = S Q R ( R 2 t 2 + I 2 t 2 ) 8 4 8 L E T P 2 = A T N ( I 2 / R 2 ) * 1 8 0 / 3 * l 4 1 5 9 8 5 0 L E T Z C N 3 = M 2
APPENDIX E
Connector-pin Assignments for Data
Flow from SID to 21 DC
89
90
CONNECTOR-PIN ASSIGNMENTS FOR:
Data Flow from SID to 21MX
Signal Designation
BO (Bit 0)
Bl
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
BIO
Bll
B12
B13
B14
B15
Flag
ground
From SID
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
To 21 DC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
23AA
24
Via Cable
40
41
42
43
44
45
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
63
32
82
APPENDIX F
SID Assembled Listings
92
93
PAGE 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 • 5 DAC S I D COMSB DACN DACNl DATA0 DATA l ENDTB E X I T HFCTL HFPCL HFVR HFVS HSKIN LCLSB LCMSB L F C T L LFPCL LFVR L F V S L S K I N MASK0 MCLSB MCMSB . IFCTL •rFPCL
M I N1 MSKIN PARAO SBTBL TEMP TEMPI TEMP 2 TEMP 3 TEMP 4 TEMPS TJi:MP6 T ' - :MP7
TEMP8 TEMP 9 V. A I T v. A I T l '.V A I T2 U A I T3 * M J 0
0 1 6 2 1 2 0 1 6 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 6 2 1 6 0 1 6 0 6 1 0 1 6 0 6 2 0 1 6 2 7 2 0 1 6 3 1 0 0 1 6 0 3 0 0 1 6 0 5 5 0 1 6 2 1 4 0 1 6 2 1 5 0 1 61 53 0 1 6 1 5 4 0 1 6 1 5 5 0 1 6 1 2 4 0 1 6 1 2 3 0 1 6 1 0 6 :5l 6122 0 1 6 1 2 5 0 1 6 1 2 6 0 1 6 0 6 6 0 1 6 3 0 7 0 16152 0 1 6 1 5 1 0 1 6 1 4 7 0 1 61 50 0 1 6 1 2 1 0 1 6 1 2 7 0 1 6 2 5 2 3 1 6 U 0 n 0 1 6 1 0 7 0 1 6 1 1 0 0 1 61 1 1 ^ l 6 1 1 2 0 1 6 1 1 3 0 1 6 1 1 4 0 1 6 1 1 5 ^ 1 61 1 6 0 1 6 1 1 7 0 1 6 1 2 0 0 1 6 0 4 4 0 1 6 0 6 3 0 1 6 0 6 4 0 1 6 0 6 5
ERRORS*
ASMB* A*B# T * L
9U
0 0 0 2 * 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 9 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 13 0 0 1 4 * 0 0 15 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 7
0 0 1 8
0 0 19 0 O 2 i : 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 3 0 0 2 4 0 0 2 5 0 0 2 6 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 8 0 0 2 9 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 3 2 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 4 0 0 3 5 0 0 3 6 0 0 3 7 0 0 3 8 0 0 3 9 0 0 40 OflAl •-0 0 42 0 0 43 0 0 4 4 * 0 0 4 5 * 0 0 4 6 * 0 0 4 7 * 0 0 4 8 *
3 U B R 0 U T I N E S - - S 1 6 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 1 6 0 0 2 1 6 0 0 3 1 6 0 0 4 1 6 0 0 5 1 6 0 0 6 1 6 0 0 7 1 6 0 1 0 1 6 0 3 0
• D A C - - D / A
A S M b * A* b* 1 * L ELECT CODE F u r
O R G
I D I S i n .
0 0 0 4 0 1 01 6 0 3 0 0 0 1 4 0 2 0 1 6 0 6 6 0 0 1 4 0 3 0 1 6 1 2 7 0 0 1 0 0 / 0 1 6 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
VOLT
1 6^30 mrn^r 1 6 0 3 1 1 6 0 3 2 1 6 3 3 3 1 6 0 3 4 1 6 0 3 5 1 6 0 3 6 1 60 3 7 1 6 0 40 1 6 0 4 1 1 6 0 42 1 6 0 43 1 6 0 4 4 1 6 0 4 5 1 6 0 4 6 1 6 0 47 1 6 0 5 0 1 6 0 5 1 1 6 0 5 2 1 6 0 5 3 1 6 0 5 4 1 6 0 5 5 1 6 0 5 6 1 6 0 5 7 1 6 0 6 0 1 6 0 6 1 1 6 0 6 2 1 6 0 6 3
0 1 6 2 5 2 1 0 /rC>00
1 1 61 10 1 0 50 40 0 1 6 0 61 1 0 5 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 6 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 2 6 1 1 1 0 2 7 1 1 0 2 6 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 0 6 5 0 6 6 0 6 4 0 7 6 0 6 3 0 3 6 0 6 3 0 2 6 0 5 0 0 6 6 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 6 0 3 0 0 7 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 6 ' U V SBTBL OCT 4 0 1
DEF DAC OCT 1 4 0 2 DEF L S K I N OCT 1 4 0 3 DEF M S K I . \ OCT 1 IV '^ DEF HSKI.M BSS 1 6
ENDTb EUU * AGE P A K . = D E S 1 K E D
DAC NOP J S B P A R A D
OLD TEMPI * I
FMP DACN
V O L T A b E / b V . L A L L C l * s / / : )
W A I T
E X I T
DACN DACNl W A I T l W A I T 2
F I X AND RAL OTA STC JMP NOP STB LDB STB I S Z JMP LDB NOP JMP NOP CLC NOP JMP OCT OCT BSS OCT
DACN
S l u S I D E X I T
lr .AlT3 W A I T ? W A I T l
W A I T l
* - 1 W A I T 3
W A I T * 1
S I D * C
DAC* 1 7 7 7 7 0 3 6 1
_L451j0£»0.
EXTRA NOP
. i tQhAJLAmSiSL 0 0 0 1 1 :>! D EoU 1 1B 1 6 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 W A I T 3 BSS 1
L S K I N O B T A I N S LOW F R E Q . * AND P H A S E * M A G . * R A T I O S • C A L L ( 2 * F # P * M )
0 0 49 * 0 0 50 0 0 5 1 0 0 52 0 0 5 3 0 0 5 4 0 0 5 5
1 60 6 6 1 6 0 6 7 1 6 0 7 0 1 6 0 7 1 1 6 0 7 2 1 60 7 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 2 5 2 0 6 2 1 0 6 0 7 2 1 1 3 0 6 2 1 2 2 0 7 2 1 1 4
L S K I N NOP JSB LDA STA LDA STA
PARAD LFCTL TEMP 4 LFPCL TEMPS
W)
STORES ADuncSS /-AnA.-'iL 1 c.n. L O U fiALuUEi^Clf Cvji-ir.A.^ Cuui.
Ow REUUENCy PHSE COMKA.'^u COu
PAGE 0 0 0 3 #01
0 0 5 6 0 0 5 7 0 0 58 0 0 59 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 62 0 0 6 3 0 0 6 4 0 0 6 5 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 7 0 0 68 0 0 6 9 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 7 2 0 0 7 3 0 0 7 4 0 0 7 5 0 0 7 6 0 0 7 7 0 0 7 8
0 7 9 0 0 8 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 8 2 0 0 8 3 * 0 0 8 4 * 0 0 8 5 * M
0 0 8 6 * * 0 0 8 7 * 0 0 8 8 * 0 0 8 9 0 0 90
1 6 0 7 4 1 6 0 7 5 1 6 0 7 6 1 6 0 7 7 1 6 1 0 0 1 6 1 0 1 1 6 1 0 2 1 6 1 0 3 1 6 1 0 4 1 6 1 0 5 1 6 1 0 6 1 6 1 0 7 1 61 10 161 1 1 161 12 161 13 1 6 1 1 4 161 1 5 161 1 6 161 17 1 6 1 2 0 1 6 1 2 1 1 6 1 2 2 1 6 1 2 3 1 6 1 2 4 1 6 1 2 5 1 6 1 2 6
0 6 2 1 2 3 0 6 6 1 2 4 0 7 2 1 1 5 0 7 6 1 1 6 0 6 2 1 2 5 0 7 2 1 1 7 0 6 2 1 2 6 0 7 2 1 2 0 0 1 6 2 1 6 1 2 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ^ 7 7 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 ,00016
LFCTL TEMP TEMPI TEMP2 TEMPS TEMP4 TEMPS TEMP 6 TEMP 7 TEMP8 TEMP 9 M I N I LFPCL LCMSB LCLSB LFVR LFVS
LDA LDB STA STB LDA STA LDA STA JSB JMP OCT BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS DEC OCT OCT OCT OCT OCT
LCMSB LCLSB TEMP6 TEMP7 LFVR TEMPS LFVS TEMP 9 COMSB L S K I N * 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 3 6 12 16
LOADS I N L . F ULUUK- 2 ; > 6 » 2 / 2
LOW FRE . CURRENT CODE
LOk* F R E J . CODE FOR S K l N - 1
JUMPS TO COM * ' :N SUBROUTiNc l u LA j K
S K I N OBTAINS M I D - F R E Q . * AND PHASE*MAGNITUDE RATIOS C A L L ( 3 * F * P , M >
1 6 1 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 1 6 2 5 2
MSKIN NOP JSB PARAD STORES ADDRESS PARAMETERS
ht
0 0 91 0 0 9 2 0 0 9 3 0 0 9 4 0 0 9 5 0 0 9 6 0 0 97 0 0 9 8 0 0 9 9 G 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 5 0 1 0 6 0 1 0 7 0 1 0 8 C 1 0 9 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 * 0 1 1 2 *
1 6 1 3 1 1 6 1 3 2 1 6 1 3 3 1 6 1 3 4 1 6 1 3 5 1 6 1 3 6 1 6 1 3 7 1 61 4^ 1 61 41 1 61 42 1 61 43 1 61 4 4 161 45 1 61 46 1 61 47 1 6 1 5 0 161 51 1 6 1 5 2 1 61 53 1 6 1 5 4
0 6^1 47 0 7 2 1 1 3 0 621 50 0 7 2 1 1 4 0 6 2 1 51 0 6 6 1 5 2 0 7 2 1 1 5 0 7 6 1 1 6 0 6 2 1 5 3 0 6 6 1 5 4 '^721 1 7 0 7 6127. 0 1 6 2 1 6 1 2 6 1 2 7 0 0;30 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 40 0 0 0 iT00r3 44 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6
r-'iFCTL MFPCL MCMSB l iCLSB H F v i . HFVS
LDA STA LDA STA LDA LDB STA S T B LDA LDB STA STB J S B JMP OCT OCT OCT OCT OCT OCT
ff r C 1 L
T E-..-'/ MFPCL TEMPS MCMSB MCLSB TEMP 6 IZ'/itl
riF V,' -HFVS TEMpr-TEM-^^.' COMS." M S K I N * 1 '/ 13 A-'^':':" •:•
AA C
6
i . 1 I ' - r ; . L -J,
LOADS I N M.F . C L O C K - S I L'»
i'< . F . C LJ A r. c I * I G \J L :
i'i • h • : K 1 . . V O L 1 H \ L. U 0 L
PAGE 0 0 0 4 #01
0 1 1 3 * H S K I N OBTAINS 0 1 1 4 * * C A L L ( 4 * M , P ) 0 1 1 5 *
H IGH FQ. MAG. AND PHASE R A T I O S - 2 PAR
0 1 1 6 * 0 1 17 0 1 18 0 1 19 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1
0 1 2 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 4 0 1 2 5
0 1 2 6
0 1 2 7 0 1 2 8
1 6 1 5 5 1 6 1 5 6 1 6 1 5 7 1 6 1 6 0 1 6 1 6 1 1 6 1 6 2 1 6 1 6 3 1 6 1 6 4 1 6 1 6 5 1 6 1 6 6 1 6 1 6 7 1 6 1 7 0 1 6 1 7 1 1 6 1 7 2 1 6 1 7 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 1 6 2 5 2 0 6 2 2 1 4 0 1 6 2 7 2 10 4 4 0 0 1 1 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 2 1 5 0 1 6 3 1 0 10 4 2 0 0 0 1 6 2 1 2 10 50 40 1 1 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4 0 0
H S K I N NOP J S B LDA J S B D S T
NOP LDA J S B DLD
FMP
NOP DST
PARAD H F C T L DATA0 T E M P I * I
H F P C L D A T A l . 5
T E M P 2 * I
T E M P 2 * I
H I G H F R E U . C O D E SEND CODE AND O B T A I N
EXTRA NOP W*?• P H A S E CODE
T E M P 2 * I
0 1 2 9 0 130 01 31
0 1 32 0 133 0 1 34 0 135
0 1 36
0 137 0 138 0 139
16174 16175 16176 16177 16200 16201 16202 1 6203 1620 4 1620 5 1620 6 16207 16210 1621 1 16212 16213 1621 4 1 6215
116111 0 6 2 1 5 3 0 1 6 2 7 2 104400 1 161 10 0 1 6 0 4 4 0 6 2 1 5 4 0 1 6 2 7 2 10 50 60 116110 10 4400 116110 0 1 6 0 44 1 2 6 1 5 5 0 40000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 000021
LDA HF\/M JSB DATAr* DST T E M P I * I
JSB V.AIT LDA HFVS JSB DATAO FDV TEMPI * I
DST TEMPI*I
JSB WAIT JMP H S K I N * !
5 DEC . 5
97
ti ' t • L U / \ / \ t - » l L J t . L
HFCTL OCT 25 HFPCL OCT 21
0 1 40 01 41 0 1 42* 0 1 43* 0 144*COMSB COMMON SUBROUTINE USED F O K OBTAINING DATA I -KUM :> i i 0 1 45* 0 1 46* 01 47 0 1 48 0 1 49 0 1 50
01 51 0 1 52 0 1 53 0 1 54 0 1 5 5 0 156
0 1 57
0 1 58
T 6 2 r 6 1621 7 16220 16221 16222 16223 16224 1622 5 1622 6 16227 16230 16231 16232 16233 16234
0 6 2 1 1 3 0 1 6 2 7 2 104400 116110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 1 1 4 0 16310 0 6 2 1 1 5 0 6 6 1 1 6 10 50 60 116110 10 4400 116110 0 0 0 0 0 0
i^ -LDA iEMP/. JSB DATA(5 DST T E M P I * I
NOP LDA TEMPS JSB DATAl LDA TEMP6 LDB TEMP7 FDV T E M P I * 1
DST TEMPI*I
NOP
EXTRA NUK
TEMPI*I
PAGE 0 0 0 5 #01
0 159 0 1 60 0 1 6 1
16235 16236 16237
062117 0 1 6 2 7 2 10 4400
LDA TEMP8 JSB DATA0 DST T E M P 3 * I
Ci '8
0 1 62 0 1 6 3 0 1 6 4 0 1 6 5
0 1 6 6
0 1 67 0 1 68 0 1 69 0 1 70 0 1 71 0 1 7 2 0 1 7 3 0 1 7 4 0 1 7 5 0 1 7 6 0 1 77 0 1 78 0 1 7 9 0 18f 0 181 0 I 8 2 0 1 8 3 0 1 8 4 0 1 8 5 0 1 8 6 0 187 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 9 0 1 90 0 1 91 0 1 92 0 1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 97 0 198 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 201 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 5 0 2 0 6 0 2 0 7 0 2 0 8
6?43 6241 62 42 6 2 4 3 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 5 6 2 4 6 6 2 4 7 6 2 5 0 62 51 6 2 5 2 6253 6254 6255 6 2 5 6 6 2 5 7 6 2 6 0 6 2 6 1 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 3 6 2 6 4 62 6 5 6 2 6 6 6 2 6 7 6 2 7 0 6 2 7 1 6 2 7 2 6 2 7 3 6 2 7 4 6 2 7 5 6 2 7 6 6 2 7 7 6 3 3 0 6 3 0 1 6 3 0 2 6 3 0 3 6 3 0 4 6 3 0 5 6 3 0 6 6 3 0 7 6 3 1 0 631 1 6 3 1 2 6 3 1 3 6 3 1 4 631 5 6 3 1 6 6 3 1 7 6 3 2 0 6321
1 1 61 1 r.' 0 1 61'. 44 0 6 2 1 2 0 0 1 6 2 7 2 1 0 5 0 6 0 1 1 61 12 1 0/1400 1 1 61 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 2 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 1 0 7 1 6 2 1 0 7 0 7 2 1 1 0 0 6 2 1 0 7 0 421 2 1 0 7 2 1 0 7 1 6 2 1 0 7 0 7 2 1 1 1 0 6 2 1 0 7 0 4 2 1 2 1 0 7 210 7 1 6 2 1 0 7 072112 126252 000000 102611 10271 1 102311 026275 000000 102511 003000 012061 10 5120 107711 01 60 4 4 126272 000007 000000 102611 000000 102711 102311 026314 102511 002020 026324 003000
PAHAD
DATAO
MASK0 DATAl
JSa v>AlT LDA TEMP9 JSB DATAB FDV TEMP3*1
DST TEMP3*1
NOP JMP NOP NOP STA LDA STA LDA ADA STA LDA STA LDA ADA STA LDA STA JMP NOP OTA STC SFS JMP NOP LIA CMA AND FLT CLC JSB JMP OCT NOP OTA NOP STC SFS JMP LIA SSA JMP CMA
COMLB* I
TEMP TEMP, I TEMPI TEMP MINI TEr .P TEi-iP* I TEMP2 TEMP M I .\' 1 TEMh TEMP*I TEMP3 PARAD*1
SID SID SID *-l
SID
DACN
S1D*C WAIT DATA0*1 7
SID
SID SID *-l SID
• 1-4
EXTRA .\0P
LOADS DATA CHECKS FOK NEG. yuA,\TlTY
r 2 0 9 1 6 3 2 2 0 1 2 0 6 1 0 2 1 0 1 6 3 2 3 0 2 6 3 2 6 0 2 1 1 1 6 3 2 4 0 3 2 3 0 7 0 2 1 2 1 6 3 2 5 0 0 2 0 0 4
A N D D-^o.'. j M p ».-»-3 l O R MASK2 I N A
99
PAGE 0 0 0 6 # 0 1
0 2 1 3 0 2 1 4
0 2 1 5
0 2 1 6 0 2 1 7 0 2 1 5 0 2 1 ? * « r.
1 6 3 2 6 1 0 5 1 2 0 1 6 3 2 7 1 0 5 0 6 0 1 6 3 3 0 1 1 6 1 1 0 1 6 3 3 1 1 0 4 4 0 3 1 6 3 3 2 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 6 3 3 3 1 0 7 7 1 1 I 6 3 3 4 0 1 6 3 4 4 1 6 3 3 5 1 2 6 3 1 0
3 ERRORS«
FLT FDv
DST
CLC J S B JMP END
TEr-'.Pl * 1
TEMP2*I
SID*C WAIT DATAl* I
APPENDIX G
Graphics Assembly Listing
100
i-'X 101
r ,• J 1
/*, •' 1 L /r-*'/, AS(-<h* A> B , 1 * L
i
mv t.. J u
i ..'
I J C F F
G o
ri u ' L/^
L 1' 1 •
f.' I
\ ' 1 ••
.\' r-
*j \
f~ . -
V • • .
'. r;CiAL;
.-: 1 7 7
P 3 7 6 ' -^7 7
C 0 ^ : -
C 0 : J V
C ON c' u
C 0 u:vi T
C U R S I DAf^K
E L A P S
E N D T B
E R A S E
E X P T H E R E
I N S T L
I N S T R L C H I N
L C H O T
L O O P
L S T w D
P L O T
P O I R R
> 0 I F E
r 0 1 NT
PPS..
R EMP SAV1:;X
S r O ' i -
« 1 6 7 2 4 '<• 1 6 7 . -3
''• 1 6 6 ^ S
•') 1 6 '. 7 ,
0 1 r' /. 7 )
• ' ] 6 ^ , 7 ?
•' 1 t> C (. 7 r- ] 6 7 : - s
••'• 1 A 7 -. ,
r 1 6 7 0 / "I67P-
" 1 6 6 7 /
- 1 / . 6 7 7 n 1 6 7 r,'. f ' " - : n '•
r 1 6 6 7:- • ' ' I 6 6 7^'
" 1 6 / 2 r • 'j 1 6 7 . 1 / ;
' \ (- 7 1 5 r. 1 6 7 1 : '
i" J o V>; 1
-'• 1 6 6 r r
{' 1 6 6 4 i
I 1 6 7 : 1 2 ; 1 6 ^ , " 7
' •1 6-3 5 2
n 1 6 6 7 6
0 1 6C0 32I
0 1 6 4 7 3
0 1 6 7 ^ 6
0 1 6 5 0 6
•^' 1 6 7 1 3 ! ' J 6 / 1 ^
0 1 6 57 6 0 1 6 6 1 0 H 1 6 -5^P
0 1 6 7 3 2 [• 1 6 5 4 7
•/ 6 3 5 7
0 1 6 3 5 6
'^ 1 6 3 5 4
n 1 6 7 3 1 ;) 1 6 7 1 7
n i 6 7 2 7 '.^ \ 6 " " ' ' n
102
SH.F IL 1 6 u 6 S H I F T 0 1 6 6 3 7 SUR7 0 1 6 5 0 1 TEKiP 0 1 6 7 30 T I M E 0 1 6 7 2 1 TOTAL 0 1 6 7 1 6 TPLOT 0 1 6 3 3 6 TYPB 0 1 6 7 1 1
TYRB 0 1 6 7 1 2 PAGE 0 0 0 2
VALUE 0 1 6 7 2 5 * * NO ERRORS*^
PAGE 0 0 0 3 ^01
103
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 6 * 0 0 1 7 * 0 0 1 8 * * 0 0 1 9 * * 0 0 2 0 * * 0 0 2 1 * * 0 0 2 2 * * 0 0 2 3 * * 0 0 2 4* 0 0 2 5 0 0 2 6 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 8 0 0 2 9 0 0 30 0 0 3 1 0 0 32 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 4 0 0 3 5 0 0 3 6 0 0 3 7 0 0 38 0 0 3 9 0 0 40 0 0 4 1 0 0 42 0 0 43 0 0 4 4 0 0 4 5 0 0 46 0 0 47 0 0 48
1 6 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 1 6 0 1 0 1 6 0 1 0 1 60 1 1 1 6 0 1 2 1 6 0 1 3 1 6 0 1 4 1 601 5 1601 6 1601 7 1 6 0 3 0 1 6 0 3 0 1 6 3 3 6
000401
001 40 5 016336 000006 016473 001407 016501 001410 016407
ASMB* A* B* ORG
SBTBL OCT ORG OCT DEF OCT DEF OCT DEF OCT DEF ORG
ENDTB EQU OnG
T*L 16000B 401 16010B 1 40 5 TPLOT 0006 ERASE 1 40 7 SUB 7 \ A\Q
CURSI 16030B
163 3 6B
SUB#1 - TPLOT CAN PLOT N O N - I N T E N S l F I ED VECTORS* I N T L N S l r l L U VECTORS* OR POINTS DEPEiMDii>JG UN Int. V A L U L Ur 1
CALL( 5* I * X * Y) I < 0 P O I N T PLOT 1=0 DARK VECTOR I>0 BRIGHT VECTOR
6336 6337 6340 6341 6342 6343 6344 6345 6346 6347 6350 6351 6352 6352 6353 6354 6354 6355 6356 6356 6357 6357 6360 6361
000000 072722 162722 072730 1627 30 002020 026354 036730 142730 002003 026352 026357
062667 026356
0 6 2 6 6 7 0 7 2 7 31
0 1 6 6 1 0
062720 042722 072722
TPLOT NOP STA LDA STA LDA SSA JMP ISZ ADA SZA* JMP JMP
DARK EOU LDA JMP
POINT EOU LDA STA
POIFE EOU JSB
POIBR EQU LDA ADA STA
ARGAD ARGAD*1 TEMP TEMP*I
POINT TEMP TEMP*I RSS DARK POIBR * GS POIFE *
GS PPSw
LCHOT
Nl ARGAD ARGAD
SET UP J-01.><TEKO GET T H E FlRSl A K G U E M L N I
SKIP IF b^lGHI Oh DAnK vcCiurN CASE 3* 1<0 ADD Bul r i wURDS OF TrlE A R G U E M E N T
CHECK FOR C A S E l * 1=0 C A S E I * 1=0 CASE 2 * I > 0
GET THE CODE F O K v tCTUn MUDE AND ENTER POINT PLOT
GET THE CODE FOR POINT PLOT SET P O I N T PLOT S»^lTCri
AND OJTPUl I 1
MUvE AKGUEMENT PJ INTER
I*
Data Flow from 21MX to SID
91
Signal Designation
From 21MX To SID Via Cable
BO (Bit 0)
Bl
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
BIO
Bll
B12
B13 •
B14
B15
STC enable line
er-rrtUnd
A
B
C
D
E
F
K
J
K
L
M
N
P
R
S
T
22-Z
BB
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
3
2
1
2
3
4
5
7
15
16
17
18
20
21
28
29
30
31
33
82
^¥. •
.;'./. 7
;K'-5('
0051 0 0 52 0053 0054 0 0 55 0 0 56 0057
1 6.'<6'>
1 6363 1 6364 1 6365 1 6366 1 6367 1 6370 1 6371 1 637 f'
1 O l?> 0 7 27 3:' 162 7 3^ 0 16622 ^72723 0 627 20 0 42 7 ? P 072722 162 7 22
LU^
STA LDA JSB STA LDA ADA STA LDA
Mn.UH^* 1
TEi'if TEMP* i
C UN V
X Nl
ARGAD ARGAD AKGAU*I
u L 1 .'. 104
U O N V E K T A 1 U b l s ^ i - r i . - i L U : . ! -SAVE X L J C A L L r MOvE TO i ^EX l A n G u r . i ' i c ^ i
GET Y
r ' nGE iAl\^'iA ft.^\
i1 'A 'SR
f'»0 59 0.T60 <^''61 0 0 6 2 0 0 63 0 0 6 4 0 0 6 5 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 7 0 0 6 8 0 0 6 9 0 0 7 0 * 0 0 7 1 * 0 0 7 2 * 0 0 7 3 * 0 0 7 4* 0 0 7 5* 0 0 7 6 * 0 0 7 7 0 0 7 8 0 0 7 9 0 0 8 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 8 2 0 0 8 3 0 0 8 4 0 0 8 5 * 0 0 8 6 0 0 8 7 0 0 8 8 0 0 8 9 0J0 90
1 637 3 1 6 3 7 / . 1 6 3 7 5 1 6 3 7 6 1 6 3 7 7 1 6 4 0 0 1 6401 1 6 4 0 2 1 6 4 0 3 1 6 4 0 4 1 6 40 5 1 6 40 6
0 7 27 30 1 6 2 7 3'^ ^M 66^ *i
0 7 2 7 2 4 0 1 65-67 0 6 2 7 2 7 0 6 6 7 3 1 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 1 6 6 1 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 7 2 7 3 1 1 2 6 3 3 6
STA LDA JSB STA JSB LDA LDB SZB JSB CLA STA JMP
I EMP 1 E.'nr* J
UUNv r PLOT SAVEX PPSw
LCHOT
PPSW TPLOT*I
CONVERT r 1 ^ m.-r-oNY i i ^ iTcOLr
NUW l-'LOT T H I S P U l i M L O A D LOW ORDEK X L O A D P O I N T PLOT S W i T C r l S K I P I F NOT P O I N T PLOT MuuE OUT PUT LGv. ORDER A
RESET POINT PLOT SWITCH RETURN
*SUB10--CURSI ENABLES THE GRAPHICS CURSOR. THE USL^ * POSITIONS THE CURSOR AND THEN PRESSES A KEY. * THE ASCII VALUE OF THAT KEY AND THE CURSUr^ * COORDINATE INFORMATION IS SENT TO THE C U M P U T E K
*CALL(8*C*X*Y)
16407 16410 1641 1 1 6412 16413 1 641 4 16415 1 641 6
16417 1 6420 1 6421 16422 16423
000000 072722 062670 016610 062671 016610 062672 016610
016576 012704 016641 166722 0 7 67 30
CURSI NOP STA LDA JSB LDA JSB LDA JSB
JSB AND JSB LOB STB
ARGAD US LCHOT ESC LCHOT SUB LCHOT
LCHIN Bl 77 CONVO ARGAD*I TEMP
SET UP THE POINTERS GET THE CODE FOR ALPHA huuE
AND OUTPUT IT GET THE CODE TO ENABLE G A A P H I C
AND OUTPUT IT
WAIT FOR THE FIRST INPuT
CONVERT TO FLOATING POlNl bl^
STOKE FIRST INPUT AT C O K R E C T '
0 T; 9 1
0092 0093 0094 0095 0096 0097 0098* 0099 0 1 00 0 101 0 1 02 0 103 0 104 0 1 05 0 106 0 1 07 0 1 08 0 109 0 110 0 111 0 112 0 113 0114
1 6424 1 6 42 5 16426 1 6427 1 6430 1 6431 1 6432
1 6433 1 6434 I 6435 1 6436 1 6437 1 6 440 1 6441 16442 1 6443 I b^AA
1 6445 1 6446 1 6- 47 1 6450 1 6451 16452
1 7P7 3'/ 0 367 30 066726 176730 062720 042722 072722
016576 012703 001722 072723 016576 012703 0327P3 016641 166722 0 7 67 30 172730 036730 066726 176730 062720 042722
^ T M
ISZ LDB STB LDA ADA STA
JSB AND ALh i STA JSB AND lOR JSb LDB STB STA ISZ LDB STR LDA ADA
1 c;-'.p/ :
TEi-ir"
EXr I TEMP* 1 Nl ARGAD ARGAD
LCHIN P37 K'AL X LCH IN B37 /
CU.^ V u ARGAD*I TLMr-TEMP*I TEMP EXPT TEMP*1 Nl A K G A D
'-\r. L M u i . 1(»5
MOvE THE P U l i V l L f v TO N E A T A jxOut .
ADDr \ESS
( J L T T H E . ^ E X T I N P U T CHAKACTcfN • ASK I T TO yj\\^\ »• 1 V t. r 1 I o r u o l T I u . N . r J V t. t : l l : > UVt-r.
A,«iD S A v L THEM \.c^ X GET THE . \EXT C H A R A C T E K
A N D M A S K 1 U »• 1 V L b l I «
HLUL 1 NJ P'.bb C U . J V E J N T A T O r i - u A i l i ^ L r \ n i .MH
S T J K E F l r c S T V.OKD U^ A V A L - J C
STORE 2ND w-URD Ur r L O A I l N u PU V A L U E OF X
.^OvE Tr iE P u l i \ IL.-N I J ivLA I ^r\^^U
PAGE 0 0 0 5 # 0 1
0115 0116 0 117 01 18 01 19 0 120 0121 0 1 22 0 123 0 1 24 0 125 0 126 0 127 0 128 0 129 0 1 3^ 0 131*
1 6453 1 6454 1 6455 16456 16457 1 6460 1 6461 1 6462 1 6463 1 6464 1 6465 1 6466 16467 1 64/.^ 1 647 1 1 6472
072722 016576 012703 Q017 22 072724 016576 012703 032724 01 6641 166722 076730 172730 036730 0 667 26 176730 126407
0 13?**SUB6-ERASE ERASES
STA JSB AND ALFi STA JSB AND I OR JSB LDB STB STA ISZ LDB STB JMP
THE
ARGAD LCHIN B37 -RAL Y LCH I N B37 Y CONVD ARGAD*1 T EMi-TEMP* I TEMP EXPT TEMP* 1 CURSI* I
SCREEN(
FETCH T H E N L X T G H A R A C T E K
AND MASK I T TO F l V L b I T S MOVE F I V E I - L A C E S 10 i H t L t r T
AND SAVE THEM I N y GET THE L A S T G H A R A C T E K
AND MASK I T OFF TO Ut>aLt ^ 1 ^ t. PLUG I N MSB
C o N v t r N T Y TO F L U A I l N b P U I N T b
STORE F I R S T ^(it^ii ut t wALUE
STORE 2ND wORD uf t v A u u - -RETURN
THE SAME
4 r r" i J ; L i 1 L r"-L L r 1 ) IU6
f* 1 liA* A 0 1 3 5 * 0 1 3 6 0 1 37 •
0 1 38 0 1 3 9 n 1 4^^ 0 1 41 '• 1 / ' - •
( . ' i L L t 6 )
1 6 4 7 3 1 6 47 iS
1 6 4 7 5 1 6 4 7 6 ! 6 4 7 7 1 6 5 O 0
•1 1 Z i T * * 5ut<7 - .
0 0'" -O ' ' 0 6 2 6 7 1 0 1 6 6 1 0 0 6 2 ' 7 3 0 1 6 6 1 0 1 2 6 ^ 7 3
- - P R 1 \ T :
0 1 2 i z . * * C A L L ( 7 * X* Y * C ) 0 1 4 5 * * 0 1 4 6 + 0 1 -«7 i) 1 4d 0 1 4 9 (^ 1 50 0 1 51 •7! 1 50 +
0 1 5 3 * 0 1 5 ^ * 0 1 5 5 fl 1 5 6 0 1 57 0 1 58 0 1 59 0 1 60 0 1 61 0 1 6 2 0 1 6 3 0 1 6 4 0 1 6 5 0 1 6 6 0 1 67 0 1 6 8 0 1 6 9 0 1 7 0 0 1 71
16 501 1 6 5:^2 1 6 5 0 3 1 6 5 0 4 1 6 50 5
0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 7 2 7 P P 0 6 2 7 2 0 0 6 ^ 6 7 2 0 2 6 50 6
F I R S T A DARK
1 6 50 6 1 6 5 0 7
1 6 5 1 0 1 6 5 1 1 1 6 5 1 2 1 6 5 1 3 1 651 4 I 651 5 1 6 5 1 6 1 6 5 1 7 1 6 5 2 0 1 6 5 2 1 1 6 5 2 2 1 6 5 2 3 1 6 5 2 4 1 6 5 2 5 1 6 5 2 6
0 7 2 7 0 2 0 7 6 7 0 1 0 6 2 6 6 7 0 1 6 6 1 0 1 6 2 7 2 2 0 7 2 7 3 0 1 6 2 7 3 0 0 1 6 6 2 2 0 7 2 7 2 3 0 6 2 7 2 0 0 4 2 7 2 2 0 7 2 7 2 2 1 6 2 7 2 2 0 7 2 7 3 0 1 6 2 7 3 0 ( ^ ' 16622 0 7 2 7 2 4
ERASE NOP L D A
J S P LDA J l ) H JMP
L S L LCHOT FF L C H O T
E R A S E * 1
OUT ONE CHARACTER ^
SUB 7
A.
NOP STA LDA L D B JMP
VECTOR I S
HERE STA S T B L D A J S B L D A STA L D A J S B S T A L D A ADA S T A L D A S T A L D A J S B S T A
M " S 1 1 V
ARGAD N l SUB HERE
DRAv.N TO
COUNT COMp
GS L C H O T A R G A D * 1 TEMP T E M P * I CONV A
N l A R G A D ARGAD A R G A D * 1 TEMP T E M P * I CONV Y
• • 1 -/ L' I 1
' - r . A C T L j
P O S l T 1 I
J w \ ( I )
m
PAGE 0 0 0 6 *01
0 1 7 2 1 6 5 2 7 0 1 6 5 4 7 J S B PLOT
0 1 7 3 * 0 j 7 4 # GET I N ALPHA MODE AND OUTPUT TO THE TERMINAL THE
(*. 1 7 S • 0 1 7 6* 0 177 0 1 78 0 1 79 0 180 0 181 0 182 0 183 0 1 R /J 0 1 .S S 0 1 86 0 187 r 1 BR n 189 0 1 90 0 1 91 0 1 92 + 0 1 9 3 * f> 1 9 4 * 0 1 9 5 * 0 1 9 6 fl 197 0 1 98 0 1 99 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 5 0 2 0 6 0 2 0 7 0 2 0 8 0 2 0 9 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 0 2 1 3 0 2 1 4 0 2 1 5 0 2 1 6 0 2 1 7 0 2 1 8 0 2 1 9 * 0 2 2 0 * 0 2 2 1 * 0222* 0223 0224 0225
i : : i I (• '.••'«(: 1F 1 /. i : . t ' 10,
1 6 530 1 6 5 3 1 1 6 5 3 2 1 6 5 3 3 1 6 5 3 4 1 6 5 3 5 1 6 5 3 6 1 6 S 3 7 1 6 54r. 1 6541 1 6 542 1 6 5 4 3 1 6 5 4 4 1 6 5 4 5 1 6 5 4 6
06267r>, 0 1 661 ? 0 6 2 7 2 0 0 4 2 7 2 2 0 7 2 7 2 2 1 6 2 7 2 2 0 7 2 7 3 0 162 7 30 0 1 6 6 2 2 0 1 6 6 1 0 0 3 6 7 0 2 0 2 6 5 3 2 0 66 7 11 056672 126501
LOOP
LDA JSB LDA ADA STA LDA STA LDA JSB JSB ISZ JMP LDB CPB JMP
US LCHOT Nl ARGAD ARGAD ARbAD.1 I EMr-TEMP*1 Cu.» V LCHOI COUNT LOOP COMP bUtn SUB7* I
* PLOT CONVEfNTS THE A AND Y COuRDINATE VALJE., 1 i i U * FOUR CHARACTERS AND OUTPUTS THEM TO THE TEKMIPJAL
1 6547 1 65 50 1 6551 1 6552 1 6553 1 6554 1 6555 1 6556 1 6557 1 6560 1 6561 1 6562 16563 1 6564 16565 16566 1 6567 1 6570 16571 1 6572 1 6573 16574 16575
000000 06272/. 0017 27 00 17 23 012703 032705 816610 0 627 2 4 012703 032 7 07 016610 062723 001727 001723 012703 03270 5 016610 062723 012703 032706 072727 016610 126547
PLOT NOP LDA ALFi ALFi AND I OR JSB LDA AND IOK
JSB LDA ALFi ALFi AND I OR JSB LDA AND I OR STA JSB JMP
Y ALF K A K
B3 7 HOB LCHOT Y B3 7 LYb LCHOT X .ALF RAR B37 HOB LCHOT X B3 7 LXB SAVEX LCHOT PLOT*I
GET THE 1 V A L U ^
DISCAKD TME RIGHTMOST F 1 V E BI T b
MASK Tu UNL-Y ^lvt. blTS PLUL IN K E U U I K E U B I T S
AND UJTPUT THE CHARACTER GET BACK TrtE Y vAbUL
AND MASK IT TO ONLY J= 1 vt. Bl PLUG IN REuUlKLD blTS AND uUTPuT THE CHARAClt.r\
NOW GET TnE X VALUE DISCARD T H E KlbHlMuSI
FIVE BITS
PLUG IN THE REQUIRED BlTb AND OUTPUT THE CHARACTER
GET BACK THE X VALUE AND LEAVE ONLY LOw O R U E K
PLUG IN THE REQUIRED bllS SAvE LOW ORDER X BITS
AND OUTPUT THE C H A R A C I L R RETURN
I'
i • ^ . ^
Fl
41 LCHIN INPUTS A « AND PUTS IT IN
CHARACTER FROM THE A REGISTER
THE TERMINAL
16576 000000 16577 062712 ]6600 102610
LCHIN NOP LDA TYRB OTA SC
GET THE TTY INPUT BITS AND OUTPUT TO THE iNTErvFACt
0 2 2 6 :^227 0 228
16 601 n*371." 1 66.'>P l.' 'Y,7i: 16603 102310
•J I C L' L » G
C L c L . SFS SC r. A 1 T r \ji\ j j . ' < c »^L.»iU'^
PAGE 0007 *01
0 2 2 9 0 2 3 0 0231 0 2 3 2 0 2 3 3 * 0 2 3 4 * 0 2 3 5 * 0 2 3 6 * 0 237 0 2 3 8 0 2 3 9 0 2 40 0241 0 2 42 0 2 4 3 0 2 4 4 0 2 4 5 0 2-66 0 2 47* 0 2 4 8 * 0 2 4 9 * 0 2 5 0 * 0251 0 2 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 2 5 - 6 0 2 5 5 0 2 5 6 0 2 57 0 2 5 8 0259 0 2 6 0 0261 0 2 6 2 0 2 6 3 0 2 6 4 0 2 6 5 0 2 6 6 * 0 2 6 7 *
16604 0266^.3 16605 102510 16606 012710 16607 126S7 6
JMP •-! LIA SC A N D b3 7/ JMP LCHIN,I
* LCHOT OUTPUTS THE CHARACTER * TO THE GRAPHICS TERMINAL
1 6610 1 661 1 1 6612 1 661 3 1 661 4 1 661 5 I 661 6 1 6617 1 6620 1 6621
000000 012710 066711 106610 102610 103710 106710 102310 026617 126610
LCHOT
OET T H L Gn ' ^nACTEn A.JD i-.A:>f\ I T u r F
I N THE A R E G I S T E R
JMOP
AND LDB 0TB OTA STC CLC SFS JMP JMP
B3V7 I YPb SC SC sc*c SC SC * -1 LCHOT*I
MASK THE G n A , \ ' i C l h . K l u S i Z c L.ET THE T T r u U T r U T b l l L
AND T E L L T H L i N l E K f A L t - buAr \ r J T THE CHAh•ACIL^^ OUT S I A K I I M E O U T P J l PREvEiXT AN I N T E K R U P T
WAIT r U K T H C U U T P U I
TO P i . > * i o n K E T <JnM
* CONV CONVERTS A FLUAliNL PUINT BINARY NUMbER * TO A BINARY INTEGER
16622 1 6623 16624 1 6625 1 6626 1 6627 1 6630 1 6631 1 6632 1 6633 1 6634 1 6635 1 6636 1 6637 1 6640
000000 006400 072717 036730 162730 012715 001100 003004 042716 032714 072637 0t'6400 062717 030v?00 126622
CONV
SHIFT
• CONVD CONVERTS A
NOP CLB STA ISZ LDA AND ARS CMA J ADA I OR STA CLB LDA NOP JMP
REMP TEMP TEMP* 1 B3 7 6
INA TOTAL INSTR SHIFT
REMP
CONV* I
I NARY INTEGER
t'u. •:-i
INFO A FLOATING
r 7 6^, • 0269* 0270* 0271* 0272* 0273* 0274 0275 0276 0277 0278 0279 0280 0281 0282 0283 0284 0285
>'0\ ij hl.viA-.Y .\U--,bt.,x
THE FIRST WORD OF THE l-LUAll.vb PT NUMDE.N IN THE A REGISTER. THE SECOND WORD THE EXPONENT IS STORED AT EXPT.
10^
l b r u l C Ui^ 1 A I iv 1 .- c
1 6641 16642 1 6643 1 6644 1 6645 1 6646 1 6 6 4 7 1 6 6 5 0 1 6 6 5 1 1 6 6 5 2 16653 1 6654
000000 072725 006400 002003 026665 006004 001100 002002 026646 07 6/26 062726 00300 4
CONVD NOP STA VALUE CLB SZA* K S S JMP E.^u INB ARS SZA JMP *-3 STB EXh-I LDA EXPT CMA*INA
PAGE 0 00 8 #0 1
0 2 8 6 0 2 8 7 0 288 0 2 8 9 0 2 9 0 0 2 9 1 0 2 9 2 0 2 9 3 0 2 9 4 0 2 9 5 0 2 9 6 * 0 2 9 7 *
1 6 6 5 5 1 6 6 5 6 1 6 6 5 7 1 6 6 6 0 1 6661 1 6 6 6 2 1 6 6 6 3 1 6 6 6 4 1 6 6 6 5 1 6 6 6 6
0 2 9 8 * * * * * * * 0 2 9 9 * 0 300 0 301 0 3 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 4 0 30 5 0 3 0 6 0 307 0 3 0 8 0 3 0 9
0 0 0 1 0 1 6 6 6 7 1 6 6 7 0 1 6671 1 6 6 7 2 1 6 6 7 3 1 6 6 7 4 I 6 6 7 5 1 6 6 7 6 1 6 6 7 7
0 4 2 7 1 6 0 3 2 7 1 3 0 7 2 6 6 2 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 6 2 7 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 7 2 6 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 7 6 7 2 6 1 2 6 6 4 1
SHFTL
END
ADA I OR STA CLB LDA NOP LDB BLS STB JMP
,
TOTAL INSTL SHFTL
VALUE
EXPT
EXPT CONVD* I
PARAMETERS AND STORAGE * • » * • • • • • » • * • » • » * • » * » • *
0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 7 7 7 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 7 7 7 6
SC GS US ESC SUB FF N10 ENQ ELAPS N2
EQU OCT OCT OCT OCT OCT DEC OCT OCT DEC
10B 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 2 1 4 - 1 0 0 5 0 2 - 2
C H A K A C T E K 10 SET VECTOR MOuE CHARACTER TO SET ALPHA MODE ESC • SUB ENABLE GrxAPrtlCS
CURSOR ESC • ff ERASE THE SCr<tE>.
r 31 ?. 031 1 0312 0313 031 4 031 5 0 316 0 31 7 0318 0 319 0 320 0 321 0 322 0 323 0 32ii
0 32 5 0 32 6 0 327 0 328 0 329 0 330 0 331 0 332 0333 0334 0335 0336* 0337 0 338 0 339 0 3 40 0341 0 3 42
1 67r^:l
1 6701 1 6702 16703 1 6704 1 6705 1 6706 1 6707 1 6710 1 67 1 1 1 67 12 1 671 3 1 67 1 4 1671 5 1 671 6 16 7 17 1 6720 1 6721 1 6722 16723 1 6724 1 6725 16726 1 6727 167 30 16731
1 6732 001 1 0 001 10 00121 00121 00122
1 7 7 7 7 3
Ov'^aOOO
003000 000037 000 17 7 0000 40 000 100 000140 000377 120000 160000 1 000 40 1 0 I 0 4:1 000376 0 000 17 000000 177777 000000 000000 000000 000000 0M'?nno 000000 000000 000000 000000
016732
016000 0160 30
• ' 1)
CUMP COUNT B37 B177 HOB LXB LYB B37 7 TYPB TYRB INSTL I N S T K
B376 TOTAL R Ei'U' Nl TIME
ARGAD A
Y VALUE EXPT SAVEX TEMP PPSW
LSTWD
DLL PSS BSS OCT UGT OCT OCT OCT OCT OCT OCT OCT OCT OCT OCT BSS DEC BSS BSS BSis BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS OCT
EQU ORG DEF ORG DEF D^^
— !">
1 1 3 /
1 n A-^
1 00 1 40 3 77 1 200 0 ^ 1 6000.' 100040 1 0 1 0 40 376 1 7 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
»
1 10B LSTuD 121B SBTBL ENDTb
110 i
TTY U U T r U T n I T o T I y i .NPul t 1 1 i>
P O I N T r L U T MODE S w I T G H
PAGE 0009 #01
0 3 4 3 * * NO ERRORS*
END
