Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao and Pilandok crosses a river

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Introduction ARMM: Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao THE BEAUTY OF ARMM

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Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao and Pilandok crosses a river

Transcript of Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao and Pilandok crosses a river

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Introduction

ARMM: Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

THE BEAUTY OF ARMM

Malamawi Island, Basilan

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The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is one of the regions of

the Philippines. The region was first created on August 1, 1989 through Republic Act

No. 6734 otherwise known as the Organic Act. ARMM was established pursuant to a

constitutional mandate to provide for an autonomous area in Muslim Mindanao. It

was officially inaugurated on November 6, 1990 in Cotabato City.

It is the region, located in the Mindanao island group of the Philippines that is

composed of five predominantly Muslim provinces, namely: Basilan (except Isabela

City), Lanaodel Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. It is the only region

that has its own government. The regional capital is at Cotabato City, although this

city is outside of its jurisdiction.

The ARMM previously included the province of ShariffKabunsuan until 16 July

2008, when ShariffKabunsuan ceased to exist as a province after the Supreme Court

of the Philippines declared the "Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act 201", which

created it, unconstitutional in Sema vs. Comelec.

On 7 October 2012, President Benigno Aquino III said that the government

aimed to have peace in the autonomous region and that it will become known as

"Bangsamoro".

ARMM is divided into two geographical areas – the Mindanao mainland and

the Sulu Archipelago. Situated in the Mindanao mainland are the provinces of

Lanaodel Sur, Maguindanao and ShariffKabunsuan, while Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-

Tawi are located within the Sulu Archipelago.

The region has been the traditional homeland of Muslim Filipinos since the

15th century, even before the arrival of the Spaniards who colonize most of the

Philippines. At the time when most of the Philippines were under Spanish rule, the

region maintained its independence and resist Spanish invasion in the territory.

Because of this, the region has been a separate territory which enabled it to

develop its own culture and identity.

ARMM is headed by a Regional Governor who acts as the chief executive of

the regional government. He has control of all regional executive commissions,

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agencies, boards, bureaus and offices. He is assisted by a cabinet not exceeding 10

members. The Regional Governor and Vice-Governor are elected directly like

regular local executives and they have a fixed term of three years but can be

extended by an act of Congress. Republic Act No. 9054 provides that ARMM “shall

remain an integral and inseparable part of the national territory of the Republic.”

The region is one of the impoverish areas in the Philippines. It has the lowest

per capita gross regional domestic product among the Philippines’ 17 regions. Four

provinces of ARMM were among the 10 poorest provinces in the Philippines, with

Maguindanao as the second poorest or the second with the highest incidence of

poverty among the Philippines’ provinces. Despite its “autonomous” nature,

approximately 98% of ARMM’s operating revenue is from the National Government

of the Philippines. The per capita spending on vital services of the region, such as

education and infrastructure, are among the lowest in the Philippines.

Geography

The ARMM spans two geographical areas: Lanaodel Sur and Maguindanao

(except Cotabato City) in south western Mindanao, and the island provinces of

Basilan (except Isabela City), Sulu and Tawi-Tawi in the Sulu Archipelago. The

region covers a total of 12,288 km².

History

For the most part of Philippines' history, the region and most of Mindanao

have been a separate territory, which enabled it to develop its own culture and

identity. The region has been the traditional homeland of Muslim Filipinos since the

15th century, even before the arrival of the Spanish who began to colonize most of

the Philippines in 1565. Muslim missionaries arrived in Tawi-Tawi in 1380 and

started the conversion of the native population to Islam. In 1457, the Sultanate of

Sulu was founded, and not long after that the sultanates of Maguindanao and

Buayan were also established. At the time when most of the Philippines was under

Spanish rule, these sultanates maintained their independence and regularly

challenged Spanish domination of the Philippines by conducting raids on Spanish

coastal towns in the north and repulsing repeated Spanish incursions in their

territory. It was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that the Sultanate of

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Sulu formally recognized Spanish sovereignty, but these areas remained loosely

controlled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and

garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements in Zamboanga and Cotabato, until they

had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in the Spanish-

American War.

In 1942, during the early stages of Pacific War of the Second World War,

troops of the Japanese Imperial Forces invaded and overran Mindanao. Three years

later, in 1945, combined United States and Philippine Commonwealth Army troops

liberated Mindanao, and with the help of local guerrilla units ultimately defeated the

Japanese forces occupying the region.

Bangsamoro, officially known as the Autonomous Government of

Bangsamoro, is a proposed autonomous political entity within the Philippines. The

proposal is part of the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro, a

preliminary peace agreement signed between the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and

the government.

The new entity (Bangsamoro) is intended to supersede the Autonomous

Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), described by President Benigno Aquino III as a

"failed experiment". This new political entity seeks to bring closure to the 15-year

peace process between the Philippine government and the Moro people in the

Mindanao.

On October 15, 2012, the historic preliminary agreement was signed by

Government's chief negotiator MarvicLeonen, MILF Peace Panel Chair

MohagherIqbal, and Malaysian facilitator TengkuDato’ AbGhafarTengku Mohamed

along with President Aquino, Prime Minister NajibRazak of Malaysia, Chairman Al Haj

MuradEbrahim of the MILF, and Secretary-General Ekmeleddinİhsanoğlu of the

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation at the Malacañang Palace in Manila.

This document outlines general agreements on major issues, including the

extent of power, revenues and territory granted for the new Muslim autonomous

region.

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The Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro was signed at Malacañang in

March 27, 2014 as witnessed by leaders and members of MILF and the Philippine

government, as well as by Malaysian Prime Minister NajibRazak, whose country

served as the third-party negotiator in the peace talks.

Economy

The region is one of the most impoverished areas in the Philippines. It has a

per capita gross regional domestic product of only PhP3,433 in 2005, 75.8 percent

lower than the national average of PhP14,186. It is the lowest among the

Philippines' 17 regions; the second lowest region has a per capita income almost

double the ARMM's. ARMM has a population of 4.1 million based on the 2007

census. It is the country's poorest region, where average annual income was just

89,000 pesos ($ 2,025) in 2006, less than 1/3 of Manila level.

Poverty incidence in the region is a high 45.4 percent in 2003, almost twice

the national average of 24.4 percent. Significant progress has been made in

reducing poverty in the region, which was reduced by 10.5 percent from the 2000

figure, only the Caraga region has a higher poverty incidence in 2003. Lanaodel Sur

reduced its povery incidence by as much as 26.9 percent, placing itself as the 12th

most successful province in poverty reduction. Tawi-Tawi and Sulu have reduced

their figures by 18 and 17.6 percent, respectively. In 2000, all the four provinces of

the ARMM were among the 10 poorest in the Philippines. By 2003, Lanaodel Sur,

Sulu and Tawi-Tawi were out of the bottom 10, leaving only Maguindanao, which

remains to be the second poorest or the second with the highest incidence of

poverty among the Philippines' provinces.

Despite the autonomy, ARMM receives approximately 98% of its operating

revenue from the National Government of the Philippines, and has yet to create

significant, viable sources of additional revenue. Perhaps for this reason, the per

capita spending on such vital services as education and infrastructure are among

the lowest in the Philippines, and the five provinces of the ARMM continue to be

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ranked consistently on the lower rungs of economic development within the

country. The per student expenditure on education, for example, is less than $100,

with the result that students within ARMM schools generally score poorly, in

comparison with other provinces, on standardized achievement tests administered

throughout the country.

ARMM is one of the country's top producers of fish and marine resources,

particularly seaweed, which is used in some toothpastes, cosmetics and paints. It

has large mineral deposits, including copper and gold.

Cultural heritage

The native Maguindanaon and other native Muslim/non-Muslim groups have a

culture that revolves around Kulintang music, a specific type of gong music, found

among both Muslim and non-Muslim groups of the Southern Philippines.

A. Title: Pilandok Crosses a River

B. Author: Anonymous

C. Summary: Pilandok wanted to cross a wide and deep river but he could not do it

because there were so many crocodiles in it. So he thought of an idea. He used the

datu’s name by saying to the crocodiles that the datu wanted to count them so he

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could feed them. And the crocodiles believed on it. He asked the crocodiles to align

themselves without knowing that it was just a trap so he could go to the other side

of the river. He jumped from the crocodile’s back then what he had planned

happened. As he reached the other side he told to the crocodiles that it was not true

then ran home as fast as he could.

D. Characters:

1. Protagonist: Pilandok – a man who wanted to cross a wide and a deep river

2. Antagonist: Crocodiles – the reason why Pilandok could not cross the river

3. Supplementary Dramatist: Datu – Pilandok used him in order to

manipulate the crocodiles

E. Setting: In a wide and deep river

F. Plot

1. Introduction: One day Pilandok wanted to cross a wide and deep river.

However, there was no banca available. He wanted to swim to the other side

but he was afraid of the crocodiles.

2. Rising Action: For a while, Pilandok did not know what to do. So he sat down

near the bank of the river then he started to think and an idea struck him. He

shouted to the crocodiles that the Datu wished to find out how many

crocodiles were there in the river in order to feed them all.

3. Climax: When the crocodiles heard this, they got out of their hiding places.

Pilandok asked them to form several lines extending from where he stood to

the other bank of the river. Then when the crocodiles had aligned

themselves, Pilandok started counting them. As he counted he jumped from

crocodile’s back to the other.

4. Falling Action: Then as soon as he had reached the other side of the river,

he jumped out.

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5. Denouement: He said that the Datu did not want to do anything with them.

And he ran home as fast as he could.

G. Conflict: Man vs. Circumstances

H. Point of View: Third Person Point of View

I. Theme: Slyness, Gullibility and Intelligence

J. Moral/Lesson: It is our knowledge that saves us during difficult times.

A. Title: How the Angels Built Lake Lanao (Maranaw Legend)

B. Introduction of the author: Zaide was born on May 25, 1907 and he died

1986. He was a Filipino historian and author. He was a multi-awarded author, he

wrote 67 books and 500 articles on history. He was the first Asian to win the United

Nations Study award in 1957.

C. Summary: Long time ago there was a place called Mantapoli and its population

was numerous. Because of its rapidly increasing in power and population, too, the

equilibrium between Sebangan (East) and Sedpan (West) was broken.

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This problem soon to come to the attention of Archangel Diabarail. He went

to the heaven and told to Allah about it. Sohara, the voice of Allah told that

Diabarail will go to the Seven-Regions-Beneath-the-Earth and the Seven-Regions-in-

the-Sky to summoned the angels and when Allah made the barahana (solar eclipse),

they will remove Mantapoli and transfer it to the center of the earth. The veryspot

vacated by the sultanate of Mantapoli became a huge basin of deep, blue water-the

present Lanao Lake.

When Diabarail saw the rising tides, he immediately returned to heaven to

report to Allah. He told that the rising water from the basin can cause the people

drowned. Allah commands to Diabarail to summon the Four Winds of the

World:Angin-Taupan, Angin-Besar, Angin-Darat, and Angin-Sarsar, and blew the

overflowing water and makes an outlet. Diabarail obey that command. After three

trials, they successfully make an outlet that they called now as Agus River.

D. Characters:

1. Protagonist: Archangel Diabarail – Gabriel to the Christians, an angel

Allah – Lord of Muslims

Sohara – Vice of Allah

2. Supplementary Dramatists: Angels from the Seven-Regions-Beneath-

the-Earth and the Seven-Regions-in-the-Sky; Angin-Taupan, Angin-Besar, Angin-

Darat, and Angin-Sarsar (Four Winds of the World)

E. Setting: Long time ago in Lanao.

F. Plot:

1. Introduction:

Long ago there was no lake in Lanao.  On the place where it is now

situated, there flourished a mighty sultanate called Mantapoli.  During the

reign of Sultan AbdaraRadawi, the greater grandfather of RadiaIndarapatra

(mythological hero of the Lanao Muslims), this realm expanded by military

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conquests and by dynastic marriages so that in time its fame spread far and

wide.

2. Rising action:

The population of Mantapoli was numerous and fast increasing.  At that

time the world was divided into two regions: Sebangan (East)

and Sedpan (West).   The mighty sultanate of Mantapoli belonged to

Sebangan.  Because this sultanate rapidly increased in power and population

as well, the equilibrium between Sebangan and Sedpan was broken.

This dis-equilibrium soon came to the attention of Archangel Diabarail

(Gabriel to the Christians).  Like a flash of sunlight, Diabarail flew to the

Eighth heaven and talked Allah.

Upon receiving the mandate of Allah, Archangel Diabarail, traveling

faster than lightning, rallied the millions of angels from the Seven-Regions-

Beneath-the-Earth and the Seven-Regions-in-the-Sky.  With this formidable

army, he presented himself to Allah.

3. Climax:

Diabarail, leading his army of angels, flew to the east.  In the twinkle of

an eye, the sun vanished and a terrible darkness as black as the blackest

velvet shrouded the universe.  The angels sped faster than arrows.  They

swooped on Mantapoli, lifting it with great care and carried it (including its

people, houses, crops and animals) through the air as if it were a carpet. 

They brought it down at the center of the earth, in accordance with the

command of Allah.  The very spot vacated by the sultanate of Mantapoli

became a huge basin of deep, blue water-the present Lanao Lake.

4. Falling action:

The waters coming from the deep bowels of the earth rose higher and

higher.  Archangel Diabarail, seeing the rising tides immediately returned to

the Eighth Heaven and reported to Allah.

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In response, the Sohara said, "You are right, Diabarail.  Go out, then,

and summon the Four Winds of the World: AnginTaupan, AnginBesar,

AnginDarat, and AnginSarsar.  Tell them to blow and make an outlet for the

overflowing waters."

Obeying the Master's command, the faithful messenger summoned the

Four Winds.  "By the Will of Allah," he told them, "blow your best, and

makesan outlet for the rising waters of the new lake."

The four winds of the world blew, and turbulence swept the whole

eastern half of the earth.  The surging waters rolled swiftly towards the

shores of Tilok Bay to the southeastern direction.  But the towering ranges

impeded their onrush.   The Four Winds blew, hurling the waves against the

rocky slopes but in vain; no outlet could be cut through the mountain barrier.

Changing direction, this time eastward, the Four Winds blew harder

driving the raging waters towards the shores of Sugud Bay (situated east of

Dansalan, now Marawi City).  Once again, the attempt to create an outlet

failed because the bay was too far from the sea.

For the third time, the Four Winds changed direction and blew their

hardest.  The waves, plunging with ferocity, rolled towards Marawi.  Day and

night, the Winds blew as the waters lashed against the shoreline of Marawi. 

This time the attempt succeeded.  An outlet now called Agus River was made,

and through the outlet, that water of Lake Lanao poured out to the sea,

thereby saving Sebangan from a deluge.

5. Denouement:

It came to past that there was a high cliff at the outlet, and over the

cliff the waters cascaded in majestic volume.  Thus, arose the beautiful falls

which, aeons later, was named Maria Cristina, after a famous queen of Spain.

G. Conflict: Man Vs Man

Man Vs Circumstances

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H. Point of view: Third Person

I. Theme: Its theme is creation. It tells a myth of how a place is formed.

J. Moral/Lesson: Be responsible enough on the things or works you should do.

Think of others not only yourself.