By:Moh. Ali Fauzi (14050514061)Atika Jihan Sadida (14050514062)

The Use of Radar in the Field of Automotive as an Effort to Increase

Human safety

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AUTOMOTIVE RADAR

Material DiscussionAutomotive Radar

A. In a Car (Four Wheels) History Automotive Radar Equipment How measuring the distance of object Automotive Radar Application Autopilot Fiture Conclusion B. In a Motorcycle (Two

Wheels)

Motorcycle Radar Detector3

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A Brief HistoryEarly 1970s become the beginning of the creation of

radar in the field of automotive. One of them, in 1970 a company called VDO introduce a radar 10 GHz installed at car. They introduce a radar in the rooftop of the car. 4 years later AEG-Telefunken company introduce radar 35 GHz, and the next year SEL company (Standard Electric Lorenz) introduce radar with the frequency of the 16 GHz.

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10 GHz automotive radar system built by VDO in the early 1970s

35 GHz automotive radar system built by AEG-Telefunken in 1974

16 GHz automotive radar system built by Standard Electric Lorenz (SEL) in 1975

Applications

Year Car-Company Radar-Manufacturer

1970 ? VDO

1974 ? Telefunken

1975 ? SEL

1996 Frightliner VORAD

1997 Chrysler VORAD

1998 Mercedes-Benz Millitech

1998/99 BW VDO/HIT

1998/99 Volvo Celcius/Philips

1998/99 Opel (GM) ?

1998/99 Volkswagen VDO/HIT/Rockwell6

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At the first time, radar used to detect the objects (car, truck, motorcycle, pedestrians) at a relatively close. But with technology development, radar can also used to detect objects on a great distance .

Configuration schematic of DISTRONIC PLUS, where orange is a 77 GHz LRR-sensor and green is a 24 GHz SRR-sensor (Source: Daimler AG, Stuttgart, Germany).

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Automotive Radar EquipmentsAntenna

To catch signals and give the results on radio and television.

CameraTo monitor traffic at a distance and as an aid to vision when parking.

RadarWith monostatic radar (radar that could emit and receive the signals). Used to detect objects around the car.

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Pr : The Received Power.Pt : The Transmitted Power.Lsys : System Losses.R : Distance to the target.

: Gr,Gt : Gain from receiver and transmitter. : Related to wavelength.

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RADAR CROSS SECTION

Mazda 6 Mono-static RCS

- Radar cross-section (RCS) is a measure of how detectable an object is with a radar. A larger RCS indicates that an object is more easily detected.

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- Typically characterized as multiple separate scattering centers

- Single RCS

Distance Measurement MethodDirect Propagation (Doppler Effect)

There are two primary methods of measuring distance using radar. The first is known as the direct propagation method and measures the delay associated with reception of the reflected signal which can be correlated to the distance of the reflecting object as a function of the speed of light and the period or rather, the time delay in the transmission and receiving of the waves.

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;

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FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continous Wave)

The second method is known as the indirect propagation method or the Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) method. For indirect propagation, a modulated frequency is sent and received, the difference in the frequency can be used to directly determine the distance as well as the relative speed of the object.

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Radar Application in a Car

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Based on the distance of its scope, the detection radar on an object are classified into two, namely in SRR and LRR.

SSR (Short Range Radar) (). LRR (Long Range Radar) ().

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SRR and LRR Sensors

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• Long Range Radar – LRR• 55 dBm transmit power• 10 – 250 m Range• Range Resolution: 0.25 m• Narrow Beam Looking

Ahead: ACC

• Short Range Radar – SRR• -9 dBm/Hz transmit power• 15cm – 30m Range• Range Resolution: 3.75 cm• Parking Aid, Close

Proximity to Vehicle

Medium Range Radar – MRR -9 dBm/Hz transmit power 77-81 GHz Band with 600

MHz BW 1-100 m Range Range Resolution: 0.25 m Medium Distance: CTA

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Automotive Radar Application Radar Cruise Control Side

Impact Blind Spot Detection Parking Assist Lane Departure Alert Lane Keeping Assist Pre-Collision / Pre-Crash Collision Warning Notify Pedestrian

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RADAR CRUISE CONTROL

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RADAR CRUISE CONTROL (Making long highway drives easier and less tiring by maintaining a

distance with the vehicle ahead).

While staying within a preset speed range, the system maintains an appropriate distance between vehicles, helping make long highway drives less tiring. The system operates at all speeds, enabling to follow the vehicle ahead in low speed. This, in turn, helps reduce driver fatigue even in traffic congestion.

This system has three conditions:

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[1] Cruise control at preset speeds

The vehicle will drive at a constant preset speed.

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[2] Control of deceleration cruising and follow-up cruising

Millimeter-wave radar determines the distance between vehicles. By adjusting speed within a preset range depending on the speed of the preceding vehicle, the system maintains a safe distance while ensuring follow-up and deceleration cruising.

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[3] Acceleration speed control

Sensors (a camera and millimeter-wave radar) detect vehicles moving in and out of the lane ahead. This helps ensure smooth acceleration.

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[4] Stop maintenance control (when all-speed cruise control is available in system)

The system slows or stops your vehicle when the preceding vehicle slows or stops. When the preceding vehicle speeds up, the system makes your vehicle accelerate accordingly, until it resumes the preset speed. Stop

Sensor

Go Sensor

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[When all-speed cruise control is unavailable:] The system slows your vehicle to 30 km/h or above

when the preceding vehicle slows down. The driver must manually control deceleration below 30km/h.

Video by Toyota-Global.com:

Youtube search:Dynamic Radar Cruise Control (DRCC) Toyota Safety Sense Select 2016 Models Toyota

Dynamic Radar Cruise Control

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Blind Spot Detection

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(Car tech that watches where you can’t see with your eyes)

You were taught to look over your shoulder before changing lanes because side view mirrors don’t see everything. What you may miss in a quick glance is what blind spot detection picks up. This driver assistance technology senses cars coming up in your blind spot behind or alongside you, and if your turn signal is on, it alerts you not to change lanes. With ultrasonic to detect nearby objects and also some data from the video camera are combined by the central processing unit .

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You’re warned by a flashing light on the side view mirror and then a beep or steering wheel vibration. If you’re not planning to change lanes (there is no turn signal on), the warning light glows steadily but doesn’t flash and there’s no audible alert.

Blind spot detection is a key technology among driver aids that provide 360 degrees of electronic coverage around your car, whether you are at speed or moving slowly.

Youtube search:(RAV4 How-To Blind Spot Monitor with Rear Cross-Traffic Alert 2013 RAV4 Toyota)(Know Your Toyota Blind Spot Monitoring System )How to Blind Spot Monitor 1

How to Blind Spot Monitor 2

Lane Departure Alert

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Lane Departure Alert (LDA)

(Warning the driver when the vehicle deviates from its lane.).

This system alerts the alerts the driver if their vehicle deviates from its lane. The onboard single lens camera detects the vehicle’s position relative to the white or yellow lane markings, and when the car begins to leave its lane without turn signal activation, the driver is warned with an audible and visual alert.

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[1] Lane DetectionAs the car is driving, the onboard camera detects the white

or yellow lane markings and its own relative position.

[2] AlertAs the vehicle begins to leave its lane without activating the

turn signal, the system generates an audible and visual alert to get the driver’s attention. Youtube search:

Lane Departure Alert (LDA) Toyota Safety Sense Select 2016 Models

Toyota

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Lane Keeping Assist

Lane Keeping Assist

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Lane Keeping Assist technology is designed to alert the driver when the system detects that the vehicle is about to deviate from a traffic lane. The system can also work in conjunction with the Radar Cruise Control system to help the driver steer and keep the vehicle on course. The camera can recognize the lines on certain types of roads and helps keep within the lines.

The camera will recognize the road structure (white lines/yellow lines) and control the Electronic Power Steering (EPS) based on the car's driving situation. This will aid the driver's steering to stay within their lane.

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1. The Lane Departure WarningAlerts the driver when the vehicle starts to

deviate from its lane with a warning buzzer, alert lamp and the application of a small counter-steering force to the steering wheel.2. Lane Keeping Assist

When the Rader Cruise Control is activated and the system senses the vehicle deviating from its lane, the system helps the car stay on course near the center of the lane by continuously applying a small amount of counter-steering force.

Lane departure warning

Lane keeping assist

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Pre-Collision / Pre-Crash

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PRE-COLLISION(Warning the driver about potential collisions)

Based on the vehicle’s position, speed and predicted course relative to an object ahead, the vehicle uses audible and visual alerts to warn the driver when necessary.

Youtube search:Pre-Collision System (PCS) Toyota Safety Sense Select 2016 Models Toyota

Pre-Collision System

Collision Warning• Front Collision Warning

Have the same principle as Radar Cruise Control.• Cut-in Collision Warning / Side Impact Detection

Have the principle to detect objects on the side of the car• Rear-End Collision Warning

A radar sensor in the rear bumper monitors the traffic behind the vehicle. If the risk of an impact from the rear is detected, the rear hazard warning lights are activated to alert the driver of the vehicle behind the object.

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Rear-end Collision Avoidance System (RCAS) High-tech car

intelligent and safe driving

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Notify Pedestrian

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Notifies pedestrians of your vehicleEV-operated (Electric Vehicle) hybrid cars run

very quietly. In the case in Japan, every time the vehicle is driven at 25km/h or reversing, the system can notify pedestrians with an automated alert sound. To be courtesy, the sound can be turned off.

Pedestrian Detection (PD) Toyota Safety Sense Select

2016 Models Toyota

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Parking Assist

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Measure position of object very close to the vehicle such as curbs and other vehicles when parking with ultrasonic sensor. This system has 3 conditions:

Park Assist Backing Assist Rear View Monitor System Intelligent Parking Assist (IPA)

Parking Assist

Park Assist

The ultrasonic wave sensor is bulit into the corners of the bumper, it detects the disance to objects and notifies the driver with sound and display lamp alerts. There alse is steering sensor can uses the steering maneuver and angle.

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Toyota Safety Technology

Parking Assist

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Back Guide Monitor

When backing up the vehicle, please check your surroundings and confirm your safety. The camera instaalled on the rear side of the vehicle displays the view when backing into a garage.

Toyota Safety Technology Back Guide Rear View Monitor System

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Intelligent Park Assist

This system assists with the steering wheel operation while parallel parking or parking in garages. When the driver sets the designed parking position on the monitor, the system assists the steering wheel operation even if the driver is not good aat parking, the will be able to park their car more smoothly.

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Toyota How-To Intelligent Park

Assist (IPA) 2016 Toyota Prius Toyota

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Autopilot Fiture

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Autopilot on CarAn autonomous car (driverless car,\self-driving car, robotic

car) is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input.

Autonomous cars can detect surroundings using a variety of techniques such as radar, lidar, GPS, odometry, and computer vision. Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage.Autonomous cars have control systems that are capable of analyzing sensory data to distinguish between different cars on the road, which is very useful in planning a path to the desired destination..

Go for a Ride in Ubers

Autonomous Car

Toyotas Highway Teammate

Autonomous Driving Technology demo-ed in a modified Lexus

GS

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RADAR APPLICATION IN A MOTORCYCLE

Motorcycle Radar DetectorA radar detector is an electronic device used by motorists to

detect if their speed is being monitored by police or law enforcement using a radar gun. Most radar detectors are used so the driver can reduce the car's speed before being ticketed for speeding. Only doppler radar-based devices can be detected — other speed measuring devices including those using ANPR, piezo sensors, and VASCAR technology cannot be detected. LIDAR devices require a different type of sensor, although many modern detectors include LIDAR sensors. Most of today's radar detectors detect signals across a variety of wavelength bands: usually X, K, and Ka. In Europe the Ku band is common as well.

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Applications

Conclusion

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The difference of 24 GHz radar and 77 GHz is located on a range of areas. If the 24 GHz radar (≤ 30 m) operate on SRR, then 77 GHz radar can operate up to LRR ( 200 ≅metres).

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Freescale 77 GHz Technology Advantages• Multi-mode, multi-application capability (long- and mid-range)

1.Allows one radar to be used for multiple safety systems:-Adaptive cruise control -Headway alert-Collision warning -Mitigation and brake support

• Solid-state technology1.Highest level integrationMost advanced SiGe technology with multi-channel transmitter and receiver chips2.No moving parts.

The main advantages of the 77 GHz to 81 GHz frequency range (79 GHz band) are that radar devices can be much smaller, a single technology can be used for all applications, and the risk of mutual interference is low because of the smaller emission power required.

3.Higher frequency radar systems tend to perform better because they are more reliable and more accurate

• Class-leading performance and durability1.Resistant to vibration and extremely robust2.Innovative design provides excellent multi-target discriminationIncluding precise range, approach speed and angle data3.High speed FMCW waveform combined with 2D-FFT algorithmProvides independent measurements of range and range rateProvides superior detection of clustered stationary objects

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A high-resolution system can determine whether a vehicle will crash into an object or there will be a near miss. A low-resolution system will have a higher rate of false alarms and will miss a small object that is in front of a big one (see figure below).

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Automotive Radar ApplicationsApplication Detection Range Safety Aspect Technology

Adaptive Cruise Control 200 meters Normal driving;

accident avoidance 77 GHz Radar

Pre-Crash 30 meters Accident; mitigation of impact

77 GHz Radar / 24 GHz Radar 76 / 81

GHz RadarBlind Spot Detection 20 meters Normal driving;

accident avoidance24 GHz Radar/ Vision sensor

Lane Departure Warning 60 meters Normal driving;

accident avoidance Vision sensor

Stop and Go 30 meters Normal driving; accident avoidance

77 GHz + 24 GHz Radar 76/81 GHz

Radar

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THANK YOU