TERM PAPER

On

“AUTOMOBILE DESIGN”

Submitted to

AMITY UNIVERSITY

Guided by: Submitted by:

Mr. Sonu Sharma Ankit choudhary

A2346113018

Roll no- 18

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

GAUTAM BUDDHA NAGAR

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DECLARATION BY STUDENT

I/We, ……………………….., Student(S) Of B.Tech (….) Hereby Declare That The Project

Titled “……………………………………………..” Which Is Submitted By Me/Us To

Department Of ……………………………., Name Of The Institute, Amity University Uttar

Pradesh, Noida, In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirement For The Award Of The Degree Of

Bachelor Of Technology In ….. , Has Not Been Previously Formed The Basis For The Award

Of Any Degree, Diploma Or Other Similar Title Or Recognition. The Author Attests That

Permission Has Been Obtained For The Use Of Any Copy Righted Material Appearing In The

Dissertation / Project Report Other Than Brief Excerpts Requiring Only Proper

Acknowledgement In Scholarly Writing And All Such Use Is Acknowledged.

Noida

Certificate By Faculty Guide

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This Is To Certify That Mr./Mrs. ………………………… Student Of B.Tech In (Mechanical

And Automation Engineering) Has Carried Out The Work Presented In The Term Paper Entitled

“ Automobile Design” As A Part Of First Year Programme In Bachelor Of Technology In

Mechanical And Automation Engineering From Aset, Amity University Noida , Uttar Pradesh

Under My Provision.

Mr. Sonu Sharma

ASET,AUUP

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S.no Topic Page no.

1 Abstract 5

2 Introduction to automobile design 6-9

3 Design elements 10-11

4 Development process 12-15

5 Development process(b) 16-19

6 Design of small cars(a) Tata Nano

20-24

7 (b) Honda Brio 25-28

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ABSTRACT:

The main purpose of this internship project is to learn and study the different aspects of

automobile design. The concept behind the designing is the central idea in this project. To study

the basics of automobile is the main aim to be achieved through this project. Many real

concepts which come to us in day-to-day life regarding automobiles which have been up to the

mark.

With the start of this project I have been through many magazines that has helped me to

understand deeply the concepts behind such an art.

Automobile design have been the most nurturing talent when it comes to design such cars who

have such a great design and the car who win millions of hearts within few days.

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CHAPTER-1

AUTOMOBILE DESIGN

1. INTRODUCTION

“Always focus on the front windshield and not the review mirror.” 

― Colin Powell

With the start of this project, Let’s explain a few of the essential “rules” of vehicle design. What

I am talking about here are mainly common aesthetic practices and traditions- which are

complex. These aesthetic tastes vary across national cultures, but as cars are sold globally, and

most certainly designed by globally influenced people, these cultural tastes are often purposely

discarded in the design process.

Though there are complex designs which prevail in the market and more more mind work is

there for the designers.

There are some rules and regulations for creating designs and “shaping the creativity at its

best":-

a) All surfaces should be curved:- The first principal to follow is that of curvature. No

matter how subtle the curve, every single surface on any car is curved.

b) The shoulder:- Using this simple example we can see what is called shoulder of the car,

or otherwise known as catwalk.

Generally almost perfectly horizontal along the length of the car. The best view from which one

can clearly have the view of the shoulder of the car is the front view.

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Fig-1

http://autostyling.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/docimage01.jpg

The yellow line is the basic outline of the cars. The width of the shoulder will vary, but the

principle that the widest part of the car is along the centre, between the wheels, rarely varies.

c) Plan shape:- Nearly all cars have a plan view. Aerodynamics is the maine reason for it.

Fig-2

http://autostyling.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/docimage02.jpg

The main area for curvature is the glasshouse, the top half of the vehicle shape, where the

windows are. The glass on cars is only ever single curvature.

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d) Wedge:-

Fig-3

http://autostyling.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/docimage03.jpg

The side view shows how the screen has no curvature from top to bottom. Also we can see how

the main shoulder line of the car is horizontal, with a slight angle to the upper part of the

bodywork. This slight angle is known as wedge, and is also a reason for aerodynamics.

e) Packaging:- Probably most of the restrictive aspects of vehicle design is known as

packaging. This is simple the way that a designer must fit all the components that make

up a car, inside specified dimensions. The largest and most important objects to be

packaged are the occupants, and the engine. These two components completely dictate

the overall dimensions and proportions of every car.

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Fig-4

http://autostyling.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/docimage04.jpg

The diagram shows these solutions, using the basic components of engine, transmission,

cooling radiator (grey) and driver (red).

Most of these examples are 2 seat cars, but it should be clear that the number of seats in a vehicle

will have a major effect on the size and shape.

f) Wheels:- These are the major component to package into a car, as they not only have to

move up and down, the front wheels also turn. All car wheels are roughly the same

overall diameter of no more than 600mm, or 300mm radius.

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CHAPTER-2

2 DESIGN ELEMENTS

When it comes to designing an automobile, The task of the design team is usually split into three

main aspects:

a) exterior design

b) interior design

c) color and trim design

Graphic design is also an aspect of automotive design. Design focuses not only on the isolated

outer shape of automobile parts, but concentrates on the combination of form and function,

starting from the vehicle package.

2.1 Exterior design

The stylist responsible for the design of the exterior of the vehicle develops the proportions,

shape, and surface of the vehicle. Exterior design was first done by a series of digital and manual

drawings.

Fig-5

http://www.chevrolet.com/content/dam/Chevrolet/northamerica/usa/nscwebsite/en/Home/Chevy%20Culture/Innovation/Exterior%20Design/01-images/2012-culture-innovation-exteriordesign-mm-1-

1_648x316.jpg

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2.2 Interior design

From many years ,the interior of an automobile has been the most stylish and adoring feature for

the people. The stylist responsible for the design of the vehicle interior develops the proportions,

shape, placement, and surfaces for the instrument panel, seats, door trim panels, headliner, pillar

trims, etc. Here the emphasis is on ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers.

Fig-6

http://www.chevrolet.com/content/chevrolet/northamerica/usa/nscwebsite/en/index/chevy-performance/2014-corvette-coupe/photos-and-videos/interior/jcr:content/mm_gal_c2/

thumbnailArea/mm_gal_item_c2_0.img_resize.img_stage._1.jpg

2.3 Color and trim design

The color and trim (or color and materials) designer is responsible for the research, design, and

development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used on a vehicle. These include

paints,plastics,fabrics designs, leather grains carpet ,headliner, wood trim. Color ,contrast and

pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment experience.

Designers work closely with the exterior and interior designers.

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CHAPTER-3

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Development process of an automobile undergoes many steps. This process includes sketching

and after that all the process which is there inside this report.

3.1 Concept sketching:- This concept of sketching includes the basic design and the idea of a

designer which is shown on paper through designs. One such concept I had undergone

through is of Pontiac solstice.

Fig-7http://media-cache-

ak0.pinimg.com/736x/63/e2/84/63e28459f1d019eb7dc64db2172a1439.jpg

Fig-8

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http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/d2/24/2d/d2242d0c96dd07a51eb6335b85d36b5a.jpg

3.2 Clay modeling:- Clay modeling for automobile prototypes was first introduced in 1930 by automobile designer Harley earl, head of the general motors styling studio.

Clay which is used for this purpose, is a malleable material that can be easily shaped, thus

enabling designers to create models to visualize a product. Clay modeling was soon

adopted throughout the industry and remains in use today.

Fig-9

http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/d2/24/2d/d2242d0c96dd07a51eb6335b85d36b5a.jpg

Speaking in the Farmiloe Building, Douglas explains how he uses an armature milled to

50 millimetres lower than the intended finished surface of the clay as a guide.

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Fig-10

He demonstrates how he uses a slick tool to work the clay in different directions to achieve the

perfect shape and thickness.

Fig-11

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Although there is a certain amount of craft and creativity in his role, Douglas says that he is

restricted by "engineering points all around the bonnet and crash points on the bumper," as well

as other control points because "you've got to get an engine in there and you've got to get in and

out".

Fig-12

3.3 Class –A surfaces:- Class A surfaces is a term used in automotive design  to describe a

set of freeform surfaces of high efficiency and quality. Class A surfacing is done

using computer-aided industrial design  applications. Class A surface modellers are also

called "digital

sculptors" in the industry. Class A surfaces can be defined as any surface, that has styling intent,

that is either seen, touched or both.

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CHAPTER-4

4. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

4.1 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN(CAD):-It is the use of computer systems to assist

in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization or a design. CAD software is used to

increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve

communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD

output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing

operations.

CAD is used in two ways.

a)2-D CAD.

b)3-D CAD.

Fig-13

http://www.geocities.ws/MotorCity/7630/cad.gif

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Fig-14

4.2 Computer modeling:-In this concept, I have introduced the concept of Mercedes benz ,

a new sedan in 2014.it has unleashed all the designing systems of an automobile design.

Computer modelling is becoming an increasingly important part of car design, chopping testing

times down to a fraction of what they were and enabling engineers to innovate and tinker with

greater ease.

Fig-15http://t1.gstatic.com/images?

q=tbn:ANd9GcTA_azwzwjp10w7rvaw7J6me2NGaGPwjjIrY3j1ifWVjzdBP37FsQ

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4.3 Manufacturing process:- This is the step when the actual process of making an

automobile is designed. The process is huge and finally ends with an automobile.

There are many steps in manufacturing process:-

a)Raw materials:- Although the bulk of an automobile is virgin steel, petroleum-based

products (plastics and vinyls) have come to represent an increasingly large percentage of

automotive components.

b)Design:- Introducing a new model of automobile generally takes three to five years from

inception to assembly. Ideas for new models are developed to respond to unmet pubic needs and

preferences.

For example:- lets study how a BMW is born…

Engine production:- An engine consists of a multitude of mechanical and electronic

components, but its core comprises the crankcase and the cylinder head.

Press shop:- The major function of this shop is to give a basic shape to the automobile.

The production of a BMW or MINI automobile begins in the stamping plant, where huge

steel and aluminium strips weighing several tons are cut into blanks. 

Fig-16

http://www.bmwgroup.com/bmwgroup_prod/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/fahrzeugfertigung/automobilfertigung/_img/presswerk1_540x130.jpg

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The sheet metal is pressed, perforated and cut using precision tooling made for the specific body

components. BMW employs the world's most innovative machine technology and systems in

the stamping plant. The servo drive in the new crossbar feeder presses ensures a high

output level with very low energy consumption.

Bodywork:- It takes quite a bit of imagination to imagine a finished automobile when

looking at piles of steel and aluminium sheets in the press shop.

Fig-17

http://www.bmwgroup.com/bmwgroup_prod/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/fahrzeugfertigung/automobilfertigung/_img/i_b_Karroseriebau.jpg

Paintwork:-

Fig-18

http://www.bmwgroup.com/bmwgroup_prod/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/fahrzeugfertigung/automobilfertigung/_img/b_Lackiererei.jpg

Five layers – four of which are paint – are applied to the car body during the paint process. First,

however, the body shell is cleaned.

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CHAPTER-5

5 DESIGNS OF SMALL CARS

The design of small cars has revolutionized the automobile concept. When we talk about the

small cars and their concept, there is only one car that has won the hearts of millions of people.

At the beginning of 2009, Rattan Tata introduced NANO, a small compact design yet a beauty.

In this weekly report, I am going to discuss about the design of TATA NANO.

5.1 TATA NANO :-With a length of just 3.1 meters, width of 1.5 meters and height of 1.6

meters, the Tata Nano has the smallest exterior footprint for a car in India. It offers a

spacious passenger compartment which can seat four adults and offers a high seating

position. Its small size coupled with a turning radius of just 4 meters, makes it extremely

maneuverable.

Fig-19

http://www.autobikeindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/tata-nano.jpg

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Fuel efficiency is 23.6 km/litre – highest for any petrol car in India – certified by the

Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI).

It has an all sheet-metal body, reinforced passenger compartment, crumple zones,

intrusion-resistant doors, besides mandatory seat belts and complies fully with existing Indian

safety standards.

5.1.1 INTERIOR DESIGN

Tata Motors claim that the Nano is 21% roomier than the Maruti 800. Although, that claim is

hard to verify, I am pleasantly surprised at the amount of space that the Nano has to offer.

Fig-20

http://indianautosblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2012_Tata_Nano-1.jpg

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Open the door and you find the minimalistic interiors that the 2012 Tata Nano has to offer. Considering I

got a top model, I had a three spoke steering wheel. The lower variants have just a 2 spoke one.

Fig-21 Fig-22

Fig-23

Besides the small steering wheel, you will find the simplest of center consoles, the major

highlight of the interiors. Two adjustable AC vents on the top, three knobs in the middle to

control the AC and a lever to control the airflow and that’s about it!

Fig-24

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Above the center console is one huge speedometer with a green band to help you drive

economically.

Fig-25

Things that I did not like about the interiors:

The build quality is questionable. After just 700 km, things had started to come off

There are many rattle noises when driving which will be discussed in details in the

driving report

The center mounted console is obtrusive when driving

The fabric stitching is poor

Quite a bit of glare of the dashboard is evident on the windshield

All that interior concept is finalized and is a unique design. All from dashing dashboard to the

rear wheels, TATA nano has won million hearts in few years.

However, there are a few key advantages that the Nano has in terms of interiors:

The amount of space in the Nano is much more than the Alto (F8 and K10) and Eon.

The outer visibility of Nano is much better than some bigger hatchbacks like Beat!

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While sitting in the Nano, your knees are always below the waist level which is good for

long journeys. In the Alto, your knees are slightly above the waist which can cause your

knees to ache

5.2 HONDA BRIO:-

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The Brio is the first entry level hatch to be launched in India by Japanese car maker Honda. The

name Brio means is an Italian word that means cheerful and energetic, and that is exactly what

this car is all about.

Fig-26

http://carsizzler.com/model_img/large_img/1368603156honda-brio-india.jpg

The Brio was launched in 2011 and it now comes in petrol as well as diesel variants and is a

good competitor to the Maruti Suzuki Swift, Hyundai i10, Ford Figo, Chevrolet Sail and Tata

Indica.

5.2.1 DESIGN AND STYLING:-

The exterior design of the car is very unique. The dimensions are very small but the car still

looks great. It follows a very simple yet futuristic design to hatches that is also very practical.

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Fig-27

http://www.gaadicdn.com/blog_images/Brio_2.jpg

5.2.2 INTERIORS :-

Although the car looks compact, it is very spacious inside and can quite comfortably fit in 5

people. The interior space is really good and what’s even better is the layout. The dashboard

looks superb, better than any other hatch in its segment.

Fig-28

http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ9aAPUUuTCuh0_Q_A0ycAVnii3C4UkSHyM8QB0iq95Jtjnqqt43w

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The ergonomics are spot on and the instrument cluster and steering wheel are placed very well.

Overall the car is very comfortable and appealing on the inside as well.

Fig-29

http://static.zigwheels.com/media/content/2011/Dec/hondabriortreport_5_560x420.jpg

5.2.3 ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION:-

The Brio comes with a 1198cc 4-ylinder petrol engine that has very good power output at 87bhp

and 109Nm of torque. The engine has been engineered almost to perfection and is mated to a 5-

speed manual transmission. There is also the choice of a 5-speed automatic transmission.

Fig-30

http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTKSW_HW0pNCbLuhQJ1UEn-ps-P__wrH8eWJVGXTWNuxtwERd3D

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5.2.4 QUALITY AND RELIABILITY:-

The Brio is built very well and has an incredibly well refined engine. The exterior quality and

interior quality of parts and panels is solid, and there is no sign of sloppy finishing touches.

Fig-31

http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRDTAuedlm85ZGunCH42apU1wfFnNQcw2D4uKZn7cpluKVceMuJIQ

SUMMARY:-

On an average this sedan is an efficient and reliable for a common person in the market.

Moreover Honda assures the guarantee of the level of comfort and accessibility. HONDA BRIO

has installed new heights in the automobile designing. This car has been given a beautiful tagline

“ LOVE HER, SHE WILL LOVE YOU BACK”.

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6 DISCUSSION:-

In the 6 weeks of my internship project ,I studied

a) Rules and regulations for creating design.

b) Design elements

i) Exterior design

ii) Interior design

iii) Colour and trim design

c) Development process

i) Concept sketching

ii) Clay modeling

iii) Class-A surfaces

iv) Manufacturing process

v) Computer modeling

vi) Computer –aided design

d) Designs of small cars

i) TATA NANO

ii) HONDA BRIO

These topics gives a brief explanation of how an automobile is designed. They give a basic idea

of what designs all about. Development process is the main issue which helps an engineer to

design the best of the design.

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REFERENCES:-

Monographs:

Language and the internet.

Edited articles:

Autocar India magazine, super chevy magazine, Automobile magazine, sports

magazine.

Other websites:

http://www.carbodydesign.com/publications/cad-cam-cae/caid-computer-aided-

industrial-design/ , http://www.chevrolet.com/culture/article/exterior-

design.html , www.bmw.com, www.autocarindia.com, www.tatanano.com ,

www.honda.com

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