AutoCAD PROJECT REPORT Daksh Cad Technology.doc

8/14/2019 AutoCAD PROJECT REPORT Daksh Cad Technology.doc

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AUTO CAD

Mechanical, Civil

AutoCAD 2010

AutoCAD 2D & 3D Drawing 60 Hrs

Part 1. The Basics of computer Aided Design Techniques

The AutoCAD WindowThe Pull Down Menu

The Toolbars

Working with AutoCAD

Part 2. Building of the Basics

Editing Enhancing Your Drawing Skills

Printing, Plotting & Laouts

Adding Te!t to Drawing

Part 3. Becoming an Expert

Drawing Cur"es & Solid #ills

Adding Attributes to $locks

Working with Area o% an b'ect

Part 4. 3D Modeling & maging

(ntroducing )D Solid *erations on +D Drawing

sing Ad"ance )D #eatures

-endering )D Drawings

Daksh Education Cad Technology


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AUTO CADMechanical, Civil

AutoCAD 2010

AutoCAD 2D & 3D Drawing 120 HrsThe Basics of computer Aided Design Techniques

Creating & Editing ele.entar b'ects

Ad"anced Drawing b'ectsAd"anced Editing co..ands

rgani/ing Drawing with laers

Te!t Annotation

Di.ensioning

Pollines & S*lines

$locks

Arrtibutes

!uto"!D 3D and sometric

(ntroduction to )D

)D co..ands

Editing )D Drawing

Shading, -endering & Ani.ation

Creating Scri*ts & Slide Libraries

CAD on the (nternet



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AKSH E UCATIONHISSAR

TRAINING REPORT

ON

Pro-E

SUBMITTE BY

ROSHAN KIRORIR.NO.- 9416590144

HARYANA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOOGY

KAITHA.



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COMPANY PRO!"#

Compan$ Pro%ile

DAKH Education Cad Technologies was esta!lished in August" 1### !y $r%

oshan 'al Kirori at Hisar% (ro) then we are *ro+iding training in CAD,CA$,CAE% -e

ha+e trained nu)!er o. students o. $echanical" /roduction" Ci+il" and Architect

Engineering% -e ha+e also worked on ndustrial li+e *roects%

Our %acult$ has more than Nine $ears #&perience in design %ield' (tudents

coming to us %or !ndustrial Training )ill *e initiall$ trained on these plat%orms then

)ill *e put on to live Design pro+ects' (ome o% our students are )oring )ith )ell

reputed companies lie (onalia, Pun+a* Tractor "imited, !D#( !n%oTech "td',

(teel (trip -heels . man$ more'



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Scope of CAD/CAM/CAE

ntegrated CAD,CA$,CAE o.twares like /ro,Engineer" DEA" olid

-orks" Autodesk 3D $a" $aya & CATA hel* )anu.acturers o*ti)i4e

*roduct conce*t early in Design *rocess" ena!ling the) to signi.icantly

i)*ro+e *roduct 5uality" while reducing *roduct de+elo*)ent ti)e and cost

$oreo+er *eo*le ha+ing 3D CAD,CA$,CAE knowledge ha+e !etter

chances o. growth" i))ediate e)*loya!ility a.ter co)*letion o. course"

graduation and chances o. o!s a!road%

As the )arket econo)y o*ens )ore and )ore it has !eco)e etre)ely

co)*etiti+e and with this state o. econo)y" skilled *eo*le *lay the )ost

i)*ortant role in organi4ation% Hence it !eco)es i)*erati+e on the *art o.

to* Tool oo) Training centers and Engg% Colleges to es*ecially look .or

new initiati+es towards i)*ro+ing the skills and knowledge o. students%

An e)erging trend o. Engg% Education in Tool oo) and the world is the

ra*id incre)entation o. CAD,CA$,CAE so.tware as an essential *art o.

curriculu)%



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The *ri)ary reasons .or this trend are enu)erated as .ollows

a*id shi.t .ro) )anual Design and /roduction syste) o. Engg% ndustry

to highly *roducti+e 5uality and cost e..ecti+e CAD,CA$,CAE syste)%

n .act )ost o. Tool and Die" Auto)oti+e" Hea+y Engg%" ndustrial

E5ui*)ent industry etc% in ndia and the -orld are totally working on

CAD,CA$,CAE e5ui*)ent% n continuation in a!o+e *oints )any o.

co)*anies as recruiters are looking at CAD,CA$,CAE knowledge as

*art o. essential *ro.ile o. recruiting students%

Knowledge o. CAD,CA$,CAE syste) shall !e an added wea*on .or

students seeking ad)ission to *ost graduate $%% courses and o!s

a!road%

These CAD,CA$,CAE syste)s shall *ro+e to !e an ecellent tool .or

ndustry" esearch setu* .or /ro.essors and Acade)ically 7ent tudents%

The 5uestion" -hich are the industries that need )ore skilled )an *ower

and what .or these seg)ents skill sets are a+aila!le" such o. these

seg)ents are

Tool oo) /rocess $,C Hea+y Engg% ndustries

$,C Tool De.ence

Auto)o!ile Auto Ancillaries



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-OR/!N0 -!T1 CAD2CAM2CA# T#C1NO"O0Y Essentially design is a decision )aking *rocess where thediscretion and knowledge o. the designer *lay a great role% -hile )an still

.inally controls decision)aking" the co)*uter has ser+ed to ease the

designer8s task%


$ATE$9DE'E

CAD CA$ CAE

T99' /ATH

:E;EAT9;

$-HE; 79D= ;

TATE 9( ET?

D=;A$C A;A'=

>-HE; 79D= ;

TATE 9( $9T9;?


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0#OM#TR!C MOD#""!N03 4 Design in+ol+es the de+elo*)ent o. the sha*e and di)ensions o. aco)*onent% During designing se+eral .actors are to !e considered

si)ultaneously% o)e o. the) are stress re5uire)ents" )ethod o.

)anu.acture% :eo)etric )odeling is the .irst ste* in CAD% A geo)etric)odel is created on the screen using di..erent techni5ues% 9nce creating this

)odel can !e easily altered in geo)etry and con.iguration to yield a

satis.actory sha*e% The net ste* is deciding on the eact di)ensions% The

results o. geo)etric )odeling will .urther !e use !y CA$ in the *re*aration

o. ;C ta*es .or the co)*onent%

#N0!N##R!N0 ANA"Y(!(3 4 The )ost i)*ortant .unction o. CAD is engineering analysis%

Engineering analysis !asically in+ol+es deciding the eact di)ensions o. the

co)*onent% These +alues ha+e to !e arri+ed at !y analy4ing the co)*onent

in ter)s o. the loads it has to withstand in .unction% CAD *ro+ides

so*histicated )ethod like the .inite ele)ent techni5ue%


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asse)!lies can !e created interacti+ely and *lotted in a!out one tenth o. the

nor)al ti)e% Auto)ated dra.ting has resulted in enor)ous *roducti+ity

gains in ter)s o. ti)e" la!our and e*enses%

#5P#RT (Y(T#M(3 4 The latest de+elo*)ent in CAD is the use o. E*ert syste)s% AnE*ert syste) has an @ intelligent data!ase called knowledge !ase and

reasoning logic% t )ay contain" .or ea)*le" the details o. the !reakdowns

that occurred in the industry% 9n a later date" the user has only to .eed in the

conditions under which a !reakdown occurred% The e*ert syste) disco+ers

the reason .or the !reakdown% This is only one a**lication o. e*ert syste)s%

-here+er decision )aking under )ulti*le constraints is in+ol+ed e*ert

syste)s are used as logic su**ort syste)s%



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(Y(T#M D#(!0N CYC"#6Conventional design c$cle7 (or sol+ing any design *ro!le) or engineering *ro!le)" the

general *rocedure )ay !e .ollowed%


EC9:;T9; 9( A ;EED

/EC(CAT9; A;DEB


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R#CO0N!T!ON O A N##DThis as*ect o. design can ha+e its origin in )any nu)!ers o.

sources% Custo)er re*orts on the *roduct .unction and 5uality )ay .orce a

redesign% The starting *oint o. a design *roect is a hy*othetical need which

)ay ha+e !een o!ser+ed in socioecono)ic scene% The need )ay !e eistingor )ay not yet eist" !ut the e+idence )ay !e eisting that the need is latent%

The .ollowing *oints will hel* at this stage

1% tudy the nature o. the need%

2% Esta!lish the need reasona!ly well to the etent *ossi!le%

3% $ake *ri)iti+e state)ent o. need%

% Do reconnaissance study with res*ect to 5ualitati+e and

5uantitati+e as*ects%

(P#C!!CAT!ON AND R#8U!R#M#NT( 9nce a need has !een esta!lished" its re5uire)ents )ust !e

care.ully s*elled out% ery o.ten the s*eci.ications are stated in such general

ter)s as to indicate that the consu)er has only a +ague idea o. what he

wants% n these re5uire)ents design and *er.or)ance re5uire)ents are

care.ully stated% Also" the s*eci.ications are *re*ared kee*ing in )ind the

*roduction co)*etence and ca*a!ility o. the co)*any%

#A(!9!"!TY (TUDY9nce the *ro!le)8s need has !een esta!lished and the

s*eci.ications ha+e !een *re*ared" acce*ted and su!)itted" the .easi!ility

study is done% The *ur*ose o. this study is to check the *ossi!ility o. success

or .ailure o. the *ur*osed *roect !oth .ro) technical and econo)ic

stand*oint% n this study" +arious 5uestions are to !e answered%

1% s any natural law !eing de.ied

2% Are so)e o. the s*eci.ications !eyond what is technically

a+aila!le at *resent3% s there any de*endence on source )aterials

% -ill the cost o. the end *roduct !e too high

The *ersons doing the .easi!ility study will !e the engineers with strong

design !ackground" knowledge o. engineering science" a good knowledge o.



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)aterial usage" knowledge o. *roduction )ethods and re5uire)ents o. the

sales de*art)ent%

CR#AT!:# D#(!0N (YNT1#(!(

9nce the .easi!ility o. the design is esta!lished" the creati+edesign synthesis has to !e done% Here" the designer can act as engineer"

in+entor" artist all in one" !ecause now he is called u*on to create%

The 5uantities o. the new design will !e

1% The 5uality o. newness or uni5ueness%

2% Things" which are either use.ul or a**reciated" are called creati+e%

Creati+e things are so)eti)es either *ur*ose.ul or !eauti.ul or

!oth%

3% The third 5uality in the design solution will !e that it will ha+e

si)*licity% A solution ha+ing the 5ualities o. newness and use.ul or

a**reciated !ut co)*le would not !e known as a creati+e solution%

PR#"!M!NARY D#(!0N AND D#:#"OPM#NT A.ter the *rocess o. creati+ity design is co)*lete" there will !e one

or )ore *ossi!le designs that satis.y the gi+en set o. s*eci.ications and

re5uire)ents% t then !eco)es necessary to decide which o. the solutions to

choose .or the *reli)inary design and de+elo*)ent stage% ;ote" this stage is

*ri)arily concerned with checking the +alidity o. the .unctional and o+erall

si4e re5uire)ents o. the s*eci.ications%

The stages o. the *reli)inary design can !e su))ari4ed as !elow1% election o. the )ost use.ul solution .ro) the se+eral suggested

solutions%

2% (or)ulation o. use.ul )odel *re.era!ly )athe)atical .or this

selected solution%

3% Analysis o. this )odel%

% /rediction o. *er.or)ance%

F% /re*aring layout o. the selected solution" )aking a check .or its

.unction%

D#TA!"#D D#(!0N $any designers o.ten )iss )any o. the acti+ities o. the detailed

design *hase o. the design *rocess" *articularly .or s)aller o!s" !ecause so

)uch o. the detailing in the sense o. co)*onent design is already done in

the *reli)inary design *hase% This *hase o. the design work consists o. two

)aor acti+ities



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>1? Detailing the *arts" co)*onent and their asse)!ly%

>2? :oing into su..icient details o. )anu.acture in i)*le)enting the

design%

The second *hase as indicated earlier re5uires a good knowledge o.

)anu.acturing *rocess% The )ethod o. )anu.acturing should !e such that

the .ollowing are a+oided%

>1? Hea+y weight o. )aterial

>2? ecla)*ing o. work

>3? *ecial *ur*ose tools

>? (inishing o*erations

PROTOTYP# 9U!"D!N0 AND T#(T!N0 A.ter co)*leting all the details" the su!asse)!lies and asse)!ly

drawings including the )aterials and *arts list" the co)*leted design is sentto the *rototy*e or )odel sho* .or .a!rication% At this uncture the *arts are

.a!ricated" co))ercial co)*onents are *urchased" and the )achine or

syste)" a.ter ha+ing !een asse)!led" is ready .or e+olution and testing% This

testing can hel* in

1% /roducing acce*ta!le *er.or)ance

2% To generate new design in.or)ation

3% To de+elo* i)*ro+ed design conce*ts

% To increase +alidity o. the results%

D#(!0N OR PRODUCT!ON n addition to !eing .unctionally sound" a *roduct )ust ha+e sales

a**eal and )ust !e co)*etiti+e in *rice% n order .or a *roduct to !e )ade

econo)ically" it )ust !e designed so that the )ost a**ro*riate )aterial and

*rocesses will !e utili4ed% This is called @ design .or *roduction% (or large

scale )anu.acturing" any o. these *rocesses )ay !e )ore econo)ical than

indi+idual *art )achining%

PRODUCT R#"#A(# /roduction *rototy*e are usually )ade and tested" and anydraw!ack that can !e easily corrected is generally re.erred !ack to

*reli)inary design and de+elo*)ent or to detailed design .or alteration%



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AD:ANTA0#( O CAD

CAD can )ake a dra.t )en )uch )ore e..icient% De*ending

u*on the dra.ting task" two to ten ti)es *roducti+ity i)*ro+e)ent is not

unco))on when using a CAD syste) %The .ollowing are the ad+antages o.using CAD o+er )anual dra.ting

R#:!(!ON(3 4 9ne o. the )ost ti)econsu)ing tasks that a dra.t )an *er.or)s is

)aking changes to eisting drawings% -ith a CAD syste)" re+isions are

)uch .aster than )anual )ethods% A.ter a drawing has !een co)*leted" it is

stored and can !e recalled at any ti)e to )ake changes easily%

E/TT9; i)*le sy)!ols or )ore co)*le ones " are created !y drawingthe) with the CAD syste) and storing the) away to !e used at any ti)e%

9nce a drawing has !een *roduced and stored in the co)*uter8s )e)ory" it

does not ha+e to !e drawn again i. it is *art o. another drawing% /arts o.

*re+ious drawings can !e co)!ined to *roduce new drawings%

ACCURACY3 4 Di)ensions are keyedin using the co)*uter key!oard or )enu

instead o. reading a scale% $ating *arts can !e checked .or .it !y ha+ing the

co)*uter )atch the *arts on the screen !e.ore hard co*ies are *roduced%

(P##D3 4 n al)ost all areas o. dra.ting" CAD is .aster than )anual drawing%This is es*ecially true as the o*erator !eco)es )ore *ro.icient through

continued use o. the syste)

N#ATN#((3 4 A.ter the drawing has !een *roduced on screen" it can !e drawn on

*a*er with a *lotter% The )echanical *lotting o. a drawing *roduces clean"

accurate and neat drawings using *ro*er line weight and consistency" and

shar*" consistent lettering%



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CO(T3 4 n the *ast" CAD syste)s were an e*ensi+e alternati+e to )anual

dra.ting" and only )aor industrial cor*orations could a..ord the)% ;ow"

!ecause o. reduced cost o. )e)ory" increased co)*etition" and i)*ro+ed

so.tware and co)*uter technology CAD syste)s are a..orda!le to )ostdra.tingdesign o..ices%

D!#R#NT TYP#( O CAD2CAM (OT-AR#

1% ;TE:ATED CAD,CA$ =TE$ /ro,engineer" DEA

CATA"


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-hy industries switcs towards 3d technology

7ecause 3d )odel is centreled to all the acti+ities *ertaining to

analysis")anu.acturing"*roduct conce*t& custo)er re5uire)ents%



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A79'


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PO"AR COORD!NAT# (Y(T#M(

/olar coordinate syste)s use a distance and an angle to locate a *oint% -hen you enter

*olar coordinate +alues" you indicate a *oints distance .ro) the origin or .ro) the

*re+ious *oint and its angle along the G= *lane o. the current coordinate syste)%

To enter a *olar coordinate" enter a distance and an angle" se*arated !y an angle !racket

>O?% (or ea)*le" to s*eci.y a *oint at a distance o. 1 unit .ro) the *re+ious *oint and atan angle o. F degrees" enter I1OF%

7y de.ault" angles increase in the counterclockwise and decrease in the clockwise

direction% To )o+e clockwise" enter a negati+e +alue .or the angle% (or ea)*le" entering1OF is the sa)e as entering 1O31F% =ou can change the angle direction and set the !ase

angle on the


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CR#AT!N0 O9;#CT( !N AUTOCAD

LINE

A line can !e one seg)ent or a series o. connected seg)ents" !ut each seg)ent is a

se*arate line o!ect%


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(irst draw the line seg)ent%

1 (ro) the Draw )enu" choose /olyline%2 *eci.y the start *oint o. the line seg)ent >1?%

3 *eci.y the end*oint o. the line seg)ent >2?%

Enter a to switch to Arc )ode%

F *eci.y the end*oint o. the arc >3?%6 Enter l to return to 'ine )ode%

R Enter the distance and angle o. the line in relation to the end*oint o. the arc% =ou

can enter these relati+e +alues in the .or) IdistanceOangle%Q /ress E;TE to end the *olyline%

A.ter you+e created a *olyline" you can edit it with /EDT or use EG/'9DE to con+ertit to indi+idual line and arc seg)ents% -hen you e*lode a wide *olyline" the line widthre+erts to 0 and the resulting line seg)ents are *ositioned along the center o. what was

the wide *olyline%

MULTILINE

$ultilines consist o. !etween 1 and 16 *arallel lines" called ele)ents% =ou *osition the

ele)ents !y s*eci.ying the desired o..set o. each ele)ent .ro) the origin o. the )ultiline%=ou can create and sa+e )ultiline styles or use the de.ault style" which has two ele)ents%

=ou can set the color and linety*e o. each ele)ent and dis*lay or hide the oints o. the

)ultiline% Soints are lines that a**ear at each +erte% There are se+eral ty*es o. end ca*s

you can gi+e the )ultiline" .or ea)*le" lines or arcs%

Ea)*les o. )ultilines

Creating Multiline (t$les

To create a )ultiline style

1 (ro) the (or)at )enu" choose $ultiline tyle%

2 n the $ultiline tyles dialog !o" enter a na)e and

descri*tion .or the style%Descri*tions are o*tional and can !e u* to 2FF characters" including s*aces%

3 To create a )ultiline style" choose Add%

To add ele)ents to the style or to )odi.y eisting ele)ents" choose Ele)ent/ro*erties%



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F n the Ele)ent /ro*erties dialog !o" highlight the ele)ent in the list" and then

)ake changes to 9..set" Color" and 'inety*e%

6 To add an ele)ent" choose Add" and then )ake changes to 9..set" Color" and'inety*e% Choose 9K%

The o..set de.ines the 0"0 origin o. the )ultiline relati+e to which other ele)ents

are drawn% An ele)ent does not ha+e to !e drawn at the origin%R To set )ultiline *ro*erties" choose $ultiline /ro*erties in the $ultiline tyles

dialog !o%

Q n the $ultiline /ro*erties dialog !o" )ake any changes and choose 9K%/ro*erties include the dis*lay o. seg)ent oints and the ty*e o. start and end ca*s

with their angles and .ill color%

# Choose a+e to sa+e the style to an eternal )ultiline style .ile >the de.ault is

acad%)ln?% =ou can sa+e )ultiline styles to the sa)e .ile%

. you create )ore than one )ultiline style" sa+e the current style !e.ore creating a new

one or you lose the changes to the .irst style%=ou can add u* to 16 ele)ents to a )ultiline style% . you create or )odi.y an ele)ent so

that it has a negati+e o..set" it a**ears !elow the origin in the i)age tile o. the $ultilinetyles dialog !o%

To s*eci.y the *ro*erties o. the entire )ultiline

1 (ro) the (or)at )enu" choose $ultiline tyle%

2 n the $ultiline tyles dialog !o" choose $ultiline /ro*erties%3 n the $ultiline /ro*erties dialog !o" select Dis*lay Soints to dis*lay a line at the

+ertices o. the )ultiline%


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POLYGON

/olygons are closed *olylines with !etween 3 and 1"02 e5uallength sides% =ou draw a

*olygon !y inscri!ing it in" or circu)scri!ing it a!out" an i)aginary circle or !y

s*eci.ying the end*oints o. one o. the edges o. the *olygon% 7ecause *olygons alwaysha+e e5uallength sides" they *ro+ide a si)*le way to draw s5uares and e5uilateral

triangles%

2?



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The two s*eci.ied *oints deter)ine the diagonal corners o. a rectangle with sides *arallel

to the G and =ais o. the current


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1 (ro) the Draw )enu" choose Circle Center" adius%

2 *eci.y the center *oint%

3 *eci.y the radius%

To create a circle that is tangent to two o!ects" s*eci.y a tangent *oint on each o. the

o!ects and the radius o. the circle% The tangent *oint can !e any *oint on the o!ect% n

the .ollowing illustrations" the darker circle is the one !eing drawn" and the tangent *ointsare *oints >1? and >2?%

Circles created tangent to two o!ects

To create a circle tangent to eisting o!ects

1 (ro) the Draw )enu" choose Circle Tan" Tan" adius%

=ou are now in Tangent sna* )ode%

2 elect the .irst o!ect to draw the circle tangent to%

3 elect the second o!ect to draw the circle tangent to% *eci.y the radius o. the circle%

To create a circle tangent at two or three *oints" set 9;A/ to Tangent and use the two

*oint or three*oint )ethod to create the circle >see Pna**ing to /oints on 9!ectsP?%

ARC

=ou can create arcs in )any ways% The de.ault )ethod is to s*eci.y three *ointsVa start

*oint" a second *oint on the arc" and an end*oint% =ou can also s*eci.y the includedangle" radius" direction" and chord length o. arcs% The chord o. an arc is a straight line

!etween the end*oints% 7y de.ault" AutoCAD draws arcs counterclockwise%

n the .ollowing ea)*le" the start *oint o. the arc sna*s to the end*oint o. a line% Thesecond *oint o. the arc sna*s to the )iddle circle%



25/58

To draw an arc !y s*eci.ying three *oints

1 (ro) the Draw )enu" choose Arc tart" Center" End%2 *eci.y the start *oint >1? !y entering end* and selecting the line%

The arc sna*s to the end*oint o. the line%

3 *eci.y the second *oint >2? !y entering cen and selecting the eisting arc tode.ine the center o. the arc%

*eci.y the end*oint o. the arc >3?%

n the .ollowing illustrations" the center o. an eisting circle is used as the center o. the

arc% 9nce you s*eci.y the center and start *oints o. the arc" you co)*lete the arc !ys*eci.ying the chord length% The distances shown in these illustrations .ro) one end*oint

to the cursor are chord lengths%

To draw an arc using a start *oint" a center *oint" and a chord length

1 (ro) the Draw )enu" choose Arc tart" Center" 'ength%

2 *eci.y a start *oint >1?%

3 *eci.y the center *oint >2?%

*eci.y the chord length%


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27/58

ELLIPSE

=ou can create .ull elli*ses and elli*tical arcs" !oth o. which are eact )athe)atical

re*resentations o. elli*ses% The de.ault )ethod o. drawing an elli*se is to s*eci.y theend*oints o. the .irst ais and the distance" which is hal. the length o. the second ais%

The longer ais o. an elli*se is called the )aor ais" and the shorter one is the )inor

ais% The order in which you de.ine the aes does not )atter%

n the .ollowing *rocedure" you draw an elli*se using the de.ault )ethod and the *ointing

de+ice% Here" the .irst ais is the )aor ais" and the second is the )inor% The distance

increases as you drag the *ointing de+ice away .ro) the )id*oint%

To draw a true elli*se using end*oints and distance

1 (ro) the Draw )enu" choose Elli*se Ais" End%

2 *eci.y the .irst end*oint o. the .irst ais >1?%3 *eci.y the second end*oint o. the .irst ais >2?%

Drag the *ointing de+ice away .ro) the )id*oint >3? o. the .irst ais and click tos*eci.y the distance%



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=ou can *ro+ide a rotation angle instead o. a distance or draw the elli*se !ased on a

center *oint" an end*oint o. one ais" and hal. the length o. the other ais%

Elli*ses created !y s*eci.ying ais end*oints and distance

n the illustrations a!o+e" *oints 1 and 2 are the end*oints o. the .irst ais" and *oint 3

de.ines the distance >hal. the length? o. the second ais% The elli*se at the le.t is drawn !ys*eci.ying the center >1? and two aes% The end*oint o. the .irst ais is at *oint 2" and

*oint 3 de.ines hal. the length o. the second ais%

DONUT

Drawing donuts is a 5uick way to create .illed rings or solid.illed circles% Donuts are

actually closed *olylines that ha+e width% To create a donut" s*eci.y its inside and outside

dia)eters and its center% =ou can continue creating )ulti*le co*ies with the sa)edia)eter !y s*eci.ying di..erent centers until you *ress E;TE to end the co))and% To

create solid.illed circles" s*eci.y an inside dia)eter o. 0%



29/58

POINT

/oint o!ects can !e use.ul" .or ea)*le" as node or re.erence *oints that you can sna* toand o..set o!ects .ro)% =ou can set the style o. the *oint and its si4e relati+e to the

screen or in a!solute units%

HATCHING AREAS

Hatching .ills a s*eci.ied area in a drawing with a *attern% =ou can hatch an enclosedarea or a s*eci.ied !oundary using the 7HATCH and HATCH co))ands%

7HATCH creates associati+e or nonassociati+e hatches% Associati+e hatches are linked to

their !oundaries and are u*dated when the !oundaries are )odi.ied% ;onassociati+e

hatches are inde*endent o. their !oundaries% 7HATCH de.ines !oundaries auto)atically

when you s*eci.y a *oint within the area to !e hatched% Any whole or *artial o!ects thatare not *art o. the !oundary are ignored and do not a..ect the hatch% The !oundary can

ha+e o+erhanging edges and islands >enclosed areas within the hatch area? that youchoose to hatch or lea+e unhatched% =ou can also de.ine a !oundary !y selecting o!ects%

HATCH creates nonassociati+e hatches only% t is use.ul .or hatching areas that do notha+e closed !oundaries%

A.ter you+e created a hatch" you can edit it with HATCHEDT or e*lode it into

co)*osite lines using the EG/'9DE co))and%

=ou can de.ine a hatch !oundary !y s*eci.ying *oints directly% (or ea)*le" you )ay

want to illustrate a *attern .ill in a s)all section o. a drawing" as shown in the .ollowing

illustration%



30/58

sland detection )ethods s*eci.y whether to include o!ects within the outer)ost!oundary as !oundary o!ects when you are using /ick /oints% These internal o!ects are

known as islands% 7y de.ault" AutoCAD uses the (lood island detection )ethod% The

(lood )ethod includes islands as !oundary o!ects" as shown in the .ollowing

illustration% How AutoCAD hatches the detected islands de*ends on the island detectionstyle% The .ollowing illustration uses the ;or)al island detection style" )eaning that

islands re)ain unhatched and islands within islands are hatched%

-hen you use /ick /oints to de.ine your !oundaries" you can re)o+e any detectedislands .ro) your !oundary de.inition%

=ou can control how AutoCAD hatches islands detected as !oundaries using the three

island detection styles ;or)al" 9uter" and gnore%



31/58

SNAPING TO POINTS ON OBJECTS

During drawing co))ands" you can sna* the cursor to *oints on o!ects such asend*oints" )id*oints" centers" and intersections% (or ea)*le" you can turn on o!ect

sna*s and 5uickly draw a line to the center o. a circle" the )id*oint o. a *olyline

seg)ent" or the a**arent intersection o. two lines%=ou turn on o!ect sna*s in one o. two ways

ingle *oint >or o+erride? o!ect sna*s ets an o!ect sna* .or one use%unning o!ect sna*s ets o!ect sna*s until you turn the) o..%

To sna* to a *oint on an o!ect

1 tart a co))and re5uiring you to s*eci.y a *oint >.or ea)*le" AC" CC'E"

C9/=" ';E or $9E?%

2 -hen the co))and *ro)*ts you to s*eci.y a *oint" choose an o!ect sna* usingone o. the .ollowing )ethods

Click a tool!ar !utton on the tandard tool!ar 9!ect na* .lyout or on the 9!ectna* tool!ar%

/ress H(T and rightclick in the drawing area" and choose an o!ect sna* .ro)

the shortcut )enu%Enter an o!ect sna* a!!re+iation on the co))and line%

3 $o+e your cursor o+er the sna* location and click%

A.ter you click to the sna* *oint" the o!ect sna* clears% . you select any *oint other thanthe o!ect sna* *oint" AutoCAD dis*lays an in+alid *oint )essage%

n addition to single*oint o!ect sna*s" you can turn on running o!ect sna*s% unningo!ect sna*s stay on until you turn the) o..% =ou can also turn on )ore than one running

o!ect sna* at a ti)e%



32/58


33/58

WORKING WITH BLOCKS

A !lock is a collection o. o!ects you can associate together to .or) a single o!ect" or!lock de.inition% =ou can insert" scale" and rotate a !lock in a drawing% =ou can e*lode

a !lock into its co)*onent o!ects" )odi.y the)" and rede.ine the !lock% AutoCAD

u*dates all current and .uture instances o. that !lock !ased on the !lock de.inition%7locks strea)line the drawing *rocess% (or ea)*le" you can use !locks to

o 7uild a standard li!rary o. .re5uently used sy)!ols" co)*onents" or standard

*arts% =ou can insert the sa)e !lock nu)erous ti)es instead o. recreating thedrawing ele)ents each ti)e%

o e+ise drawings e..iciently !y inserting" relocating" and co*ying !locks as

co)*onents rather than indi+idual geo)etric o!ects%

o a+e disk s*ace !y storing all re.erences to the sa)e !lock as one !lock de.inition

in the drawing data!ase%

-hen you insert a !lock in your drawing" you are creating a !lock instance% Each ti)e

you insert a !lock instanceN you assign a scale .actor and rotation angle to the inserted!lock% =ou can also scale a !lock instance using di..erent +alues in any coordinate >G" ="

J? direction%



34/58

EDITING METHODS

EDITING WITH GRIPS

. gri*s are turned on" when you select o!ects with the *ointing de+ice !e.ore starting a

co))and" AutoCAD )arks the selected o!ects with gri*s% >;oun,er! election )ust!e turned on in order to select o!ects .irst%

-ith gri*s you can use the *ointing de+ice to co)!ine se+eral o. the )ost co))on

editing co))ands with o!ect selection to edit )ore 5uickly% -hen gri*s are turned on"

you select the o!ects you want !e.ore editing% =ou can then )ani*ulate the o!ects%

USING THE OBJECT PROPERTIES TOOLBAR

AutoCAD *ro+ides two )ain tools that you can use to easily edit o!ect *ro*erties such

as layers" colors" linety*es" and line weights%

O*+ect Properties tool*ar3/ro+ides o*tions .or +iewing or changing the o!ect

*ro*erties that are co))on to all o!ects" including layers and layer *ro*erties"

colors" linety*es" line weights" and *lot style%

Properties )indo)3/ro+ides a co)*lete list o. *ro*erties .or any o!ect% =ou

can +iew an o!ects *ro*erties and )odi.y the ones that can !e changed%

=ou can use the controls on the 9!ect /ro*erties tool!ar to 5uickly +iew or change an

o!ects layer" layer *ro*erties" color" linety*e" line weight" and *lot style% The 9!ect/ro*erties tool!ar consolidates the co))ands needed to +iew and edit these o!ect

*ro*erties% electing an o!ect when no co))and is acti+e dyna)ically dis*lays these

*ro*erties in the controls on the tool!ar% =ou cannot change the *ro*erties o. o!ects on

locked layers%



35/58

All controls on the 9!ect /ro*erties tool!ar su**ort character )atching instead o.

scrolling through the lists to )ake a selection" you can enter the .irst character o. the

*ro*erty na)e to select it% . the na)e is too long to !e dis*layed within the control" it isshortened with an elli*sis the control and dis*laying the tet ti*%

7ecause !locks are distinct o!ects" it is i)*ortant to understand that" although each

o!ect that co)*oses the !lock )aintains its own o!ect *ro*erties" the 9!ect /ro*ertiestool!ar re.lects only the o!ect *ro*erties .or the !lock" not its indi+idual *arts% This is

likewise true .or re.s" !ecause re.s are si)*ly eternal !locks%

The layer" color" linety*e" and line weight +alues .or a !lock are the layer" color" linety*e"

and line weight +alues that were current at the ti)e you inserted the !lock" unless you

)anually assigned other +alues to the !lock a.ter insertion% (or an indi+idual o!ect

contained within a !lock" the layer on which AutoCAD draws the o!ect is always thelayer on which the o!ect eisted at the ti)e you created the !lock% The color" linety*e"

and lineweight in which AutoCAD draws the indi+idual o!ects are descri!ed in the

.ollowing ta!le%

USING THE PROPERTIES WINDOW

-hen you enter /9/ETE" AutoCAD dis*lays the /ro*erties window% -hile the

9!ect /ro*erties tool!ar *ro+ides con+enient access to the *ro*erties that are co))on toall o!ects" the /ro*erties window is the )ain )ethod you use to )odi.y the co)*lete set

o. o!ects*eci.ic *ro*erties" including *ro*erties that you ha+e de.ined%

The /ro*erties window lists the current settings .or all o!ect *ro*erties when a single

o!ect or )ulti*le sets o. o!ects are selected% (ro) the /ro*erties window" you can

)odi.y any *ro*erty that can !e changed% To )odi.y *ro*erties using the /ro*ertieswindow select the o!ect whose *ro*erties you want to change and use one o. the

.ollowing )ethods

Enter a new +alue%elect a +alue .ro) a list%

Change the *ro*erty +alue in a dialog !o%


36/58

Plot st$le3 Dis*lays or sets the *lot style%

"ine)eight3 Dis*lays or sets the lineweight%

1$perlin3 Dis*lays or sets the hy*erlink%

Thicness3 Dis*lays or sets the thickness%

EDITING LAYERS

-ith the layer !uttons and the layer control" you can +iew a selected o!ects layer"

change an o!ects layer" )ake a layer current" change a layers *ro*erties" and access the

'ayer /ro*erties $anager% The layer na)e and *ro*erties dis*layed in the 'ayer control

de*end on the current selection set

=ou can use the 'ayer control to trans.er o!ects to locked" .ro4en" or turned o.. layers"

!ut you cannot trans.er an o!ect to an re.de*endent layer >any layer that is de.inedwithin an inserted re.?% Gre.de*endent layers are dis*layed as una+aila!le in the list

!ecause you cannot )ake the) current and you cannot edit o!ects on those layers% =oucan" howe+er" still )odi.y the *ro*erties o. re.de*endent layers !y clicking icons in the'ayer control% n the 'ayer /ro*erties $anager" i. you turn on a .ilter and a**ly it to the

9!ect /ro*erties tool!ar" the 'ayer control does not list layers that )atch the .ilter% n

this case" when you *osition your *ointer o+er the 'ayer control" the tool ti* indicates

either P(ilter a**liedP or Pn+erted .ilter a**lied"P rather than the .ull layer na)e%

To change an o!ects layer

1 elect the o!ects whose layers you want to change%

2 9n the 9!ect /ro*erties tool!ar" choose the 'ayer control%

7ecause you cannot trans.er o!ects to re.de*endent layers" their na)es are

dis*layed as una+aila!le in the 'ayer control%3 Choose a layer%

AutoCAD a**lies the chosen layer to all selected o!ects%



37/58

MATCHING PROPERTIES OF OTHER OBJECTS

=ou can co*y so)e or all *ro*erties o. one o!ect to one or )ore o!ects using$ATCH/9/% /ro*erties that can !e co*ied include color" layer" linety*e" linety*e

scale" lineweight" thickness" *lot style" and in so)e cases" di)ension" tet" and hatch%

COPYING THE OBJECTS

To co*y o!ects within a drawing" create a selection set and s*eci.y a start *oint and anend*oint .or the co*y% These *oints are called the !ase *oint and the second *oint o.

dis*lace)ent" res*ecti+ely" and can !e anywhere within the drawing%

Co))and Co*y

OFFSETTING THE OBJECTS

9..setting creates a new o!ect that is si)ilar to a selected o!ect !ut at a s*eci.ied

distance% =ou can o..set lines" arcs" circles" 2D *olylines" elli*ses" elli*tical arcs" lines"

rays" and *lanar s*lines% 9..setting circles creates larger or s)aller circles de*ending onthe o..set side% 9..setting outside the *eri)eter creates a larger circle% 9..setting inside

creates a s)aller one%

Co))and 9..set

MIRRORING THE OBJECTS

=ou )irror o!ects around a )irror line" which you de.ine with two *oints" as shown inthe .ollowing illustration% =ou can delete or retain the original o!ects% $irroring works

in any *lane *arallel to the G= *lane o. the current


38/58

ARRYING OBJECTS

=ou can co*y an o!ect or selection set in *olar or rectangular arrays >*atterns?% (or *olar

arrays" you control the nu)!er o. co*ies o. the o!ect and whether the co*ies are rotated%

(or rectangular arrays" you control the nu)!er o. rows and colu)ns and the distance!etween the)%

Co))and Array



39/58

MOVING THE OBJECTS

-hen you )o+e o!ects" you can rotate or align the) or )o+e the) without changing

9rientation or si4e%


40/58

n the .ollowing ea)*le" you rotate the *lan +iew o. a house" using the de.ault relati+e

angle )ethod%

o)eti)es its easier to rotate with a!solute angles% (or ea)*le" to align two o!ects

when you know the a!solute angles o. !oth" use the current angle o. the o!ect to !erotated as the re.erence angle" and use the angle o. the other o!ect as the new angle% An

easier way is to use the *ointing de+ice to select the o!ect that you want to rotate and the

o!ect you want to align it with%

ALIGNING THE OBJECTS

=ou can )o+e" rotate" or tilt an o!ect so it aligns with another o!ect% n the .ollowingea)*le" align the *ieces o. *i*ing using a window selection !o to select the o!ect to

!e aligned%


41/58

ERASING THE OBJECTS

=ou can erase o!ects using all the a+aila!le selection )ethods% n the .ollowingea)*le" you use window selection to erase a section o. *i*ing% 9nly o!ects enclosed !y

the window are erased%

Co))and Erase

STRETCHING THE OBJECTS

To stretch an o!ect" you s*eci.y a !ase *oint .or the stretch and then two *oints o.dis*lace)ent% =ou can also select the o!ect with a crossing selection and co)!ine gri*

editing with o!ect sna*s" gri* sna*s" grid sna*s" and relati+e coordinate entry to stretchwith greater accuracy%

Co))and tretch

Moving *$ (tretching3

n the .ollowing ea)*le" you )o+e a door .ro) one *art o. a wall to another !y

stretching% Turning on 9rtho )ode hel*s you )o+e the o!ect in a straight line%

STRETCHING BY GRIPS

=ou stretch an o!ect !y )o+ing selected gri*s to new locations% o)e gri*s )o+e the

o!ect rather than stretching it% This is true o. gri*s on tet o!ects" !locks" )id*oints o.lines" centers o. circles" centers o. elli*ses" and *oint o!ects%



42/58


43/58

Co))and Etend

n this ea)*le" you etend the three hori4ontal lines to an i)*lied !oundary" which iswhere they would intersect the single line i. it were etended%

CHANGING THE LENGTHS OF OBJECTS

=ou can change the angle o. arcs" and you can change the length o. o*en lines" arcs" o*en

*olylines" elli*tical arcs" and o*en s*lines% The results are si)ilar to !oth etending and

tri))ing% =ou can alter the length in se+eral ways

Dragging an o!ects end*oint >dyna)ically?

*eci.ying a new length as a *ercentage o. the total length or angle*eci.ying an incre)ental length or angle )easured .ro) an o!ects end*oint

*eci.ying the o!ects total a!solute length or included angle

Co))and 'engthen

TRIMMING THE OBJECTS

=ou can cut an o!ect *recisely at an edge de.ined !y one or )ore o!ects% 9!ects you

de.ine as the !oundary edges or cutting edges do not ha+e to intersect the o!ect !eing

tri))edN you can tri) !ack to an i)*lied intersection% Cutting edges can !e lines" arcs"circles" *olylines" elli*ses" s*lines" lines" rays" and +iew*orts in *a*er s*ace% -ide

*olylines are cut along their centerline%



44/58

Co))and Tri)

An i)*lied intersection is the *oint where two o!ects would intersect i. they were

etended% =ou can tri) o!ects using their i)*lied intersection as the cutting edge% n the.ollowing ea)*le" you tri) the +ertical wall !ack to its i)*lied intersection with the

hori4ontal wall%

An o!ect can !e one o. the cutting edges and one o. the o!ects !eing tri))ed% (orea)*le" in the light .iture illustrated" the circle is a cutting edge .or the construction

lines and is also !eing tri))ed%

-hen tri))ing co)*le o!ects" using di..erent selection )ethods can hel* you choose

the right cutting edges and o!ects to tri)% n the .ollowing ea)*le" the cutting edges areselected with a crossing window%

n the .ollowing ea)*le" .ence selection is used to select a series o. o!ects .ortri))ing%



45/58

INSERTING BREAKS IN OBJECTS

=ou can re)o+e *art o. an o!ect with the 7EAK co))and% =ou can !reak lines"

circles" arcs" *olylines" elli*ses" s*lines" lines" and rays% -hen !reaking an o!ect" youcan either select the o!ect at the .irst !reak *oint and then s*eci.y a second !reak *oint"

or you can select the entire o!ect and then s*eci.y the two !reak *oints%

EXPLODING OBJECTS

E*loding o!ects con+erts single o!ects to their constituent *arts !ut has no +isi!le

e..ect% (or ea)*le" e*loding .or)s si)*le lines and arcs .ro) *olylines" rectangles"donuts" and *olygons% t re*laces a !lock re.erence or associati+e di)ension with co*ies

o. the si)*le o!ects that co)*ose the !lock or di)ension% :rou*s e*lode into their

)e)!er o!ects or into other grou*s%

7locks inserted with une5ual G" =" and J scale .actors )ay e*lode into une*ectedo!ects%

EDITING POLYLINES=ou can edit *olylines !y closing and o*ening the) and !y )o+ing" adding" or deleting

indi+idual +ertices% =ou can straighten the *olyline !etween any two +ertices and togglethe linety*e so that a dash a**ears !e.ore and a.ter each +erte% =ou can set a uni.or)

width .or the entire *olyline or control the width o. each seg)ent% =ou can also create a

linear a**roi)ation o. a s*line .ro) a *olyline%2D and 3D *olylines" rectangles" and *olygons and 3D *olygon )eshes are all *olyline

+ariants and are edited in the sa)e way%

AutoCAD recogni4es !oth .it *olylines and s*line.it *olylines% A s*line.it *olyline uses

a cur+e .it" si)ilar to a 7s*line% There are two kinds o. s*line.it *olylines" 5uadratic and

cu!ic% 7oth o. these *olylines are controlled !y the /';ET=/E syste) +aria!le% A .it*olyline uses standard cur+es .or cur+e .it and utili4es any tangent directions set on anygi+en +erte% =ou can change the s*lined *olyline !ack to a *olyline using the Decur+e

o*tion% The illustration shows a *olyline edited with the *line o*tion%

Howe+er" so)e editing actions" such as tri))ing" !reaking" and any gri* editing" re)o+e

the s*line de.inition o. a .it or s*lined *olyline% (or this reason" it is !etter to use a true

s*line" which )aintains its s*line de.inition%



46/58

Co))and /edit

CHAMFERING OBJECTS

Cha).ering connects two non*arallel o!ects !y etending or tri))ing the) to intersect

or to oin with a !e+eled line% =ou can cha).er lines" *olylines" lines" and rays% -ith thedistance )ethod" you s*eci.y the a)ount that each line should !e tri))ed or etended%

-ith the angle )ethod" you can also s*eci.y the length o. the cha).er and the angle it

.or)s with the .irst line% =ou can retain the o!ects as they were !e.ore the cha).er ortri) or etend the) to the cha).er line%

. !oth o!ects !eing cha).ered are on the sa)e layer" the cha).er line goes on that

layer% 9therwise" the cha).er line goes on the current layer% The sa)e rules a**ly to

cha).er color" linety*e" and lineweight%. no intersection *oint is within the drawing li)its and i. li)its checking is turned on"

AutoCAD reects the cha).ering%

Cham%ering *$ (peci%$ing Distances

The cha).er distance is the a)ount each o!ect is tri))ed or etended to )eet thecha).er line or to intersect the other o!ect% . !oth cha).er distances are 0" cha).ering

tri)s or etends the two o!ects until they )eet !ut does not draw a cha).er line%

Cham%ering *$ (peci%$ing "ength and Angle

=ou can cha).er two o!ects !y s*eci.ying where on the .irst selected o!ect the cha).erline starts% Then s*eci.y the angle the cha).er line .or)s with this o!ect% n the

.ollowing ea)*le" you cha).er two lines so that the cha).er line starts 1%F units along

the .irst line and .or)s an angle o. 30degrees with this line%

Co))and Cha).er



47/58


48/58

*lotting .or that layer% The sa)e drawing li)its" coordinate syste)" and 4oo) .actor

a**ly to all layers in a drawing%

. you consistently use a s*eci.ic layering sche)e" you can set u* a te)*late drawingwith layers and their associated linety*es" lineweights" colors" and *lot styles already

assigned% 'ayers are one o. )any nongra*hical o!ects sa+ed in a drawing%

LINETYPES

A linety*e is a re*eating *attern o. dashes" dots" and !lank s*aces% A co)*le linety*e isa re*eating *attern o. sy)!ols along with dashes" dots" and !lank s*aces% The linety*e

na)e and de.inition descri!e the *articular dashdot se5uence" the relati+e lengths o.

dashes and !lank s*aces" and the characteristics o. any included tet or sha*es% =ou cancreate your own linety*es%

Ea)*les o. linety*es

To use a linety*e you )ust .irst load it into your drawing% A linety*e de.inition )ust

eist in an '; li!rary .ile !e.ore a linety*e can !e loaded into a drawing%

To load a linety*e

1 (ro) the (or)at )enu" choose 'inety*e%

2 n the 'inety*e $anager" choose 'oad%

3 n the 'oad or eload 'inety*es dialog !o" select one or )ore linety*es to load

and then choose 9K%

To select or clear all linety*es si)ultaneously" rightclick the linety*es list and choose

elect All or Clear All .ro) the shortcut )enu%The linety*es you select are dis*layed in the linety*e list in the 'inety*e $anager and in

the 'inety*e control on the 9!ect /ro*erties tool!ar%

Choose 9K%

(peci%$ing 0lo*al "inet$pe (cale

=ou can set the glo!al linety*e scale .or o!ects that you create% The s)aller the scale" the

)ore re*etitions o. the *attern are generated *er drawing unit% 7y de.ault" AutoCAD uses

a glo!al linety*e scale o. 1%0 in the current drawing units%



49/58

CREATING DIMENSIONS

A *recise drawing *lotted to scale o.ten does not con+ey enough in.or)ation .or !uilders

to construct your design%


50/58

=ou can use Buick Di)ension to di)ension )ulti*le o!ects at one ti)e%


51/58

DIMENSION STYLES

Di)ension styles control a di)ensions .or)at and a**earance% They hel* you esta!lishand en.orce dra.ting standards .or drawings and )ake changes to di)ension .or)ats and

!eha+ior easier to i)*le)ent% A di)ension style de.ines

The .or)at and *osition o. di)ension lines" etension lines" arrowheads" and center

)arks

The a**earance" *osition" and !eha+ior o. di)ension tet

The rules go+erning where AutoCAD *laces tet and di)ension lines

The o+erall di)ension scale

The .or)at and *recision o. *ri)ary" alternate" and angular di)ension units

The .or)at and *recision o. tolerance +alues



52/58

PLOTTING PRINTING

A layout is a *a*er s*ace en+iron)ent that si)ulates a sheet o. *a*er and *ro+ides a

*redicta!le *lotting setu*% n a layout" you can create and *osition +iew*ort o!ects" and

you can add a title !lock or other geo)etry% =ou can create )ulti*le layouts in a drawingto dis*lay +arious +iews" each o. which can contain di..erent *lot scales and *a*er si4es%

Each layout dis*lays the drawing" as it will !e *lotted on the sheet o. *a*er%

USING MODEL SPACE PAPER SPACE

As you design your )odel drawing and *re*are it .or *lotting" you can use )odel s*ace

and *a*er s*ace ust as with *re+ious AutoCADM releases%


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(or switching !etween $odel *ace & /a*er *ace" choose the $odel ta! or enter )odel

at the co))and line to )ake the $odel ta! current% To )o+e .ro) the $odel ta! to*a*er s*ace" choose the 'ayout1 ta! or enter *a*er at the co))and line%

DETERMINING LAYOUT SETTINGS'ayout settings" which are also re.erred to as *age setu*s" control the .inal *lotted out*ut%

These settings a..ect the *lot de+ice" *a*er si4e" *lot scale" *lot area" *lot origin" and thedrawing orientation%


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#ntering (pherical Coordinates

*herical coordinate entry in 3D is also si)ilar to *olar coordinate entry in 2D% =oulocate a *oint !y s*eci.ying its distance .ro) the origin o. the current


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STANDARD PROJECTIONS

Each o. the si standard +iews is a 2D +iew" showing only two o. the o!ects three

*ossi!le )easure)ents width" length" or height% -hene+er )ulti*le +iews are dis*layed"

either on the screen or on *a*er" the +iews )ust !e arranged so that they share one o. thetwo *ossi!le )easure)ents% -hen they share a co))on )easure)ent" they are said to

P*roect%P

(irst angle *roection and third angle *roection are standard technical drawing )ethods

.or *resenting +iews relati+e to the .ront +iew" as shown in the .ollowing illustrations%

ISOMETRIC VIEWS

An iso)etric +iew in a +iew*ort is used *ri)arily as a +isual guide% t hel*s you

co)*rehend your 3D )odel as you create and edit chie.ly in the 2D +iews% The netillustration shows the relationshi* !etween the 2D +iews and the iso)etric +iew%

DEFINING A USER!COORDINATE SYSTEM

=ou de.ine a user coordinate syste) >


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=ou de.ine a user coordinate syste) >

AutoCAD PROJECT REPORT Daksh Cad Technology.doc

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Transcript of AutoCAD PROJECT REPORT Daksh Cad Technology.doc