AutoCad Mechanical 2000 Tutorial

Tutorials

17320-010000-5080 June 28, 1999AU

TO

CA

D

Mech

an

ical

2000

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Contents | v

Content

Introduction...................................................................................................... 1Prerequisites...........................................................................................................2How the Tutorials Are Organized..........................................................................2Methods for Accessing AutoCAD Mechanical Commands ..................................2Styles for Different Input Actions .........................................................................3

Chapter 1: Working with Templates ............................................................... 5Key Terms ..............................................................................................................6Working with Templates .......................................................................................7

Getting Started ...................................................................................................7Setting Up the Starting Layer.............................................................................8Setting the Mechanical Options ........................................................................9Specifying the Drawing Limits.........................................................................10Saving a Template ............................................................................................10Using a Template .............................................................................................11

Chapter 2: Extending the Design of a Lever ................................................. 13Key Terms ............................................................................................................14Extending the Design ..........................................................................................15

Getting Started .................................................................................................15Preliminary Settings: Snap Configuration.......................................................16Creating Construction Lines (C-Lines) ............................................................17Creating additional C-Lines.............................................................................19Creating a Contour and Applying a Fillet .......................................................22Creating a Contour and Trimming Projecting Edges ......................................24Cross-Hatching the Lever.................................................................................26Dimensioning the Lever ..................................................................................27Creating a Detail and Additional Dimensions ................................................29

Chapter 3: Dimensioning and Annotations.................................................. 33Key Terms ............................................................................................................34Dimensioning ......................................................................................................36

Automatic Dimensioning ................................................................................36Editing Dimensions with Power Commands ..................................................39Inserting Annotations......................................................................................43Inserting a Drawing Border..............................................................................46

vi | Contents

Chapter 4: Working with Layers and Layer Groups..................................... 49Key Terms ............................................................................................................50Working with Layers and Layer Groups .............................................................51

Understanding Layer Management .................................................................51Getting Started .................................................................................................51Changing a Layer By Selecting Objects ...........................................................52Creating Layer Groups .....................................................................................53Using a Layer Group to Copy Objects .............................................................58

Chapter 5: Working with a Bill of Material and a Parts List ....................... 61Key Terms ............................................................................................................62

Inserting a Part Reference ................................................................................63Placing Balloons ...............................................................................................66Creating a Parts List .........................................................................................71Merging and Splitting Items in a Parts List .....................................................75Collecting Balloons ..........................................................................................77Sorting and Renumbering Items on a Parts List ..............................................79Using Filters......................................................................................................81

Chapter 6: Working with Model Space and Layouts.................................... 85Key Terms ............................................................................................................86Working with Model Space and Layouts ............................................................87

Getting Started .................................................................................................87Creating a Scale Area........................................................................................88Creating a Detail ..............................................................................................90Generating a New Viewport.............................................................................91Inserting an User Through Hole ......................................................................93Creating a Subassembly in a New Layout........................................................97

Chapter 7: Designing a Cam ........................................................................ 103Key Terms ..........................................................................................................104Cam Design .......................................................................................................105

Getting Started ...............................................................................................105Configuring the Cam Plate Calculations.......................................................106Creating Movement Sections.........................................................................108Creating Velocity and Acceleration Curves...................................................110Creating Cam Geometry from the Graph .....................................................111Creating NC Data...........................................................................................112

Contents | vii

Chapter 8: Calculating Moment of Inertia and Deflection Line ............... 115Key Terms ..........................................................................................................116Calculating Moment of Inertia and Deflection Line ..........................................117

Getting Started ...............................................................................................117Calculating the Moment of Inertia................................................................118Calculating the Deflection Line.....................................................................119

Chapter 9: Creating a Shaft With Standard Parts....................................... 125Key Terms ..........................................................................................................126Creating a Shaft with Standard Parts ................................................................127

Configuring the Snap Options ......................................................................127Starting and Configuring the Shaft Generator ..............................................127Creating Cylindrical Shaft Sections and Gears..............................................129Inserting a Spline Profile................................................................................130Inserting a Chamfer and a Fillet ....................................................................131Inserting a Shaft Break ...................................................................................132Creating a Side View of the Shaft ..................................................................133Inserting a Thread ..........................................................................................134Editing and Inserting a Shaft Section ............................................................134Replacing a Shaft Section...............................................................................136Inserting a Bearing .........................................................................................137

Chapter 10: Performing a Shaft Calculation............................................... 139Key Terms ..........................................................................................................140Performing a Shaft Calculation .........................................................................141

Getting Started ...............................................................................................141Creating the Contour of a Shaft ....................................................................142Specifying the Material ..................................................................................143Placing the Supports ......................................................................................143Specifying the Loads ......................................................................................144Calculating the Shaft and Inserting the Results ............................................147

Chapter 11: Working with Standard Parts.................................................. 149Key Terms ..........................................................................................................150Working with Standard Parts ............................................................................151

Getting Started ...............................................................................................151Inserting a Screw Connection........................................................................152Copying a Screw Connection with Power Copy ...........................................157Using Power Recall and Performing a Screw Calculation .............................158Editing a Screw Connection with Power Edit................................................164Working with Power View.............................................................................166Deleting with Power Erase .............................................................................168

viii | Contents

Inserting a Hole..............................................................................................169Inserting a Pin ................................................................................................171Hiding C-Lines ...............................................................................................172Simplifying the Representation of Standard Parts.........................................173

Chapter 12: Chain Calculation.................................................................... 175Key Terms ..........................................................................................................176Chain Calculation .............................................................................................177

Getting Started ...............................................................................................177Performing a Length Calculation ..................................................................178Optimizing the Chain Length .......................................................................180Inserting Sprockets.........................................................................................181Inserting a Chain ...........................................................................................184

Chapter 13: Calculating a Spring ................................................................ 187Key Terms ..........................................................................................................188Calculating a Spring ..........................................................................................189

Getting Started ...............................................................................................189Starting the Spring Calculation .....................................................................190Specifying the Spring Layout .........................................................................192Calculating and Selecting the Spring.............................................................196Inserting the Spring .......................................................................................196Copying the Spring with Power Copy...........................................................197Editing the Spring with Power Edit ...............................................................198

Chapter 14: Using FEA to Calculate Stress .................................................. 201Key Terms ..........................................................................................................2022D FEA ...............................................................................................................203

Getting Started ...............................................................................................203Calculating the Stress in a Lever....................................................................203Defining Loads and Supports.........................................................................205Calculating the Results ..................................................................................207Evaluating and Refining the Mesh ................................................................208Improving the Design ....................................................................................210Recalculating the Stress..................................................................................211

1

Introduction

In This Chapter

Learning how to use AutoCAD Mechanical

2000 for all your mechanical design needs is

exciting. This book contains a series of tutorials

to teach you how to use AutoCAD Mechanical

2000. The tutorials provide a comprehensive

overview of the mechanical design process as

well.

Drawing files have been included with the

program specifically for the tutorials. These

drawing files provide the initial state for

starting the tutorial exercises.

� Prerequisites

� How the tutorials areorganized

� Methods for accessingAutoCAD Mechanical2000 commands

� Styles for different inputactions

2 | Introduction

Prerequisites

Installing AutoCAD Mechanical 2000 with typical or fullinstallation, the tutorial drawings will automatically be installed.

Selecting the compact installation, the tutorial drawings will not beinstalled.

If you select the custom installation, be sure that you have selectedthe online help files to install the tutorial drawings as well.

Because of the fact that the tutorial is completely based on ISOstandard, please be sure to have the ISO standards selected duringinstallation. If you have already installed AutoCAD Mechanical2000 without the ISO standard part standard, please install theISO standard part standard now.

How the Tutorials Are Organized

The tutorials are organized so that each of the tutorial exercisesdeals with a special function or group of function inAutoCAD Mechanical 2000.

The tutorial exercises 9 to 14 deal with AutoCAD Mechanical 2000Power Pack functions and can only be worked through if you haveinstalled the Power Pack.

At the beginning of each tutorial, there is a list of Key Terms. Theseterms contain pertinent mechanical design terminology anddefinitions. Understanding the terms before you begin the lessonswill help you in the tutorials.

Methods for Accessing AutoCADMechanical Commands

AutoCAD Mechanical 2000 provides several methods for accessingthe commands. You can choose the method you prefer. In thetutorial, all the methods are included in the step-by-stepprocedures. You decide which method to use. Here is an exampleof a step that includes the command access options:

Getting Started | 3

1 Open the file tut_ex01 in the acadm\tutorial folder.

Toolbutton Open

Menu File > Open

Command OPEN

Styles for Different Input Actions

The tutorials contain different styles for different user input actionsfor more clarity. These styles are:

User Actions: This style is represented in italics. It is used for allactions the user has to make, for exampleselections.

KEYSTROKES: This style is represented in All Caps. It is used forkeystrokes the user has to make, for exampleconfirmations.

User Entries: This style is represented bold. It is used for entriesthe user has to make using the keyboard, forexample length or diameter specifications.

Here is an example that contains the different input styles:

2 Choose the Edit icon and respond to the prompts as follows:

Select object: Select the first cylindrical section, P1Specify length <12>: Press ENTER

Specify diameter <20>: Enter 18

5

Working with Templates

In This Chapter 1In this tutorial, you learn about the AutoCAD

Mechanical predefined templates and how to

create your own user-defined templates.

� Setting up the startinglayer

� Setting the mechanicaloptions

� Specifying the drawinglimits

� Saving a template

� Using a template

6 | Chapter 1 Working with Templates

Key Terms

Term Definition

base layer A layer made up of working layers and standard parts layers. Base layers arerepeated in every layer group.

layer group A group of associated or related items in a drawing. A major advantage ofworking with layer groups is that you can deactivate a specific layer group and acomplete component. The drawing and its overview are enhanced with areduction in regeneration time.

part layers A layer where the standard parts are put. All standard parts layers have the suffixAM_*N.

template A file with predefined settings to use for new drawings; however, any drawingcan be used as a template.

working layer The layer where you are currently working.

Getting Started | 7

Working with Templates

Getting Started

In AutoCAD Mechanical, you can use templates (*.dwt files) tocreate drawings.

You can use the predefined templates, which contain settings forvarious drawings, such as acad.dwt or acadiso.dwt, and are suppliedwith AutoCAD Mechanical or you can create your own templates.Any drawing can serve as a template. When you use a drawing as atemplate, the settings in that drawing are used in the new drawing.

Although you can save any drawing as a template, you shouldprepare templates to include settings and drawing elements thatare consistent with your office or project standards such as thefollowing

• unit type and precision

• drawing limits

• snap, grid, and ortho settings

• layer organization

• title blocks, borders, and logos

• dimension and text styles

• linetypes and lineweights

If you start a drawing from scratch, AutoCAD Mechanical reads thesystem defaults, which have a predefined standard, from theregistry.

If you create a new drawing, based on an existing template, andmake changes to the drawing, those changes do not affect thetemplate.

To begin working with templates immediately, you can use thepredefined template files stored in the acadm\template folder.

However, for this tutorial you will create your own template.


Setting Up the Starting Layer

Each time you start AutoCAD Mechanical, layer 0 is active. Sincelayer 0 does not belong to the Mechanical layers, it is not displayedin the Layer Control dialog box of AutoCAD Mechanical, if youselect Mechanical Layer in the Show field.

Therefore, you need to specify the mechanical layer AM_0 as thedefault starting layer.

1 Start the Layer Control command.

Toolbutton Layer Control

Menu Assist > Layer / Layer Group > Layer / Layer GroupControl

Command AMLAY

2 In the Layer Control dialog box, choose the Layer Control tab, andspecify:

Name: AM_0

3 Choose Current.

4 Choose OK.

The toolbar shows that the active layer is AM_0.

Setting the Mechanical Options | 9

Setting the Mechanical Options

In the Mechanical Options dialog box, you can specify generalsettings for AutoCAD Mechanical.

1 Start the Mechanical Options command.

Menu Assist > Mechanical Options

Command AMCONFIG

2 In the Mechanical Options dialog box, choose the General tab,and specify:

Standard: ISOMeasurement: MetricScale: 1:1

3 Choose OK.

NOTE When you change the settings in the Standard field, allstandard-related settings are changed (Dimensioning, BOM,Symbols, �) and saved in the template file.


Specifying the Drawing Limits

Now, specify the drawing limits according to size A0(841 x 1189 mm). This limits your drawing space to the specifiedsize.

1 Start the Drawing Limits command.

Menu Assist > Format > Drawing Limits

Command LIMITS

2 Respond to the prompts as follows:

Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.00,0.00>: Press ENTER

Specify upper right corner <420.00,297.00>: Enter 840,1188

Now, the limits are expanded to A0 format.

Saving a Template

Now, save the previously changed drawing as a template.

1 Start the Save As command.

Menu File > Save As

Command SAVEAS

2 In the Save Drawing As dialog box, specify:

File name: my_own_templateSave as type: AutoCAD Drawing Template File (*.dwt)

Using a Template | 11

3 In the Template Description dialog box, specify:

Description: Tutorial TemplateMeasurement: Metric

4 Choose OK.

Using a Template

Next, you start a new drawing and select a starting template.

1 Start the New command.

Toolbutton New

Menu File > New

Command NEW

2 In the Create New Drawing dialog box, select the Use a Templateicon, and specify:

Select a Template: My_own_template

3 Choose OK.

Now, you start the new drawing, using the settings in thepreviously saved template.

In the next step, you specify your template as the default template.

4 Start the Mechanical Options command.


Menu Assist > Mechanical Options

Command AMCONFIG

5 In the Mechanical Options dialog box, choose the General tab,choose Browse, and select my_own_template.

6 Choose OK

Now, the my_own_template file will be used when you startAutoCAD Mechanical.

13

Extending the Design of a Lever

In This Chapter

2In this tutorial, you extend the design of an

existing lever using various possibilities. You also

create a drawing detail and some dimensioning

options.

� Using the library toinsert a part

� Preliminary settings:snap configuration

� Creating constructionlines

� Creating additionalconstruction lines

� Creating a contourand applying a fillet

� Creating a contourand trimmingprojecting edges

� Cross-hatching thelever

� Dimensioning thelever

� Creating a detail andadditional dimensions

14 | Chapter 2 Extending the Design of a Lever

Key Terms

Term Definition

(C-lines)construction lines

Lines, which are infinite in both directions or rays, which are infinite starting at apoint that can be inserted into the drawing area. You use C-lines to transferimportant points (for example, center points of bores) into other views ordrawing areas.

constructiongeometry

A line or an arc created with construction lines. Using construction geometry in2D drawings helps define the shape of a contour.

detail A portion of a design drawing that cannot be clearly displayed or dimensioned inthe overall representation (surface texture symbols) but can be enlarged to showthe details.

distance snap To give the dimensions in a drawing a uniform appearance, Power Dimensioningand Automatic Dimensioning enable automatic insertion of the dimension line ata defined distance from the object being dimensioned. While dragging thedimension line dynamically, you will find that it remains "fixed" and is highlightedin red as soon as the required distance to the object being dimensioned isreached.

Library A feature that makes it possible to store parts such as blocks and drawings in alibrary. For every inserted part, an icon can be created. The icon is put in thedisplay section on the right side of the dialog box along with an assigned name.

Power Command A collective term for the Power Copy, Power Recall, Power Edit, PowerDimensioning, Power Erase, and Power View commands.

PowerDimensioning

Power Dimensioning is a very useful tool for generating linear, radial anddiameter dimensions, which minimizes the number of the individual actionsrequired while generating a dimension. Power Dimensioning selects the type oflinear dimension (horizontal, vertical, or aligned), based on the selected point,and the dimensions of the drawing can have a uniform style using the distancesnap.

Getting Started | 15

Extending the Design

Getting Started

First, you load the initial drawing. Here, you use the Library to dothis.

1 Start the Library.

Toolbutton Library

Menu Insert > Library

Command AMLIBRARY

2 Double-click the tut_ex02 file in the Library, or select Insert fromthe context menu.

3 Respond to the prompt as follows:

Insertion point: Specify any point in the drawing

4 Start the Zoom Window command.

Toolbutton Zoom Window

Menu View > Zoom > Window

Command ZOOM


5 Zoom in to the part of the drawing shown in the following figure.

Preliminary Settings: Snap Configuration

In addition to the AutoCAD snap, Mechanical snap options, likearc radial, arc tangent, and so forth are available. You also havefour different snap settings, which can be configured separately fora quick switch to a different snap setting. For example, you can usedifferent snap settings for detailing or general design.

Before starting the design, you should define the object snaps,which you will use in later operations.

1 Start the Power Snap settings.

Toolbutton Power Snap Settings 1 - 4

Menu Assist > Draft Settings > Power Snap Settings 1 - 4

Command AMPOWERSNAP

2 In the Power Snap Settings dialog box, specify:

Setting 1: Endpoint, IntersectionSetting 2: Endpoint, Center, Quadrant, Intersection, ParallelSetting 3: Perpendicular

Creating Construction Lines (C-Lines) | 17

3 After configuring the settings, activate Setting 1, and choose OK.

TIP The object snap functions are also accessible: hold down theSHIFT key, and click the right mouse button.

Creating Construction Lines (C-Lines)

Construction lines are very useful when you start your designprocess. With their help, you draw some kind of a design grid withyour defined values for distance and angles. After generating thedesign grid, you simply trace your contour with the contour layer.

Now insert the construction lines, which will help with thedrawing of contour lines.

1 Start the Draw C-Lines command.

Toolbutton Cross

Menu Design > Construction Lines > Draw C-Lines

Command AMCONSTLINES

2 In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Cross icon.



Insertion point: Specify the intersection of line b and line c

Next, draw two lines parallel to the vertical and horizontal lines ofthe construction line cross.


Toolbutton Parallel with Full Distance



5 In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Parallel with FullDistance icon.


Select XLINE, RAY or LINE: Select line cDistance(xx|xx|xx..) or Insertion point: Enter 3|9Side to offset: Specify a point to the left of line c

Creating additional C-Lines | 19

7 Insert the second set of parallel lines, and respond to the promptsas follows:

Select XLINE, RAY or LINE: Select line b.Distance(xx|xx|xx..) or Insertion point: Enter 4.5|9.5Side to offset: Specify a point below line b

8 Press ENTER.

Creating additional C-Lines

AutoCAD Mechanical offers a choice of C-line options.

1 Activate snap setting 2.

Toolbutton Power Snap Settings 2

Menu Assist > Draft Settings > Power Snap Settings 2

Command AMPSNAP2


Toolbutton Two Points or Angle



3 In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Two Points orAngle icon.



First point: Select intersection at point 3Second point or Angle (xx|xx|xx..): Move the cursor over line a andthen back to the rectangle. When the Parallel symbol appears, click.

5 Press ENTER to finish the command.

Now, you draw tangential circles between the diagonal C-line andthe right vertical line and lower horizontal line of the rectangle.


Toolbutton Circle Tangent to 2 Lines



7 In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Circle Tangent to2 Lines icon.

Creating additional C-Lines | 21

8 Draw the two circles by responding to the prompts as follows:

Select point for tangent: Select point P1Select point for tangent: Select point P2Diameter: Enter 2Select point for tangent: Select point P3Select point for tangent: Select point P1Diameter: Enter 2

9 Press ENTER to end the command.

All construction lines have been inserted, and the contour can begenerated.


Creating a Contour and Applying a Fillet

Now, you connect the two tangential circles with the right part ofthe rectangle, to build a filleted triangle.

1 Start the Polyline command.

Toolbutton Polyline

Menu Design > Polyline

Command PLINE

2 Create the contour by responding to the prompts as follows:

Specify start point: Specify the intersection at P1Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]:Specify P2Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]:Enter ASpecify endpoint of arc or[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/ Radius/Secondpt/Undo/Width]: Specify P3Specify endpoint of arc or[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/ Radius/Secondpt/Undo/Width]: Enter LSpecify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]:Specify P4Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]:Enter ASpecify endpoint of arc or[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/ Radius/Secondpt/Undo/Width]: Specify P5Specify endpoint of arc or[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/ Radius/Secondpt/Undo/Width]: Enter CL

Creating a Contour and Applying a Fillet | 23

Now, erase the C-Lines. You can erase all C-lines by calling onecommand.

3 Erase C-Lines.

Toolbutton Erase All C-Lines

Menu Modify > Erase > Erase All C-Lines

Command AMERASEALLCL

TIP You can switch C-lines on and off temporarily by choosingAssist > Layer/Layergroup > C-Line On/Off.

4 Apply a fillet to the corner of the triangle.

Toolbutton Fillet

Menu Modify > Fillet

Command AMFILLET2D


(Dimension mode:OFF)(Trim mode) Current fillet radius = 2.5Select first object or [Polyline/Setup/Dimension]: Press ENTER

6 In the Fillet radius dialog box, specify:

Input: 1Trim Mode: On

7 Choose OK.


(Dimension mode:OFF)(Trim mode) Current fillet radius = 1Select first object or [Polyline/Setup/Dimension]: Enter PPoly Select 2D polyline: Select a point on the polyline near the corner

9 Press ESC to cancel the command.

The triangular contour is complete.


Creating a Contour and Trimming ProjectingEdges

Now, you create another part of the contour and trim projectingedges.

1 Activate Power Snap Setting 3 command.



Command AMPSNAP3

Next, insert the next contour.

2 Start the Line command.

Toolbutton Line

Menu Design > Line

Command LINE


Specify first point: Hold down the SHIFT key, right-click, and chooseIntersection_int of: Select line a, P1and: Select intersection on line b, P2Specify next point: : Hold down the SHIFT key, right-click, and choosePerpendicular. Then trace over line e, and click the perpendic. point, P3Specify next point: Drag the cursor to the right, crossing over line c,and select the Extended Intersection point, P4Specify next point: Press ENTER

Now, trim the projecting edges at the upper edge of the lever.

Creating a Contour and Trimming Projecting Edges | 25

4 Start the Trim command.

Toolbutton Trim

Menu Modify > Trim

Command TRIM


Projection = UCS, Edge = NoneSelect cutting edges:Select Objects: Select line 1Select Objects: Select line 2Select Objects: Press ENTER

<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: Select line 3<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: Select line 4<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: Press ENTER

6 Zoom to the extents of the lever.

Toolbutton Zoom Extents

Menu View > Zoom > Extents

Command ZOOM

The contour is complete and looks like this:


Cross-Hatching the Lever

Cross-hatching is easy with AutoCAD Mechanical. Just choose oneof the predefined cross-hatching styles, and click a point withinthe contour to be hatched.

1 Start the Hatch command, using an angle of 45 degrees and 2.5mm / 0.1 inch spacing.

Toolbutton Hatch 45 deg.,2.5mm/0.1 inch

Menu Design > Hatch > Hatch 45 deg.,2.5mm/0.1 inch

Command AMHATCH_45_2


Select additional boundary or point in area to be hatched or [Selectobjects]: Click a point inside the contour (outside the cutouts)

The lever is hatched. It looks like this:

Dimensioning the Lever | 27

Dimensioning the Lever

Now, dimension the lever, using the Power Dimensioningcommand.

1 Start the Power Snap Setting 1 command.



Command AMPSNAP1

2 Start the Power Dimensioning command.

Toolbutton Power Dimensioning

Menu Annotate > Power Dimensioning

Command AMPOWERDIM


(SINGLE) First extension line origin or[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select>: Select the firstcorner point of the lever opening, P1Second extension line origin: Select the second corner point, P2Place dimension line [Options/Pickobj] <Options>: Drag thedimension line to the left until it is highlighted, and click at P3


4 In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, specify:

Upper deviation: +0.1

5 Choose OK.

6 Press ESC to cancel the command.

The lever looks like this:

Creating a Detail and Additional Dimensions | 29

Creating a Detail and Additional Dimensions

Now, define a detail of the upper part of the lever.

1 Start the Detail command.

Toolbutton Detail

Menu Design > Detail

Command AMDETAIL


Center of circle or [Rectangle/Object]: Click a point in the center ofthe area to be detailedSpecify radius or [Diameter]: Drag the radius to the appropriate size

3 Choose OK.


Move the title (<Return> for current position): Press ENTER to selectthe default positionPlace the detail view: Select a location to the right of the leverSelect next point of connection line\<Return> for none: Press ENTER

for no connection line


NOTE Some entities such as dimensions and symbols areautomatically filtered out in the detail function.

Now, add a dimension to the detail.

5 Start the Power Dimensioning command.



Command AMPOWERDIM


(SINGLE) First extension line origin or[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select>: Press ENTER

[Picking arc/circle yields radius/diameter dimension or pick dimensionto edit]: Select the radius, as indicated by the arrow in the followingdrawing


7 In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, under Radius Dimensions,select the fourth icon from the left. Choose OK.

8 Select an appropriate position for the dimension.

9 Deactivate the tolerances or fits in the Power Dimension dialogbox, if necessary, and choose OK.

10 Press ESC.

Now, the lever looks like this:


NOTE The Power Dimensioning command recognizes the differentscale area. If you dimensioned the radius in the original drawing, thedimension value would be the same. The text height is also the same,as related to the standard.

33

Dimensioning and Annotations

In This Chapter 3In this tutorial, you learn how to add dimensions

to your drawing with automatic dimensioning.

Then you change the dimensions with Power

Commands. You also learn how to add

annotations to your drawing and insert a drawing

border.

� Automaticdimensioning

� Editing dimensionswith PowerCommands

� Inserting annotations

� Inserting a drawingborder

34 | Chapter 3 Dimensioning and Annotations

Key Terms

Term Definition

annotation An object, such as text or geometry, that is attached to a drawing to describe adesign. Examples are surface finish symbols, callout balloons, and BOMs (bills ofmaterials).

baseline dimension A dimension that is aligned to extension lines and read from the bottom or rightside of the drawing.

centerline Line in the center of a symmetrical object. When you create centerlines, youspecify the start and end points.

datum identifier A symbol consisting of a frame with a reference letter.

drawing border A standardized frame that is used for technical drawings.

drawing title The drawing title is drawn in the lower right corner of the drawing and providesinformation about your drawing. Some title attributes are pre-assigned. You canmodify or add attributes.

feature controlframe symbol

Symbol that gives an accurate and concise meaning to specifying geometriccharacteristics and tolerances. Notes can supplement symbols where appropriate.

feature identifiersymbol

Specifies individual features for tolerancing.

fit Range of tightness or looseness in mating parts (for example shafts or holes).Tolerances in these dimensions are expressed in standard form.

fit name Name of the selected fit (for example H7).

geometrictolerance

The general term applied to the category of tolerances used to control form,profile, orientation, location, and run out.

multi edit An option where you determine a selection set of dimensions and edit themtogether.

PowerDimensioning

A command useful for generating linear, radial, and diameter dimensions whileminimizing the number of the individual actions for generating a dimension.Power Dimensioning automatically selects the type of the linear dimension(horizontal, vertical, aligned) based on the selected point.


Power Erase Command for deleting. Use Power Erase when you delete part reference numbersor dimensions that were created with Power Dimensioning.

surface texturesymbol

Symbol that specifies surface texture finish. The symbols conform, in terms oftheir geometry and annotations (which includes text and other symbols), tointernational drafting standards.

title block A title block contains a series of attributes some already have values. The pre-assigned values can be modified, and the vacant attributes can be completedwith new values.

tolerance The total amount by which a given dimension (nominal size) may vary (for

example, 20 ± 0.1).


Dimensioning

AutoCAD Mechanical offers various dimensioning tools. Here youwill learn to use automatic dimensioning to add dimensions to abush. You also learn how to change these dimensions


Toolbutton Open

Menu File > Open

Command OPEN

The file contains a drawing of a bushing.

Automatic Dimensioning

First you dimension the shaft of the bushing using automaticdimensioning.

1 Start Automatic Dimensioning.

Toolbutton Automatic Dimensioning

Menu Annotate > Automatic Dimensioning

Command AMAUTODIM

2 In the Automatic Dimensioning dialog box, choose the Parallel taband specify:

Type: Baseline

Automatic Dimensioning | 37

3 Choose OK.


Select objects: Select the complete shaftSelect objects: Press ENTER

First extension line origin: Select the lower leftmost corner of the shaft,P1Place dimension line [Options/Pickobj] <Options>: Drag thedimensioning downwards until it snaps in (highlighted), and clickStarting point for next extension line: Press ENTER to end the command

In the next step, you generate the shaft dimensioning.


5 Start Automatic Dimensioning.

Toolbutton Automatic Dimensioning

Menu Annotate > Automatic Dimensioning

Command AMAUTODIM

6 In the Automatic Dimensioning dialog box, choose the Shaft /Symmetric tab, and specify:

Type: Full Shaft

7 Choose OK.


Select objects: Select the complete shaftSelect objects: Press ENTER

Select Centerline or new starting point: Select the shaft centerlinePlace dimension line [Options/Pickobj] <Options>: Drag thedimensioning to the right until it snaps in (highlighted), and clickStarting point for next extension line: Press ENTER to end thecommand

Editing Dimensions with Power Commands | 39

Editing Dimensions with Power Commands

Some dimensions in the drawing are not necessary. In the nextstep, you delete the dimensions that you don�t need.

1 Start Power Erase.

Toolbutton Power Erase

Menu Modify > Power Commands > Power Erase

Command AMPOWERERASE


Select objects: Select the baseline dimensions 2 and 61 and the shaftdimensions 12, 14 and 36, and press ENTER

The dimensions are deleted, and the other dimensions arerearranged. Your drawing should now look like this:


Now, add a single dimension with a fit using Power Dimensioning.

3 Start Power Dimensioning.



Command AMPOWERDIM


(SINGLE) First extension line origin or[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select> : Select point P1as shown in the following figureSecond extension line origin: Select point P2Place dimension line [Options/Pickobj] <Options>: Drag thedimensioning to the left until it is highlighted, and click

Editing Dimensions with Power Commands | 41

5 In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, check the Enable field,choose the Fits tab, and specify:

Fit symbol: H7

6 Choose OK.

Now continue to apply an angular dimensioning.


(SINGLE) First extension line origin or[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select> : Enter ASelect arc, circle, line or RETURN: Select the line at point P1Second line: Select the line at point P2Dimension arc line location (Angle): Drag the dimension to a suitableposition, and clickDimension text (Click=Options) <45>: Press ENTER

8 Press ENTER to end the command.

Next, you add a fit to the shaft dimensions using Multi Edit.


9 Start Multi Edit.

Toolbutton Multi Edit

Menu Modify > Modify Dimension > Multi Edit

Command AMDIMMEDIT


Select objects: Select the dimensions 18 and 30Select objects: Press ENTER

11 In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, check the Enable field,chose the Fits tab, and specify:

Fit symbol: h7

12 Choose OK.

The fit description h7 is added to the dimensions.

Inserting Annotations | 43

Inserting Annotations

Annotations are objects used to describe the design, like surface orweld symbols. In this exercise, you will insert a surface texturesymbol, a datum identifier, and a feature control frame.

First, you add a surface texture symbol. A surface texture symbol isa symbol that describes the roughness of a face. It can also provideinformation about the finishing method.

1 Start the Surface Texture command.

Toolbutton Surface Texture

Menu Annotate > Symbols > Surface Texture

Command AMSURFSYM

2 To locate the symbol respond to the prompts as follows:

Start Point: Specify the leader line start point at P1Next Point <Symbol>: Specify the second leader line point at P2Next Point <Symbol>: Press ENTER

3 In the Surface Texture dialog box, choose the Symbol tab, andspecify:

Surface Type: Select the middle iconA �: 6.3


4 Choose OK.

Next, you add a datum identifier and a feature control frame. Thedatum identifier marks a reference face for a geometric tolerance,and the feature control frame provides information about thetoleranced face, allowed deviation, and the type of tolerance.

5 Start the Datum Identifier command.

Toolbutton Datum Identifier

Menu Annotate > Symbols > Datum Identifier

Command AMDATUMID


Start Point: Specify the leader line start point at P1Next Point <Symbol>: Specify the second leader line point at P2Next Point <Symbol>: Press ENTER

7 In the Datum Identifier dialog box, enter A, and choose OK.

Inserting Annotations | 45

8 Start the Feature Control Frame command.

Toolbutton Feature Control Frame

Menu Annotate > Symbols > Feature Control Frame

Command AMFCFRAME

9 To locate the symbol, respond to the prompts as follows:

Start Point: Specify the leader line start point at P1Next Point <Symbol>: Specify the second leader line point at P2Next Point <Symbol>: Specify the second leader line point at P3Next Point <Symbol>: Press ENTER

10 In the Feature Control Frame dialog box, choose the Frame tab,and specify:

Sym: Select the symbol for the geometric tolerance circular run-outTolerance: 0.01Datum 1: A


11 Choose OK.

Now, your complete bushing looks like this:

Inserting a Drawing Border

Finally, you insert a drawing border.

1 Start the Drawing Title/Borders command.

Toolbutton Drawing Title/Borders

Menu Annotate > Drawing Title/Revisions > DrawingTitle/Borders

Command AMTITLE

Inserting a Drawing Border | 47

2 In the Drawing Borders with Title Block dialog box, specify:

Paper Format: AM_A4

3 Choose OK.


Insertion point: Specify an insertion point in the lower left corner

5 In the Change Title Block Entry dialog box, specify:

Description, max. 20: Bushing


6 Choose OK.


Select Objects: Select the complete shaftSelect Objects: Press ENTER

New location for objects: Place the bush in the middle of the drawingborder

Finally, your drawing looks like this:

49

Working with Layers and LayerGroups

In This Chapter 4In this tutorial, you learn more about the various

commands used for working with layers and layer

groups.

� Changing a layer byselecting objects

� Creating layer groups

� Using a layer group tocopy objects

50 | Chapter 4 Working with Layers and Layer Groups

Key Terms

Term Definition


layer group A group of associated or related items in a drawing. A major advantage ofworking with layer groups is that you can deactivate a specific layer group and acomplete component. The drawing and its overview is enhanced with areduction in regeneration time.

part layers The layer where the standard parts are put. All standard parts layers have thesuffix AM_*N.

working layer The layer where you are working.

Understanding Layer Management | 51

Working with Layers and Layer Groups

Understanding Layer Management

Layers can be customized and renamed according to your needsusing:

� Mechanical Options dialog box > Layer / Object Settings�

� Layer 0 is a default layer and not a mechanical layer, because thislayer has special properties (by block). If you want to have thisspecial property available, just rename e.g. layer AM_0 to 0 in theMechanical Options.

� Because AutoCAD 2000 always starts with Layer 0, werecommend using template files, where layer AM_0 is always thestarting layer.

� If you move elements on layer 0 to other layer groups, you areasked if you always want to move the elements on layer grouplayergroupname-AM_0.

Getting Started

Open the initial drawing.


Toolbutton Open

Menu File > Open

Command OPEN

2 Zoom to the extents of the drawing.



Command ZOOM

3 Zoom in to the area marked with W1 and W2.



Command ZOOM



Specify first corner: Specify W1Specify opposite corner: Specify W2

Changing a Layer By Selecting Objects

First, you move the layer (and layer group) containing two objectsto another layer (and layer group) by selecting an object in theaforementioned layer (and layer group).

1 Start the Move to Another Layer command.

Toolbutton Move to Another Layer

Menu Modify > Properties > Move to Another Layer

Command AMLAYMOVE


Select objects: Specify the centerlines of the differential gear, P1 and P2Select objects: Press ENTER

Specify new layer using object, layer field or keyboard (RETURN fordialog): Specify the engine centerline, P3

Creating Layer Groups | 53

The centerlines of the differential gear are moved to the layer andlayer group of the engine centerline.

Creating Layer Groups

Layer groups provide an easy and intelligent way to structureassembly drawings. Using layer groups enable you to highlightsingle parts and lock and freeze whole parts. This gives you a betteroverview of your assembly drawing.

First, you move a block to a layer group.

1 Start the Move to Another Group command.

Toolbutton Move to Another Group

Menu Modify > Properties > Move to Another LayerGroup

Command AMLGMOVE


Select objects: Specify the gear, P1Select objects: Press ENTER


3 In the Layer Control dialog box, choose the Create button, andcreate a new layer group called Gear. Choose OK.

4 In the Named Block dialog box, choose Yes All.

The complete block is moved to the layer group Gear.

NOTE You can also perform the task with single elements. Usingthe Named Block dialog box, you can specify whether to move onlythe block or to move the block and all parts and lines to the new layergroup.


Now, you create two new layer groups and move the parts (blocks)to those groups.

5 Start the Layer Group Control command.

Toolbutton Layer Group Control


Command AMLG

6 In the Layer Control dialog box, choose the Layer Group Controltab, and choose Create. Enter Coverplate for the layer group name.

7 Choose Create again, and create a layer group called Bushing.Choose OK.




Command AMLGMOVE


Select objects: Specify the coverplate, P1Select objects: Press ENTER


10 In the Layer Control dialog box, select the layer group Coverplate,and choose OK.


Now, move the bushing to the new Bushing layer group.




Command AMLGMOVE



Select objects: Specify the bushing, P1Select objects: Press ENTER

14 In the Layer Control dialog box, select the layer group Bushing,and choose OK.



The coverplate and the bushing have now been moved to theirrespective layer groups.

Using a Layer Group to Copy Objects

Now, copy the objects of the layer group Shaft to a new drawingborder.




Command ZOOM

2 Start the Visibility Enhancement command.

Toolbutton Visibility Enhancement

Menu Assist > Layer / Layer Group > VisibilityEnhancement

Command AMLAYVISENH

3 In the Visibility Enhancement dialog box, specify:

Focus Enhancer: Special coloring for non-current Layer Groups

4 Choose OK.

Using a Layer Group to Copy Objects | 59

5 Start the Layer Group Control command.



Command AMLG

6 In the Layer Control dialog box, choose the Layer Group Controltab, and select the layer group Shaft. Choose the Current button,and then choose OK.

In the following drawing, you can see which elements belong tothe current layer.


7 Start the Copy command.

Toolbutton Copy

Menu Modify > Copy > Copy

Command COPY


Select objects: Select Layer Group Control



9 In the Layer Control dialog box, choose the Layer Group Controltab, and select the layer group Shaft. Choose the Selection Setbutton. In the AutoCAD dialog box, choose OK.


Select objects: Press ENTER

Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: Specify a point onthe shaftSpecify second point of displacement or <use first point asdisplacement>: Specify another point in the drawing border on theright

61

Working with a Bill of Materialand a Parts List

In This Chapter 5In this tutorial, you learn how to create and

modify part references and balloons, insert and

edit a parts list, and work with the bill of material

(BOM) database.

� Creating partreferences

� Inserting andmodifying balloons

� Inserting andmodifying parts lists

62 | Chapter 5 Working with a Bill of Material and a Parts List

Key Terms

Term Definition

balloon Circular annotation tag that identifies a bill of material item in a drawing. Thenumber in the balloon corresponds with the number of the part in the bill ofmaterial.

bill of material A dynamic database containing a list of all the parts in an assembly. Used togenerate parts lists that contain associated attributes such as part number,manufacturer, and quantity.

BOM attribute An entity that contains attributes by default (the attribute is invisible) that canadd information to and describe details of a part in the drawing. The values ofthese attributes are transformed into the parts list attributes when convertingBOM attributes and creating a parts list.

part reference Part information for a bill of material, which is attached to the part in thedrawing.

parts list A dynamic list of parts and associated attributes generated from a bill of materialdatabase. The parts list automatically reflects additions and subtractions of partsfrom an assembly.

Inserting a Part Reference | 63

Inserting a Part Reference

The part reference the part information required for the bill ofmaterial. The information of the part reference is available in theparts database for creating a parts list.

Here, you use the part reference command to enter partinformation for your part.

First, load the initial drawing.

1 Open the file tut_ex05 from the acadm\tutorial folder.

Toolbutton Open

Menu File > Open

Command OPEN

2 Zoom in to the area of interest, marked with W1 and W2.



Command ZOOM




4 Start the Part Reference command.

Toolbutton Place Reference

Menu Annotate > Parts List > Create BOM Attribute

Command AMPARTREF


Select point or [Block/Copy/Reference]: Specify P1

6 In the Part Ref Attributes dialog box, enter the settings shownbelow.

7 Choose OK.

The Part Reference is inserted into the drawing.

8 Start the Part Reference command again.

Toolbutton Place Reference

Menu Annotate > Parts List > Create BOM Attribute

Command AMPARTREF

Inserting a Part Reference | 65

9 Right click to display the context menu and select Reference, orenter R at the Command prompt.

10 Select the first part reference (P1) in the drawing to create areference. This means that the same part shows a quantity of 2 inthe BOM database.

NOTE You can use the option Copy to create a new part withsimilar text information.

11 Select the insertion point (P2).

The Part Ref Attribute dialog box is displayed.

12 Choose OK.

13 Start the Edit Part Reference command.

Toolbutton Edit Part Ref Data

Menu Annotate > Parts List > Edit BOM Attribute

Command AMPARTREFEDIT

14 Pick the part reference at P3.


The Part Ref Attributes dialog box is displayed.

15 For Reference Quantity, enter 3, and choose OK.

NOTE For the related nut and the screw connection on the rightside the reference quantity is already changed in the drawing.

16 Zoom extents to display the entire drawing.

Placing Balloons

1 Start the Balloon command.

Toolbutton Place Balloon

Menu Assist > Parts List > Place Balloon

Command AMBALLOON


Select part/assembly or [Auto/Collect/Manual/One/Renumber]:Enter A

Placing Balloons | 67

The command line options include:

Auto � Creates balloons for selected part references and aligns themhorizontally or vertically.

Collect � Creates a multiple balloon or attaches new balloons to anexisting balloon.

Manual � Creates a new part reference with a balloon.

One � Creates a single balloon.

Renumber � Renumbers selected balloons in the drawing andchanges item numbers in the BOM.

TIP If you use one of the commands AMBALLOON or AMPARTLISTthe BOM-database will be created automatically. This means all partreferences will be added to the database and item numbers will becreated inside the database.

To create and edit a database manually, you can also use the AMBOMcommand .

3 Use a window to select all objects from W3 to W4.

TIP Use right-click to switch between the horizontal or verticalorientation of the balloons.

4 Place the balloons horizontally, above the assembly.

Because the balloons are numbered automatically, depending onwhere you have located the part references, the appearance of yourdrawing can be different.


5 Start the Balloon command again.


Menu Annotate > Parts List > Place Balloon

Command AMBALLOON

6 On the command line, enter Renumber.


Enter starting item number: <1>: Press ENTER

Enter increment: <1>: Press ENTER

Select balloon: Select the balloons from 1 to 7, in the order shownabove and press ENTER

Your drawing needs to look like the following in order for you toto continue:

NOTE Since balloon 7 has a reference, you do not have to selectballoon 8. It will get the number 7 automatically.

8 Use a window to select the 6 balloons on the right. This turns onthe grips.

Placing Balloons | 69

9 Right-click to activate the context menu. Choose Reorganize.

10 Move the cursor through the center of balloon 1 to get thehorizontal tracking line.

NOTE Make sure that the OTRACK function is active.

11 Move the cursor to the right, along the line, and select a insertionpoint.

The result needs to look like the following:

TIP You can reorganize one balloon by selecting and using grippoint editing.

Create a part reference and a balloon in one step with the manualoption.

12 Start the AMBALLOON command again, and choose Manual.

13 Click a point inside the shaft.


TIP Instead of selecting a point to create a part reference, you canuse Copy or Reference from the Manual option, to get the informationfrom an existing balloon or part reference.

14 In the Part Ref Attribute dialog box, enter the following settings,and choose OK.

15 Press ENTER to start the leader line of the balloon in the center ofthe part reference.

16 Move the cursor through the center of balloon 1 to get thetracking line, and enter the insertion point.

TIP Instead of entering the insertion point, you can select anotherpoint to create an extended leader line.

Creating a Parts List | 71

17 Press ENTER.

Creating a Parts List

1 Start the Parts List command.

Toolbutton Place Parts List

Menu Annotate > Parts List > Parts List

Command AMPARTSLIST


Select border: Move the cursor over the border until the tooltip AM_A2is displayed, and pick the border


Parts List name <Parts List>. Press ENTER

Select type of Parts List: [All/Parts/Range] <All>: Press ENTER

The parts list appears dynamically on the cursor.

4 Move the cursor to the top of the title block. Click to insert theparts list.

The parts list should look like the following:


TIP If you are working with more than one drawing border, you cancreate border-specific parts lists. In this case, a BOM database iscreated for each border automatically when the AMBALLOON orAMPARTLIST commands are used.

You can use the AMBOM command to create or edit a BOM manually.

An example of a BOM database that contains more than one border isshown below. Selecting BORDER1 or BORDER2 displays the contentsfor each BOM database.

5 Start the Edit Part List/Balloon command.

Toolbutton Edit Part List/Balloon

Command AMEDIT

6 Select balloon 2.

The Balloon dialog box is displayed.

7 Enter 8.8 in the Material column, as shown above.

Creating a Parts List | 73

8 Choose OK. Notice the changes in your parts list.

TIP Choose Apply to see the results in the drawing immediatelywithout leaving the dialog box. All changes made in the dialog box areassociative and change the data in the drawing immediately.

9 Double-click the parts list.

The Parts List dialog box is displayed.

You can edit your data in this dialog box. Some examples areshown next.

10 Select 8.8 in the Material column, and move the cursor down threecells to copy the data into these rows.

11 Select the Set Value button. The Set Value dialog box isdisplayed.


12 Choose OK. The result should look like the following.

13 For the two nuts (ISO 4034 M6), from 8.8 to 8, change the materialby double-clicking the field.

The result should look like the following:

TIP Using the context menu inside a field provides additionalfunctions such as cut, copy, and paste.

Merging and Splitting Items in a Parts List | 75

Merging and Splitting Items in a Parts List

1 In the Parts List dialog box, select the field to the left of row 1,hold down CTRL, and select row 6, as shown below.

2 Select the active Merge button to merge these two itemstogether.

Item 1 now has a quantity of 2, and Item 6 is missing.

Selecting several rows allows you to merge or split items. The selectedrows need to have the same entries.

3 Choose Apply to display the changes in the drawing.

Balloon 1 is displayed twice.


TIP Select the gray field to the left of row 1, and the active split iconis displayed.

In this case, if you choose split, you can select one of the two partreferences in the drawing to split them.

Selecting the gray field in the upper left corner near Item allows you toselect all rows at once, as shown in the following.

In this case, the merge and split icons are active.

Selecting one of the icons allows you to merge or split all items atonce. All data will be compared, and if it is the same, they are mergedtogether. Otherwise, if they are merged items they are split at once.

Now that you have merged the bearing, you can delete one of theballoons and add an additional leader.

4 Use Power Erase, and select the left balloon with the itemnumber 1.

Collecting Balloons | 77

5 Press ENTER to delete the balloon.

NOTE Deleting a balloon in the drawing, doesn�t delete any data.Data is only lost if you delete a part reference. You can add more thanone balloon to a part reference, for example, to create a balloon withthe same item number, for the same part in another view.

6 Select the remaining balloon 1.

7 Right-click to display the context menu. Select Add Leader.

8 Select the start point in the center of the bearing, and move thecursor near the number 1 in the balloon.

9 Select that point. Your drawing should look like the following:

Collecting Balloons

Collecting balloons enables you to place balloons of related partsto one leader line. For example, you can place the balloons of ascrew and a nut to one common leader line.

1 Use a window to zoom in the top view of the drawing.



Command ZOOM


2 Start the AMBALLOON command.


Menu Annotate > Parts List > Place Balloon

Command AMBALLOON


Select part/assembly or [Auto/Collect/Manual/One/Renumber]:Enter C

4 Select the part reference of the left nut, and press ENTER.

5 Select balloon 2. The collected balloon is displayed.

6 Move the cursor to switch between the horizontal or verticalorientation of the balloons. Select the point for verticalorientation.

Sorting and Renumbering Items on a Parts List | 79

7 Repeat the collect balloon command for the screw and nut on theright side.

8 Use Power Erase to delete balloons 4 and 5.

The result should look like this:

Sorting and Renumbering Items on a Parts List

You can sort a parts list for manufacturing and sort standard partswith updated item numbers.




Command ZOOM

2 Double-click the parts list to display the Parts List dialog box.


3 Select the Sort button to display the Sort dialog box.

TIP You can sort within a selection set, otherwise you are sorting allitems.

4 Enter the settings in the dialog box, as shown below.

5 Choose OK to see the following results.

6 Click the Item cell to select the Item column.

7 In the Set Value dialog box, select the Set Value icon , andchange the Start value

Using Filters | 81

8 Choose OK to return to the Parts List dialog box. Choose Apply tosee the results in the drawing (also the balloons).

The result should look like the following.

9 Choose OK to return to the drawing.

Using Filters

You can create and use one or more filters for every parts list youhave inserted in the drawing.

1 Double-click the parts list to display the Parts List dialog box.

2 Move the cursor over the white Filters field, and right-click.

3 Select Add Filter to display the List of Filters dialog box.


4 Select Custom and choose OK. The details for this filter aredisplayed.

5 Set the following values to define the filter.

6 Activate the filter with the Custom check box.

7 Choose Apply in the Parts List dialog box. The Standards thatcontain ISO are displayed.

8 Choose OK. The filtered parts list is displayed in the drawing. Thedefined filters are saved with the parts list and can be used againlater.

If you only want to print the filtered list, choose the Print icon

.

Using Filters | 83

9 Choose Cancel to close the dialog box. The filter will not be usedin this drawing again.

The result looks like the following:

85

Working with Model Space andLayouts

In This Chapter 6In this tutorial, you learn to create scale areas and

viewports as well as detail views in model space

and in the layout.

� Creating a scale area

� Creating a detail

� Generating a newviewport

� Inserting an userthrough hole

� Creating asubassembly in a newlayout

86 | Chapter 6 Working with Model Space and Layouts

Key Terms

Term Definition


detail A portion of the design drawing that cannot be clearly displayed or dimensioned.The overall representation (surface texture symbols) can be enlarged.

drawing A layout of drawing views in model space or layout.

drawing mode Establishes the settings for paper space so that you can create a drawing of yourmodel. When Drawing mode is off, you are in model space.

layer group A group of associated or related items in a drawing. A major advantage ofworking with layer groups is that you can deactivate a specific layer group and acomplete component. The drawing and its overview are enhanced by reductionin regeneration time.

layout The tabbed environment in which you create and design paper space floatingviewports to be plotted. Multiple layouts can be created for each drawing.

PowerDimensioning

A command useful for generating linear, radial, and diameter dimensions, whichminimizes the number of the individual actions while generating a dimension.Power Dimensioning automatically selects the type of the linear dimension(horizontal, vertical, aligned), based on the selected point.

scale area Displays a particular scale area (corresponds to zoom viewport). The respectivescales can be viewed before zooming.

scale monitor A function where you can control the scale for each viewport.

viewport In Drawing mode, a bounded area that displays a drawing view.

view scale The scale of a base drawing relative to the model scale. Also, the scale ofdependent views relative to the base view.

working layer The layer where you are currently working.


Working with Model Space and Layouts

Using model space and layouts, you can create different views withdifferent scales from the same model. The main advantage toworking with layouts is that you always have associated views; thatis, if you make changes in one viewport, those changes are made inall other viewports as well, since each viewport is just another viewof the same model.

Getting Started

In this tutorial, you work with viewports. You generate anassociative detail and create a subassembly drawing.


Toolbutton Open

Menu File > Open

Command OPEN

The drawing contains parts of a four-stroke engine.


Creating a Scale Area

To generate correct views with correct zoom factors in a layout,you must define a scale area in model space.

First, create the scale area.

1 Start the Viewport/Scale Area command.

Toolbutton Viewport/Scale Area

Menu View > Viewports > Viewport/Scale Area

Command AMSCAREA


Define the border ...First point or [Circle/Object]: Select the drawing point 1Second point: Select the drawing point 2

3 In the Scale Area dialog box, specify:

Scale: 1:1

Creating a Scale Area | 89

4 Choose OK.

In the next step, you use Viewport Auto Create to create a viewportautomatically.

Here, the viewport will be created, because of the defined scalearea.

5 Start the Viewport Auto Create command.

Toolbutton Viewport Auto Create

Menu View > Viewports > Viewport Auto Create

Command AMVPORTAUTO


Enter layout name (<Return> for "Layout1"): Press ENTERSelect target position (<Return> for current position): Zoom to theextents of the drawing



Command ZOOM


Select target position (<Return> for current position): Place the viewport onthe left, inside the drawing border


Creating a Detail

There are two types of details, associative and non-associative. Inthis exercise, you create an associative detail, because you use aviewport.

Create an associative detail of the valve.

1 Start the Detail command.

Toolbutton Detail

Menu Design > Detail

Command AMDETAIL

The viewport is activated automatically. You will recognize it by itsthick (highlighted) frame.


Define the enlargement area for the detail ...Center of circle or [Rectangle/Object]: Select drawing point 3Specify radius or [Diameter]: Drag the radius to drawing point 4

3 In the Detail dialog box, specify the settings shown in thefollowing figure..

Generating a New Viewport | 91

4 Choose OK.


Move the title (<Return> for current position): Press ENTER

Select target position (<Return> for current position): Place the detailto the right of the current viewport

Generating a New Viewport

Now, you create a viewport inside a layout.




Command AMVPORT



Define the border ...First point or [Circle/Object]: Select drawing point 5Second point: Select drawing point 6

3 In the View dialog box, specify:

Scale: 5:1

4 Choose Midpoint <.

The drawing is changed to model space so that you can define themidpoint.

5 Select the endpoint of the centerline, as shown in the followingfigure.

6 In the View dialog box, choose OK.

Now, your drawing looks like this:

Inserting an User Through Hole | 93

Inserting an User Through Hole

To demonstrate the main advantage of working with layouts, youwill insert a user through hole in the housing. Notice that thischange is immediately displayed in every view.

Now, insert a user through hole in the previously created viewport.

1 Activate the previously created viewport.

Toolbutton Paper/Model Space

Command MSPACE

The viewport has a thick (highlighted) frame.

2 Start the Through Hole command.

Toolbutton Through Hole

Menu Content > Holes > Through Holes

Command AMTHOLE


3 In the Browser, choose User Through Holes � Front View.


Specify insertion point: Hold down the shift key and press the rightmouse button. Choose Midpoint from the context menu.Specify insertion point:_mid of Select the midpoint of the housing, P1Specify the hole length: Select the perpendicular point, P2

5 In the User Through Holes � Nominal Diameter dialog box,specify:

Nominal Diameter: 8

6 Choose Finish.

The user through hole is inserted into your drawing. Now, thedrawing looks like this:

Inserting an User Through Hole | 95

Because of the associativity, the through hole created in the detailview appears in the original view.

In the next step, you dimension the through hole diameter in thedetail view. Since the dimension is to appear only in the detailview, you generate the dimension directly in the layout withouthaving a viewport active.

7 Change to the layout.

Toolbutton Paper/Model Space

Menu

Command PSPACE

8 Start the Power Dimensioning command



Command AMPOWERDIM


(SINGLE) First extension line origin or[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select>: Select the firstedge of the holeSecond extension line origin: Select the second edge of the holePlace dimension line [Options/Pickobj]: Drag the dimension line to theright until it is highlighted, and click(SINGLE) First extension line origin or[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select>: Press ENTER


10 In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, choose OK.

Now, the viewport looks like this:

NOTE You can also dimension the hole in model space and turn offthe layer of one specific viewport. But the dimension text will only becorrect in the 1:1 viewport and not in the detail view. Therefore, youcan dimension directly on the layout.

Creating a Subassembly in a New Layout | 97

Creating a Subassembly in a New Layout

If you use layer groups in your assembly drawing, you can easilycreate detail and subassembly drawings in layouts. You can switchoff selected layer groups in the viewports, so that only the detail orsubassembly is visible.

Now, create an associative view of a subassembly in layout 2.

1 Change to layout 2, by selecting the Layout 2 tab on the bottom ofyour drawing area, as shown below.




Command AMVPORT


Define the border ...First point or [Circle/Object]: Select drawing point 7Second point: Select drawing point 8

4 In the View dialog box, specify:

Scale: 5:1


5 Choose Midpoint <.

The drawing is changed to model space.

6 Specify the point, as shown in the following drawing:

7 In the View dialog box, choose OK.

The viewport is created. It looks like this:


Other objects are still visible around the subassembly. You use theLayer Control command to hide them.

8 Start the Layer Group Control.


Menu Assist > Layer / Layergroup > Layer/Layer GroupControl

Command AMLG

9 In the Layer Control dialog box, choose the Layer Group Controltab, mark SUBASSEMBLY1, and choose Current.

10 Move the cursor to the icon in the column Viewport Control, andright-click.

11 In the context menu, choose Select Viewport.



Select viewports: Select the viewport frameSelect viewports: Press ENTER

The Layer Control dialog box is displayed.

13 In the Layer Control dialog box, move the cursor to the icon in theFreeze column and the Base Layer Group row, and click.

14 Choose OK.

AutoCAD Mechanical freezes the Base Layer Group, and thesubassembly remains visible. Your drawing looks like this:


Now, you can finish your detail drawing with text, remarks,annotations, and so on.

NOTE When you plot the drawing, the red viewport frame isturned off automatically. If you have a plotter or printer driverinstalled, use the plot command, and preview the drawing.

103

Designing a Cam

In This Chapter 7In this exercise, you perform a cam calculation.

The cam contour is calculated based on existing

boundary conditions. Data for NC production is

also created.

� Configuring the camplate calculation

� Creating movementsections

� Creating velocity andacceleration curves

� Creating a camgeometry from thegraph

� Creating NC data

104 | Chapter 7 Designing a Cam

Key Terms

Term Definition

acceleration Graph of acceleration of the straight driven element of the rotation angleacceleration of a rocker and the cam plate angle of rotation.

cam Types of gears for obtaining unusual and irregular motions that would be difficultto produce otherwise.

curve path Geometric shape of the cam.

movementdiagram

The representation of the cam as a graph of the lift and the angle of rotation ofthe cam plate (straight driven element). If the driven element is a rocker, the liftcorresponds to an angle of rotation of the rocker.

movement section Part of the movement diagram. Some sections are defined by design. Forexample, the maximum lift of 15 mm is reached at an angle of 90°.

NC Numerical Control. Used in the manufacturing industry to represent the controlon machine tool movement through numeric data for 2 to 5 axis machining.

resolution Controls the precision of curves. A low value increases computing time. Use ahigher value for initial design.

step width Specifies the distance between the points used for the NC records

velocity Graph of the speed of the straight driven element, or the rotation angle of arocker and the cam plate angle of rotation.


Cam Design

With cam plates, you can implement all movements required inthe scope of process control with a minimum number of gearelements. The basis for systematic design procedures is offeredusing standardized laws of movement in the development of newcam gears.

With AutoCAD Mechanical create cams (cam plates and cylindricalcams) based on sections drawn in a movement diagram. You canalso calculate velocity and acceleration of an existing section of themovement diagram. The cam curve path can be determined via thecalculated cam sections. An existing curve path can be scannedand transferred in the movement diagram. A driven element canbe coupled to the cam. NC data can be created via the curve path.

Getting Started

With cam design, you can generate a flat or cylindrical cam. In thisexample, you create a flat cam from a diagram.

Insert the initial drawing.


Toolbutton Open

Menu File -> Open

Command OPEN



Menu View -> Zoom -> Extents

Command ZOOM

3 Zoom in to the area marked with W1 and W2.


Menu View -> Zoom -> Window

Command ZOOM




Now you can start designing the cam plate.

Configuring the Cam Plate Calculations

The first task is to specify the settings for the cam platecalculations.

Here you define the resolution, the base diameter, the revolutionof the cam, and the scale for velocity and acceleration.

1 Start the cam configuration.

Toolbutton Cam Configuration

Menu Content -> Cam Plates and Cylinders -> CamConfiguration

Command AMCAMCONF

2 In the Configuration dialog box, specify:

Resolution: 2Base Diameter for CAM: 0Revolutions of cam: 1000Scale for velocity v: 0.01Scale for acceleration a: 0.0001

Configuring the Cam Plate Calculations | 107

3 Choose OK.

Two icons in the Configuration dialog box show the two camcalculating options: flat cams and cylindrical cams (in case ofparallel lift). Note that in our example, the velocity is inscribed incolor 1 (red), and the acceleration in color 3 (green).

Next you specify the baseline and cam position.

NOTE The base cam diameter with stroke 0 can have the value 0 ora positive value. The following figure explains the meaning of the basediameter. The cam radius with stroke 0 is composed of the half basediameter and the distance (X), calculated from the diagram. In case,the base diameter is 0, only the distance calculated from the diagramwill beeffective.


Specify 0° point on baseline: Select the left end of line a at point 1Specify 360° point on baseline: Select the right end of line a at point 2Specify center of cam: Select the centerline cross midpoint at point 3Specify 0° direction of cam <0>: Press ENTER

Select baseline for diagram to store the configuration: Select line a


Next you create the movement sections.

Creating Movement Sections

In this section, you create two movement sections.

The gap between the defined movements in the diagram (b, c, d)needs to be connected by a polynom of 5 degrees. In 80 percent ofall cases, you need a polynom of 5 degrees to get a smoothtransition between two movements (for example, between b andc).

The program only supports a polynom of 5 degrees.

The movement sections are created by the transition commandusing the start point and the end point of the section, as well asthe first and second derivations at these points.

Creating Movement Sections | 109

1 Start the Transition command.

Toolbutton Transition

Menu Content -> Cam Plates and Cylinders ->Transition

Command AMCAMTRANS


Specify start point: Select the right end of line bSpecify ending point: Select the left end of line cSpecify slope at start point or velocity[mm/s] or [Read from v-diagram]: Select a point on line bSpecify slope at the end point or velocity[mm/s] or [Read from v-diagram]: Select a point on line cEnter acceleration at start point a[mm/s^2] or [Read from a-diagram]<0.00>: Press ENTER

Enter acceleration at end point a[mm/s^2] or [Read from a-diagram]<0.00>: Press ENTER

The movement section is automatically drawn.

3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to define the second movement sectionbetween lines c and d.

The resulting movement sections should look like the following:


Creating Velocity and Acceleration Curves

The Calculate Vel/Acc command determines the velocity andacceleration of an existing section of the movement diagram. Thecalculation uses the graphical commands and is based on thegradient of the movement diagram. Consequently, the beginningand the end of these curves may not coincide precisely with theends of the movement section. For this purpose, you simply selectthe existing movement sections.

In order to complete the velocity and acceleration curves, you needto generate the velocity and acceleration curves for sections b, c,and d. The previous section only resulted in the respective curvesfor sections b � c and c � d.

1 Start the velocity and acceleration calculation.

Toolbutton CalculateVel/Acc Graphs

Menu Content -> Cam Plates and Cylinders ->CalculateVel/Acc Graphs

Command AMCAMGRAPH


Select movement diagram for cam:Select objects: Select lines b, c and dSelect objects: Press ENTER

NOTE In this case, the movement sections b, c, and d appearhorizontal in the movement graph. Thus, velocity and acceleration areequal to 0 (the lines overlap on line a).

Creating Cam Geometry from the Graph | 111

Creating Cam Geometry from the Graph

In this section, you generate the cam geometry from the previouslycreated movement graph.

Creating the curve path is easy; you select the sections in themovement diagram. The colors of the sections correspond to thecolors of the curve path sections. The curve path is developed incounter-clockwise direction.

1 Start the command Create Cam from Graph.

Toolbutton Create Cam from Graph

Menu Content -> Cam Plates and Cylinders -> CreateCam from Graph

Command AMCAMCRCAM


Select movement diagram for cam:Select objects: Select the lines b, c, d and the previously createdmovement (sections b � c and c � d)Select objects: Press ENTER

Select movement diagram for cam:Select objects: Press ENTER

AutoCAD draws the cam geometry from the movement diagram asrepresented in the following figure:


Creating NC Data

Now, you generate the NC data for a milling machine to producethe part.

1 Start the NC Data calculation.

Toolbutton Calculate NC Data

Menu Content -> Cam Plates and Cylinders -> CalculateNC Data

Command AMCAMNC

2 In the Create NC-Data dialog box, specify:

New Origin for Milling Machine: OnEnter the step width: 0.5

3 Choose OK.

4 In the Enter filename dialog box, enter Cam.nc as the filename,and choose Save.


Select cam polyline (offset may be needed for cylinder cam): Selectthe 5 path sections around point 3Select objects: Press ENTER

Creating NC Data | 113

6 Continue to respond to the prompts as follows:

Specify coordinate origin for milling machine: Select the intersection atpoint 4Reverse direction due to milling tool [Y/N] <N>: Press ENTER

The NC data is created from the geometry and stored in thespecified file. Next, you need to define the run-out and run-inpoints of the milling cutter.


Specify run-out from end point: Select the intersection at point 5Specify run-in to starting point: Select the intersection at point 5

The generation of the NC data is completed. The NC data can bedisplayed with any text editor as represented in the followingfigure:

115

Calculating Moment of Inertiaand Deflection Line

In This Chapter 8In this tutorial, you calculate the moment of

inertia for a profile section, and calculate the

deflection line on a beam, based on the profile

calculation.

� Calculating themoment of inertia

� Calculating thedeflection line

116 | Chapter 8 Calculating Moment of Inertia and Deflection Line

Key Terms

Term Definition

deflection line Deflection lines are calculated based on the predefined force direction (F) or toradial direction (s).

deflection moment Deflection moment is calculated based on the predefined force direction (F) or toradial direction (s).

distributed force A force that is spread over a certain area.

fixed support A support that is fixed to the part and cannot be moved.

load Forces and moments, which act on a part.

moment of inertia An important property of areas and solid bodies. Standard formulas are derivedby multiplying elementary particles of area and mass by the squares of theirdistances from reference axes. Moments of inertia, therefore, depend on thelocation of reference axes.

movable support Support that is not fixed.

point force A force that is concentrated on a point.

Calculating Moment of Inertia and Deflection Line | 117

Calculating Moment of Inertia and Deflection Line

The measurement unit for the moment of inertia is mm4 or inches

4.

These are geometrical values, which appear at deflection, torsion,and buckling calculation. AutoCAD Mechanical uses the result ofthe moment of inertia calculation for the deflection linecalculation.

Moment of inertia calculations are performed on cross sections ofbeams or on other objects that can be represented as closedcontours. Calculations can be performed on a cross section of anyshape, as long as the geometry of the cross section forms a closedcontour.

AutoCAD Mechanical determines the center of gravity for a crosssection, draws the main axes, and calculates the moment of inertiafor each of those axes. You can also select a load direction for across section; AutoCAD Mechanical calculates the moment ofinertia and angle of deflection for that load.

NOTE The ISO standard part standard has to be installed for thistutorial exercise.

Getting Started

First, you load the drawing.


Toolbutton Open

Menu File > Open

Command OPEN

The drawing contains this profile:


Calculating the Moment of Inertia

Before you can perform any calculations on a profile, you need toknow its moment of inertia.

1 Start the calculation for the moment of inertia.

Toolbutton Moment of Inertia

Menu Content > Calculations > Moment of Inertia

Command AMINERTIA


Select objects: Select the entire profile sectionSelect objects: Press ENTER

Is the area filled correctly? (Y/N)? <Y>: Press ENTER

The coordinates of the centroid and the moment of inertia alongthe principle axes are displayed on the command line, as follows:

Coordinates of centroid (in user coordinates):X coordinate: 228.071933 Y coordinate: 150.027674

Moments of inertia along principal axes:I1: 2.359e+004 I2: 1.4095e+004Axis angle for major moment (I1): 5.3

Now, define the direction of the loads: they must be in one plane.


Specify direction of load forces (must all lie in one plane): Enter 270

The data for this load direction is displayed on the command line,as follows:

Effective moment of inertia for this load direction: 2.341e+004Angle of deflection: 266.5Maximum distances neutral line - border:Extension side: 16.690 Compression side: 14.444

Now, you have to enter a description for the calculated profile andlocate the block with the calculation data in the drawing.


Enter description: Enter Frame ProfileInsertion point: Place the calculation block next to the profile


Your drawing looks like this:

NOTE The main axes, 1 and 2, are the axes with the most and leastdeflection. The F arrow displays the direction of the force, the s arrowdisplays the resultant deflection. The moment of inertia block showsthe moments related to the main axis, the maximum distances fromthe edges, and the calculated area. For more detailed information, seethe online help.

A side view of the profile has been created for the deflection line.




Command ZOOM

Calculating the Deflection Line

The calculation of the deflection line requires the calculation resultfrom the moment of inertia calculation.

Now, you calculate the deflection line under a specific loadsituation.


1 Start the deflection line calculation.

Toolbutton Deflection line

Menu Content > Calculations > Deflection Line

Command AMDEFLINE


Select Moment of Inertia block: Select the previously generatedcalculation block, P1Specify start point or [Existing beam]: Select the left end of the beam,P2Specify end point: Select the right end of the beam, P3

3 In the Beam Calculation dialog box, choose Table.

4 In the Material dialog box, select ANSI standard and the materialAl. bronze cast.

NOTE If ANSI standard is not installed at your system, selecting adifferent standard according to your preference is also possible, butthe results will differ from the results in this tutorial exercise (if youselect DIN for example, you can select a similar material likeAlMgSi0.5F22 to achieve similar results).


Next, you define the supports and the loads.

5 Choose the Fixed Support icon, and respond to the prompt asfollows:

Insertion point: Select the left edge of the beam

6 Choose the Movable Support icon, and respond to the prompt asfollows:

Insertion point: Select the right edge of the beam

7 Choose the Uniform Load icon, and respond to the prompts asfollows:

Insertion point: Select the left edge of the beamEndpoint: Select the midpoint of the beam using the midpoint snapUniform Load [N/mm] <50.00> : Enter 10

8 Choose the Moment icon, and respond to the prompts as follows:

Insertion point: Select a point approximately in the middle of theuniform loadBending Moment (Nm) <10.00> : Enter 3

9 In the Beam Calculation dialog box, choose Moments andDeflection.

10 In the Select Graph dialog box, select the options as shown in thefigure below, and choose OK.



Enter scale for bending moment line (drawing unit:[Nm] <1:1>:Press ENTER

Enter scale for deflection line (drawing unit:mm) <20:1>: Press ENTER

Insertion point: Select an appropriate position in the drawing

The result looks like this:

The calculation result block displays all important data on yourcalculation:

125

Creating a Shaft With StandardParts

In This Chapter 9In this tutorial, you learn how to use the shaft

generator. You create and edit shaft sections. You

also insert a bearing and perform a bearing

calculation.

� Configuring the snapoptions

� Starting andconfiguring the shaftgenerator

� Creating shaftsections

� Inserting a profile

� Inserting a chamferand a fillet

� Inserting a shaft break

� Creating a side view

� Inserting a thread

� Editing and inserting ashaft section

� Replacing a shaftsection

� Inserting a bearing

126 _ Chapter 9 Creating a Shaft With Standard Parts

Key Terms

Term Definition

bearing calculation Calculates limiting value, dynamic and static load rating, dynamic and staticequivalent load, and fatigue life in revolutions and hours.

chamfer A beveled surface between two faces or surfaces.

dynamiccalculation

Calculation required for a revolving bearing. The result is the Adjusted Rating Life.This is the life associated with 90% reliability with contemporary, commonly usedmaterial, and under conventional operating conditions. With the number ofrevolutions you get the life in working hours.

dynamic dragging The act of determining the size of a standard part with the cursor while insertingit into a side view. The standard part is displayed dynamically on the screen andcan be dragged to the next possible size and length. The values (sizes) are takenfrom the Standard parts database.

fillet A curved transition from one part face or surface to another. The transition cutsoff the outside edge or fills in the inside edge.

gear Any several arrangements, especially of toothed wheels in a machine, which allowpower to be passed from one part to another to control the power, speed, ordirection of movement.

radius reflectionline

Thin line that represents the radius in the side or top view.

shaft break Interruption of a shaft. A shaft can be interrupted at a point, and the shaft breaksymbols are inserted in a suitable size.

shaft generator Tool to draw rotationally symmetric parts. A shaft is usually created from left toright using different sections. These sections are positioned automatically oneafter the other. Additionally, any shaft section can be inserted, deleted, or edited.

Configuring the Snap Options | 127

Creating a Shaft with Standard Parts

In this section you generate a shaft with standard parts with theshaft generator. You also perform a bearing calculation.


Configuring the Snap Options

First, you configure the snap options.

1 Start the Power Snap Settings.

Toolbutton Power Snap Settings 1-4

Menu Assist > Draft Settings > Power Snap Settings 1-4

Command AMPOWERSNAP

2 In the Power Snap Settings dialog box, activate the tab Setting 4and configure the snap settings as shown in the following:

3 Choose OK.

Starting and Configuring the Shaft Generator

In the next steps, you start and configure the shaft generator.

1 Start the Shaft Generator command.

Toolbutton Shaft Generator

Menu Content > Shaft Generator

Command AMSHAFT2D



Specify start point or select centerline [New shaft]: Enter 150,150Centerline ending point: Enter 240,150

NOTE The start and end points of the centerline are only importantin determining the direction. The length of the centerline isautomatically adapted to the length of the shaft.

3 In the Shaft Generator dialog box, press the appropriate button,and enter the values as indicated in the following:

4 Choose the Config button to start the Shaft GeneratorConfiguration, and configure the shaft generator as shown in thefollowing figure:

5 Choose OK. You return to the Shaft Generator dialog box.

Creating Cylindrical Shaft Sections and Gears | 129

Creating Cylindrical Shaft Sections and Gears

The shaft generator is configured. Now you want to generate thefirst shaft segments.

1 Choose the lower cylinder button to define a cylinder section, andrespond to the prompts as follows:

Specify length <50>: Enter 12Specify diameter <40>: Enter 20

2 Choose the gear button, and enter the values for module, numberof teeth, and length as shown in the following figure:

NOTE Here, the DIN standard requires that you give the module.The ANSI standard requires the reciprocal 1/module. You can switchbetween these two representations using the DIN and ANSI toggle.

3 Choose the lower cylinder button to define a further cylindersection, and respond to the prompts as follows:


4 Choose the gear button, and enter the values for module, numberof teeth, and length as shown in the following figure:


5 Choose the lower cylinder button to define another cylindersection, and respond to the prompts as follows:


6 Choose the lower cylinder button to define another cylindersection, and respond to the prompts as follows:


Now, you have created the first five sections of the shaft asrepresented in the following figure:

Inserting a Spline Profile

Now, you add a spline profile to the shaft.

1 Choose the Profile button.

2 Choose ISO 14 in the database browser.

3 In the Splined Shaft ISO 14 dialog box, select the nominal size6 x 13 x 16 and define a length of 26. Choose OK.

Inserting a Chamfer and a Fillet | 131

Now, you have created another section of the shaft as representedin the following figure:

Inserting a Chamfer and a Fillet

In this step, you apply a chamfer and a fillet to the shaft.

1 Choose the Chamfer icon to apply a chamfer to a shaft section,and respond to the prompts as follows:

Select object: Select the leftmost cylinder section as shown in thefollowing figure, P1Specify length (max. 12) <2.5>: Enter 2Specify angle (0�79) <45>: Enter 45


2 Choose the Fillet icon to apply a fillet to a shaft section, andrespond to the prompts as follows:

Select object: Select the cylinder section between the two gears asshown in the following figure, P1Enter radius (max. 5.00) <2.50>: Enter 2

After applying the chamfer and the fillet, the shaft looks like thefollowing figure:

Inserting a Shaft Break

Here, you insert a shaft break in the drawing.

1 Choose the Break icon to insert shaft break, and respond to theprompts as follows:

Specify point: Select the midpoint of the cylindrical section as shown inthe following figureSpecify length <5>: Enter 10

The shaft break is inserted.

Creating a Side View of the Shaft | 133

Creating a Side View of the Shaft

Next, you insert a side view of the shaft.

1 Choose the Side view icon.

2 In the Side view from dialog box, select right. Choose OK.


Specify insertion point: Press ENTER

The right side view is inserted at the proposed position as shown inthe following figure:


Inserting a Thread

Now, you add a thread to the shaft.

1 Choose the Thread button to insert a thread, and select ISO 261 �M in the browser.

2 In the Thread ISO 261 � M dialog box, select M10 and enter alength of 20. Choose OK.

The thread is added to the shaft, which looks like this now:

Editing and Inserting a Shaft Section

In this section, you edit an existing shaft section and insert a newsection.

1 Choose the Edit button, and respond to the prompts as follows:

Select object: Select the first cylindrical section, P1Specify length <12>: Press ENTER

Specify diameter <20>: Enter 18

Editing and Inserting a Shaft Section | 135

The diameter is changed to 18 while the length remains 12.

2 Choose the Insert button, and respond to the prompt as follows:Specify point: Select a point after the second gear, P1

3 Choose the Slope icon, and respond to the prompts as follows:

Specify length or [Dialog] <20>: Enter 4Specify diameter at start point <24>: Enter 28Specify diameter at end point or [Slope/Angle] <20>: Enter 22

A slope is inserted at the specified point.


Replacing a Shaft Section

The previously inserted slope needs to be deleted again.

1 Choose the Undo button.

The previous slope insertion is undone.

Now, replace an existing shaft section. To do this, you change thesettings in the configuration.

2 Choose the Config button to start the shaft generatorconfiguration, and change the setting For Segment inserted toOverdraw. Choose OK.

3 Choose the Slope icon, and respond to the prompt as follows:

Specify length or [Dialog] <20>: Enter D

4 In the Shaft Generator � Cone dialog box, make the followingsettings and choose OK.

The slope replaces the cylindrical shaft section.

Inserting a Bearing | 137

Inserting a Bearing

Here, you insert a bearing and perform a bearing calculation.

1 Choose the Standard Parts button, and select a radial bearing ISO355 in the browser. Respond to the prompts as follows:

Specify insertion point on shaft contour: Specify point P1Direction to Left/Right: Select a point to the right

2 In the ISO 355 dialog box, choose Next >.


3 In the ISO 355 dialog box, specify the loads as shown, and chooseNext >.

4 In the ISO 355 dialog box, select the bearing 2BD � 20 x 37 x 12,and choose Finish.

The bearing is inserted, and you can select the available sizes bydragging.

5 Choose 2BD � 20 x 37 x 12 and press ENTER.

The bearing is inserted.

6 Choose Close to leave the Shaft Generator.

139

Performing a ShaftCalculation

In This Chapter 10In this tutorial, you perform a calculation on an

existing shaft. You apply various loads to a

supported shaft, perform the calculation, and

insert results into a drawing.

� Creating the contour of ashaft

� Specifying the material

� Defining the supports

� Specifying the loads

� Calculating and insertingthe results

140 | Chapter 10 Performing a Shaft Calculation

Key Terms

Term Definition

deflection line Deflection line calculations are based on the predefined force direction (F) or theradial direction (s).

deflection moment Deflection moment calculations are based on the predefined force direction (F) orthe radial direction (s).

fixed support A support that is fixed to a part and cannot be moved.

load The forces and moments that act on a part.

gear Any several arrangements, especially of toothed wheels in a machine whichallows power to be passed from one part to another so as to control the powerspeed or the direction of movement.

movable support A support that is not fixed.

point force A force that is concentrated on a point.

stress Force or pressure on a part. Stress is the force per area.


Performing a Shaft Calculation

With AutoCAD Mechanical, you can perform a shaft calculationusing a contour created with the Shaft Generator or any othersymmetric shaft contour. The function provides a staticcalculation, which is important for the design of the shaft and thebearing load.


Getting Started

In this tutorial, you calculate a gear box shaft. The general way tocalculate an existing shaft is to define the contour and insert forcesand supports. The routine calculates all necessary values and drawsthe respective graphs for moment and deflection.

First, you insert the initial drawing.


Toolbutton Open

Menu File -> Open

Command OPEN



Menu View -> Zoom -> Extents

Command ZOOM

3 Zoom in to the shaft using Zoom Window.


Menu View -> Zoom -> Window

Command ZOOM


Specify first corner: Specify point P1Specify opposite corner: Specify point P2


Creating the Contour of a Shaft

First, you create the contour of the shaft.

1 Start the Shaft Calculation.

Toolbutton Shaft Calculator

Menu Content -> Calculations -> Shaft Calculation

Command AMSHAFTCALC


Select contour or [Create contour] <Create>: Enter CSelect objects for outer contourSelect objects: Select the complete shaftSelect objects: Press ENTER

Select shaft centerline: Select the centerline of the shaft

After you have created the contour of the shaft, the ShaftCalculation dialog box is displayed so that you can select theboundary conditions, the material, and the representation of thecalculation results.

Specifying the Material | 143

Specifying the Material

You specify the material by entering its characteristics in therespective fields or by selecting it from a table containing the mostcommonly used materials.

1 Choose Table, select the ANSI standard, and select the materialSAE 1045 from the table.

NOTE If the ANSI standard is not installed on your system, you canselect a different standard, but the results may differ from the results inthis tutorial (if you select DIN for example, you can select a similarmaterial like, E335, to achieve similar results).

Placing the Supports

Now, you specify the positions where the shaft is to be supported.

1 In the Shaft Calculation dialog box, select the Fixed Support icon,and respond to the prompt as follows:

Fixed SupportInsertion point: Select the midpoint of the leftmost shaft section

2 Select the Fixed Support icon again, and respond to the prompt asfollows:

Fixed SupportInsertion point: Select the midpoint of the third cylindrical shaftsection, as shown in the following drawing


Specifying the Loads

After specifying the positions of the supports, you specify theeffective loads.

1 In the Shaft Calculation dialog box, select the Gear icon andrespond to the prompt as follows:

GearInsertion point: Select the midpoint of the second gear, as shown in thefollowing figure

2 In the Gear dialog box, specify:

Torsion Moment: 15Pitch Diameter d1: 38

Specifying the Loads | 145

3 Choose OK.

4 Select the Point Load icon, and respond to the prompts as follows:

Point LoadInsertion point: Select the midpoint of the profile section, as shown inthe following figureSpecify an rotation angle: Press ENTER

5 In the Point Load dialog box, specify:

Point Load: 2500


6 Choose OK.

7 Select the Torque icon, and respond to the prompt as follows:

Torsion MomentInsertion point: Select the midpoint of the profile section as shown inthe following figure

8 In the dialog box, specify:

Torsion Moment: 15

9 Choose OK.

You have finished specifying the boundary conditions, and you arereturned to the Shaft Calculation dialog box.

Calculating the Shaft and Inserting the Results | 147

Calculating the Shaft and Inserting the Results

Now, you calculate the shaft and insert the results in your drawingin three graphs.

1 Choose Moments and Deformations to start the calculation.

2 In the Select Graph dialog box, select options as shown in thefollowing figures and choose OK.


Specify first corner point: Press ENTER

Enter scale for deflection line dy (drawing unit : mm) <200:1>: PressENTER

Enter scale for deflection line dz (drawing unit : mm) <20000:1>:Press ENTER

Enter scale for torsion moment line (drawing unit : Nm) <2:1>: PressENTER

Insertion Point: Select an appropriate point to the right of the shaft

The deflection and torsion moment lines are insertedautomatically.



The result table gives you the most important information for yourcalculated shaft such as safety factor, maximum deflection,maximum stress, etc.

149

Working with Standard Parts

In This Chapter 11In this tutorial, you learn to work with standard

parts. You insert a screw connection, a hole,

and a pin. You also edit the standard parts with

Power Commands.

� Inserting a screwconnection

� Copying a screwconnection with PowerCopy

� Inserting a screwconnection with PowerRecall and performing ascrew calculation

� Editing a screwconnection with PowerEdit

� Working with PowerView

� Deleting with PowerErase

� Inserting a hole

� Inserting a pin

� Hiding C-lines

� Simplifying therepresentation ofstandard parts

150 | Chapter 11 Working with Standard Parts

Key Terms

Term Definition

background A contour that is covered by another contour or by objects that are lying behindanother contour, in the 3D sense. A background may be a foreground for anadditional contour.

C-line (constructionline)

A line that is infinite in both directions or infinite starting at a point which can beinserted into the drawing area. You use C-lines to transfer important points (forexample, center points of bore holes) into other views or drawing areas.

countersink A chamfered hole that allows bolt and screw heads to be flush or below the partsurface.

dynamic dragging The act of determining the size of a standard part with the cursor while insertingit into a side view. The standard part is displayed dynamically on the screen andcan be dragged to the next possible size and length. The values (sizes) are takenfrom the Standard parts database.

Power Command Summary term for Power Copy, Power Recall, Power Edit, Power Dimensioning,Power Erase and Power View.

Power Copy A command that copies a drawing object to another position in the drawing.Power Copy produces an identical copy of the copied object.

Power Edit A edit command for all objects in your drawing.

Power Erase Command for deleting. Use Power Erase when you delete part reference numbersor when you delete dimensions that were created with Power Dimensioning.

Power Recall A command that lets you click an existing drawing object and places you in thecorrect command for creating that object.

Power View A tool where you can quickly and easily create a standard part top view from aside view.

representation Standard parts representation in a drawing in normal, simplified, and symbolicmode.


Working with Standard Parts

AutoCAD Mechanical Power Pack provides a large selection ofstandard parts to work with, including regular and fine threads andmany types of holes. With the AutoCAD Mechanical Power Pack,you can insert complete screw connections (screws with holes andnuts) in one step. Some intelligence has been built into thisprocess. For example, if you select a screw with a metric thread,you get only metric threads when you add any additional partssuch as threaded holes or nuts.


Getting Started

First, insert the initial drawing.


Toolbutton Open

Menu File > Open

Command OPEN

The gearbox is not completed yet. We want to add standardcomponents and show, how easy it is to edit standard parts withan automatic update of the background objects.

2 Zoom in to the differential gear, using the Zoom Windowcommand.



Command ZOOM




Inserting a Screw Connection

Now, you insert a screw connection at the differential gearhousing.

1 Start the Screw Connection command.

Toolbutton Screw Connection

Menu Content > Screw Connection

Command AMSCREWCON

2 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the Screw button.

Inserting a Screw Connection | 153

3 In the Please select a Screw dialog box, select Socket Head Types.

4 Then select ISO 4762 and Front View.


5 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the upper Holebutton. Then select Holes, Through Cylindrical, and ISO 273normal.

6 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the lower Holebutton. Then select Inner Threads, Blind, and ISO 262.

7 In the Screw Connection dialog box, specify the size M4, andchoose Next >.

Inserting a Screw Connection | 155

8 In the Screw Assembly Grip Representation - Front View dialogbox, select Normal, and choose the Finish button.


Specify insertion point of first hole: Specify point P1Specify endpoint of first hole [Gap between holes]: Specify point P2Drag Size: Drag the screw connection dynamically to the size M4 x 16,and clickDrag Size: Enter 12


Now, you have inserted the screw connection, specified a screwlength of 16 mm, and specified a blind hole depth of 12 mm.

NOTE During dragging, the size of the screw is shown in the statusbar, where the coordinates are usually displayed.

The background is automatically hidden, and your drawing shouldlook like this:

Copying a Screw Connection with Power Copy | 157

Copying a Screw Connection with Power Copy

With Power Copy, you can copy complete objects, including theinformation attached to those objects. In the case of a screwconnection, you copy the whole screw connection to anotherlocation. The background is automatically updated.

Now, copy the previously inserted screw connection with thePower Copy command.

1 Start the Power Copy command.

Toolbutton Power Copy

Menu Modify > Power Commands > Power Copy

Command AMPOWERCOPY


Select object: Select the previously inserted screwSpecify insertion point: Specify the point as shown in the followingfigureSpecify rotation angle: Enter 0

The screw is copied to the specified location. Your drawing shouldlook like this:


Using Power Recall and Performing a ScrewCalculation

With Power Recall, you can call a function just by clicking anobject in a drawing. In this exercise, you click a screw connection,so the Screw Connection command will start.

Use Power Recall to recall the screw connection. Edit the screwconnection, calculate it, and insert it into the drawing at the coverplate.




Command ZOOM

2 Zoom in to the cover plate using Zoom Window.



Command ZOOM



Using Power Recall and Performing a Screw Calculation | 159

4 Start the Power Recall command.

Toolbutton Power Recall

Menu Modify > Power Commands > Power Recall

Command AMPOWERRECALL


Select object: Select the screw, P1


6 In the Screw Connection - Front View dialog box, delete the ISO273 normal hole by clicking the Delete (X) button to the right ofthe ISO 273 normal field.

NOTE You have to delete the ISO 273 hole from the screwconnection, because otherwise, the built-in intelligence would preventthe selection of a countersink screw since it doesn� t match with theISO 273 through hole.


7 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the Screw button.Then Countersink Head Type, ISO 10642, and Front View.

8 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the upper Holebutton. Then select Holes, Countersinks, and ISO 7721.

9 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the lower Hole button.Then select Inner Threads, Through, and ISO 262 (Regular Thread).

Now, use the Precalculation function of the Screw Connectiondialog box to calculate the screw connection.

10 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the Precalculationbutton.

11 In the Screw Diameter Estimation � VDI2230 dialog box, specify:

Material Class: 10.9Applied Force: 1500 NNature of Load: Static and Centric applied Axial Force (upper-left icon)Method for Tightening Screw: Mechanical Screw Driver

The Result field displays a sufficient diameter of M4.


12 Choose OK.

13 In the Screw Connection dialog box, the calculation has markedM4. Choose the Finish button.


Specify insertion point of first hole: Specify point P1Specify endpoint of first hole [Gap between holes]: Specify point P2Drag Size: Drag the screw connection dynamically to the size M4 x 12and clickDrag Size: Enter 8


Now, you have inserted the specified screw connection with ascrew length of 12 mm and a blind hole depth of 8 mm. Yourdrawing should look like this:


Editing a Screw Connection with Power Edit

Instead of having to use different editing commands for differentobjects, you can use just one command, Power Edit, for editing allobjects in a drawing with built-in intelligence. Using Power Edit ona screw connection, the whole assembly can be edited and will beupdated in your drawing with an automatic background update.

Now, edit the second screw at the cover plate to get the samecountersink screw.

1 Start the Power Edit command.

Toolbutton Power Edit

Menu Modify > Power Commands > Power Edit

Command AMPOWEREDIT


Select object: Select the lower screw at the cover plate, P1

3 In the Screw Connection dialog box, delete the ISO 273 normalhole by clicking the delete (X) button to the right of the ISO 273normal field.

4 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the Screw button.Then Countersink Head Type, ISO 10642, and Front View.

5 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the upper Holebutton. Then Holes, Countersinks, ISO 7721.

6 Select M4 and choose the Finish button.

Editing a Screw Connection with Power Edit | 165


Specify insertion point of first hole [Gap before hole]: Specify point P1Specify endpoint of first hole [Gap between holes]: Specify point P2Drag Size: Drag the screw connection dynamically to the size M4 x 12and clickDrag Size: Enter 8

The edited screw connection is inserted. Your drawing should looklike this:


Working with Power View

With Power View, you can quickly generate a top or bottom viewof a side view of a standard part and vice versa.

Now, use Power View to insert the screws into the top view of thecoverplate.




Command ZOOM

2 Zoom in to the coverplate, using Zoom Window.



Command ZOOM



Working with Power View | 167

4 Start the Power View command.

Toolbutton Power View

Menu Modify > Power Commands > Power View

Command AMPOWERVIEW


Select object: Select the screw at the cover plate, P1Specify insertion point: Specify the centerline cross at the top view ofthe cover plate, P2


The top view of the screw connection is inserted into the top viewof the coverplate. Your drawing should look like this:

NOTE Since you made the Power View to a screw connection, youcan insert a top view of the screw connection. If you select a screwthat is not part of a screw assembly, you can insert a top view or abottom view.

6 Repeat steps 4 and 5 to insert the top view of the screw at theother three centerline crosses of the top view of the coverplate.

The coverplate should look like this:

Deleting with Power Erase

Power Erase is an intelligent erase command. It detects the objectinformation of a part. If you delete a screw connection with PowerErase, the representation of the background is automaticallycorrected.

Now, delete a screw using the Power Erase command.

Inserting a Hole | 169

1 Start the Power Erase command.

Toolbutton Power Erase

Menu Modify > Power Commands > Power Erase

Command AMPOWERERASE


Select objects: Select the screw, P1, as shown in the following drawingSelect objects: Press ENTER

The screw connection is deleted and the lines and hatch arerestored. Your drawing should look like this:

Inserting a Hole

Now, you replace the previously deleted screw connection with apin. Insert a blind hole for the pin.

1 Start the Blind Hole command.

Toolbutton Blind Holes

Menu Content > Holes > Blind Holes

Command AMBHOLE


2 In the Select a Blind Hole dialog box, select acc. to ISO 273 andFront View.


Specify insertion point: Specify point P1Specify rotation angle: Specify point P2

4 In the acc. to ISO 273 - Nominal Diameter dialog box, select a sizeof 5, and choose the Finish button.

5 Continue to respond to the prompt as follows:

Drag Size Enter 20

The blind hole is inserted. Your drawing should look like this:

Inserting a Pin | 171

Inserting a Pin

Now, insert a pin into the blind hole.

1 Start the Cylindrical Pins command.

Toolbutton Cylindrical Pins

Menu Content > Fasteners > Cylindrical Pins

Command AMCYLPIN

2 In the Select a Cylindrical Pin dialog box, select ISO 2338 andFront View.


Specify insertion point: Specify point P1Specify rotation angle: Specify point P2

4 In the ISO 2338 - Nominal Diameter dialog box, select a size of 5,and choose the Finish button.

5 Continue to respond to the prompt as follows:

Drag Size Drag the pin to size 5 h8 x 18 and click the left mousebutton

6 In the Select Part Size dialog box, select 5 h8 x 18, and choose OK.


The pin is inserted. Your drawing should look like this:

Hiding C-Lines

For a better overview, you can hide the C-lines by turning them offtemporarily.




Command ZOOM

2 Start the C-Line On/Off command.

Toolbutton C-Line On/Off

Menu Assist > Layer / Layergroup > C-Line On/Off

Command AMCLINEO

All C-lines are turned off temporarily.

Simplifying the Representation of Standard Parts | 173

Simplifying the Representation of StandardParts

In some cases, for example in complex assemblies, it is helpful tohave a simplified representation of the standard parts for a betteroverview. With AutoCAD Mechanical Power Pack, you can switchbetween different representation types without losing object orpart information.

Now, you change the representation of the differential gear screws.

1 Start the Change Representation command.

Toolbutton Change Representation

Menu Content > Change Representation

Command AMSTDPREP


Select objects: Select the differential gear with a windowSelect objects: Press ENTER


3 In the Switch Representation of Standard Parts dialog box, selectSymbolic, and choose OK.

The representation of the selected standard parts is simplified. Yourdrawing should look like this:

The standard parts library of AutoCAD Mechanical 2000 is notonly a simple block library, but also an intelligent library, thathelps you design with standard parts in a very effective way.

175

Chain Calculation

In This Chapter 12In this tutorial, you calculate a chain length

and insert sprockets and chain links into a

drawing.

� Performing a lengthcalculation

� Optimizing the chainlength

� Inserting Sprockets

� Inserting a Chain

176 | Chapter 12 Chain Calculation

Key Terms

Term Definition

partition Distance in mm or inches between centers of adjacent joint members. Otherdimensions are proportional to the pitch. Also known as pitch.

pitch diameter The diameter of the pitch circle that passes through the centers of the link pins asthe chain is wrapped on the sprocket.

roller chain A roller chain is made up of two kinds of links: roller links and pin links alternatelyand evenly spaced throughout the length of the chain.

sprocket A toothed wheel that transfers the power from the chain to the shaft or the otherway round.


Chain Calculation


Getting Started

First, load the initial drawing.


Toolbutton Open

Menu File > Open

Command OPEN

2 Zoom in to the area of interest, marked with W1 and W2.



Command ZOOM



The drawing contains a chain housing, sprocket positions, and


points.

Performing a Length Calculation

1 Start the Length Calculation command.

Toolbutton Length Calculation

Menu Content > Chains / Belts > Length Calculation

Command AMCHAINLENGTHCAL

2 In the Belt and Chain Length Calculation dialog box, choose theLibrary button.

3 In the Library, select ISO 606 metric.

4 In the Select Part Size dialog box, specify:

Standard: ISO 606 � 05B � 1

5 Choose OK.

Performing a Length Calculation | 179

6 In the Belt and Chain Length Calculation dialog box, choose OK,and respond to the prompts as follows:

Specify 1st point for tangent or [Undo] <exit>: Select circle a atpoint 1Specify 2nd point for tangent: Select circle c at point 2Specify 1st point for tangent or [Undo] <exit>: Select circle c atpoint 3Specify 2nd point for tangent: Select circle b at point 4Specify 1st point for tangent or [Undo] <exit>: Select circle b atpoint 5Specify 2nd point for tangent: Select circle a at point 6Specify 1st point for tangent or [Undo] <exit>: Press ENTER

Select circle to store tangents: Select circle a

The tangent definition is finished, and the length of the chain iscalculated. Because the length is divided into whole numbers oflinks, one sprocket has to be moved to achieve such a length.

7 Continue responding to the prompts as follows:

Select pulleys or sprockets to be moved.Select objects: Select circle bSelect objects: Press ENTER

Specify base point or displacement: Select the center of circle bSpecify second point of displacement: Select the center of the cross atpoint 8Select pulleys or sprockets to be moved.Select objects: Press ENTER


AutoCAD has calculated the new length, which is still not amultiple of the chain division. Therefore, the chain arrangementhas to be optimized:

Number of links in chain:121 Distance to next link: 6.88567 mm

Optimizing the Chain Length

Now, optimize the chain length.

1 Start the Length Calculation command.

Toolbutton Length Calculation

Menu Content > Chains / Belts > Length Calculation

Command AMCHAINLENGTHCAL

2 In the Belt and Chain Length Calculation dialog box, checkOptimization, Translation, and Direction >>, and specify:

Required number of links: 122

3 Choose OK.


Select pulleys or sprockets to be moved.Select objects: Select the relocated circle bSelect objects: Press ENTER

Specify direction angle to move: Enter 90

Sprocket b is moved until a chain length of 122 links is achieved.

Inserting Sprockets | 181

5 In the Belt and Chain Length Calculation dialog box, chooseCancel, to cancel the optimization.


Inserting Sprockets

Now, insert the sprockets.

1 Start the Draw Sprocket/Pulley command.

Toolbutton Draw Sprocket/Pulley

Menu Content > Chains / Belts > Draw Sprocket/Pulley

Command AMSPROCKET

2 In the Pulleys and Sprockets dialog box, specify:

Number of teeth: 19Number of Teeth to Draw: 19

3 Choose OK.



Specify center of wheel: Select the center of circle aWith Centerlines <Yes>: Press ENTER

Insert part reference: Press ENTER

The sprocket is isnerted into the drawing.

Now, insert the next two sprockets.

5 Start the Draw Sprocket/Pulley command again.



Command AMSPROCKET


Number of teeth: 13Number of Teeth to Draw: 13

7 Choose OK.


Specify center of wheel: Select the center of circle bWith Centerlines <Yes>: Press ENTER


9 Start the Draw Sprocket/Pulley command again.



Command AMSPROCKET

Inserting Sprockets | 183


Number of teeth: 51Number of Teeth to Draw: 3Insertion Angle for Sprocket/Pulley: 180

11 Choose OK.


Specify center of wheel: Select the center of circle aWith Centerlines <Yes>: Press ENTER


The last sprocket is inserted as a simplified representation withonly three teeth, as specified in the dialog box.



Inserting a Chain

Finally, insert a chain.

1 Start the Draw Chain/Belt Links command.

Toolbutton Draw Chain / Belt Links

Menu Content > Chains / Belts > Draw Chain/Belt Links

Command AMCHAINDRAW

2 In the Draw Chain dialog box, specify:

Number of Links to Draw: 122

3 Choose OK.


Select polyline and starting point: Select the polyline near point 9Please wait ... calculating chainsNumber of links in chain:122 Distance to next link: 0 mmPlease wait ... calculating chainsIs position of link correct [Y/N=Rotation] <Yes>: Press ENTER


The chain is inserted.


Inserting a Chain | 185

187

Calculating a Spring

In This Chapter 13In this tutorial, you calculate a spring for

existing boundary conditions and insert the

spring into a drawing. You also copy and edit

the spring, using the Power Copy and Power

Edit commands.

� Starting the springcalculation

� Specifying the springlayout

� Calculating and selectingthe spring

� Inserting the spring

� Copying the spring withPower Copy

� Editing the spring withPower Edit

188 | Chapter 13 Calculating a Spring

Key Terms

Term Definition

belleville springwasher

A washer-type spring that can sustain relatively large loads with small deflections.The loads and deflections can be increased by stacking the springs.

compression spring A spring type that can be compressed and can absorb pressure forces.

dynamic dragging The act of determining the size of a standard part with the cursor while insertingthe part into a side view. The standard part is displayed dynamically on thescreen and can be dragged to the next possible size and length. The values (sizes)are taken from the Standard parts database.

extension spring A spring type that can absorb tension forces.

Power Copy A command that copies a drawing object to another position in the drawing.Power Copy produces an identical copy of the copied object.

Power Edit A single edit command for all objects in a drawing.

torsion spring A spring type that can absorb torque forces.


Calculating a Spring

With the AutoCAD Mechanical Power Pack spring function, youcan insert compression, extension, torsion, and Belleville washersprings. The calculation is carried out in accordance with DIN 2098or ANSI. The standard sizes of the springs can be selected from DIN2098/Gutekunst/SPEC

® catalogs. To make the operation as simple

and as clear as possible, the same methods are used to insert all thespring types.


Getting Started

In this tutorial, you create a compression spring in two differentcompression situations. You calculate and insert the spring in anexisting drawing.

First, you insert the initial drawing.


Toolbutton Open

Menu File > Open

Command OPEN

Zoom in to the area with the springs.



Command ZOOM


Specify first corner: Specify first cornerSpecify opposite corner: Specify opposite corner


The drawing shows two views (A and B) of the lever and springhousing, to reflect two different states of compression.

Starting the Spring Calculation

First, you specify the spring to calculate.

1 Start the Springs command.

Toolbutton Springs

Menu Content > Springs

Command AMSPRING

2 In the Select Springs dialog box, specify:

Compression Springs: OnSelect from Table: On

Starting the Spring Calculation | 191

3 Choose OK.


Specify starting point or [Existing Spring]: Specify point P1, as shownin the following figureSpecify direction: Specify point P2

5 In the Browser, choose SPEC® Catalog B.

The Compression Springs dialog box is displayed.


Specifying the Spring Layout

Now, you specify the spring layout.

1 In the Compression Springs dialog box, specify:

Standard Cases: Select the icon on the right in the first rowExact Match for: Lengths

2 Choose Next.

Now, you specify the geometric boundary conditions.

3 In the Compression Springs - Select dialog box, select the optionsas shown below, and click the < button to the right of the Da <=field.

Specifying the Spring Layout | 193


Specify contour for outside diameter Da: Select one of the uppercorners of the spring housing

Now, define the initial spring length.

5 Click the < button to the right of the L1= field, and specify thespring length.


Specify spring length L1 (L2 = 80): Select a point, as shown in thefollowing figure


Use view B of the lever and spring housing to define thecompressed spring length.

7 Click the < button to the right of the L2= field, and specify thespring length.


Specify spring length L2 (L1 = 32): Select a point, as shown in thefollowing figure

Specifying the Spring Layout | 195

Now, you have defined the geometric boundary conditions, andyou can proceed with the calculation.

9 Select the Calculation and Dynamic Stress options, as shownbelow, and choose Next.


Calculating and Selecting the Spring

Now, you choose the applicable buckling case. For this tutorial, thefirst buckling case can be applied.

1 Select the leftmost icon, and choose OK.

AutoCAD starts to calculate the possible springs. The previously setboundaries limit the selection to three different springs. Theselection takes place when you drag the spring dynamically. Theselected spring is displayed on the command line.

2 Drag the cursor until the spring SPEC® � 0.059 x 0.480 x 1.5

appears on the command line. Select the spring.

The Compression Spring - Drawing dialog box is displayed.

Inserting the Spring

Now, specify the spring representation.

1 Select the leftmost icon, and choose Next.

Copying the Spring with Power Copy | 197

In this tutorial exercise, no rod is required.


Select rod (only closed contours) <Enter=continue>:Select objects: Press ENTER


The spring is inserted as shown below.

Copying the Spring with Power Copy

Now, copy the previously inserted spring from view A to view B,using the Power Copy command.

1 Start the Power Copy command

Toolbutton Power Copy

Menu Modify > Power Commands > Power Copy

Command AMPOWERCOPY


Select objects: Select the spring in view A<Base point or displacement>/Multiple: Select the upper-right corner ofthe spring housing in view ASecond point of displacement: Select the upper-right corner of thespring housing in view B


3 Continue responding to the prompts as follows:



The spring is copied into view B. However, you need to adjust thelength of the spring in view B.

Editing the Spring with Power Edit

TIP You can also start Power Edit by double-clicking the object youwant to edit - in this case the spring.

1 Start the Power Edit command.



Command AMPOWEREDIT

Editing the Spring with Power Edit | 199


Select object: Select the spring in view B

The Compression Spring - Drawing dialog box is displayed.

3 Choose the < button to the right of the Lx= field, and specify thespring length.


Specify spring length Lx (L1 = 32): Select a point, as shown in thefollowing picture

5 Choose Next, to insert the spring.





AutoCAD Mechanical reinserts the spring in its new compressedlength into the housing.

TIP If there is a rod in the center of the compression spring, youhave to select the rod so that the representation of the backgroundwill be displayed correctly.

The Spring command provides a very useful tool for generatingcomplex springs in your design.

201

Using FEA to CalculateStress

In This Chapter 14In this tutorial, you calculate stresses in a lever,

using the finite element analysis, and use the

results to improve the design of the lever.

� Calculating the stress in alever

� Defining loads andsupports

� Evaluating and refining themesh

� Improving the design

� Recalculating the stress

202 | Chapter 14 Using FEA to Calculate Stress

Key Terms

Term Definition

distributed force A force that is spread over an area.

FEA Finite Element Analysis. A calculation routine, or method. Calculates stress anddeformation in a plane for plates with a specified thickness, or in a cross sectionwith individual forces, stretching loads, and fixed and/or movable supports. TheFEA routine uses its own layer group for input and output.

fixed support A support that is fixed to a part and is fixed in axial direction.

load Forces and moments that act on a part.

movable support A support that is not fixed in axial direction.

Power Edit A single edit command for the objects in your drawing.

stress Force or pressure on a part. Stress is force per area.


2D FEA

Getting Started

Design sophistication in the area of mechanical engineering andconstruction is increasing. Therefore, the calculations relating tothese designs have to be performed using more advanced tools inorder to assure reliability.

To determine the stability and durability of a given structure undervarious loading situations, you need to observe the stress anddeformation in the components while they are being loaded. Astructure is considered to be durable if the maximum stress is lessthan what the material permits.

Various computational methods have been developed forcalculating deformation and stress conditions. One of thesemethods is called the Finite Element Analysis.

The knowledge gained from this stress rating may lead to changingthe structure in certain areas, which in turn necessitates changes tothe design.

The FEA routine uses its own layer group for input and output.

Note that FEA is not designed for solving all special FEA tasks. Itspurpose is to provide you with a quick idea of the stress anddeformation distributions.


Calculating the Stress in a Lever


Toolbutton Open

Menu File > Open

Command OPEN

The drawing contains a lever, which is the basis for yourcalculations.

2 Zoom in so that the lever fits on your screen.



Command ZOOM


3 Activate the FEA calculation.

Toolbutton FEA

Menu Content > Calculations > FEA

Command AMFEA2D


Specify interior point: Specify a point inside the contour

The FEA 2D Calculation dialog box opens so that you can defineborder conditions and perform calculations.

Select the thickness and the material of the lever.

5 In the Default section, enter a thickness of 10.

Defining Loads and Supports | 205

6 Choose Table, and select the material from your preferred standardtable:Select Al. alloys die-cast if you prefer to use ANSI materials.Select AlMg5F25 if you prefer to use DIN materials.

NOTE The results will differ slightly from the tutorial, depending onthe selected material.

Defining Loads and Supports

To perform calculations, you need to define the loads andsupports.

1 Choose the moveable line support button, and respond to theprompts as follows:

Specify insertion point <Enter=Dialogbox> : Specify point 1Specify endpoint: Specify point 2Specify side from endpoint: Specify a point above the contour

2 Choose the moveable line support button again, and respond tothe prompts as follows:

Specify insertion point <Enter=Dialogbox> : Specify point 3Specify endpoint: Press ENTER to define the starting point as the endpoint


3 Choose the line force button, and respond to the prompts asfollows:

Specify insertion point <Enter=Dialogbox> : Specify point 5Specify endpoint: Specify point 4Specify side from endpoint: Specify a point to the right of the specifiedpointsEnter a new value <1000 N/mm>: Enter 500

4 Choose the line force button, and respond to the prompts asfollows:

Specify insertion point <Enter=Dialogbox> : Specify point 6Specify endpoint: Specify point 7Specify side from endpoint: Specify a point to the right of the specifiedpointsEnter a new value <1000 N/mm>: Enter 500

Calculating the Results | 207

Calculating the Results

To calculate the results, you need to generate a mesh.

TIP If you calculate results without creating a mesh in advance, themesh will be created automatically.

1 Choose the mesh button.

2 Choose the isolines (isoareas) button.

3 In the FEA 2D Isolines (Isoareas) dialog box, select the GraphicRepresentation button on the right, and choose OK.


Specify base point <Return = in boundary>: Press ENTER to place theisoareas in the boundaryInsertion point: To the left of the part, select a suitable location for thetable<Return>: Press ENTER to return to the dialog box



After calculation, the support forces are displayed near the supportsymbol.

Evaluating and Refining the Mesh

The stress table allocation relative to the lever shows heavyconcentration of local stress near drawing points 8 and 9. Refinethe mesh near these points to obtain more exact calculation resultsfor the points of interest.

1 Choose the refining around point button, and respond to theprompts as follows:

Specify center point 1 <Return=Continue>: Specify several points nearpoints 8 and 9Specify center point 1 <Return=Continue>: Press ENTER to continuemeshing<Return>: Press ENTER to return to the dialog box

Evaluating and Refining the Mesh | 209

After this step, you get a refined mesh at the specified points.

Recalculate the stress representation.

2 Choose the isolines (isoareas) button.

3 In the FEA 2D Isolines (Isoareas) dialog box, choose the GraphicRepresentation button on the right, and choose OK.


Specify base point <Return = in boundary>: Press ENTER to place theiso-areas in the boundaryInsertion point: To the left of the part, select a suitable location for thetable<Return>: Press ENTER to return to the dialog box


Improving the Design

The results show a critical area around point 8 that can beimproved by applying a larger radius. Before changing thegeometry, the results and solutions have to be deleted.

1 Choose the Delete Solution button.

2 In the AutoCAD Question dialog box, choose Yes to delete thesolutions and results.

3 In the AutoCAD Question dialog box, choose No to keep the loadsand supports.

4 Start Power Edit to change the radius, and respond to the promptas follows:



Command AMPOWEREDIT

Select objects: Select the radius at point 8

5 In the Fillet Radius dialog box, specify:

Input: 10

Recalculating the Stress | 211

6 Choose OK.

Select objects: Press ENTER to cancel the command

The radius of the fillet is changed to 10.

Recalculating the Stress

Before recalculating the stress division of the lever, calculate anddisplay the deformation.

1 Restart the FEA routine.

Toolbutton FEA

Menu Content > Calculations > FEA

Command AMFEA2D


Specify interior point: Specify a point inside the contour

3 In the FEA 2D Calculation dialog box, select material and thethickness as described earlier in this chapter (see steps 5 and 6 onpage 4).

4 Choose the deformation button.

5 In the FEA 2D - Deformed Mesh dialog box, choose OK.


Specify base point <Return = in boundary>: Press ENTER to place thedeformed mesh in the boundary


Insertion point: To the right of the part, select a suitable location forthe table<Return>: Press ENTER to return to the dialog box


Recalculate the stress division of the lever.

7 Choose the isolines (iso-areas) button.

8 In the FEA 2D Isolines (Iso-areas) dialog box, choose the GraphicRepresentation button on the right, and choose OK.


Specify base point <Return = in boundary>: Press ENTER to place theiso-areas in the boundaryInsertion point: To the left of the part, select a suitable location for thetable<Return>: Press ENTER to return to the dialog box

The final result looks like this:

Recalculating the Stress | 213

215

Index

A

acceleration.................................104, 107angular dimensioning ...........................41annotations......................................34, 43associative detail...................................87automatic dimensioning..................36, 38

B

background .................................150, 156balloon ............................................62, 67base layer ....................................6, 50, 86base layer group..................................100baseline dimension ...............................34bearing calculation......................126, 127belleville spring washer......................188bill of material ......................................62blind hole ............................................156BOM attribute.......................................62BOM database ......................................65

C

calculate results...................................207calculation result block .......................122cam......................................................104cam configuration ...............................106cam geometry......................................111cam plate calculations.........................106cam plates and cylindrical cams .........105centerline...............................................34chain....................................................184chamfer .......................................126, 131change representation .........................173C-line ............................................14, 150C-line options........................................19collect balloon.......................................79compression spring .....................188, 190construction geometry...........................14construction lines ....................14, 17, 150contour ..................................................21copy objects ..........................................58countersink..........................................150countersunk.................................161, 164

216 | Index

cross-hatching.......................................26current layer..........................................59curve path ...................................104, 111cylindrical pins ...................................171cylindrical shaft section......................129

D

datum identifier...............................34, 44define border conditions .....................204deflection ............................................147deflection line .............116, 119, 120, 140deflection moment ......................116, 140deformation.........................................211delete solution.....................................210detail ...................................14, 29, 86, 90dimensioning tools................................36direction of the loads ..........................118distance snap.........................................14distributed force..........................116, 202drawing .................................................86drawing border................................34, 46drawing limits .......................................10drawing mode .......................................86drawing title..........................................34dynamic calculation............................126dynamic dragging ...............126, 150, 188dynamic stress.....................................195

E

edit balloon ...........................................72edit part list ...........................................72edit part reference .................................65editing dimensions................................39effective loads.....................................144exact match.........................................192extension spring..................................188

F

FEA.............................................202, 203FEA calculation ..................................204feature control frame ......................44, 45feature control frame symbol................34feature identifier symbol.......................34fillet.......................................23, 126, 131filters.....................................................81fit ..........................................................34

fit description ........................................42fit name .................................................34fixed support .......116, 121, 140, 143, 202

G

gear..............................................126, 140geometric tolerance...............................34graphic representation.........................207

H

hiding c-lines.......................................172

I

initial spring length .............................193inserting a pin......................................171

L

layer group ..................................6, 50, 86layer groups...........................................53layout ..............................................86, 87library............................................14, 178load......................116, 121, 140, 202, 205

M

material ...............................................120mechanical options .................................9merge ....................................................75model space...........................................87moment of inertia........116, 117, 140, 202movable line support...........................205movable support..................................121move to another group ..........................55move to another layer ...........................52movement diagram .............................104movement sections......................104, 108multi edit .........................................34, 41multiple balloon ....................................67

N

NC data .......................................104, 112

O

optimization ........................................180optimize chain length..........................180

Index | 217

P

part layers .........................................6, 50part reference ..................................62, 64parts list...........................................62, 71perform calculations ...........................204point force...................................116, 140point load ............................................145Power Commands...................14, 39, 150Power Copy ................150, 157, 188, 197Power Dimensioning ....14, 27, 34, 86, 95Power Edit ..150, 164, 188, 198, 202, 210Power Erase ..............35, 39, 76, 150, 168Power Pack .............................................2Power Recall...............................150, 158power snap settings.............................127Power View ................................150, 166precalculation......................................161projecting edges....................................24

R

radius reflection line ...........................126recalculate stress representation .........209recalculating stress division................211refined mesh .......................................209representation......................................150resolution ............................................104

S

scale area.........................................86, 88scale monitor.........................................86screw assembly grip representation....155screw connection ................................152screw diameter estimation ..................161Selection Set .........................................60set value ................................................73shaft break...................................126, 132shaft calculation..........................141, 142shaft contour .......................................141shaft generator ....................126, 127, 141shaft generator configuration..............128shaft section ........................................134side view.............................................166side view of the shaft ..........................133simplified representation ....................173

snap settings..........................................16sort parts list..........................................80specifying material..............................143spline profile .......................................130split........................................................75spring ..................................................189spring layout .......................................192spring representation...........................196standard parts ......................................151standard parts library ..........................174starting layer ...........................................8step width............................................104stress............................................140, 202support forces......................................208supports.......................................121, 205surface texture symbol ....................35, 43symbolic..............................................174

T

template.........................................6, 7, 10thread ..................................................134title block ........................................35, 47tolerance................................................35top view...............................................166torque ..................................................146torsion moment ...................................146torsion spring ......................................188transition .............................................108translation............................................180

U

uniform load........................................121user through hole ..................................93

V

velocity........................................104, 107velocity and acceleration calculation..110view scale..............................................86viewport ....................................86, 87, 91viewport auto create..............................89visibility enhancement ..........................58

W

working layer ..............................6, 50, 86

AutoCad Mechanical 2000 Tutorial

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